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604:, with elections to be delayed until 1964. The military were vehemently against the UCN taking power and Echaverría proposed a continuation of the Balaguer regime until the elections. The American consul mediated between the two sides and in January 1962 final agreement led to the creation of a seven-member Council of State, led by Balaguer but including members of the UCN, to replace both the Dominican Congress and the President and his cabinet until the election. The OAS finally lifted sanctions against the country upon the formation of the council. However, popular unrest against Balaguer continued and many saw Echaverría as positioning himself to seize power. Military forces opened fire on demonstrators on 14 January which led to rioting the following day. On 16 January, Balaguer resigned and Echaverría staged a military coup d'état and arrested the other members of the council. With the US supporting the UCN and a new national strike beginning immediately, Echaverría was arrested by other officers two days later. The Council of State was restored under the leadership of
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from the government as well. At the end of
October, Ramfis announced that he would resign if the OAS agreed to lift the economic sanctions. The OAS agreed on November 14 but Ramfis' uncles returned to the country the following day, hoping to lead a military coup. Ramfis resigned and went into exile on November 17 and rumours circulated that Air Force general Fernando Arturo Sánchez Otero would support pro-Castro revolutionaries. The United States now sent a small fleet of ships and 1,800 marines to patrol Dominican waters. The US consul informed Balaguer that these forces stood ready to intervene at his request, and would be supported by forces from Venezuela and Colombia. Air Force general Pedro Rafael Ramón Rodríguez Echavarría announced his support for Balaguer and bombed pro-Trujillo forces. The Trujillo brothers again fled the country on November 20 and Echavarría became
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948:, who came just a few thousand votes short of outright victory. Balaguer stated that he himself personally accepted Mejía's election, but hinted that his supporters would split their votes between Mejía and Medina in the runoff. Medina would have needed nearly all of Balaguer's supporters to cross over to him in order to have any realistic chance of overcoming a 25-point deficit in the first round. When it was apparent Medina would not get nearly enough support from Balaguer's voters to have a chance at victory, he pulled out of the runoff, handing the presidency to Mejía.
642:, announced general elections for 1966. Balaguer seized his chance once he had the backing of the United States government, and returned to the Dominican Republic with the purpose of destroying the popular groups that had participated in the rebellions of 1965. He formed the Reformist Party and entered the presidential race against Bosch, campaigning as a moderate conservative advocating gradual and orderly reforms. He quickly gained the support of the establishment and easily defeated Bosch, who ran a somewhat muted campaign out of fear of military retribution.
1544:(...) Los historiadores han documentado la creciente presencia puertorriqueña en la República Dominicana durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. En 1920, el censo dominicano contó 6069 puertorriqueños residentes en la República Dominicana. Como resultado, los inmigrantes de segunda generación generalmente se identificaron como dominicanos, no como puertorriqueños. Los casos más célebres son los expresidentes Joaquín Balaguer y Juan Bosch, ambos de ascendencia dominicana y puertorriqueña. (...)
569:. They initially took steps to liberalize the regime, granting some civil liberties and easing Trujillo's tight censorship of the press. Meanwhile, he revoked the nonaggression pact made with Cuba in January 1961. These measures did not go nearly far enough for a populace who had no memory of the instability and poverty that preceded Trujillo, and wanted more freedom and a more equitable distribution of wealth. At the same time, Ramfis' reforms went too far for the hard-line
55:
700:. When election returns showed an unmistakable trend in Guzmán's favor, the military stopped the count. However, amid vigorous protests at home and strong pressure abroad, the count resumed. Guzmán won, marking the first defeat of Balaguer's political career. When he left office that year, it marked the first time in the Dominican Republic's history that an incumbent president peacefully surrendered power to an elected member of the opposition.
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768:
671:, but political murders continued to be frequent during his administration. He succeeded in partially rehabilitating the public finances, which were in a chaotic state, and pushed through a modest program of economic development. He was easily reelected in 1970 against fragmented opposition and won again in 1974 after changing the voting rules in a way that led the opposition to boycott the race.
