Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions

1089:

refusal to accept all blood products... Not one of the members stated they would receive a blood transfusion even if their refusal meant death, Almost one third of the respondents had personally refused blood transfusions". However, the study also showed that seven respondents were willing to accept plasma transplants and one member an autotransfusion, both therapies forbidden by Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrine. The researchers commented, "There is either some lack of understanding or refusal to follow doctrine among some members". The researchers noted that contact details of the respondents were provided by congregation elders, which may have influenced the responses given. Another peer-reviewed study examining medical records indicated a similar percentage of Jehovah's Witnesses willing to accept blood transfusions for their children. Young adults also showed a willingness to accept blood transfusions. In another study, Jehovah's Witness patients presented for labor and delivery showed a willingness to accept some form of blood or blood products. Of these patients, 10 percent accepted whole blood transfusion.

1359:

might soon approve some medical practices they currently find objectionable, in the same manner that it has previously abandoned its opposition to vaccination and organ transplants; (b) whether Witness patients know which blood components are allowed and which are prohibited, and whether they acknowledge that those rulings are organizational policy rather than biblical teachings; and (c) whether they realize that although some Bible scriptures proscribe the eating of blood, eating and transfusing blood have entirely different effects on the body. HLC representative David Malyon has responded that Muramoto's suggested questions are an affront to coerce Jehovah's Witnesses with "complicated philosophical inquisition" and, if used by doctors, would be "an abusive transformation of the medical role of succour and care into that of devil's advocate and trickster".

1401:

by the doctor that he must abstain from alcohol. Would he be obedient if he quit drinking alcohol but had it put directly into his veins?" Muramoto says the analogy is false, explaining: "Orally ingested alcohol is absorbed as alcohol and circulated as such in the blood, whereas orally eaten blood is digested and does not enter the circulation as blood. Blood introduced directly into the veins circulates and functions as blood, not as nutrition. Hence, blood transfusion is a form of cellular organ transplantation. And ... organ transplants are now permitted by the WTS." He says the objection to blood transfusions on the basis of biblical proscriptions against eating blood is similar to the refusal of a heart transplant on the basis that a doctor warned a patient to abstain from eating meat because of his high cholesterol level.

1347:(ECHR) found nothing in the judgments to suggest that any form of improper pressure or undue influence was applied. It noted: "On the contrary, it appears that many Jehovah's Witnesses have made a deliberate choice to refuse blood transfusions in advance, free from time constraints of an emergency situation." The court said: "The freedom to accept or refuse specific medical treatment, or to select an alternative form of treatment, is vital to the principles of self-determination and personal autonomy. A competent adult patient is free to decide ... not to have a blood transfusion. However, for this freedom to be meaningful, patients must have the right to make choices that accord with their own views and values, regardless of how irrational, unwise or imprudent such choices may appear to others." 1431:, to which Witnesses must adhere strictly on the premise of them being Bible-based truth. He has questioned why white blood cells (1 per cent of blood volume) and platelets (0.17 per cent) are forbidden, yet albumin (2.2 per cent of blood volume) is permitted. He has questioned why donating blood and storing blood for autologous transfusion is deemed wrong, but the Watch Tower Society permits the use of blood components that must be donated and stored before Witnesses use them. He has questioned why Witnesses, although viewing blood as sacred and symbolizing life, are prepared to let a person die by placing more importance on the symbol than the reality it symbolizes. 1351:'moral support', the influence of their presence on the patient is known to be tremendous. Case reports reveal JW patients have changed their earlier decision to accept blood treatment after a visit from the elders." He claims such organizational pressure compromises the autonomy of Witness patients and interferes with their privacy and confidentiality. He has advocated a policy in which the Watch Tower organization and congregation elders would not question patients on the details of their medical care and patients would not disclose such information. He says the Society adopted such a policy in 1983 regarding details of sexual activity between married couples. 1372:, there are no alternatives to blood transfusions. He states that Watch Tower Society publications often discuss the risk of death as a result of refusing blood transfusions, but give little consideration to the prolonged suffering and disability, producing an added burden on family and society, that can result from refusal. Attorney and former Witness Kerry Louderback-Wood also claims that Witness publications exaggerate the medical risks of taking blood and the efficiency of non-blood medical therapies in critical situations. 1254:

document (dated 1999) stated that "blood transfusions" were unacceptable. The revised 2001 documents were active until December 20, 2001. The Watch Tower Society then rescinded the revised document, stating, "After further review, it has been determined that the cards dated "md-E 6/01" and "ic-E 6/01" should not be used. Please destroy these items and make sure that they are not distributed to the publishers." Elders were instructed to revert to the older 1999 edition of the medical directives and identity cards.

3022:

of the questionnaire, the members knew that the church had cooperated in the study to the point of supplying a list of the names and addresses of its members. This may have influenced their answers. Despite these problems, we believe we adequately described the beliefs of this congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses and demonstrated the need for physicians to be aware of their patients' religious objections to medical treatment

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representative David Malyon says he would respond to "sin" of Witnesses he is privy to by effectively saying "Are you going to tell them or shall I!" Nevertheless Ridley says Muramoto's suggestion that Witnesses should be free to disregard Watch Tower scriptural teachings and standards is preposterous. He says loving God means obeying commandments, not disobeying them and hiding one's disobedience from others.

3273:), September 1945 p. 29, "Wanneer wij ons leven verliezen, doordat wij weigeren, inspuitingen te laten maken, dient zulks niet tot een getuigenis ter rechtvaardiging van Jehova's Naam. God heeft nooit bepalingen uitgevaardigd die het gebruik van medicijnen, inspuitingen of bloedtransfusie verbiedt. Het is een ultvinding van menschen, die gelijk de Farizeën Jehova's barmhartigheid laten." 1343:

members who accept blood transfusions or advocate freedom to choose blood-based treatment. He says the threat of being classified as a disassociated Witness and subsequently shunned by friends and relatives who are members coerces Jehovah's Witnesses to accept and obey the prohibition on blood transfusions. In one particular case involving a Russian district court decision, however, the

42: 1224:, from using fertilizer containing blood, and were even advised (if their conscience troubled them) to write to dog food manufacturers to verify that their products were blood-free. Later that year, it was stated that doctors or nurses who are Jehovah's Witness would not administer blood transfusions to fellow dedicated members. As to administering transfusions to non-members, 671:. Their literature states that, "'abstaining from ... blood' means not accepting blood transfusions and not donating or storing their own blood for transfusion." The belief is based on an interpretation of scripture that differs from other Christian denominations. It is one of the doctrines for which Jehovah's Witnesses are best known. 1209:"increased strictness"—it was ruled that it was a disfellowshipping offense to conscientiously accept a blood transfusion. The Watch Tower Society warned that accepting a blood transfusion "may result in the immediate and very temporary prolongation of life, but that at the cost of eternal life for a dedicated Christian." 1062:

committeemen "giving vital information to the medical community", adding that "their work is complemented by hundreds of other self-sacrificing elders who make up Patient Visitation Groups that call on Witness patients to help and encourage them". Each branch office appoints PVG committeemen, who serve as volunteers.

