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proved too rigid for the timing chain gasket, leading to compromise, oil loss, and engine failure. Repairs were offered under warranty and corrected in later production. Still, the damage to the perception of the
Tornado in the consumer marketplace had already been done. On the other hand, military versions of the pickup, the M-715 and the M-725, produced between 1967 and 1969, were designed with regular block-mounted motor mounts.
1218:
463:
that only had six lobes. One lobe operated both the intake and exhaust valves for each cylinder. This made engineering cam profiles more complex than conventional two-lobes per cylinder (one per valve) designs, but allowed the valves to be better arranged for the cross-flow head. Valves were directly
472:
was also special because it was covered with chilled cast iron for long life and compatibility with the cam lobes. Additionally, many of the parts on the engine were made of aluminum, including the front cover, water pump, valve cover, and intake manifold, weight savings that resulted in a 575-pound
576:
The
Argentinian Tornado engines raised output from 155 to 215 hp (116 to 160 kW; 157 to 218 PS) (street versions) and 250 to 350 hp (186 to 261 kW; 253 to 355 PS) (Racing versions). A new cylinder head achieved this, improving the intake and exhaust ducts. Also adopted
480:
The problems were attributable to a combination of a flawed engine mount on civilian vehicles and the failure of new owners to monitor engine oil levels. Instead of mounting directly to the engine block, the front mounts bolted to an engine cover, which also sealed the timing chain. The arrangement
403:
At the time, the
Tornado was the only U.S.-built overhead-cam engine in mass production. The new engine was designed for robust, heavy-duty performance with maximum efficiency. Its excellent fuel economy was proven in tests, with the Tornado-OHC engine having the lowest specific fuel consumption of
584:
The Torino and the Jeep
Tornado engine continued production through 1982. It was marketed as the "Tornado Jet" and later as the "Tornado Interceptor", in AMC design automobiles built by IKA. From 1976 until 1982, they were the only non-Renault–designed cars and engines built by the French company.
476:
The new engine's overhead camshaft design was only one of the advanced features offered for the first time in a U.S.-designed and mass-produced engine. To achieve its excellent performance, which included both power and economy, the
Tornado was complex by 1960s standards. It was discontinued in
452:. Output rating was 140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) at 4000 rpm and 210 lbâ‹…ft (285 Nâ‹…m) of torque at 1750 rpm. The engine's actual torque curve indicated achieving the 210 pounds-feet rating before 1000 rpm and then continuing at that level to approximately 3700 rpm.
568:
The engine name was changed to "Torino" to match the car in 1973. It also received a significant block and crankshaft refinement that year — seven main bearings instead of the original four, as well as a new cylinder head. Industrias Kaiser
Argentina was eventually bought out by
564:
84-hour endurance race. The
Argentinian team ran three cars, and after three and a half days of racing, the No. 3 Torino covered 334 laps, the most of all the racers: about 9,450 kilometres (5,872 mi). However, it placed third overall due to penalty points.
455:
A low-compression (7.5:1) version was also available, with 133 hp (99 kW; 135 PS) at 4000 rpm and 199 lbâ‹…ft (270 Nâ‹…m) of torque at 2400 rpm. These were "high-efficiency" engines with a conservatively rated power output.
488:
magazine described the OHC six as "commendably smooth and quiet." The engine accelerated the four-wheel-drive full-size station wagon (the SUV designation was not yet known) with an automatic transmission from
468:
by a unique salt bath for two hours at 1,025 °F (552 °C). This was one of the initial applications of this hardening process by an engine manufacturer. The silent-type "Morse chain"
573:, and in 1975, the "IKA" name was discontinued, and it became "Renault Argentina". The Torino, Jeeps, AMC vehicles, and the Tornado engine, continued to receive upgrades over the years.
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opposite their respective ports, and ports were short with wide radius turns. Another innovation was the crankshaft that was strengthened by
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in Europe and focused on improving power output through better engine breathing. The single overhead cam design was combined with
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for an entirely new vehicle began under Chief
Engineer, A.C. "Sammy" Sampietro, in the late 1950s. Sampietro worked under
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325:
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The IKA Torino and the OHC engine achieved auto racing success, including international recognition in the 1969
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were a new camshaft, a new exhaust manifold of a 3-1/3-1 type, two 2-inch diameter exhaust pipes, and three
381:
models. Six-cylinder versions built after 3 May 1962, received the 230 OHC "Tornado" engine, replacing the
1252:
640:
542:
538:
347:
59:
545:(AMC) passenger cars that were assembled under license. The engine became best known for powering the
473:(261 kg) engine, or about 40 pounds (18 kg) less than the previous "6-226" Super Hurricane.