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figure who could incite as much hate as love from the population. Despite his image as a standard Latin
American caudillo, Balaguer at the same time developed a legacy as a great reformer. His land reform policies were praised for successfully distributing land to peasants and earned him support from
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Balaguer explored several branches of literature. As a thorough researcher, he published many biographical books still used as reference, along with compilations and analysis of
Dominican folk poets. As a poet, he was mostly of Post-Romantic influence, and his style remained strictly unchanged along
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took control of the government) when he was appointed
Attorney in the Court of Properties. In later years, he served as Secretary of the Dominican Legation in Madrid (1932–1935), Undersecretary of the Presidency (1936), Undersecretary of Foreign Relations (1937), Extraordinary Ambassador to Colombia
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An investigation later revealed that the electoral board did not know the total number of registered voters, and the voting lists distributed at polling stations did not match those given to the parties. The investigation also revealed that about 200,000 people had been removed from the polls. Amid
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He undertook massive infrastructure projects, such as the construction of highways, bridges, schools, housing projects and hospitals. Following the style of
Trujillo, these highly visible projects were much publicized over government-controlled media and through grandiose public ceremonies designed
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ancestry to his advantage. Balaguer claimed that Peña would try to merge the country with Haiti if elected. When the returns were announced, Balaguer was announced as the winner by only 30,000 votes. However, many PRD supporters showed up to vote only to discover their names had vanished from the
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and
National Civic Union, as well as the communist Dominican Popular Movement) continued, Balaguer publicly condemned this repression and in September he pledged to form a coalition government. Hector and Jose Trujillo left the country in October but the opposition parties demanded Ramfis withdraw
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into the night sky and to be visible for tens of miles. Since completion, the
Columbus Lighthouse, which supposedly houses Columbus's remains, has been a minor tourist attraction. Its light has almost never been used due to extremely high energy costs and frequent blackouts in the country. In the
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During his years as president (known popularly in
Dominican politics as simply "the twelve years"), Balaguer ordered the construction of schools, hospitals, dams, roads, and many important buildings. He also presided over steady economic growth, funded public housing, opened public schools, and
679:
cast, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding. Political opponents were jailed and sometimes killed (by one estimate, 3,000 people with center-left leanings were murdered), and opposition newspapers were occasionally seized. Despite his authoritarian methods, Balaguer had far less power than
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and killed. Nevertheless, Balaguer was also considered to be instrumental in the liberalization of the
Dominican government, and his time as leader of the Dominican Republic saw major changes such as legalized political activities, surprise army promotions and demotions, promoting health and
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In 2000, Balaguer sought the presidency yet again. Although by this time he could not walk without assistance, he nonetheless plunged into the campaign, well aware that his large reservoir of supporters could mean the difference in the election. He won around 23% of the votes in
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said " Balaguer has been a driving force throughout his country's democratic development. In 1966 he led democracy's return to the
Dominican Republic after years of political uncertainty and turmoil. Indeed, he is, in many ways, the father of Dominican democracy."
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Su madre, Josefa Leibert, era nativa de Saint Thomas, y su padre, D'Assas Heureaux, hijo de un francés, fue uno de los tantos haitianos que prefirió hacerse dominicano cuando se declaró la independencia en 1844. Padre y madre eran mulatos, aunque de piel
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such questions about the poll's legitimacy, Balaguer agreed to hold new elections in 1996—in which he would not be a candidate. It would be the first presidential election since 1966 in which Balaguer's name did not appear on the ballot.
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Balaguer found a nation severely beaten by decades of turbulence, with few short times of peace, and virtually ignorant of democracy and human rights. He sought to pacify the enmities surviving from the Trujillo regime and from the
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and French ancestry born in Puerto Rico, and his mother was Carmen Celia Ricardo Heureaux, daughter of Manuel de Jesus Ricardo and Rosa Amelia Heureaux (of French descent), who was also a half-cousin of President
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said "President Balaguer has set an example for all leaders in this nation in changing his own country and his own people away from a former totalitarian government to one of increasingly pure democracy."