1321:, US neurologist Osamu Muramoto, who is a medical adviser to the AJWRB, has raised issues including what he claims is coercion to refuse transfusions, doctrinal inconsistency, selective use of information by the Watch Tower Society to exaggerate the dangers of transfusions and the use of outdated medical beliefs. 1387:

1980 Red Cross blood use figures." Cowan also says Abanes omits "critical issues" in an attempt to "present the most negative face possible." Cowan wrote that "the reader is left with the impression that the Watchtower Society knowingly presides over a substantial number of preventable deaths each year."

1400:

quoted a 17th-century anatomist to support its view. Muramoto says the view that blood is nourishment—still espoused in Watch Tower publications—was abandoned by modern medicine many decades ago. He has criticized an analogy commonly used by the Society in which it states: "Consider a man who is told

1358:

Muramoto recommends doctors have a private meeting with patients to discuss their wishes, and that church elders and family members not be present, enabling patients to feel free of church pressure. He suggests doctors question patients on (a) whether they have considered that the Watch Tower Society

998:

where blood transfusions seem to be the only available way to save a life, Jehovah's Witnesses request that doctors provide the best alternative care possible under the circumstances with respect for their personal conviction. The Watch Tower Society has acknowledged that some members have died after

769:

publications state that some products derived from one of the four primary components may be so similar to the function of the whole component and carry on such a life-sustaining role in the body that "most Christians would find them objectionable". For procedures where there is no specific doctrinal

3021:

there is either some lack of understanding or refusal to follow doctrine among some members ... Our research methods are open to sample bias. By surveying only church members, we may not have described the beliefs of less religious Jehovah's Witnesses. Although we stressed the strict confidentiality

1386:

Richard Abanes wrote that their ban on blood transfusions "has led to countless Witness deaths over the years, including many children." Cowan wrote: "When the careful reader checks , however, looking perhaps for some statistical substantiation, he or she finds only a statistical conjecture based on

1217:

fractions used from blood for purposes such as vaccination. This position has been expanded on since; the pre-formatted Durable Power of Attorney form provided by the Watch Tower Society includes an option for Jehovah's Witnesses to "accept all fractions derived from any primary component of blood."

3152:

These prohibitions had never come to the Gentiles, because they had never been under the Law Covenant; but so deeply rooted were the Jewish ideas on this subject that it was necessary to the peace of the Church that the Gentiles should observe this matter also ... these items thus superadded to the

1092:

Watch Tower publications have noted that within religions, the personal beliefs of members often differ from official doctrine. Regarding Jehovah's Witnesses' acceptance of the organization's official position on blood, Drs Cynthia Gyamfi and Richard Berkowitz state, "It is naïve to assume that all

730:

Blood represents life and is sacred to God. After it has been removed from a creature, the only use of blood that God has authorized is for the atonement of sins. When a Christian abstains from blood, they are in effect expressing faith that only the shed blood of Jesus Christ can truly redeem them

3171:

A serious difficulty which has been overcome in the use of plywood for airplanes construction was the making from blood of a glue that will stand any quantity of moisture without letting go…. In this plywood, stronger than steel, we have an illustration of how the Lord can take characters, weak in

1367:

Muramoto has claimed many Watch Tower Society publications employ exaggeration and emotionalism to emphasize the dangers of transfusions and the advantages of alternative treatments, but present a distorted picture by failing to report any benefits of blood-based treatment. Nor do its publications

1272:

quoted Brazilian surgeon Dr Américo Valério as saying transfusions were often followed by "moral insanity, sexual perversions, repression, inferiority complexes, petty crimes" and Dr Alonzo Jay Shadman claiming that a person's blood "contains all the peculiarities of the individual ... hereditary

1084:

reported on a particular member of Jehovah's Witnesses who voluntarily accepted blood transfusion, contrary to Watch Tower Society doctrine. The organization confirms that members have accepted blood transfusions, despite the imposition in 1961 of a communal shunning policy for willful acceptance.

1061:

Jehovah's Witnesses' branch offices communicate directly with congregations regarding "ways to benefit from the activities of the Hospital Liaison Committee (HLC) and the Patient Visitation Group (PVG)." A Jehovah's Witnesses publication in 2000 reported that Argentina had fewer than a hundred HLC

3026:

The article presents the results of a study to determine the medical needs and beliefs of one congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses in Denver by mailing a questionnaire to the 70 adult members. 59 responses were received. Of the 59, 7 stipulated they would accept plasma transfusion (Table 1 on page

1342:

Osamu Muramoto has argued that the refusal by Jehovah's Witnesses of "life-saving" blood treatment creates serious bio-medical ethical issues. He has criticized the "controlling intervention" of the Watch Tower Society by means of what he claims is information control and its policy of penalising

1249:

In 2000, the Watch Tower Society's stand on blood fractions was clearly stated. Members were instructed to personally decide if accepting a fraction would violate the doctrine on blood. In a later article, members were reminded that Jehovah's Witnesses do not donate blood or store their own blood

1192:

When we lose our life because we refuse inoculations, that does not bear witness as a justification of Jehovah's name. God never issued regulations which prohibit the use of drugs, inoculations or blood transfusions. It is an invention of people, who, like the Pharisees, leave Jehovah's mercy and

1426:

Muramoto has described as peculiar and inconsistent the Watch Tower policy of acceptance of all the individual components of blood plasma as long as they are not taken at the same time. He says the Society offers no biblical explanation for differentiating between prohibited treatments and those

1350:

Muramoto has claimed the intervention of Hospital Liaison Committees can add to "organisational pressure" applied by family members, friends and congregation members on Witness patients to refuse blood-based treatment. He notes that while HLC members, who are church elders, "may give the patient

1088:

In 1982, a peer-reviewed case study of a congregation of 59 Jehovah's Witnesses was undertaken by Drs. Larry J. Findley and Paul M. Redstone to evaluate individual belief in respect to blood among Jehovah's Witnesses. The researchers stated, "The members of this congregation are adamant in their

1253:

In May 2001, the Watch Tower Society revised its medical directives and identity cards addressing its doctrinal position on blood; the revised materials were distributed from May 3, 2001. These revised documents specified that "allogeneic blood transfusions" were unacceptable whereas the former

1208:

In 1945, the application of the doctrine on blood was expanded to prohibit blood transfusions of whole blood, whether allogeneic or autologous. The prohibition did not specify any punitive measures for accepting a transfusion, but by January 1961—in what was later described as an application of

1007:

in a non-emergency situation, or without such in an emergency. In Japan, children under 15 can be administered blood transfusions against their and their parents' wishes, and children between the ages of 15 and 18 can be similarly treated provided they, or at least one of their legal guardians,

3133:

