Jena - Knowledge

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in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse.

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established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the

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usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km (12 mi) down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW.

1444:) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface, the municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines. 3018:

was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification. It connects the major districts with the city centre; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes. Nevertheless, there are some old single-track segments interfering the services. Furthermore,

2858:(Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district. Therefore, it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution. Furthermore, there are two 2119:

and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively

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The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of

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Jena's economy is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub

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Despite the hilly terrain in some parts, Jena is a cycling city, due to the many students. Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built. There are bike lanes along some main streets, though, in comparison to other cities in Germany, there are

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Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in the east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings

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Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built

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The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas

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Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping

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Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960

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declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in the Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the

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In the 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km (2 mi) to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was

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Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro. The most important branches are precision machinery,

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in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is 585 millimeters (23.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not

1386:, 75 km (47 mi) in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the 1002:

period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for

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The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes.

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settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in the south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was

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met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced.

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The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the

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and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012.

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was professor at the university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The

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A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km (2 mi) to the south of Jena's centre.

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is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the

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soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing was discontinued during the

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far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge.

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Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as

731:" was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city. 502:) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of the leading German research societies. 2004: 625:

to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of

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Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of

494:, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research; the 1046:. 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except 1015:

in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During

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Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as

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regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as the nearby cities of

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municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of

3117: 1869:. During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in the former 1113:

reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved.

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The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965, including Germany's first high-rise building, the

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system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes

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of the FDP, who has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:

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The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany. It has an astronomical clock featuring the "Snatching Hans" ("

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Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has a small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to

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The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley, to the west along

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and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded.

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system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of

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According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.

2690: 846:, near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the 5832: 3093: 1104:

The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the

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visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the

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opened in 2017, the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network. As compensation, there are new regional express train services to

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in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the

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As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century, the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring

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Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the

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https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4

4333:. thueringen-entdecken.de. Thüringer Tourismus (main tourist information office for the state of Thuringia). Retrieved 22 September 2019. 626: 4877: 3063:

founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications. There are also nearly 5,000 students.

2571: 4441: 3055:, established in 1558, was largely extended. Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university. Another college is the 1481:

can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes

5825: 3086: 6063: 3099: 518:(since 1990). As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as the 955:. The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the 6105: 6033: 5552: 5077: 2819: 2389: 1457: 52: 4419: 3144:

In 2013, according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany.

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enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking.

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The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and today's quarter Wenigenjena.

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The St. Peter's Church is the former city church of Jena's southern district Lobeda. The Gothic church was built around 1480.

1874: 1108:. The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big 1043: 572:

river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild

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Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in

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The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous (built in 1858) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called "Hanfried".

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there is an extensive network of buses, run (such as the trams) by the "Jenah" organization, a pun on Jena and the German

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west of Jena and later used as the city's cemetery chapel. Since 1811, the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena.

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Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained a part of

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The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg, founders of Jena.

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lit. 'public transport'. Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region.

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The University Main Building stands at the former castle's place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style (

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near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate (

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at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art.

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at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments such as glasses, microscopes, cameras, and telescopes.

1534: 5547: 5061: 3582: 3223: 3165: 807: 323: 2636:. Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany. 2608:

pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are the traditional

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which can be found within walking distance of the town. Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and

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Studnicka-Mariańczyk, Karolina (2018). "Zakład Karny w Sieradzu w okresie okupacji hitlerowskiej 1939–1945".

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The St. Mary's Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style, built in the 15th century.

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is the city's highest skyscraper, built between 1969 and 1972, with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant.

758:, to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of 6095: 6001: 5571: 5369: 4610: 4162: 2399: 1997: 403: 4665: 4102: 3074:, an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football. Another state-owned Gymnasium (the 4729: 4150: 4108: 3952: 2447: 577: 5054: 4561: 4018: 3992: 3056: 2919: 2008: 1960: 1404: 1051: 433: 298: 2071: 1850:

as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria.

633:, roughly 6 km (4 mi) south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley. 5923: 4066: 4060: 3970: 3078:) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum. 3075: 2907: 2459: 2199: 1862: 1522: 2812: 2764: 2259: 2625: 2512: 1555: 1509:

sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the

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example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize the

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The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

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convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican).

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in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during

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Bau 15 of the Carl Zeiss factory, Germany's first high-rise building, established in 1915

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once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in

1611: 5799: 4776:"Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten" 4138: 4132: 4024: 3935: 3506: 3291: 3111: 3052: 3037: 2760: 2633: 2500: 2380: 2284:), the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz. 2164: 2047: 1949: 839: 799: 791: 692: 568:

Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the

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via Lobeda. Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas.

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monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557. It has a bronze slab of

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by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the

2555: 2295: 1857:). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are 1510: 1473: 1131:(NSU) terror group. However, the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot. 980: 851: 708: 618: 610: 602: 5046: 2471: 66: 5734: 4831:

In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990,

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The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a

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at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils.

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against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet

5754: 5469: 4190: 4178: 4030: 3070:, five state-owned and one Christian (ecumenical). One of the state-owned is a 3060: 2923: 2640: 2601: 2597: 2347: 2343: 1939: 1854: 1595: 1463: 1347:

Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. source:

1121: 712: 593: 5489: 4635: 1607: 1567: 6100: 6089: 5983: 5978: 5789: 5739: 5708: 5238: 5233: 4937: 4644: 4254: 4072: 4042: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3015: 2823: 2803:) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at 2629: 2609: 2551: 2321: 2143: 1971: 1843: 1603: 1383: 1008: 911: 871: 858: 763: 751: 681: 507: 254: 241: 5688: 5137: 3006: 2718: 1559: 5794: 5774: 5769: 5419: 5208: 5028: 4932: 3964: 2808: 2728: 2668: 2504: 1870: 1482: 1070: 1066: 1039: 1016: 999: 952: 863: 811: 5449: 5359: 5354: 4885: 2958:). Both of these connect points of tourist interest: the former along the 2772: 2177:) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s. 5334: 4168: 3976: 3941: 3924: 3904: 3759: 2891: 2702: 2592: 2520: 2003:

The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections, like

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the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders.