557:
having unique styled front and rear body parts that were built in
Argentina from 1966 through 1981.
465:
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civilian vehicles in the U.S. in 1965 following engine failures that tarnished its reputation.
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840:"Valve Cover From First Mass-Produced American OHC Engine Makes Perfect Garage Wall Art"
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1139:"These Are The Argentinian-Built IKA Torinos That Dominated The NĂĽrburgring In 1969"
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541:(IKA) after 1965. The OHC engine was used in a variety of Jeep vehicles as well as
517:
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332:
225:
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1055:"Old Cars of Argentina - Manufactured by Industrias Kaiser Argentina S.A. (IKA)"
728:
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1057:. oldcarandtruckpictures.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019.
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pickup trucks that began production in fall 1962 for the 1963 model year.
934:"Overhead Camshaft Design is Feature of New Willys 140 H.P. 6-cyl Engine"
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490:
413:
359:
54:
233:
140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) at 4000 rpm (high compression) or
859:
was used in boats and race cars and doesn't count as "mass-produced"...
198:
113:
534:
343:
525:
448: in (111.13 mm) stroke. The standard version had an 8.5:1
460:
236:
133 hp (99 kW; 135 PS) at 4000 rpm (low compression)
570:
324:(OHC) automobile engine. The 230.5 cu in (3.78 L)
1217:
417:
263:
593:
The Jeep
Tornado engine was used in the following vehicles:
320:
was the first post-World War II U.S.-designed mass-produced
1165:"The Argentine Rambler GT Too Good For the USA: IKA Torino"
813:"Meet the beautiful brute - Jeep Gladiator (advertisement)"
819:. Vol. 53, no. 23. 30 November 1962. p. 23
393:
693:"Back To The Future: The Strange Life of Jeep's OHC 230"
385:
I6. It was made the standard engine in the entirely new
370:. Mass production of the new engine began in 1962.
331:was introduced in mid-year 1962, and replaced the
1019:
1017:
1015:
493:in 15.9 seconds. Their tests recorded 17 mpg
1229:
991:(Second ed.). Motorbooks/MBI. p. 195.
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404:all production gasoline engines on the market.
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928:
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373:The Jeep Tornado engine was introduced in the
961:"Classic Engine: Jeep's Tornado Straight-Six"
906:"Classic Engine: Jeep's Tornado Straight-Six"
890:
729:"Tornado 230 CI Engine Information / History"
529:Torino OHC engine in an ZX IKA-Renault Torino
521:Torino OHC engine in an TS IKA-Renault Torino
1127:
1025:"1963-1992 Jeep Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer"
733:The International Full Size Jeep Association
342:The Tornado engine was also manufactured in
271:210 lbâ‹…ft (285 Nâ‹…m) at 1750 rpm or
1048:
1046:
923:
459:Unique features of the design included the
1136:
32:
784:. Motorbooks International. p. 111.
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274:199 lbâ‹…ft (270 Nâ‹…m) at 2400 rpm
1043:
524:
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412:Like most Jeep engines, the Tornado was
307:
21:Reciprocating internal combustion engine
1162:
686:
684:
533:Production of this engine continued in
505:(16.2 L/100 km; 17.4 mpg
484:Road tests of the new Jeep Wagoneer by
1230:
1137:Colombiano, Alvaro (7 December 2017).
1084:"When Argentina ruled the NĂĽrburgring"
873:"1963 Jeep Wagoneer: Landmark Vehicle"
870:
837:
752:
715:
512:
125:230.51 cu in (3,777 cc)
1081:
1052:
984:
958:
903:
838:Martin, Murilee (26 September 2013).
777:
690:
636:, also known as IKA Torino, 1966–1973
434: in (84.93 mm) bore with a
726:
681:
655:passenger cars, from 1965 until 1973
581:DCOE 45-45 side-draft carburetors.
358:The development of a new engine for
1107:
497:(14 L/100 km; 20 mpg
13:
871:Foster, Patrick (1 January 2008).
501:) on the highway and 14.5 mpg
14:
1269:
1211:
677:, vol. 26, p. 137, 1964
1216:
1163:McGuire, Bill (28 August 2021).
647:, in Jeep utility vehicles, the
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1101:
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978:
952:
588:
368:hemispheric combustion chambers
1082:Orosz, Peter (3 August 2011).
904:Allen, Jim (30 October 2018).
864:
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771:
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630:M725 1963-1969 (military only)
549:, a hybrid version of the AMC
1:
1190:"Renault Torino GR (1982 MY)"
988:Jeep 4x4 Performance Handbook
659:
87:Tornado Interceptor (Renault)
383:226 L-head "Super Hurricane"
350:(IKA) from 1965 until 1973.