It will be noticed that nothing is said about keeping the ten commandments, nor any part of the Jewish law. It was evidently taken for granted that having received the spirit of Christ the new law of love would be a general regulation for them. The things mentioned were merely to guard against

989:

concluded that "Witnesses do not appear to be at increased risk for surgical complications or long-term mortality when comparisons are properly made by transfusion status. Thus, current extreme blood management strategies do not appear to place patients at heightened risk for reduced long-term

3327:

In the counsel from the pages of this magazine there has been a note of increased strictness with regard to pure worship, the placing of additional obligations on each one individually, strict counsel on morals, honesty, neutrality and such requirements as showing respect for the sanctity of

1216:

stated, "certain blood fractions ... also come under the Scriptural ban". A position against "the various blood fractions" was reiterated in September 1961. In November of the same year, the doctrine was modified to allow individual members to decide whether they could conscientiously accept

974:

Many physicians have expressed a willingness to respect patients' preferences and provide bloodless treatment and about 200 hospitals offer bloodless medicine and surgery programs for patients who wish to avoid or limit blood transfusions. Bloodless surgery has been successfully performed in

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Watch Tower spokesman Donald T. Ridley says neither elders nor HLC members are instructed or encouraged to probe into the health care decisions of Witness patients and do not involve themselves in patient hospitalisations unless patients request their assistance. Yet Watch Tower Society HLC

1070:

Since the elaboration of the blood doctrine to the point of prohibiting transfusion, the majority of Jehovah's Witnesses have adopted the organization's position. Those Jehovah's Witnesses who accept the blood doctrine typically hold strongly to their conviction. In the August 1998 issue of

1333:

claims the blood prohibited in Levitical laws was not human, but animal. He cites other authors who support his view that the direction at Acts 15 to abstain from blood was intended not as an everlasting covenant but a means of maintaining a peaceful relationship between Jewish and Gentile

2982:

Three areas for attention were mentioned: secretly accepting a blood transfusion, masturbation, and alcohol abuse. After considering that material, quite a number of readers wrote letters of appreciation; they admitted that they had had those faults, but they had been moved to repent and

3096:

Buber indicates that Jehovah's Witness prisoners ate blood sausage until around 1943. She relates that 25 of the 275 Jehovah's Witness prisoners then refused to eat blood sausage. She underlines the fact that this occurred in the presence of knowledge of Biblical statements regarding

1166:

asserted that the decrees contained in Genesis 9:4 and Leviticus 17:10–14 forbade the eating or drinking of blood in biblical times "whether by transfusion or by the mouth" and that this applied "in a spiritual way to the consecrated persons of good-will today, otherwise known as

1412:, has claimed that Muramoto's discussion of the differences between consuming blood and alcohol is pedantic and says blood laws in the Bible are based upon the reverence for life and its association with blood, and that laws should be kept in the spirit as much as in the letter. 694:

The doctrine was introduced in 1945, and has undergone some changes since then. Members of the group who voluntarily accept a transfusion and are not deemed repentant are regarded as having disassociated themselves from the group by abandoning its doctrines and are subsequently

993:

Bloodless medical and surgical techniques have limitations, and surgeons say the use of various allogeneic blood products and pre-operative autologous blood transfusion are appropriate standards of care for certain patient presentations. The Watch Tower Society states that in

2868:] directive that she did not want blood product support. … The risks and benefits of continuing therapy were discussed with Ms. LF. She remained adamant in her refusal of blood products and repeated that she wanted to continue treatment and to 'die fighting' her disease. 1040:

Hospital Information Services researches medical journals to locate information on the availability and effectiveness of bloodless surgery methods. It disseminates information about treatment options to local Hospital Liaison Committees, and to doctors and hospitals.

2759:

Therefore, while most adult Jehovah's Witness patients were unwilling to accept blood for themselves, most Jehovah's Witness parents permitted transfusions for their minor children, and many of the young adult patients also were willing to accept transfusions for

1075:, Donald Ridley, a Jehovah's Witness and organization staff attorney, argued that carrying an up-to-date Medical Directive card issued by the organization indicates that an individual personally agrees with the established religious position of Jehovah's Witness. 4454:—correspondence between a Jehovah's Witness elder and the Watch Tower Society seeking answers to critical questions about important aspects of their blood doctrine. The correspondence begins in 1998 and concludes in 2003 with the writer's resignation as an elder. 1450:

has been shown to God, and then a person can eat the meat even though it may contain a small amount of blood. Jehovah's Witnesses' view of meat and blood is different from that of kosher Jewish adherents, who go to great lengths to remove minor traces of blood.

1093:

people in any religious group share the exact same beliefs, regardless of doctrine. It is well known that Muslims, Jews and Christians have significant individual variations in their beliefs. Why should that not also be true of Jehovah's Witnesses?"

674:

Jehovah's Witnesses' literature teaches that their refusal of transfusions of whole blood or its four primary components—red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma—is a non-negotiable religious stand and that those who respect life as a gift from

3797: 1560: 1036:

established throughout the United States. As of 2003, about 200 hospitals worldwide provide bloodless medical programs. As of 2006, there are 1,535 Hospital Liaison Committees worldwide coordinating communication between 110,000 physicians.

740:

Certain medical procedures involving blood fractions or that use a patient's own blood during the course of a medical procedure, such as hemodilution or cell salvage, are a matter of personal choice, according to what a person's conscience

1979:

He also gave them his reason, equating blood with the soul, or life, of the creature. He later said: 'The soul is in the blood.' In the eyes of the Creator, blood is sacred. It represents the precious gift of life that each living soul

3190:

Fearing the death of the child, the woman deliberately cut her arms and breast with glass from the windshield to provide blood to keep the child alive during the cold nights. The child will recover, but the heroine is expected to

990:

survival." The study also stated that "Survival estimates of Witnesses were 86%, 69%, 51%, and 34% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after surgery, respectively, vs 74%, 53%, 35%, and 23% among non-Witnesses who received transfusions."

1434:

Kerry Louderback-Wood says that by labeling the currently acceptable blood fractions as "minute" in relation to whole blood, the Watch Tower Society causes followers to misunderstand the scope and extent of allowed fractions.

1312: 2809:

This review refutes the commonly held belief that all Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to accept blood or any of its products. In this population of pregnant women, the majority were willing to accept some form of blood or blood

1395:

Osamu Muramoto says the Watch Tower Society relies on discarded, centuries-old medical beliefs to support its assertion that blood transfusions are the same as eating blood. The Watch Tower Society's 1990 brochure

1154:

magazine reported on a woman who accidentally shot herself with a revolver in her heart and survived a major surgical procedure during which an attending physician donated a quart of his own blood for transfusion.

2268:

Pattakos, Gregory; Koch, Colleen G.; Brizzio, Mariano E.; Batizy, Lillian H.; Sabik, Joseph F.; Blackstone, Eugene H.; Lauer, Michael S. (2012). "Outcome of Patients Who Refuse Transfusion After Cardiac Surgery".