722:, and took advantage of a split in the PRD and an unpopular austerity program to win the presidency again after an eight-year absence. By that time, he was 80 years old and almost completely
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to enhance Balaguer's popularity. The projects were also used as a means to reward his political supporters with lucrative public works contracts. The economy also improved considerably.
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and studied for a brief period at the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne. As a youth, Balaguer wrote of the awe with which he was struck by his father's fellow countryman, the
692:, Balaguer sought another term. Inflation was on the rise, and the great majority of the people had gotten little benefit from the economic boom of the past decade. Balaguer faced
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The situation was dramatically altered, however, when Trujillo was assassinated in May 1961. Balaguer initially remained president, with the real power held by Trujillo's son,
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461:'s fiery and charismatic rhetoric captured Balaguer's imagination and his recollection of this occasion was a harbinger of his passion for politics and intellectual debate.
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expanded education during his term. Additionally, over 300 politicians became millionaires during his presidency. However, his administration soon developed a distinct
546:(OAS) convinced Rafael that it was inappropriate to have a member of his family as president, Trujillo forced his brother to resign, and Balaguer succeeded to the post.
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From a very early age, Balaguer felt an attraction to literature, composing verses that were published in local magazines even when he was very young. He was taught by
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and Ecuador (1940–1943 and 1943–1947), Ambassador to Mexico (1947–1949), Secretary of Education (1949–1955), and Secretary of State of Foreign Relations (1953–1956).
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861:, and on sprucing up the parts of the city to be transversed by the pope, including the construction of a grand new avenue lined with modern housing blocks.
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881:, Balaguer decided to run again for the presidency, even though he was almost 90 years old and completely blind. This time, his most prominent opponent was
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was elected president in 1962 in the country's first free election. He only held office for seven months, from February 1963 to September 1963, when he was
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2008:
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Balaguer's third presidency was considerably more liberal than the "Twelve Years" had been. He was more tolerant of opposition parties and human rights.
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1988:
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Balaguer was a prolific author, who wrote many books for contemporary Dominican literature. His most famous work was his only narrative novel, called
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his long career. Other themes, despite the sorrow expressed, are mostly noble: and idyllic view of nature, nostalgia, and memoirs of the past.
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908:, Balaguer's vice president, Jacinto Peynado, finished well short of making it to the runoff. Balaguer then threw his support to the
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The Union Civica Nacional (UCN) called a national strike and demanded the formation of a provisional government under their leader,
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R. Trujillo (second from right) and J. Balaguer (third from right) being received in audience by Pope Pius XII (far right) in 1955
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1077:, in which Balaguer, shielded by his political power admitted knowing the truth about the death of the revolutionary journalist
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1942:
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Escalante, F., & Muñiz, M. (1995). The secret war: CIA covert operations against Cuba, 1959-62. Melbourne: Ocean Press.
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634:, under the pretext of eliminating Communist influence in the Caribbean, sent 42,000 U.S. troops to defeat the revolt in
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2014:
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re-elected to the presidency in 1957, he chose Balaguer as vice-president. Three years later, when pressure from the
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1038:
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712:
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2003:
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and José Arismendi Trujillo. As the OAS continued economic sanctions imposed for Trujillo's attempted murder of
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son of Pierre Alejandro (Pierre-Alexandre) Heureaux, a Frenchman and Roselia Jean-Louis, an African-born slave.
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839:, defeating his old foe Juan Bosch by only 22,000 votes out of 1.9 million votes cast amid charges of fraud.