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The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology

1583: 1575: 5764: 5698: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5414: 5399: 5394: 5379: 5293: 5019: 4202: 4196: 4090: 3973:(1752–1827), orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment 3920: 3916: 3112:

Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)

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opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world, with

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can be found in the Jena area. One of the best places to see them is

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near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at

1873:, most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the 943: 5703: 5663: 5658: 5504: 5344: 5278: 5218: 5213: 5188: 5127: 5023: 4995: 4710: 4039:(1917–2003), commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War 2979: 2788: 2752: 2617: 2508: 1579: 1471:

close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree (

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Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the

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Typical street scenery in Jena: The "Holzmarkt" in the city-centre

5678: 5464: 5409: 5329: 5298: 5258: 5157: 5152: 5132: 5101: 5096: 4999: 4941: 4748:"Studie: Lebensqualität in Jena ist deutlich höher als in Erfurt" 4114: 3168:(FDP), who served from 1990 to 2006. In 2006 he was succeeded by 2827: 2784: 2355: 2325: 2157: 2007:. While the collections of antiques and minerals are public, the 1816: 1502: 1478: 1453: 1065:

in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new

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in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with

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Jena und Orchideen – Ein Paradies für Liebhaber und Wandersleute

4171:, inventor of fireproof glass, founder of the Schott glass works 3129:

Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses

774: 750:), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of 668: 5887: 5867: 5653: 5632: 5606: 5499: 5248: 5223: 5198: 5183: 5122: 5106: 5091: 5033: 4969: 4965: 4611:"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" 4562:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" 4281: 3961:(1853–1945), historian, and physician, studied medicine at Jena 3051:

After reunification, the educational system was realigned. The

2987: 2983: 2887: 2867: 2780: 2776: 2740: 2736: 2648: 2588: 2584: 1952:

and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena.

1938:

at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of

1847: 1768: 1744: 972: 964: 891: 818: 657: 630: 491: 487: 3160:

The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was

691:

An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the

156: 5673: 5668: 5509: 5434: 5424: 5374: 5364: 5273: 5142: 4790:""Zukunftsatlas" Deutschland 2019: Leipzig ist Dynamiksieger" 4762:"Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands" 4560:

Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006).

3955:, naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist, and physiologist 3043: 2959: 2796: 2671:, develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena. 1959:

at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between

1792: 1587: 1367: 1082: 994:

1936 poster marking the 700th anniversary of the city of Jena

653: 614: 606: 569: 4609:

Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007).

3176:(SPD). Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by 2149:

The St. John's Church was the church of the extinct village

738:, but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( 660:, and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously. 525:

Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German

5882: 5872: 5718: 5627: 5253: 5203: 4991: 4870: 4511:"Schön und gefährdet: Den Wildkatzen bei Jena auf der Spur" 4349: 2995: 2967: 2871: 2800: 2660: 2655:

in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include

1625:

The residual districts are from a more rural constitution:

1371: 1090: 968: 956: 899: 3089:

is an important research center and offers a Ph.D. program

2815:, approx. 5 km (3 mi) south of the city centre. 5514: 1012: 902:

in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were

3081:

The various research institutes based in Jena include:

2173:

The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen (dedicated to the

1467:) even grows at a few locations within the town. On the 4854: 4147:, professor of bioinformatics at the University of Jena 4141:, Universitätsmamsell and Jena Romanticist intellectual 1362:

The medieval bridge across the Saale in Burgau district

1116:

After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of

446: 2910:, approx. 50 km (31 mi) to the west and the 2138:

The main church, St. Michael's, is one of the biggest

1877:

and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census).

1073:. On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new 699:

founded it, because he had lost his old university in

5593: 4006:(1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher 3132:

Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis

3094:

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

2566: 1412:

near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are the

4462: 3919:(1840–1905), physicist, social reformer, partner of 2127: 1374:

mountains 85 km (53 mi) in the north, the

857:

During the later 19th century, the famous biologist

5076: 2886:in the south. Furthermore, there are some roads to 2651:as well as several web agencies, Jena is a hub for 3985:(1891–1950), founder of neoliberal economic theory 2005:the collection of pre- and protohistoric artifacts 1996:at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the 1948:at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of 720:second-largest printing location in Germany after 4224:Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht 4045:(1834–1919), evolutionary biologist and zoologist 2639:With companies such as Intershop Communications, 1382:50 km (31 mi) in the southwest and the 6087: 3991:(1846–1926), philosopher and winner of the 1908 2392:is an important nature reserve to the southwest. 1880: 2767:. The connection in west–east direction is the 645:(1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance. 4226:, Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024. 2600:around 1800, but is now possible again due to 2379:is a building of early-modern architecture by 2276:The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( 1970:at Berggasse is the former house of biologist 1505:have been seen on the Saale, within the town. 537:. Notable persons of this period in Jena were 5826: 5579: 5062: 4901: 4123:, composer, pianist, professor, and conductor 2561: 1134: 4805:"Geburtshilfe nach jüdischer Ärztin benannt" 4802: 4657:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3967:(born 1987), retired footballer (goalkeeper) 3020: 2677:Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft 2487:Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the 1027:in the city, and a subcamp of the prison in 4915: 4081:(1847–1933), obstetrician and gynecologist 2499:Jena is home to professional football club 2362:, another mansion built by Gropius in 1929. 1011:in 1938 led to more discrimination against 5833: 5819: 5586: 5572: 5069: 5055: 4908: 4894: 4859: 4000:, philosopher and early German nationalist 2950:) and the "Thuringian city string track" ( 1985:and the history of his glass factory, the 1545: 870:, opened in 1874) was the connection from 802:(with poets such as Novalis, the brothers 5553:Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants 4634: 4205:(1816–1888), founder of the Zeiss company 3155: 3087:Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology 3028: 2811:. The junction between both lines is the 2679:, a German science association, in 2008. 2511:four times, and reached the final of the 1085:today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the 4398:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 25. 4368:(in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 18. 3903: 3120:, a research center with a Ph.D. program 3100:Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry 3042: 3032: 3005: 2974:, while the latter follows the medieval 2906:The next local airports to Jena are the 2717: 2570: 1981:at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of 1884: 1723:Ten largest groups of foreign residents 1713: 1357: 1095: 989: 942: 773: 667: 592: 4535: 2390:Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth 1974:and hosts an exhibition about his life. 1460:, to the south of the town. Bee orchid 762:, which from 1871 was also part of the 14: 6088: 4803:Schleenvoigt, Anke (9 November 2017). 4553: 4391: 4361: 4087:(1818–1883), philosopher and economist 2878:is a connection along Saale valley to 1680: 1655: 1630: 1153: 663: 597:Lobdeburg Castle above Lobeda district 529:as well as of the student liberal and 339:114.76 km (44.31 sq mi) 5814: 5567: 5050: 4889: 4727: 4282:Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. 4253: 4069:(1646–1716), polymath and philosopher 3187: 2579:is a symbol of East Germany's economy 1898:Jena has a great variety of museums: 1875:Evangelical Church in Central Germany 1054:on 13 April 1945 and was left to the 486:. Together with the nearby cities of 461: 4923: 4728:Statistik, Thüringer Landesamt für. 4602: 4387: 4385: 3979:(1977–2009), footballer (goalkeeper) 3948:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 3909:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 3123:INNOVENT - a private research center 2743:in the south once a day stopping at 2531:. Also, the city's basketball team, 2482: 854:fraternity was founded in the city. 4730:"Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik" 2820:Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway 24: 4139:Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling 3139: 3135:The Jena Center for Bioinformatics 3118:Leibniz Institute for Age Research 3001: 2567:Agriculture, industry and services 2527:. Both clubs' home stadium is the 2300:technology developed by Carl Zeiss 1148: 1042:, Jena was repeatedly targeted by 886:(opened 1876) connected Jena with 796:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 98:Fox tower on the Hausberg mountain 25: 6122: 5846:Urban and rural districts in the 5594:Cities in Thuringia by population 4846: 4698:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 4382: 4261:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 4241:Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik 4199:, (born 1987), retired footballer 4063:(1796–1868), educator and pedagog 3899: 3010:A tram near Jena Paradies Station 2624:as well as new companies such as 2342:is the former house of physicist 2128:Sights and architectural heritage 1718:Population development until 2017 1602:in the south and the district of 798:). It was also home to the early 680:was brought to the city in 1523. 629:with their eponymous castle near 152:Location of Jena within Thuringia 5851: 5841: 5008: 4983: 4975: 4954: 4708: 4536:Cebulla, David (17 April 2020), 4259:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3938:(1891–1958), poet and politician 3877: 3876: 3799: 3798: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3736: 3685: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3597: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3559: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3521: 3106:Institute of Photonic Technology 2771:with regional express trains to 2686:Together with the photonics lab 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2015: 1889:The Eichplatz in the city centre 1809: 1785: 1761: 1737: 210: 203: 178: 171: 155: 135: 125: 105: 91: 79: 65: 5078:Cities in Germany by population 4822: 4796: 4782: 4768: 4754: 4740: 4721: 4702: 4690: 4672: 4529: 4503: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4456: 4434: 4010:Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel 3756: 3693: 3655: 3617: 3579: 3541: 3503: 3377: 3359: 3339: 3321: 3303: 3285: 3267: 3241: 3215: 2405:Johannistor, medieval city gate 2270: 2011:are only accessed for research. 