1265:

stated: "And let the transfusion enthusiasts with a savior-complex ponder the fact that on many occasions transfusions do harm, spread disease, and frequently cause deaths, which, of course, are not publicized."

744:

A baptized Witness who unrepentantly accepts a blood transfusion is deemed to have disassociated himself from the group by abandoning its doctrines and is subsequently subject to organized shunning by other

1053:

to learn of your admission and provide spiritual encouragement", but that "elders serving on a Patient Visitation Group have access to your name" only if patients made their wishes known according to the

3239:

one of the attending physicians in the great emergency gave a quart of his own blood for transfusion, and today the woman lives and smiles gaily over what happened to her in the busiest 23 minutes of her

1538:

that you abstain from meat that has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what has been strangled and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from doing these things, you will do well.

1002:

In some countries, including Canada and the United Kingdom, a parent or guardian's decision can be legally overruled by medical staff. In this case, medical staff may act without consent, by obtaining a

1028:, a department to help locate doctors or surgical teams who are willing to perform medical procedures on Witnesses without blood transfusions. The department was given oversight of each branch office's 4411: 1329:

Dissident Witnesses say the Society's use of Leviticus 17:12 to support its opposition to blood transfusions conflicts with its own teachings that Christians are not under the Mosaic law. Theologian

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Two elements of belief are probably better known than any other among non-Witnesses. One is the refusal to fight in war ... the other well-known belief is the refusal to accept blood transfusions.

1897: 3997:

builds a case that other doctors wish all surgeons would become bloodless surgeons, when in fact those doctors recognize the benefits of blood transfusions for those who are in desperate need.

2469:

Ohto, Hitoshi; Yonemura, Yuji; Takeda, Junzo; Inada, Eiichi; Hanada, Ryoji; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Miyano, Takeshi; Kai, Katsunori; Iwashi, Waichiro; Muto, Kaori; Asai, Fumikazu (July 1, 2009).

1273:

taints, disease susceptibilities, poisons due to personal living, eating and drinking habits ... The poisons that produce the impulse to commit suicide, murder, or steal are in the blood."

4155: 1096:

Ambivalence and rejection of the blood doctrine dates back to at least the 1940s. After the Watch Tower Society established the doctrine, teaching that blood should not be eaten (

612: 3172:

themselves, and surround them with such influence and so fortify them by his promises as to make them "mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds" of error and sin.

1442:, but of respect and obedience to God. They say their principle of abstaining from blood as a display of respect is demonstrated by the fact that members are allowed to eat 696: 3793: 1334:

Christians. He has described as "absurd literalism" the Witnesses' use of a scriptural prohibition on eating blood to prohibit the medical transfusion of human blood.

4467: 1315:(AJWRB) states that there is no biblical basis for the prohibition of blood transfusions and seeks to have some policies changed. In a series of articles in the 2227: 564: 603: 1905: 812:

Blood donation strictly for purpose of further fractionation of red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma for either allogeneic or autologous transfusion.

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Anonymous (2005). "Instructions for Filling In the Advance Decision Document". Letter to Jehovah's Witness congregations. Watch Tower Society. p. 1.

1055: 766: 293: 73: 1242:

stated, "Each individual must decide" whether to accept hemodilution and autologous blood salvage (cell saver) procedures. In 1990, a brochure entitled

1235:

stated that it would be wrong for Witnesses to allow leeches to feed on their own blood as part of a medical procedure, due to the sacredness of blood.

58: 4349: 3851: 647: 240: 1311:

Opposition to the Watch Tower doctrines on blood transfusions has come from both members and non-members. A group of dissident Witnesses known as

1280:

reported on a man named Robert Khoury, who, after receiving a blood transfusion said, "When I recovered I found I had a terrible desire to steal."

2880:

Migden DR, Braen GR (August 1998). "The Jehovah's Witness blood refusal card: ethical and medicolegal considerations for emergency physicians".

2304:

Goodnough, Lawrence T.; Shander, Aryeh; Spence, Richard (May 1, 2003). "Bloodless medicine: clinical care without allogenic blood transfusion".

114: 4159: 3287:

Singelenbreg, R. (1990). "The Blood Transfusion Taboo of Jehovah's Witnesses: Origin, Development and Function of a Controversial Doctrine".

818:

Hemodilution, a modified technique in which equipment is arranged in a circuit that is constantly linked to the patient's circulatory system.

104: 1291:

report that as many as 35,000 deaths and 500,000 illnesses a year might be due to the presence of serum hepatitis in blood for transfusions.

1552: 287: 1103:–1931), Margaret Buber, who was never a member of the denomination, offered a firsthand eyewitness account of Jehovah's Witnesses in the 569: 119: 4250:

Massiah N, Athimulam S, Loo C, Okolo S, Yoong W (October 2007). "Obstetric care of Jehovah's Witnesses: a 14-year observational study".

3962: 2742: 749:

Certain medical procedures involving blood are specifically prohibited by Jehovah's Witnesses' blood doctrine. This includes the use of

1016:

recommends that in cases of "an imminent threat to a child's life", physicians in some cases may "intervene over parental objections".

2406: 3644:"Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 2. A novel approach based on rational non-interventional paternalism" 1122:

From 1931, when the name "Jehovah's witnesses" was adopted, Watch Tower Society publications maintained the view of Society founder

2444: 1428: 67: 1928: 2908:

Ridley DT (August 1998). "Honoring Jehovah's Witnesses' advance directives in emergencies: a response to Drs. Migden and Braen".

1049:

Annually since 2004, Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States have been informed that "with your consent, the law allows for the

346: 3043:

Nowadays official church dogma may bear scant resemblance to the personal beliefs of those who profess that particular religion.

4395: 1470: 1421: 482: 337: 128: 109: 81: 3580:"Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 1. Should bioethical deliberation consider dissidents' views?" 3777: 2208: 1583: 598: 202: 4440: 4429: 4213:

Bayam L, Tait WF, Macartney ID (2007). "Successful repair of a giant abdominal aortoiliac aneurysm in a Jehovah's Witness".

679:

do not try to sustain life by taking in blood, even in an emergency. Witnesses are taught that the use of fractions such as

4389: 640: 197: 3928: 2995:

Findley LJ, Redstone PM (March 1982). "Blood transfusion in adult Jehovah's Witnesses. A case study of one congregation".

4450: 2189: 553: 257: 4326: 2228:"Bloodless Case Studies: The University Center for Bloodless Surgery and Medicine at University Hospital in Newark, NJ" 2620: 1114:

despite having alternate food to choose from, and specifically after considering biblical statements regarding blood.

2231: 2136: 699:

by members of the organization. Although the majority of Jehovah's Witnesses accept the doctrine, a minority do not.