339:that was in use since 1954.
7:
959:Allen, Jim (12 June 2012).
753:Foster, Patrick R. (2004).
641:Industrias Kaiser Argentina
543:American Motors Corporation
539:Industrias Kaiser Argentina
348:Industrias Kaiser Argentina
60:Industrias Kaiser Argentina
10:
1276:
691:Allen, Jim (August 2006).
675:Ward's Automotive Yearbook
353:
16:American automobile engine
1258:Gasoline engines by model
1067:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1008:– via Google Books.
948:– via Google Books.
877:FourWheeler (Motor Trend)
827:– via Google Books.
801:– via Google Books.
757:. KP Books. p. 111.
624:1963-1969 (military only)
466:ferritic nitrocarburizing
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1110:"1969 Nurburgring 84hrs"
312:1963 Jeep Tornado engine
148: in (84.93 mm)
1169:Mac's Motor City Garage
530:
522:
337:Willys Super Hurricane
313:
291:Willys Super Hurricane
1225:at Wikimedia Commons
528:
520:
416:for better low-speed
311:
301:AMC straight-6 engine
1243:Straight-six engines
1114:touringcarracing.net
1223:Jeep Tornado engine
985:Allen, Jim (2007).
778:Allen, Jim (2004).
697:Off-road Adventures
513:Overseas production
318:Jeep Tornado engine
1253:1962 introductions
940:. 1961. p. 23
727:Page, Ben (2006).
547:IKA-Renault Torino
531:
523:
314:
1221:Media related to
1053:MacDonald, John.
998:978-0-7603-2687-9
791:978-0-7603-1979-6
764:978-0-87349-735-0
755:The Story of Jeep
645:Renault Argentina
604:Willys Jeep Wagon
598:Willys Jeep Truck
450:compression ratio
375:Willys Jeep Wagon
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211:Compression ratio
84:Tornado Jet (IKA)
66:Renault Argentina
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1031:. 29 August 2007
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703:on 3 August 2013
699:. Archived from
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551:Rambler American
509:) in the city."
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1248:Jeep engines
1215:
1197:. Retrieved
1194:carfolio.com
1193:
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1172:. Retrieved
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736:. Retrieved
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705:. Retrieved
701:the original
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592:
589:Applications
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567:
559:
532:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:timing chain
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454:
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402:
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329:straight-six
322:overhead cam
317:
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226:Power output
121:Displacement
114:straight six
81:Torino (IKA)
47:Manufacturer
27:Jeep Tornado
18:
857:Offenhauser
628:Kaiser Jeep
562:NĂĽrburgring
491:0 to 60 mph
420:. It had a
414:undersquare
360:Kaiser Jeep
326:hemi-headed
287:Predecessor
255:0.58 hp/inÂł
75:Also called
55:Kaiser-Jeep
1232:Categories
1199:16 January
1174:16 January
1148:16 January
1119:16 January
1093:16 January
1035:16 January
1004:16 January
970:16 January
944:16 January
938:Autodriver
915:16 January
882:16 January
849:16 January
823:16 January
797:16 January
738:16 January
707:16 January
660:References
653:Ambassador
507:‑imp
499:‑imp
282:Chronology
199:Valvetrain
95:Production
606:1962-1965
600:1962-1965
535:Argentina
503:‑US
495:‑US
344:Argentina
297:Successor
98:1962-1973
1088:Jalopnik
1063:cite web
910:cars.com
855:... the
844:Autoweek
486:Car Life
461:camshaft
335:"6-226"
333:flathead
190:material
179:material
41:Overview
571:Renault
443:⁄
429:⁄
354:History
166:⁄
143:⁄
995:
788:
761:
418:torque
408:Design
396:) and
220:Output
103:Layout
579:Weber
379:truck
62:(IKA)
1201:2023
1176:2023
1150:2023
1121:2023
1095:2023
1069:link
1037:2023
1006:2023
993:ISBN
972:2023
946:2023
917:2023
884:2023
851:2023
825:2023
817:Life
799:2023
786:ISBN
781:Jeep
759:ISBN
740:2023
709:2023
651:and
643:and
553:and
394:SUVs
377:and
316:The
204:SOHC
193:Iron
182:Iron
639:by
537:by
346:by
1234::
1192:.
1167:.
1141:.
1129:^
1112:.
1086:.
1065:}}
1061:{{
1045:^
1027:.
1014:^
963:.
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431:32
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767:.
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445:8
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136:3
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