1922:Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung 1709: 938: 829: 769: 482:and the second largest city in 6106:Holocaust locations in Germany 4412: 4355: 4336: 4308: 4275: 4247: 4229: 4217: 4159:(born 1969), German politician 4012:, inventor of the kindergarten 3061:University of Applied Sciences 2901: 2846:crossing each other nearby at 1731:Population (31 December 2017) 1424:north of the city centre, the 1129:National Socialist Underground 850:in 1813. Two years later, the 697:John Frederick the Magnanimous 588: 13: 1: 5009: 4955: 4210: 2697:and the Krautspace there are 2543:team has been playing in the 1881:Culture, sights and cityscape 1633:Ammerbach (incorporated 1922) 1535:Köppen climate classification 1428:west of the city centre, the 1353: 1025:Buchenwald concentration camp 1005:racial policy of Nazi Germany 788:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 742:). In 1692, after two dukes ( 551:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 500:Friedrich Schiller University 6111:Urban districts of Thuringia 4984: 4976: 4517:(in German). 5 November 2019 4021:(1749–1832), poet and writer 2956:Radweg Thüringer Städtekette 2942:there is the "Saale track" ( 2854:(Frankfurt–Dresden) and the 2708: 2320:is a university building by 2106: 1689:Münchenroda/Remderoda (1994) 211: 179: 7: 4589:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 4442:"Jena Löbstedter Straße 50" 4395:Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945 4365:Carl Zeiss: Zeiss 1905-1945 4109:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche 3953:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 3150: 2358:style in 1924. Near is the 2132: 2000:during the Napoleonic wars. 1606:with the municipalities of 1554:with the municipalities of 1550:Jena abuts the district of 1038:In 1945, toward the end of 1019:, the Germans operated two 727:The list of the so-called " 695:in 1558. Ernestine Elector 652:in 1331. Jena obtained the 565:for its regional environs. 10: 6127: 4539:Die Rückkehr der Wildkatze 4019:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 3993:Nobel Prize for Literature 3788: 3785: 3763: 3758: 3726: 3723: 3701: 3695: 3663: 3659:Christian Democratic Union 3657: 3625: 3619: 3587: 3581: 3549: 3543: 3511: 3505: 3382: 3379: 3364: 3361: 3346: 3341: 3326: 3323: 3308: 3305: 3290: 3288:Martina Flämmich-Winckler 3287: 3274:Christian Democratic Union 3272: 3269: 3248: 3243: 3222: 3217: 3057:Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena 2929: 2920:Berlin Brandenburg Airport 2837: 2713: 2643:(after the acquisition of 2562:Economy and infrastructure 2253:Church of Vierzehnheiligen 1963:and Jena (only in summer). 1961:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1893: 1661:Jenaprießnitz/Wogau (1994) 1516: 1447: 1135:Geography and demographics 1067:German Democratic Republic 878:along the Saale valley to 778:The battle of Jena in 1806 583: 36:City in Thuringia, Germany 26: 5992: 5896: 5860: 5727: 5641: 5620: 5599: 5533: 5317: 5176: 5115: 5084: 4921: 4636:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 4321:24 September 2020 at the 4103:Johann Karl August Musäus 4067:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4061:Albert Woldemar Hollander 3971:Johann Gottfried Eichhorn 3944:, discoverer of human EEG 3889: 3867:Electorate/voter turnout 3866: 3847: 3830: 3813: 3480: 3463: 3447:Electorate/voter turnout 3446: 3429: 3412: 3395: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3076:Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena 2494: 2160:evangelical church today. 1807: 1783: 1759: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1523:humid continental climate 1346: 1166:— 1063:Soviet zone of occupation 834:On 14 October 1806, 442: 432: 422: 410: 389: 372: 368:970/km (2,500/sq mi) 364: 356: 351: 343: 335: 330: 309: 304: 292: 280: 270: 235: 165: 149: 121: 59: 50: 41: 4284:"Facts and Figures 2017" 4111:(1844–1900), philosopher 4051:(1770–1831), philosopher 3724:Citizens for Jena (BfJ) 2626:Intershop Communications 2554:world record (98.48) by 2441:University Main Building 1998:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 844:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 838:fought and defeated the 613:regions in the west and 347:143 m (469 ft) 5848:Free State of Thuringia 4916:Places adjacent to Jena 4878:Encyclopædia Britannica 4865:(in German and English) 4679:Quartalsbericht IV/2014 4615:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci 4177:, poet, dramatist, and 4175:Reinhard Johannes Sorge 4165:(born 1973), footballer 3697:Alternative for Germany 3621:Social Democratic Party 3310:Alternative for Germany 3250:Social Democratic Party 3174:Social Democratic Party 2693:4 February 2018 at the 2519:. In women's football, 2193:Main church St. Michael 1692:Vierzehnheiligen (1994) 1546:Administrative division 894:in the west as well as 609:was the border between 559:August Wilhelm Schlegel 6044:North Rhine-Westphalia 6039:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5959:Schmalkalden-Meiningen 4881:(11th ed.). 1911. 4420:"Jena Leutrastraße 32" 4033:(1897–1945), physician 3998:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 3912: 3545:Alliance 90/The Greens 3328:Alliance 90/The Greens 3156:Mayor and city council 3066:Further there are six 3048: 3040: 3029:Education and research 3021: 3011: 2978:closely and runs from 2955: 2947: 2862:crossing in Jena: the 2723: 2667:, a subsidiary of the 2580: 2558:was achieved in Jena. 2101:Museum 1806 in Cospeda 1890: 1719: 1432:near Lichtenhain, the 1398:near Wenigenjena, the 1363: 1101: 1033:German-occupied Poland 995: 948: 784:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 779: 678:Protestant Reformation 673: 598: 547:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 543:Alexander von Humboldt 5974:Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis 4829:Martin, August Eduard 4734:www.tls.thueringen.de 4684:27 April 2013 at the 4392:Walter, Rolf (1996). 