317: 137: 90: 2245: 1107: 4009:

Cults, New Religious Movements, and Your Family: A Guide to Ten Non-Christian Groups Out to Convert Your Loved Ones

3403:

Durable Power of Attorney form, published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, January 2001 p. 1

1804: 1050: 790: 162: 4133: 852:, wherein blood is withdrawn and filtered, having the plasma removed and substituted, and returned to the patient. 633: 25: 1702:"Bioethics of the refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses: Part 3. A proposal for a don't-ask-don't-tell policy" 1427:

considered a "matter of conscience", explaining the distinction is based entirely on arbitrary decisions of the

1201:

may have been published without knowledge of the doctrinal position published in the English July 1945 issue of

4487: 4477: 1849:"Why some Jehovah's Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy" 1379: 1344: 1013: 157: 855:

Labeling or Tagging, blood is withdrawn, mixed with medicine, and then returned to the patient by transfusion.

808:

The following procedures and products are not prohibited, and are left to the decision of individual members:

4482: 4472: 4382: 2775:

Gyamfi C, Berkowitz RL (September 2004). "Responses by pregnant Jehovah's Witnesses on health care proxies".

846:, consisting of a small amount of the patient's blood injected into the membrane surrounding the spinal cord. 834:, a method in which blood is diverted to an artificial heart-lung machine and directed back into the patient. 4361: 3837: 821: 2470: 702:

The Watch Tower Society has established Hospital Information Services to provide education and facilitate

4350:"Blood Transfusion or Not: A Literature Review of Bloodless Interventions to Treat Cancer Related Anemia" 1288: 770:

prohibition, individuals are to obtain details from medical personnel and then make a personal decision.

222: 212: 184: 828:, a method of collecting blood that has spilled from the circulatory system, washing and re-infusing it. 1135: 719: 374: 2516:

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics (1997). "Religious objections to medical care".

1317: 723: 433: 840:, wherein blood circulates through a machine, is filtered and cleaned, then returned to the patient. 1756:"Bioethical aspects of the recent changes in the policy of refusal of blood by Jehovah's Witnesses" 1484: 715: 3055:

Thomas JM (February 1, 2005). "Responses by pregnant Jehovah's Witnesses on health care proxies".

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who criticize the Watch Tower Society make selective use of information themselves. For example,

390: 4406: 3880:"Transfusion-free treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses: respecting the autonomous patient's motives" 2640:

January 3, 2006 Letter from Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses; To all Congregations

1476: 1257:

Watch Tower Society publications frequently claim negative consequences of blood transfusions:

1197:

According to sociologist Richard Singelenbreg, the statement appearing in the Dutch edition of

985: 831: 660: 395: 99: 33: 2743:"Management of the Jehovah's Witness Oncology Patient: Perspective of the Transfusion Service" 2754: 2209:"The University Center for Bloodless Surgery and Medicine at University Hospital, Newark, NJ" 1656:

Dixon, J. Lowell (November 27, 1981). "Jehovah's Witnesses: The Surgical/Ethical Challenge".

1383: 3153:

Law of Love should be observed by all spiritual Israelites as representing the Divine will.

2398: 1127: 1123: 843: 363: 358: 8: 3954: 903: 676: 3929:"Jehovah's Witnesses' refusal of blood: obedience to scripture and religious conscience" 2429: 861:

Gel, blood is withdrawn and put into a solution rich in platelets and white blood cells.

691:

preparations are not absolutely prohibited and are instead a matter of personal choice.

4316: 4304: 4275: 4238: 4201: 4176:

Sloan JM, Ballen K (May 2008). "SCT in Jehovah's Witnesses: the bloodless transplant".

3765: 3668: 3643: 3604: 3579: 3068: 2921: 2893: 2862:

Ms. LF stated that she was a Jehovah's Witness and asserted with an advanced [

2853: 2800: 2788: 2541: 2498: 2329: 1873: 1848: 1780: 1755: 1460: 1330: 1159: 1150:

and his offspring "must not eat the blood, because the life is in the blood". In 1940,

668: 379: 3904: 3879: 2621:"Certificate of Recognition issued by Society for the Advancement of Blood Management" 1958:

God told all mankind that they must not eat blood. Why? Because blood represents life.

1726: 1701: 4308: 4267: 4230: 4193: 3940: 3909: 3773: 3673: 3609: 3072: 3012: 2925: 2897: 2845: 2792: 2533: 2515: 2490: 2321: 2317: 2286: 2132: 1878: 1785: 1731: 1673: 1669: 1579: 1465: 995: 969: 893: 803: 754: 703: 518: 470: 465: 4320: 4242: 4205: 2857: 2545: 2333: 2282: 1898:"Without fanfare, Jehovah's Witnesses quietly soften position on blood transfusions" 4300: 4279: 4259: 4222: 4185: 3899: 3891: 3663: 3655: 3599: 3591: 3064: 3004: 2917: 2889: 2835: 2804: 2784: 2525: 2502: 2482: 2313: 2278: 1868: 1860: 1775: 1767: 1721: 1713: 1665: 1375: 786:

whole blood, or of its constituents of red cells, white cells, platelets or plasma.

4421: 2840: 2823: 2212: 4444: 4433: 4426: 3846: 3107: 980: 976: 918: 913: 837: 750: 406: 2399:"Medical Risk Management: Preventive Legal Strategies for Health Care Providers" 2113:"How Do I View Blood Fractions and Medical Procedures Involving My Own Blood?". 1446:

that still contains some blood. As soon as blood is drained from an animal, the

1228:

stated that such a decision is "left to the Christian doctor's own conscience."

3008: 2486: 1179: 1080: 940: 849: 734:

Blood must not be eaten or transfused, even in the case of a medical emergency.

449: 411: 270: 4422:

Ethical Issues in Compulsory Medical Treatment: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses

4263: 2193: 2127:

Jehovah's Witness letter to Cliff Roche, July 30, 2001 (Published in the book

1929:"Jehovah's Witnesses defend hospital visits that push for bloodless treatment" 1438:

The Watch Tower Society's response is that the real issue is not of the fluid

4461: 4415: 4226: 3987:"Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood Transfusions and the Tort of Misrepresentation". 1220:

In 1964, Jehovah's Witnesses were prohibited from obtaining transfusions for

1111: 1009: 499: 494: 454: 1771: 1378:, an academic in the sociology of religion, has claimed that members of the 1158:

In 1944, with the Watch Tower Society under the administration of president

4312: 4271: 4234: 4197: 3076: 2849: 2796: 2624: 2494: 2325: 2290: 1882: 1789: 1735: 1104: 883: 762: 528: 312: 245: 3913: 3677: 3613: 3016: 2929: 2901: 2537: 2529: 1677: 3895: 3659: 3595: 2253: 1864: 1717: 1369: 1175: 1004: 925: 878: 3470:

Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States,

3457:

Letter to All Presiding Overseers and Secretaries in the United States,

2160:

West, James (2011). "Informed Refusal — the Jehovah's Witness Patient".

1808: 1246:

was released, outlining Jehovah's Witnesses' general doctrine on blood.