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2019:
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Balaguer (center) receives Ambassador Moreno Pino of Mexico at the National Palace of Santo Domingo in 1988
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630:. Military officers had revolted against the provisional Junta to restore Bosch, whereupon U.S. President
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in the northwestern corner of the Dominican Republic. His father was Joaquín Jesús Balaguer Lespier, a
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serving three non-consecutive terms for that office from 1960 to 1962, 1966 to 1978, and 1986 to 1996.
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defeated Balaguer, who had merged his party with the Social Christian Revolutionary Party to form the
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The campaign was one of the nastiest in Dominican history. Balaguer frequently played up Peña Gómez'
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1081:. Balaguer left a blank page in the middle of the book to be filled in at the time of his death.
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442:; in his memoirs, Balaguer recalled Smester's great influence on his intellectual formation.
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626:. The country then began a tumultuous period which by 24 April 1965 saw the start of the
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1993:
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era, as well as his desire to perpetuate himself in power through dubious elections and
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1998:
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314:
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585:, Ramfis warned that the country could descend into civil war between left and right.
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1938:
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1959:
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872:. Completed in 1992, the Columbus Lighthouse was designed to beam the image of a
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En torno de un pretendido vicio prosódico de los poetas hispanoamericanos (1949)
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894:
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Consideración acerca de la producción e inversión de nuestros impuestos (1953)
457:. Despite the profound differences regarding their ethical and world visions,
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1964:
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Balaguer (right) and his cabinet arrive in the US for a state visit in 1988
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Although official and unofficial repression of the opposition parties (the
20:
1519:"La migración dominicana hacia Puerto Rico: una perspectiva transnacional"
1184:
Discursos. Panegíricos, política y educación política internacional (1957)
857:, Balaguer spent millions on a restoration of parts of historic, colonial
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1514:
613:
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in an unusual coalition with Bosch, his political foe of over 30 years.
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1523:
Globalización y localidad: espacios, actores, movilidades e identidades
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just barely nosing him out for a spot in the runoff with PRD candidate
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42:
1485:"Ancestros, descendientes y parientes colaterales de Joaquín Balaguer"
723:
578:
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Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, Race and State on Hispaniola
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El Reformismo: filosofía política de la revolución sin sangre (1966)
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1008:
767:
445:
After graduating from school, Balaguer earned a law degree from the
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Apuntes para una historia prosódica de la métrica castellana (1954)
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on July 14, 2002 at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95.
847:
738:
727:
389:
1319:
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24:
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Balaguer was born on 1 September 1906 in Navarrete, later named
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El principio de alternabilidad en la historia dominicana (1952)
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More controversial was that Balaguer spent two hundred million
431:. Balaguer was the only son in a family of several daughters.
393:. His regime of terror claimed 11,000 victims who were either
1135:
Realidad dominicana. Semblanza de un país y un régimen (1947)
889:
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y la liberación financiera de la República Dominicana (1941)
402:
education improvements and instituting modest land reforms.
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His enigmatic, secretive personality was inherited from the
1937:. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications.
1902:
The secret war: CIA covert operations against Cuba, 1959-62
851:
645:
1836:
Giancarlo Soler Torrijos, "One Round for Us and Freedom",
1460:"Dominicana Online – El Portal de la República Dominicana"
1261:
Entre la sangre del 30 de mayo y la del 24 de abril (1983)
1203:
Con Dios, con la patria y con la libertad (Discurso, 1971)
405:
1960:"Veteran, 94, holds balance of power in Dominican vote"
1388:"Comisión de la Verdad por asesinatos y desapariciones"
1276:
Memorias de un cortesano de la «Era de Trujillo» (1988)
897:. Demonstrations took place in support of the strike.
638:, on 28 April. The provisional government, headed by
472:
1242:
Discurso en el develamiento de la estatua del poeta
696:, a wealthy rancher running under the banner of the
2682:People from Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
1658:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Tobogán. p. 15.