4362:Walter, Rolf (1996). 4185:Johann Gustav Stickel 4093:(1940–2006), composer 3959:Walter von Boetticher 3930:Andreas Bauer Kanabas 3907: 3727:Jürgen Häkanson-Hall 3583:Free Democratic Party 3224:Free Democratic Party 3166:Free Democratic Party 3046: 3036: 3009: 2912:Leipzig/Halle Airport 2908:Erfurt–Weimar Airport 2830:in the north, and to 2721: 2574: 2537:Basketball Bundesliga 2513:UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 2328:style, built in 1930. 2175:Fourteen Holy Helpers 2167:married here in 1790. 1942:in German literature. 1888: 1717: 1452:32 species of native 1361: 1140:Historical population 1099: 1061:Jena fell within the 993: 946: 933:Robert Bosch Stiftung 777: 754:and, in 1741, of the 729:Seven Wonders of Jena 671: 596: 459:German pronunciation: 391: • Summer ( 255:50.92722°N 11.58611°E 226:Show map of Thuringia 29:Jena (disambiguation) 6049:Rhineland-Palatinate 5944:Saale-Holzland-Kreis 5548:Metropolitan regions 5229:Freiburg im Breisgau 4542:(Documentary, Short) 4515:Thüringer Allgemeine 4079:August Eduard Martin 3348:Pirate Party Germany 3016:Jena tramway network 2874:in the east and the 2747:and local trains to 2735:trains running from 2591:). Furthermore, the 2529:Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld 2525:2. Frauen-Bundesliga 2517:Regionalliga Nordost 2265:Church of Ziegenhain 2077:Schillers Gartenhaus 1946:Schillers Gartenhaus 1667:Kunitz/Laasan (1994) 1408:near Lobeda and the 1087:East German Uprising 1044:Allied bombing raids 760:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 756:Duchy of Saxe-Weimar 434:Vehicle registration 365: • Density 27:For other uses, see 6096:Cities in Thuringia 5954:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt 5430:Mülheim an der Ruhr 4666:Final Revised Paper 4627:2007HESS...11.1633P 4581:2006MetZe..15..259K 4465:Zeszyty Historyczne 4352:, December 20, 2022 4345:The First Romantics 4331:Thüringen Entdecken 4296:on 12 November 2018 4127:Friedrich Schelling 4105:(1735–1787), author 4097:Philipp Melanchthon 4055:Friedrich Hölderlin 3892:Wahlen in Thüringen 3512:Lena Saniye Güngör 3477: 3466:Wahlen in Thüringen 3184: 2866:is a connection to 2769:Weimar–Gera railway 2545:2. Rugby-Bundesliga 2523:is a member of the 2503:. The club won the 2489:Jenaer Philharmonie 2465:Pulverturm at night 2453:Ernst Abbe Monument 2041:Phyletisches Museum 1957:Goethe-Gedenkstätte 1914:Phyletisches Museum 1905:Optical Museum Jena 1724: 1533:) according to the 1436:near Winzerla, the 1402:near Wöllnitz, the 1380:Thuringian Highland 1370:river, between the 1141: 1081:, which is part of 929:Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung 884:Weimar–Gera railway 817:In 1794, the poets 664:Early modern period 251: / 194:Show map of Germany 72:Jena skyline (2008) 6069:Schleswig-Holstein 5800:Zeulenroda-Triebes 4809:Jenaer Nachrichten 4133:Friedrich Schiller 4025:John B. Goodenough 3936:Johannes R. Becher 3913: 3626:Katja Glybowskaja 3476: 3183: 3053:University of Jena 3049: 3047:University Library 3041: 3038:University of Jena 3012: 2966:in Bavaria to the 2894:via Ammerbach and 2848:Hermsdorf junction 2724: 2634:Carl Zeiss Meditec 2587:and nearly 50% in 2581: 2501:FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2381:Henry van de Velde 2165:Friedrich Schiller 2089:Botanischer Garten 1968:Ernst-Haeckel-Haus 1950:Friedrich Schiller 1929:Botanischer Garten 1891: 1722: 1720: 1673:Lichtenhain (1913) 1664:Krippendorf (1994) 1645:Drackendorf (1994) 1513:occurs near Jena. 1430:Lichtenhainer Höhe 1364: 1139: 1102: 996: 949: 808:Friedrich Schlegel 792:Friedrich Schiller 780: 674: 599: 539:Friedrich Schiller 535:German Romanticism 357: • Total 336: • Total 260:50.92722; 11.58611 6083: 6082: 6009:Baden-Württemberg 5808: 5807: 5760:Leinefelde-Worbis 5561: 5560: 5440:Offenbach am Main 5325:Bergisch Gladbach 5148:Frankfurt am Main 5044: 5043: 5039: 5038: 4711:"USV Jena: Rugby" 4405:978-3-412-11096-3 4375:978-3-412-11096-3 4268:978-1-4058-8118-0 4157:Sahra Wagenknecht 4135:, poet and writer 4117:(1772–1801), poet 4057:(1770–1843), poet 3897: 3896: 3471: 3470: 3245:Albrecht Schröter 3170:Albrecht Schröter 2964:Fichtel Mountains 2916:Frankfurt Airport 2882:in the north and 2813:Göschwitz station 2533:Science City Jena 2507:three times, the 2483:Theatre and music 2205:St. John's Church 1979:Schott Glasmuseum 1831: 1830: 1707: 1706: 1698:Ziegenhain (1913) 1658:Isserstedt (1994) 1390:near Kunitz, the 1376:Thuringian Forest 1351: 1350: 1077:factory in 1950, 975:remained part of 848:Lützow Free Corps 842:army here in the 621:to the north and 452: 451: 16:(Redirected from 6118: 5998:of German states 5949:Saale-Orla-Kreis 5904:Altenburger Land 5855: 5845: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5012: 5011: 4987: 4986: 4979: 4978: 4958: 4957: 4924: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4855:Official website 4840: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4750:. 15 March 2013. 4744: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4709:e.V., USV Jena. 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4648: 4638: 4621:(5): 1633–1644. 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4566: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4289:. Archived from 4288: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4257:(3 April 2008). 4251: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4151:Wilhelm Schlegel 3932:, classical bass 3880: 3879: 3802: 3801: 3764:Ulrich Schubert 3760:Free Voters Jena 3751: 3750: 3740: 3739: 3702:Denny Jankowski 3688: 3687: 3677: 3676: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3638: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3600: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3562: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3524: 3478: 3475: 3306:Denny Jankowski 3185: 3182: 3024: 2890:via Isserstedt, 2870:in the west and 2856:Bundesautobahn 9 2852:Bundesautobahn 4 2745:Paradies station 2739:in the north to 2722:Paradies station 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2375:The monument to 2360:Haus Zuckerkandl 2262: 2250: 2241:Church of Lobeda 2238: 2226: 2214: 2202: 2190: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2029:Optisches Museum 2026: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1725: 1721: 1683:Lützeroda (1994) 1648:Göschwitz (1969) 1639:Closewitz (1994) 1628: 1627: 1612:Großschwabhausen 1578:in the east and 1511:European wildcat 1477:) can be found. 