4189: 4129: 1834:

Jehovah's Witnesses Public Affairs Office press release, June 14, 2000.

1489: 867: 783: 688: 438: 2824:"Faith, identity, and leukemia: when blood products are not an option" 2471:"Guidelines for managing conscientious objection to blood transfusion" 1142:

commended a man for donating blood 45 times without payment. In 1927,

1138:

commended the commercial and emergency uses of blood. A 1925 issue of

949:, a blood substitute solution of chemically modified human hemoglobin. 1529: 1174:

In September 1945, representatives of the Watch Tower Society in the

1168: 929: 908: 758: 4437: 2405:. Chapter Nine, The Emergency Exception: Aspen Systems Corporation. 1404:

David Malyon, chairman of the English Hospital Liaison Committee in

4021:

Bearing False Witness? An Introduction to the Christian Countercult

952: 946: 858: 684: 533: 3772:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 249, 250. 1409: 1368:

acknowledge that in some situations, including rapid and massive

1131: 1126:

that the reference to abstaining from the eating of blood in the

680: 179: 2367:"Are You Ready to Face a Faith-Challenging Medical Situation?". 1298:

highlighted dangers from transfusion-related acute lung injury (

1205:

by the Watch Tower Society's headquarters in the United States.

1146:

noted, without elaboration, that in Genesis 9, God decreed that

1110:. She relates that an overwhelming majority were willing to eat 737:

Blood leaving the body of a human or animal must be disposed of.

1553:"More doctors honor religious objections to blood transfusions" 1184: 956: 277: 4289:"Bloodless cardiac surgery: not just possible, but preferable" 1480:, a documentary on Witnesses that features bloodless medicine. 2822:

Knuti KA, Amrein PC, Chabner BA, Lynch TJ, Penson RT (2002).

1574:

Evans, Allan S.; Moynes, Riley E.; Martinello, Larry (1973).

1405: 1299: 815:

Transfusions of autologous blood part of a "current therapy".

664: 3134:

stumbling themselves or becoming stumbling blocks to others.

1134:

converts. Watch Tower publications during the presidency of

2129:

Three Dissertations on the Teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses

1443: 1147: 706:. This service also maintains Hospital Liaison Committees. 41: 2864: 2602:"Bridging the Gap Between Doctors and Witness Patients". 2267: 1221: 765:. Other fractions derived from blood are not prohibited. 16:

Jehovah's Witnesses doctrinal position about use of blood

4390:

Why Don't Jehovah's Witnesses Accept Blood Transfusions?

4249: 2623:. Watch Tower Society. September 1, 2002. Archived from 2162:

Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: A Case-Based Textbook

4418:, a former member of Jehovah' Witnesses' Governing Body 4401: 2821: 2468: 1065: 955:, a blood substitute solution of chemically stabilized 2430:"Exceptions to Informed Consent in Emergency Medicine" 2303: 1576:

What man Believes: A study of the World's Great Faiths

1188:. A translation of their comments into English reads: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 1573: 4376: 797: 3114:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

1130:of Acts 15:19–29 was a "suggestion" to be given to 1056:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