1249:Juan Antonio Alix, crítica e interpretación (1977)
1221:Temas educativos y actividades diplomáticas (1974)
1212:Temas educativos y actividades diplomáticas (1973)
464:Balaguer's political career began in 1930 (before
2757:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Colombia
2697:Dominican Republic people of Puerto Rican descent
1555:
2762:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Ecuador
2663:
1614:
1345:Un Dominicano en Peligro / A Dominican in Danger
1088:His total list of literary works is as follows:
1075:"Memorias de un Cortesano en la Era de Trujillo"
680:Trujillo, and his rule was considerably milder.
453:graduate and political leader from Puerto Rico,
372:politician, scholar, writer, and lawyer. He was
2767:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Mexico
1218:Discursos. Temas históricos y literarios (1973)
1190:El centinela de la frontera. Vida y hazañas de
1073:The most controversial of his works is perhaps
31: and the second or maternal family name is
16:President of the Dominican Republic (1906–2002)
1521:. In Margarita Estrada, Pascal Labazée (ed.).
893:rolls. Peña Gómez declared fraud and called a
368:(1 September 1906 – 14 July 2002) was a
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683:
2707:Social Christian Reformist Party politicians
2687:Dominican Republic people of Catalan descent
1912:
1910:
1742:
1399:
1397:
1200:Misión de los intelectuales (Discurso, 1967)
1123:Guía emocional de la ciudad romántica (1944)
1120:La política internacional de Trujillo (1941)
2692:Dominican Republic people of French descent
1525:. Mexico City: La Casa Chata. p. 400.
1513:
1403:
1181:Historia de la literatura dominicana (1956)
1037:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
868:on the construction of a massive ten-story
796:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
538:When Trujillo arranged to have his brother
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1935:The World Today Series: Latin America 2007
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1777:Partido Reformista Social Cristiano | PRSC
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1428:
1426:
1318:'s father was D'Assas Heureaux, a Haitian
506:. Please do not remove this message until
53:
2742:Vice presidents of the Dominican Republic
1907:
1394:
1255:Huerto sellado. Versos de juventud (1980)
1057:Learn how and when to remove this message
816:Learn how and when to remove this message
526:Learn how and when to remove this message
2777:Dominican Republic expatriates in France
2124:Vice President of the Dominican Republic
1957:
1559:Ulises Heureaux: biography of a dictator
1491:. Hoy. 16 September 2006. Archived from
1390:(in Spanish). Listín Diario. 2013-03-10.
923:
753:
745:
737:
657:
649:
556:
548:
502:Relevant discussion may be found on the
238:Vice President of the Dominican Republic
182:3 August 1960 – 16 January 1962
82:16 August 1986 – 16 August 1996
1951:
1932:
1919:
1900:Escalante, F., & Muñiz, M. (1995).
1466:
1432:
1423:
1341:
1289:De vuelta al capitolio 1986‑1992 (1993)
1252:Pedestales. Discursos históricos (1979)
985:He is one of the central characters in
835:Balaguer was narrowly reelected in the
406:Early life and introduction to politics
250:16 August 1957 – 3 August 1960
2664:
1887:Harry Kantor, "The Dominican Crisis",
1868:Rag-tags, Scum, Riff-raff, and Commies
1813:"Balaguer pidió le sacaran el corazón"
1810:
1580:
1178:El pensamiento vivo de Trujillo (1955)
2717:20th-century Dominican Republic poets
2150:
1767:
1765:
1648:
1104:Nociones de métrica castellana (1930)
982:in Santo Domingo is named after him.
133:1 July 1966 – 16 August 1978
2712:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
2465:United States occupation (1916–1924)
2178:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
1370:"11,000 víctimas en Doce Años de JB"
1258:Mensajes al pueblo dominicano (1983)
1132:Palabras con acentos rítmicos (1946)
1129:Heredia, verbo de la libertad (1945)
1035:adding citations to reliable sources
1002:
794:adding citations to reliable sources
761:
476:
2097:President of the Dominican Republic
2070:President of the Dominican Republic
2043:President of the Dominican Republic
1655:Ulises Heureaux: el tirano perfecto
1279:Romance del caminante sin destino (
1215:La marcha hacia el Capitolio (1973)
919:
733:
438:-born educator and feminist writer
374:President of the Dominican Republic
70:President of the Dominican Republic
13:
2702:Dominican Republic anti-communists
1852:In the Shadow of the United States
1762:
1743:Albaine Pons, J. R. (2011-02-07).