1474:Cormus domestica 1394:near Wogau, the 1155: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1058:on 1 July 1945. 981:independent city 979:) and became an 852:Urburschenschaft 709:Schmalkaldic War 603:High Middle Ages 473: 472: 471: 465: 463:[ˈjeːna] 460: 396: 316: 315:(2024–30) 266: 265: 263: 262: 261: 256: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 227: 220: 214: 213: 207: 195: 188: 182: 181: 175: 159: 139: 129: 109: 95: 83: 69: 45: 39: 38: 21: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6078: 5988: 5934:Kyffhäuserkreis 5897:Rural districts 5892: 5861:Urban districts 5856: 5839: 5809: 5804: 5735:Bad Langensalza 5723: 5637: 5616: 5595: 5592: 5562: 5557: 5529: 5318:100,000–199,999 5313: 5289:Mönchengladbach 5177:200,000–499,999 5172: 5116:500,000–999,999 5111: 5080: 5075: 5045: 5040: 5022: 4988: 4944: 4917: 4914: 4869: 4864: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4726: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4686:Wayback Machine 4677: 4673: 4650: 4649: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4341: 4337: 4326: 4323:Wayback Machine 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4163:Bernd Schneider 4145:Stefan Schuster 3902: 3664:Guntram Wothly 3484:Lead candidate 3362:Sandro Dreßler 3343:Heidrun Jänchen 3270:Benjamin Koppe 3219:Thomas Nitzsche 3178:Thomas Nitzsche 3162:Peter Röhlinger 3158: 3153: 3142: 3140:Quality of life 3031: 3004: 3002:Trams and buses 2940:bicycle touring 2932: 2904: 2876:Bundesstraße 88 2840: 2763:, Paradies and 2716: 2711: 2695:Wayback Machine 2569: 2564: 2497: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2466: 2463: 2454: 2451: 2442: 2439: 2430: 2427: 2418: 2415: 2406: 2403: 2307:Theodor Fischer 2273: 2266: 2263: 2254: 2251: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2229:Schiller Church 2227: 2218: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2194: 2191: 2135: 2130: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2078: 2075: 2066: 2063: 2054: 2051: 2042: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2018: 1896: 1883: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1738: 1736: 1712: 1695:Wöllnitz (1946) 1676:Löbstedt (1922) 1548: 1527:oceanic climate 1519: 1450: 1356: 1137: 1052:American troops 941: 832: 772: 666: 641:(1286) and the 591: 586: 467: 466: 458: 418: 390: 320:Thomas Nitzsche 314: 259: 257: 253: 250: 245: 242: 240: 238: 237: 231: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 215: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190: 189: 186: 183: 161: 160: 153: 145: 144: 143: 142: 133: 132: 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 110: 101: 100: 99: 96: 88: 87: 84: 75: 74: 73: 70: 55: 46: 43: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6124: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Hildburghausen 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5850:in Germany 5838: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5755:Hildburghausen 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:Municipalities 5540: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Recklinghausen 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4989: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4867: 4848: 4847:External links 4845: 4842: 4841: 4821: 4795: 4781: 4767: 4764:. 5 July 2019. 4753: 4739: 4720: 4715:www.usvjena.de 4701: 4689: 4671: 4601: 4575:(3): 259–263. 4552: 4528: 4502: 4496: 4485: 4474: 4455: 4433: 4411: 4404: 4381: 4374: 4354: 4342:Wulf, Andrea, 4335: 4307: 4274: 4267: 4246: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4191:Kurt Tucholsky 4188: 4182: 4179:Roman Catholic 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4049:G. W. F. Hegel 4046: 4040: 4034: 4031:Klara Griefahn 4028: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3901: 3900:Notable people 3898: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3831:Invalid votes 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3679: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588:Alexis Taeger 3586: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3550:Margret Franz 3548: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3527: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3413:Invalid votes 3410: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3324:Denis Peisker 3322: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3072:Sportgymnasium 3030: 3027: 3003: 3000: 2931: 2928: 2924:Munich Airport 2903: 2900: 2864:Bundesstraße 7 2839: 2836: 2834:in the south. 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2688:Lichtwerkstatt 2641:Salesforce.com 2602:global warming 2598:Little Ice Age 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2550:Current men's 2541:USV Rugby Jena 2496: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2373: 2370: 2363: 2348:Walter Gropius 2344:Felix Auerbach 2336: 2329: 2314: 2303: 2292: 2285: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2171: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2065:Romantikerhaus 2064: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009:oriental coins 2001: 1990: 1975: 1964: 1953: 1943: 1940:Jena romantics 1936:Romantikerhaus 1932: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1895: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1855:2011 EU census 1842:of Thuringia, 1829: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701:Zwätzen (1922) 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651:Ilmnitz (1994) 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642:Cospeda (1994) 1640: 1637: 1634: 1566:in the north, 1552:Saale-Holzland 1547: 1544: 1518: 1515: 1464:Ophrys apifera 1449: 1446: 1410:Einsiedlerberg 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1133: 1122:market economy 1075:pharmaceutical 940: 937: 831: 828: 771: 768: 748:Johann Wilhelm 713:Little Ice Age 665: 662: 590: 587: 585: 582: 450: 449: 444: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 424:Dialling codes 420: 419: 416: 414: 408: 407: 397: 387: 386: 376: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 328: 327: 317: 307: 306: 302: 301: 299:Urban district 296: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 233: 232: 217: 216: 209: 208: 202: 201: 200: 199: 185: 184: 177: 176: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 140: 134: 