870:, the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells. 4402:Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood 4212: 3838:""Call for new approach to transfusion refusals", 2074: 1313:Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood 714:On the basis of various biblical texts, including 3529:"When Doctors Seek to Force Blood Transfusions". 2636: 2634: 778:The following medical procedures are prohibited: 4459: 4386:published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society 3109:Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom 2976:"Setting Matters Straight Between God and You". 2246:"Blood Conservation, Alternatives and Avoidance" 2994: 2774: 2396: 2382:"Youths Who Have Power Beyond What Is Normal". 2179:Ariga et al., Legal Medicine, 5 (2003) S72-S75. 1362: 3752:The Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles 3544:"Transfusion Medicine—Is Its Future Secure?". 3499:"Using Life in Harmony with the Will of God". 2631: 2615: 2613: 1842: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1019: 4412:Critique of Jehovah's Witnesses' blood policy 2397:Richards, Edward; Rathbun, Katharine (1983). 2043: 2041: 1422:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses § Blood 932:derived from large quantities of stored blood 641: 4468:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses 4407:BBC News - Refusing blood 'source of regret' 4347: 4031: 4029: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3286: 2427: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1324: 1044: 789:Transfusions of pre-operative self-donated ( 4396:Bloodless Surgeries and Jehovah's Witnesses 4175: 3873: 3871: 3869: 2879: 2770: 2768: 2610: 1837: 1823: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1390: 3384: 3382: 3380: 2956: 2954: 2753:(4). Moffitt Cancer Center. Archived from 2736: 2734: 2428:Hartman, Kurt; Liang, Bryan (March 1999). 2403:biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/aspen/Aspen.html 2061: 2059: 1968: 1966: 1805:"Jehovah's Witnesses drop transfusion ban" 1605:. Watch Tower Society. 1990. pp. 3–7. 648: 634: 4287:Putney, Leeann J. (July–September 2007). 4130:"OK Kosher Certification—Salting of Meat" 4118:. Watch Tower Society. 2005. p. 128. 4091:You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth 4026: 3982: 3980: 3903: 3709:. Watch Tower Society. 1983. p. 160. 3667: 3620: 3603: 3552: 2988: 2839: 2698:. Watch Tower Society. 2001. p. 212. 2362: 2360: 2358: 2168: 2148: 2018: 1956:. Watch Tower Society. 1990. p. 24. 1895: 1872: 1779: 1725: 1636: 1634: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1492:in which the issue is central to the plot 4156:"My Jewish Learning: Making Meat Kosher" 4067:. Watch Tower Society. 1989. p. 70. 4039:. Watch Tower Society. 1989. p. 73. 3866: 3832: 3830: 3641: 3577: 3343:. Watch Tower Society. 1961. p. 54. 2873: 2765: 2727:. Watch Tower Society. pp. 178–179. 2591:. Watch Tower Society. 1996. p. 26. 2577:. Watch Tower Society. 1998. p. 23. 2390: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1699: 1684: 1550: 1518:. Watch Tower Society. 2008. p. 77. 1024:In 1988, the Watch Tower Society formed 773: 4053:. Watch Tower Society. 1990. p. 6. 3764: 3758: 3503:. September 15, 1961. pp. 563–564. 3377: 2951: 2731: 2421: 2346: 2258:—successful cases of bloodless surgery. 2056: 1990: 1988: 1963: 4460: 4427:Jehovah's Witnesses teachings on blood 4286: 3977: 3926: 3877: 3749: 3720:"What Does Jehovah Ask of Us Today?". 3707:United in Worship of the Only True God 3432:. November 15, 1964. pp. 680–683. 3417:. February 15, 1964. pp. 127–128. 3054: 2907: 2740: 2355: 1802: 1631: 1609: 1563:from the original on November 3, 2012. 1551:Brachear, Manya A. (October 9, 2012). 1178:commented on blood transfusion in the 1117: 3854:from the original on January 14, 2011 3827: 3734: 3393:. November 1, 1961. pp. 669–670. 3369:"Respect for the Sanctity of Blood". 3321:"Assume Your Christian Obligations". 3089: 2450:from the original on October 21, 2014 1920: 1846: 1742: 1655: 4348:Eilers, June; Rounds, Luisa (2007). 4083:The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life 3150:. April 15, 1909. pp. 116–117. 2164:. Cambridge University Press: 19–26. 2159: 2010:"Godly Respect for Life and Blood". 1985: 1896:Blackwell, Tom (December 20, 2012). 1578:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 361. 1066:Acceptance among Jehovah's Witnesses 963: 959:hemoglobin derived from cow's blood. 667:prohibits Christians from accepting 3965:from the original on April 27, 2010 3691:"Rightly Value Your Gift of Life". 3341:Blood, Medicine, and the Law of God 3306:"Immovable For the Right Worship". 3252:"The Stranger's Right Maintained". 2052:. October 15, 2000. pp. 30–31. 13: 4305:10.1097/01.CNQ.0000278927.44691.8c 4169: 3428:"Employment and Your Conscience". 3373:. September 15, 1961. p. 558. 3218:"One Reason for God's Vengeance". 3188:. December 17, 1924. p. 163. 3184:"Here and There Over the Planet". 3146:"Settling Doctrinal Differences". 3069:10.1097/01.AOG.0000149842.31312.e4 2922:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02511.x 2894:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02510.x 2789:10.1097/01.AOG.0000135276.25886.8e 2409:from the original on July 14, 2014 875:Fractions from white blood cells: 14: 4499: 4369: 4136:from the original on May 20, 2007 4116:What Does The Bible Really Teach? 3800:from the original on May 26, 2011 3754:. Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press. 3724:. September 15, 1999. p. 21. 3354:"Blood Fractions or Substances". 3310:. July 1, 1945. pp. 198–201. 3237:. December 25, 1940. p. 19. 3222:. December 15, 1927. p. 371. 2559:"Hospital Information Services". 2117:. November 1, 2006. pp. 3–4. 2014:. June 1, 1969. pp. 326–327. 1926: 1306: 1008:consent to the procedure. In the 975:significant procedures including 798:Permitted procedures and products 4148: 4122: 4108: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4014: 4002: 3947: 3920: 3358:. September 8, 1956. p. 20. 3256:. December 1, 1944. p. 362. 3169:. October 15, 1919. p. 47. 2980:. October 15, 1987. p. 14. 2741:Benson, Kaaron (November 1995). 2606:. November 22, 1990. p. 21. 2318:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00367.x 2102:. June 15, 2000. pp. 29–31. 2070:. March 1, 1989. pp. 30–31. 1754:Muramoto, O. (January 6, 2001). 1670:10.1001/jama.1981.03320210037021 1645:. September 1, 1986. p. 25. 1627:. June 15, 2004. pp. 19–24. 1498:, a film adaptation of the novel 1471:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses 1415: 1171:' of the Lord's 'other sheep'." 864:Fractions from red blood cells: 40: 3812: 3786: 3743: 3728: 3713: 3699: 3684: 3537: 3522: 3507: 3492: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3436: 3421: 3406: 3397: 3362: 3347: 3333: 3314: 3299: 3280: 3260: 3245: 3226: 3211: 3196: 3177: 3158: 3139: 3120: 3100: 3083: 3048: 3030: 2969: 2965:. January 15, 1961. p. 63. 2936: 2815: 2717: 2702: 2696:Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 2688: 2673: 2658: 2643: 2595: 2589:Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 2581: 2575:Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 2567: 2563:. September 1, 1988. p. 4. 2552: 2509: 2462: 2375: 2340: 2297: 2283:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2449 2261: 2182: 2153: 2142: 2121: 2106: 2003: 1999:. February 1, 1997. p. 29. 1946: 1889: 1796: 1623:"Be Guided by the Living God". 726:, Jehovah's Witnesses believe: 4334:CEConnection for Allied Health 3325:. March 1, 1966. p. 142. 3063:(2): 441, author reply 442–3. 2947:. August 1, 1958. p. 478. 2654:. November 1, 2005. p. 3. 2386:. May 22, 1994. pp. 9–15. 2371:. November 1, 1990. p. 3. 1803:Little, Jane (June 14, 2000). 1649: 1595: 1567: 1544: 1522: 1508: 1380:Christian countercult movement 1345:European Court of Human Rights 1108:Ravensbrück concentration camp 1014:American Academy of Pediatrics 1: 4383:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 4087:Reasoning From the Scriptures 4065:Reasoning From the Scriptures 4051:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 4037:Reasoning From the Scriptures 3823:. March 15, 1983. p. 31. 3289:Social Science & Medicine 3207:. July 29, 1925. p. 683. 2841:10.1634/theoncologist.7-4-371 2684:. January 1, 2006. p. 2. 2669:. October 1, 2004. p. 7. 1700:Muramoto, O (December 1999). 1603:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 1502: 1398:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 1244:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 1097: 1026:Hospital Information Services 900:Fractions from blood plasma: 4360:(2): 553–554. Archived from 3794:"ECHR Point number 136, 139" 3695:. June 15, 2004. p. 15. 3488:. July 1, 1951. p. 414. 