1404:Chamberlain, Greg (14 July 2002).
473:First presidency and its aftermath
447:University of Santo Domingo (UASD)
14:
2803:
1982:
1433:Pearson, Richard (15 July 2002).
1233:, crítica e interpretación (1975)
1206:Conjura develada (Discurso, 1971)
1187:Colón, precursor literario (1958)
2245:
1209:Ante la tumba de mi madre (1972)
1007:
963:the country's rural population.
766:
713:Social Christian Reformist Party
608:and Balaguer went into exile in
481:
387:, and he was considered to be a
366:Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo
350:Social Christian Reformist Party
1894:
1881:
1857:
1845:
1830:
1804:
1790:
1736:
1720:"Joaquín Balaguer: El escritor"
1712:
1699:"Descendants of Doyen Heureaux"
1691:
1642:
1615:Matibag, Eugenio (2003-05-16).
1608:
1574:
1309:
1150:El Cristo de la libertad (1950)
998:
544:Organization of American States
2237:Spanish occupation (1861–1865)
1958:Ferguson, James (2000-02-04).
1745:"Cerebro, lectura y escritura"
1549:
1507:
1452:
1380:
1362:
1335:
1169:(Prólogo y recopilación, 1953)
1138:Los próceres escritores (1947)
646:"The Twelve Years" (1966–1978)
1:
2722:Dominican Republic male poets
2009:Biography by CIDOB Foundation
1811:Diario, Listin (2012-07-14).
1584:Peña Gómez in Haitian society
1435:"Joaquin Balaguer Dies at 95"
1329:
1110:La realidad dominicana (1941)
842:For the 500th anniversary of
698:Dominican Revolutionary Party
624:overthrown in a military coup
590:Dominican Revolutionary Party
2747:Dominican Republic novelists
2117:Manuel Troncoso de la Concha
1878:, New York University Press.
1342:Sanchez, Dago (2010-01-08).
1273:La venda transparente (1987)
1227:La palabra encadenada (1975)
1147:Literatura dominicana (1950)
1141:Semblanzas literarias (1948)
928:Monument of Balaguer at the
271:Manuel Troncoso de la Concha
23:, the first or paternal
7:
2256:Restoration War (1863–1865)
1933:Buckman, Robert T. (2007).
561:J. Balaguer (right) in 1960
508:conditions to do so are met
10:
2808:
2727:University of Paris alumni
1239:Discursos escogidos (1977)
1107:Azul en los charcos (1941)
910:Dominican Liberation Party
718:Balaguer ran again in the
684:Defeat and return to power
18:
2638:
2577:
2478:
2282:
2254:
2243:
2189:
2139:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
2130:
2121:
2113:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2027:
1904:. Melbourne: Ocean Press.
1236:La cruz de cristal (1976)
1126:Letras dominicanas (1944)
883:José Francisco Peña Gómez
595:Secretary of Armed Forces
359:
337:
320:
297:
292:
288:
283:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
276:
264:
254:
243:
236:
231:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
224:
198:
193:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
186:
175:
163:
151:
137:
126:
114:
102:
97:Jacinto Peynado Garrigosa
86:
75:
68:
64:
52:
40:
1302:
1224:Cruces iluminadas (1974)
742:Joaquín Balaguer in 1988
170:Antonio Guzmán Fernández
2737:Politicide perpetrators
1556:Sang, Mu-Kien Adriana.