130: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 111: 104: 103: 102: 97: 90: 89: 85: 78: 77: 76: 71: 64: 63: 62: 61: 60: 57: 56: 51: 48: 47: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6123: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:Saxony-Anhalt 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984:Weimarer Land 5982: 5980: 5979:Wartburgkreis 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:Waltershausen 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5750:Heiligenstadt 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:Bad Salzungen 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709:Sondershausen 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Complete list 5536: 5535: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Halle (Saale) 5237: 5235: 5234:Gelsenkirchen 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4837:3-428-00197-4 4834: 4830: 4825: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4696:According to 4693: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4467:(in Polish). 4466: 4459: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4388: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4239:(in German). 4238: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4187:, orientalist 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4153:, philosopher 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129:, philosopher 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073:Martin Luther 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4043:Ernst Haeckel 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4004:Gottlob Frege 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989:Rudolf Eucken 3987: 3984: 3983:Walter Eucken 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3789:Anne Neumann 3783: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3680: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3566: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3528: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3380:Arne Petrich 3376: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3197:Second round 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3145: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:Bundesstraßen 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2665:Jena-Optronik 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2630:Analytik Jena 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Carl Zeiss AG 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552:javelin throw 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340:Haus Auerbach 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2322:Ernst Neufert 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144:Martin Luther 2141: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2016:Image gallery 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972:Ernst Haeckel 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1844:Saxony-Anhalt 1839: 1835: 1820: 1818: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1734: 1726: 1716: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1670:Leutra (1994) 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636:Burgau (1922) 1635: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618:in the west. 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:Weimarer Land 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:Ore Mountains 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Kristallnacht 1006: 1001: 992: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 945: 936: 934: 930: 925: 921: 917: 914:) as well as 913: 912:Carl Zeiss AG 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 859:Ernst Haeckel 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 827: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 776: 767: 765: 764:German Empire 761: 757: 753: 752:Saxe-Eisenach 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 714: 711:. During the 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 682:Martin Luther 679: 670: 661: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 595: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 533:movement and 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 470: 464: 456: 448: 445: 441: 437: 435: 431: 428:03641, 036425 427: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 388: 384: 380: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 325: 321: 318: 313: 310: • 308: 303: 300: 297: 295: 291: 288: 285: 283: 279: 276: 273: 269: 264: 236:Coordinates: 234: 206: 174: 164: 158: 148: 138: 128: 120: 108: 94: 82: 68: 58: 54: 49: 40: 34: 30: 19: 18:Jena, Germany 6034:Lower Saxony 5994: 5877: 5795:Zella-Mehlis 5775:Schmalkalden 5611: 5420:Ludwigshafen 5404: 5209:Braunschweig 4980: 4933:Sangerhausen 4876: 4872:"Jena" 4824: 4812:. Retrieved 4808: 4798: 4784: 4770: 4756: 4742: 4733: 4723: 4714: 4704: 4692: 4674: 4663: 4653:cite journal 4618: 4614: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4572: 4568: 4555: 4544:, retrieved 4538: 4531: 4519:. Retrieved 4514: 4505: 4499: 4488: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4436: 4424:. Retrieved 4414: 4394: 4364: 4357: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4277: 4258: 4249: 4243:. June 2023. 4231: 4219: 4099:, theologian 4037:Otto Günsche 3965:Martin Dwars 3814:Valid votes 3509:(Die Linke) 3472: 3396:Valid votes 3194:First round 3159: 3146: 3143: 3080: 3071: 3065: 3050: 3013: 2990:and Jena to 2962:valley from 2948:Saale-Radweg 2937: 2933: 2905: 2847: 2841: 2817: 2809:Neue Schenke 2805:West station 2755:stopping at 2729:Saal Railway 2725: 2703:hackerspaces 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669:Airbus Group 2638: 2606: 2582: 2549: 2505:DDR-Oberliga 2498: 2486: 2366: 2359: 2339: 2317: 2288: 2281: 2278:Anatomieturm 2277: 2271:Other sights 2217:Peace Church 2150: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 1993: 1978: 1967: 1956: 1945: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1852: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1728:Nationality 1710:Demographics 1624: 1620: 1572:Großlöbichau 1549: 1530: 1525:(Dfb) or an 1520: 1507:Pine martens 1472: 1468: 1461: 1451: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1405:Johannisberg 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1365: 1126: 1115: 1103: 1071:Soviet Union 1060: 1040:World War II 1037: 1017:World War II 997: 