3447:. June 15, 1982. p. 31. 3165:"Manufacturing and Mining". 3041:. April 8, 1996. p. 4. 2680:"Service Meeting Schedule". 2475:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 1954:How Can Blood Save Your Life 1363:Selective use of information 924:Clotting factors, including 822:Intraoperative blood salvage 7: 3989:Journal of Church and State 3533:. May 22, 1974. p. 18. 3518:. July 8, 1969. p. 30. 3037:"Where Are the Faithful?". 2709:""Follow Me Continually"". 1977:. August 2006. p. 11. 1973:"The Real Value of Blood". 1641:"Godly Respect for Blood". 1516:Keep Yourself in God's Love 1454: 1337: 1289:Centers for Disease Control 1073:Academic Emergency Medicine 1034:Hospital Liaison Committees 1020:Hospital Liaison Committees 709: 213:Faithful and discreet slave 10: 4504: 4081:, June 1, 1969, page 326, 3927:Ridley, Donald T. (1999). 3578:Muramoto O (August 1998). 3484:"Questions From Readers". 3461:May 3, 2001, and Enclosure 3443:"Questions From Readers". 3413:"Questions From Readers". 3389:"Questions From Readers". 3009:10.1001/archinte.142.3.606 2961:"Questions From Readers". 2943:"Questions From Readers". 2487:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.004 2190:"RWJUH: Bloodless Surgery" 2098:"Questions From Readers". 2066:"Questions From Readers". 2048:"Questions From Readers". 1995:"Questions From Readers". 1807:. BBC News. Archived from 1419: 1136:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 967: 890:Fractions from platelets: 801: 4443:December 6, 2010, at the 4398:PBS Religion & Ethics 4392:from the official website 4264:10.1007/s00404-007-0346-0 4099:What Does the Bible Teach 3933:Journal of Medical Ethics 3819:"Honor Godly Marriage!". 3750:Lenski, R. C. H. (1944). 3739:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 3127:"The Apostolic Council". 2713:. May 1, 2006. p. 1. 2349:Transfusion-Free Medicine 2347:Jabbour, Nicolas (2005). 2131:, by Greg Stafford, 2002 1853:Journal of Medical Ethics 1706:Journal of Medical Ethics 1325:Scriptural interpretation 1318:Journal of Medical Ethics 1045:Patient Visitation Groups 1030:Hospital Information Desk 4227:10.1177/1538574407303172 3094:. pp. 222, 235–237. 1391:Outdated medical beliefs 565:Handling child sex abuse 223:Memorial of Jesus' Death 59:Organizational structure 4432:April 16, 2021, at the 4105:, August 2006, page 11. 4077:The analogy is used in 3995:(4): 808. Autumn 2005. 1772:10.1136/bmj.322.7277.37 1496:The Children Act (film) 1231:In 1982, an article in 570:Unfulfilled predictions 120:Unfulfilled predictions 4438:religioustolerance.org 4354:Oncology Nursing Forum 4215:Vasc Endovascular Surg 4178:Bone Marrow Transplant 3514:"Watching the World". 3203:"Flotsam and Jetsam". 2271:JAMA Internal Medicine 1195: 986:JAMA Internal Medicine 832:Cardiopulmonary bypass 483:Notable former members 347:Watch Tower presidents 100:Bible Student movement 4488:Religion and medicine 4478:Medical controversies 4162:on February 25, 2009. 3939:: 471. Archived from 3735:Bruce, F. F. (1955). 3131:. November 15, 1892. 2530:10.1542/peds.99.2.279 1190: 1032:, and of one hundred 826:cell-saver scavenging 774:Prohibited procedures 288:New World Translation 115:Doctrinal development 4483:Transfusion medicine 4473:Religion and science 4375:Official website of 3896:10.1136/jme.24.6.376 3842:, February 27, 2010" 3770:The Four Major Cults 3660:10.1136/jme.24.5.295 3596:10.1136/jme.24.4.223 2711:Our Kingdom Ministry 2682:Our Kingdom Ministry 2667:Our Kingdom Ministry 2652:Our Kingdom Ministry 2561:Our Kingdom Ministry 2369:Our Kingdom Ministry 2115:Our Kingdom Ministry 1865:10.1136/jme.26.5.375 1718:10.1136/jme.25.6.463 1124:Charles Taze Russell 935:Wound healing factor 844:Epidural blood patch 731:and save their life. 423:Formative influences 4377:Jehovah's Witnesses 4252:Arch Gynecol Obstet 4101:(2005, pg 130) and 3955:""Religion Today", 3766:Hoekema, Anthony A. 3642:Muramoto O (1998). 3474:, December 20, 2001 3116:. pp. 151–152. 3092:Under Two Dictators 2757:on March 13, 2007. 2725:Come Be My Follower 1908:on January 29, 2013 1847:Elder, Lee (2000). 1384:Christian apologist 1212:In September 1956, 1118:History of doctrine 996:medical emergencies 661:Jehovah's Witnesses 613:Supreme Court cases 34:Jehovah's Witnesses 4451:The Jensen Letters 4364:on April 15, 2009. 4190:10.1038/bmt.2008.5 4085:, (1981, pg 167), 3959:, January 6, 2006" 3878:Malyon, D (1998). 3737:Commentary on Acts 3129:Zion's Watch Tower 2437:Hospital Physician 2196:on August 28, 2005 1461:Blood transfusions 1268:A 1961 article in 1250:prior to surgery. 1160:Nathan Homer Knorr 983:. A 2012 study in 977:open-heart surgery 921:(cryo-poor plasma) 669:blood transfusions 105:Leadership dispute 3943:on July 16, 2012. 3779:978-0-8028-3117-0 3548:. August 1, 2006. 2665:"Announcements". 2650:"Announcements". 2627:on March 6, 2012. 2256:on April 5, 2004. 1664:(21): 2471–2472. 1585:978-0-07-077440-7 1466:Bloodless surgery 970:Bloodless surgery 964:Bloodless surgery 894:Platelet factor 4 804:Blood substitutes 755:white blood cells 704:bloodless surgery 663:believe that the 658: 657: 623: 622: 577: 576: 544: 543: 519:George Chryssides 328: 327: 145: 144: 76:and Tract Society 74:Watch Tower Bible 4495: 4365: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4324: 4293:Crit Care Nurs Q 4283: 4246: 4209: 4164: 4163: 4158:. Archived from 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4093:(1989, pg 216), 4075: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3875: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3639: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3575: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3090:Buber M (1949). 3087: 3081: 3080: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3024: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2905: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2843: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252:. Archived from 2243: 2241: 2239: 2230:. Archived from 2224: 2222: 2220: 2215:on April 6, 2006 2211:. Archived from 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192:. Archived from 2186: 2180: 2177: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1927:Smith, Stephen. 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1904:. Archived from 1893: 1887: 1886: 1876: 1844: 1835: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1811:on June 18, 2004 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1751: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1697: 1682: 1681: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1485:The Children Act 1376:Douglas E. Cowan 1294:A 2006 issue of 1261:A 1951 issue of 1128:Apostolic Decree 1102: 1099: 999:refusing blood. 981:hip replacements 824:(autologous) or 724:Acts 15:28–15:29 650: 643: 636: 590: 589: 559: 558: 511:Notable scholars 375:J. F. Rutherford 343: 342: 171: 170: 55: 54: 44: 21: 20: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4458: 4457: 4445:Wayback Machine 4434:Wayback Machine 4372: 4338: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4172: 4170:Further reading 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4097:(1989, pg 57), 4089:(1989, pg 73), 4076: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3925: 3921: 3876: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3847:The Irish Times 3840:The Irish Times 3836: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3640: 3621: 3576: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 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H. Barbour 464: 463: 461: 456: 455:George Storrs 453: 451: 450:G. W. Stetson 448: 447: 445: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 429: 428: 427: 426: 422: 421: 413: 412:R. L. Ciranko 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 386: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 370: 365: 364:C. T. Russell 362: 360: 357: 356: 354: 353: 352: 351: 348: 345: 344: 339: 334: 333: 319: 318:Gilead School 316: 314: 311: 310: 308: 307: 306: 305: 301: 300: 295: 292: 290: 289: 285: 280: 279: 275: 273: 272: 268: 267: 265: 264: 263: 262: 259: 256: 255: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 231: 230: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 214: 211: 210: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 193: 192: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 172: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 151: 150: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 130: 127: 126: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 92: 89: 88: 83: 80: 77: 71: 69: 66: 65: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 4449: 4381: 4362:the original 4357: 4353: 4337:. 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