1264:La isla al revés (1983)
573:led by his own uncles,
93:Carlos Morales Troncoso
2772:20th-century novelists
2052:Civic-Military Council
1773:"Dr. Joaquín Balaguer"
1298:La raza inglesa (2000)
1292:España infinita (1997)
1270:Los carpinteros (1984)
1267:Galería heroica (1984)
932:
759:
751:
743:
663:
655:
562:
554:
218:, until November 1961)
144:Francisco Augusto Lora
2090:Salvador Jorge Blanco
1751:(in European Spanish)
1489:Cápsulas Genealógicas
1154:Federico García Godoy
1115:Tratado Trujillo‑Hull
1092:Salmos paganos (1922)
992:The Feast of the Goat
940:, with PLD candidate
927:
757:
749:
741:
709:Salvador Jorge Blanco
661:
653:
560:
552:
109:Salvador Jorge Blanco
1968:. London. p. 18
1889:The Lingering Crisis
1295:Grecia eterna (1999)
1095:Claro de luna (1922)
1031:improve this section
844:Christopher Columbus
790:improve this section
636:Operation Power Pack
440:Rosa Smester Marrero
399:forcibly disappeared
333:, Dominican Republic
2647:Dominican Civil War
2061:Héctor García-Godoy
1864:Eric Thomas Chester
1724:www.educando.edu.do
1495:on 22 February 2014
930:Columbus Lighthouse
870:Columbus Lighthouse
715:two years earlier.
640:Héctor García-Godoy
628:Dominican Civil War
495:of this article is
158:Héctor García-Godoy
147:Carlos Rafael Goico
2645:Served during the
2544:Second Triumvirate
2135:Title next held by
2036:Héctor B. Trujillo
2028:Political offices
1842:, 1 December 1961.
1798:"Joaquín Balaguer"
1406:"Joaquin Balaguer"
1286:Voz silente (1992)
1071:"Los Carpinteros".
987:Mario Vargas Llosa
933:
760:
752:
744:
726:after living with
664:
656:
563:
555:
315:Dominican Republic
2782:Caribbean writers
2732:Blind politicians
2656:
2655:
2539:First Triumvirate
2535:Provisional Junta
2145:
2144:
2104:Succeeded by
2077:Succeeded by
2050:Succeeded by
1944:978-1-887985-84-0
1532:978-968-496-595-9
1163:Juan Antonio Alix
1156:(antología, 1951)
1067:
1066:
1059:
850:and the visit of
846:' landing in the
837:elections of 1990
826:
825:
818:
583:Romulo Betancourt
536:
535:
528:
416:Santiago Province
363:
362:
355:
347:
2799:
2644:
2249:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2128:1957–1960
2114:Preceded by
2107:Leonel Fernández
2101:1986–1996
2087:Preceded by
2074:1966–1978
2058:Preceded by
2047:1960–1962
2033:Preceded by
2025:
2024:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1917:
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1817:listindiario.com
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1079:Orlando Martínez
1062:
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1011:
1003:
920:Death and legacy
914:Leonel Fernández
821:
814:
810:
807:
801:
770:
762:
734:Third presidency
730:for many years.
662:Balaguer in 1976
654:Balaguer in 1966
531:
524:
520:
517:
511:
485:
484:
477:
353:
345:
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308:1 September 1906
307:
305:
293:Personal details
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189:
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166:
154:
140:
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121:Leonel Fernández
117:
105:
89:
80:
59:Balaguer in 1977
57:
47:Joaquín Balaguer
38:
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2038:
1989:Diariolibre.com
1985:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1931:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1891:(1969), p. 1-19
1886:
1882:
1870:(2001), p. 27,
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1621:. p. 129.
1613:
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1595:
1581:Manati (2001).
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1439:Washington Post
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1314:
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1305:
1192:Antonio Duvergé
1063:
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874:Christian cross
822:
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648:
606:Rafael Bonnelly
532:
521:
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466:Rafael Trujillo
429:Ulises Heureaux
408:
385:state terrorism
352:
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338:Political party
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2752:Male novelists
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2080:Antonio Guzmán
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1983:External links
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1587:. p. 40.