985:Weimar times 953:World War II 950: 939:20th century 910:(with their 867: 864:Saal Railway 856: 833: 830:19th century 816: 812:Ludwig Tieck 781: 770:18th century 733: 726: 717:wine-growing 690: 675: 672:Jena in 1650 647: 635: 600: 567: 563: 524: 504: 454: 453: 412:Postal codes 141:Coat of arms 112:market place 33: 6019:Brandenburg 5490:Saarbrücken 5335:Bremerhaven 4839:, S. 284 f. 4569:Meteorol. Z 4448:21 February 4444:(in German) 4426:21 February 4422:(in German) 4327:(in German) 4300:12 November 4255:Wells, John 4169:Otto Schott 3977:Robert Enke 3942:Hans Berger 3925:Otto Schott 3384:Independent 3366:Independent 2970:river near 2902:By aviation 2892:Blankenhain 2761:Saalbahnhof 2699:makerspaces 2593:Muschelkalk 2556:Jan Železný 2521:FF USV Jena 2429:Planetarium 2352:Adolf Meyer 2346:, built by 2296:planetarium 2289:Schnapphans 2053:Stadtmuseum 1994:Museum 1806 1983:Otto Schott 1686:Maua (1994) 1616:Saaleplatte 1608:Döbritschen 1592:Rothenstein 1568:Jenalöbnitz 1521:Jena has a 1487:sand lizard 1442:Muschelkalk 1422:Windknollen 998:During the 916:Otto Schott 800:Romanticism 744:Bernhard II 736:Saxe-Weimar 643:Cistercians 589:Middle Ages 531:unification 447:www.jena.de 417:07743–07751 258: / 86:St. Michael 6090:Categories 5939:Nordhausen 5765:Meuselwitz 5699:Rudolstadt 5694:Nordhausen 5689:Mühlhausen 5495:Salzgitter 5485:Reutlingen 5475:Regensburg 5415:Leverkusen 5400:Ingolstadt 5395:Hildesheim 5380:Heidelberg 5294:Oberhausen 5138:Düsseldorf 5085:1,000,000+ 5020:Rudolstadt 4928:Nordhausen 4594:22 January 4211:References 4203:Carl Zeiss 4197:Tim Wuttke 4091:Tilo Medek 3921:Carl Zeiss 3917:Ernst Abbe 3786:Die Guten 3188:Candidate 3068:Gymnasiums 3022:Nahverkehr 2935:deficits. 2884:Rudolstadt 2844:Autobahnen 2653:E-commerce 2645:Demandware 2535:played in 2377:Ernst Abbe 2369:from 1915. 2311:Bruno Taut 2282:Roter Turm 1867:Ukrainians 1560:Neuengönna 1414:Jägersberg 1354:Topography 1110:Plattenbau 1048:Nordhausen 924:Jena glass 908:Ernst Abbe 904:Carl Zeiss 707:after the 705:Albertines 701:Wittenberg 693:university 639:Dominicans 601:Until the 508:Carl Zeiss 496:university 352:Population 312:Lord mayor 305:Government 246:11°35′10″E 243:50°55′38″N 6074:Thuringia 6002:Full list 5996:Districts 5969:Sonneberg 5929:Ilm-Kreis 5909:Eichsfeld 5745:Eisenberg 5714:Sonneberg 5684:Meiningen 5649:Altenburg 5520:Wolfsburg 5480:Remscheid 5460:Pforzheim 5455:Paderborn 5450:Osnabrück 5445:Oldenburg 5385:Heilbronn 5360:Gütersloh 5355:Göttingen 5340:Darmstadt 5309:Wuppertal 5304:Wiesbaden 5269:Magdeburg 5244:Karlsruhe 5194:Bielefeld 5168:Stuttgart 5163:Nuremberg 4664:(direct: 4645:1027-5606 4121:Max Reger 4085:Karl Marx 2992:Altenburg 2976:Via Regia 2972:Magdeburg 2896:Stadtroda 2832:Nuremberg 2818:When the 2793:Altenburg 2773:Göttingen 2765:Göschwitz 2709:Transport 2683:centres. 2657:Accenture 2622:Jenapharm 2614:Schott AG 2577:Jen Tower 2477:Jen Tower 2417:Town hall 2333:Jen Tower 2107:Cityscape 1987:Schott AG 1564:Golmsdorf 1539:inversion 1491:wood ants 1458:Leutratal 1400:Kernberge 1388:Gleisberg 1118:Thuringia 1106:Jen Tower 1079:Jenapharm 961:Thuringia 920:Schott AG 888:Frankfurt 880:Nuremberg 740:Saxe-Jena 686:Carmelite 627:Lobdeburg 484:Thuringia 400:UTC+02:00 379:UTC+01:00 374:Time zone 344:Elevation 287:Thuringia 6054:Saarland 5964:Sömmerda 5785:Sömmerda 5780:Schmölln 5704:Saalfeld 5664:Eisenach 5659:Arnstadt 5600:100,000+ 5525:Würzburg 5505:Solingen 5345:Erlangen 5279:Mannheim 5219:Duisburg 5214:Chemnitz 5189:Augsburg 5128:Dortmund 5024:Saalfeld 4996:Chemnitz 4946:Naumburg 4682:Archived 4521:27 April 4319:Archived 4193:, writer 3890:Source: 3547:(Grüne) 3507:The Left 3464:Source: 3292:The Left 3151:Politics 2980:Eisenach 2880:Naumburg 2850:are the 2842:The two 2789:Glauchau 2753:Saalfeld 2749:Naumburg 2691:Archived 2618:Jenoptik 2509:FDGB Cup 2318:Abbeanum 2146:'s tomb. 2133:Churches 1859:Russians 1584:Zöllnitz 1580:Laasdorf 1576:Schlöben 1556:Lehesten 1469:Hausberg 1438:Jagdberg 1434:Holzberg 1396:Hausberg 1056:Red Army 1021:subcamps 971:, while 882:and the 868:Saalbahn 840:Prussian 836:Napoleon 823:Schiller 623:Saalfeld 619:Naumburg 611:Germanic 520:JenTower 516:Jenoptik 294:District 6014:Bavaria 5770:Pößneck 5728:10,000+ 5679:Ilmenau 5642:20,000+ 5621:50,000+ 5465:Potsdam 5410:Koblenz 5330:Bottrop 5299:Rostock 5284:Münster 5259:Krefeld 5158:Leipzig 5153:Hanover 5133:Dresden 5102:Hamburg 5097:Cologne 5000:Dresden 4942:Leipzig 4623:Bibcode 4577:Bibcode 4181:convert 4115:Novalis 3911:in 1942 3870:84,990 3851:53,661 3817:52,540 3730:11,677 3705:15,617 3667:19,649 3629:19,665 3591:20,003 3553:30,189 3515:31,728 3456:85,220 3450:85,401 3439:39,775 3433:44,946 3405:39,481 3399:44,736 3260:14,499 3254:10,965 3234:24,982 3228:12,046 3172:of the 3164:of the 2930:By bike 2838:By road 2828:Leipzig 2785:Zwickau 2757:Zwätzen 2714:By rail 2383:(1910). 2356:Bauhaus 2326:Bauhaus 2158:Baroque 2117:Mühltal 1894:Museums 1863:Chinese 1817:Ukraine 1517:Climate 1503:muskrat 1479:Firefly 1454:orchids 1448:Ecology 1426:Tatzend 1418:Zwätzen 1339:111,099 1328:105,463 1317:101,157 1306:100,967 1295:104,946 1199:+150.3% 1029:Sieradz 1023:of the 977:Prussia 896:Dresden 876:Leipzig 722:Leipzig 703:to the 650:Wettins 584:History 574:orchids 555:Novalis 527:Vormärz 480:Germany 474:) is a 443:Website 360:111,191 275:Germany 271:Country 6059:Saxony 6024:Bremen 5888:Weimar 5868:Erfurt 5654:Apolda 5633:Weimar 5607:Erfurt 5500:Siegen 5264:Lübeck 5249:Kassel 5224:Erfurt 5199:Bochum 5184:Aachen 5123:Bremen 5107:Munich 5092:Berlin 5034:Plauen 4970:Weimar 4966:Erfurt 4835: 4814:21 May 4643: 4546:16 May 4471:: 187. 4402: 4372: 4265: 3854:100.0 3848:Total 3834:1,121 3792:2,032 3767:5,345 3699:(AfD) 3661:(CDU) 3623:(SPD) 3585:(FDP) 3496:Seats 3487:Votes 3481:Party 3442:100.0 3436:100.0 3430:Total 3352:2,076 3332:3,377 3314:3,444 3296:4,999 3278:6,314 3208:Votes 3202:Votes 3191:Party 2988:Weimar 2984:Erfurt 2952:German 2944:German 2888:Apolda 2868:Weimar 2783:) and 2781:Weimar 2777:Erfurt 2741:Munich 2737:Berlin 2649:ePages 2647:) and 2632:, and 2589:Weimar 2585:Erfurt 2495:Sports 2367:Bau 15 2151:Leutra 2140:Gothic 1848:Saxony 1814: 1790: 1769:Russia 1766: 1745:Poland 1742: 1614:, and 1598:, and 1574:, and 1562:, and 1499:beaver 1420:, the 1392:Jenzig 1298:+19.1% 1284:88,130 1273:84,307 1265:+13.7% 1262:80,309 1254:+21.0% 1251:70,632 1243:+10.8% 1240:58,357 1229:52,649 1221:+26.9% 1218:48,847 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