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1410:The Guardian
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938:the election
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885:of the PRD.
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855:John Paul II
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326:(2002-07-14)
324:14 July 2002
278:Succeeded by
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116:Succeeded by
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21:Spanish name
2792:Blind poets
2677:2002 deaths
2672:1906 births
2516:H. Trujillo
2511:R. Trujillo
2496:R. Trujillo
2015:Memoria.com
1562:. p. 9
1515:Jorge Duany
951:He died of
614:Puerto Rico
354:(1966–1996)
346:(1924–1966)
342:Independent
266:Preceded by
200:Preceded by
153:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
2666:Categories
2578:After 1966
2420:Woss y Gil
2390:Woss y Gil
2217:Regla Mota
1972:2010-05-15
1823:2017-01-23
1783:2023-02-10
1755:2023-02-09
1729:2017-01-23
1704:2 December
1634:3 December
1600:2 December
1566:2 December
1330:References
960:polarizing
866:US dollars
620:Juan Bosch
581:President
579:Venezuelan
516:March 2020
493:neutrality
422:native of
304:1906-09-01
43:The Doctor
2620:Fernández
2610:Fernández
2479:1924–1966
2460:Henríquez
2365:Guillermo
2350:Guillermo
2325:Espaillat
2300:Guillermo
2283:1865–1924
2190:1844–1865
1018:does not
989:'s novel
958:He was a
777:does not
504:talk page
370:Dominican
255:President
246:In office
178:In office
129:In office
78:In office
2630:Abinader
2605:Balaguer
2585:Balaguer
2526:Bonnelly
2521:Balaguer
2506:Troncoso
2491:Estrella
2435:Victoria
2400:Figuereo
2395:Heureaux
2380:Heureaux
2355:González
2345:González
2330:González
2320:González
2290:Pimentel
2227:Valverde
1999:UCSB.edu
1994:UCSB.edu
1674:51220478
1652:(2001).
1517:(2007).
1283:) (1990)
1047:May 2018
848:Americas
806:May 2018
728:glaucoma
610:New York
497:disputed
436:Santiago
420:Spaniard
395:tortured
390:caudillo
381:Trujillo
29:Balaguer
19:In this
2643:‡
2595:Majluta
2554:Caamaño
2501:Peynado
2486:Vásquez
2455:Jimenes
2430:Cáceres
2425:Morales
2415:Vásquez
2410:Jimenes
2405:Vásquez
2385:Billini
2370:Luperón
2269:Polanco
2264:Salcedo
2232:Santana
2212:Santana
2202:Jimenes
2197:Santana
1686:oscura.
1320:mulatto
1167:Décimas
1039:removed
1024:sources
904:In the
890:Haitian
798:removed
783:sources
703:In the
451:Harvard
424:Catalan
414:in the
33:Ricardo
25:surname
2625:Medina
2590:Guzmán
2564:Imbert
2559:Benoit
2549:Molina
2470:Vicini
2445:Bordas
2375:Meriño
2360:Castro
2335:Cabral
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2132:Vacant
2020:8M.com
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1415:8 July
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1246:(1977)
1194:(1962)
1101:(1924)
575:Héctor
567:Ramfis
540:Héctor
459:Albizu
311:Bisonó
2615:Mejía
2531:Bosch
2440:Nouel
2274:Rojas
1679:9 May
1499:1 May
1303:Notes
1231:Martí
724:blind
2450:Báez
2340:Báez
2315:Báez
2305:Báez
2222:Báez
2207:Báez
2182:list
1939:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1706:2014
1681:2014
1670:OCLC
1660:ISBN
1636:2014
1623:ISBN
1602:2014
1589:ISBN
1568:2014
1540:2013
1527:ISBN
1501:2014
1446:2021
1417:2021
1350:ISBN
1022:any
1020:cite
852:Pope
781:any
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690:1978
612:and
490:The
321:Died
298:Born
214:(as
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1033:by
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