17:
232:
1787 the rival
Patriot States of Utrecht demanded to be seated in the States General, supported by the three Patriot provincial delegations. Patriot Overijssel temporarily presided at the time and provisionally seated the Patriot States. This led to riotous behaviour by the delegation of the Amersfoort States of Utrecht, one of whose members, drew his sword in the meeting hall, and challenged d'Averhoult, who was a member of the rival Patriot delegation, to a duel. This may or may not have been held the next day in the Hague Wood, fortunately with only slight damage to the participants. The Amersfoort delegation was eventually restored to its position of sole representative of Utrecht in the States General, giving the majority to the Orangists. This was one of the proximate causes of the
376:
demanded to see his passport. In the ensuing fight, d'Averhoult managed to shoot his way out (though his servant was arrested). D'Averhoult then tried to escape on his own but was again intercepted by armed peasants. What happened next remains disputed. At some point, someone, either d'Averhoult himself or someone else, put a pistol to the top of his head and pulled the trigger. He died a few hours later, on 26 August 1792 of this wound in Sedan, where he had been transported, in the presence of his Dutch friend Daniël
Michiel Gijsbert Heldewier. He was buried in the Protestant cemetery of the
364:, even in vain demanding the sanctioning of the local authorities who had failed to suppress that riot. But external developments made his position untenable: the Prussians entered the war after issuing an maladroit ultimatum, in which they demanded the reinstatement of the king in his old powers (reminiscent of the demand to reinstate the stadtholder in September 1787). In the following furor d'Averhoult on 26 July announced that he resigned as deputy in the Assembly. He took a commission as Colonel of the 7th regiment of
335:
propose. Mais devez-vous laisser à la philosophie elle-même le soin d’éclairer l’univers, pour fonder, par des progrès plus lents mais plus sûrs, le bonheur du genre humain et l’alliance fraternelle de tous les peuples ? ou bien devez-vous, pour hâter ces effets, risquer la perte de votre liberté et celle du genre humain, en proclamant les droits de l’homme au milieu du carnage et de la destruction ?
476:
propose to you. But should you leave to philosophy itself the task of illuminating the universe, to find, by slower, but surer progresses, the happiness of the human race and the fraternal alliance of all peoples? Or should you, for hastening its effects, risk the loss of your liberty and that of the human race, while proclaiming the rights of man in the middle of carnage and destruction?;Jaurès, p. 908
325:
was accepted on 29 November 1791. But d'Averhoult did not wish or expect that France would go to war right away. His intervention did contribute to his popularity in the
Assembly and on 8 January 1792 he was elected its president for the usual two weeks. On 17 January 1792 there was a new debate on
231:
Shortly afterward a constitutional crisis erupted in the States
General. These were equally divided between three Orangist provinces (Zeeland, Gelderland and Friesland) and three Patriot provinces (Holland, Groningen and Overijssel), while Utrecht was leaning Orangist, and held the balance. In June
334:
Messieurs, soyons vrais ; les amis de la liberté voudraient venir au secours de la philosophie outragée par la ligue des princes, ils voudraient appeler tous les peuples à cette liberté, et propager une sainte insurrection ; voilà le véritable motif des démarches inconsidérées qu’on vous
475:
Gentlemen, let us be true; the friends of liberty would want to come to the aid of the philosophy that is outraged by the league of (German) princes, they would want to call all peoples to this liberty, and spread a holy insurrection; that is the real motive for the ill-considered steps that they
236:
That invasion met little resistance from the
Patriots, though d'Averhoult again distinguished himself by repelling several Prussian attacks near Fort Nieuwersluis, before his troops were overwhelmed, and he was made a prisoner of war. The Prussians treated him respectfully and he was released and
448:
Gentlemen, allow me to cite a recent example. Proscribed in
Holland and on the point of dying there on the scaffold for the cause of liberty I have seen that sublime cause lost because of temporisations. It is because of half-measures taken; because of not crushing one's enemies, while there was
375:
precipitated the defection of the
Marquis de la Fayette. And this brought d'Averhoult under suspicion also. On 18 August a warrant for his arrest was issued by the Assembly. He tried to flee across the border near Sedan, together with a servant, but they were intercepted by armed peasants who
220:, however. Meanwhile, the Amersfoort States convinced the stadtholder to garrison Amersfoort with States Army troops under his command. These troops threatened the safety of Utrecht city, as witnessed by the fact that the Amersfoort garrison in early May 1787 attempted to occupy the sluice in
312:
Permettez, Messieurs, que je cite un exemple récent. Proscrit en
Hollande et sur le point d’y périr sur l’échafaud pour la cause de la liberté, j’ai vu cette cause sublime perdue en temporisations. C’est pour avoir employé des demi-moyens ; c’est pour n’avoir pas écrasé ses adversaires,
112:. But he was an excellent French speaker. The marriage of his parents went badly, as the father had the mother committed to a borstal-like institution, from which she was only released after his death. During this episode, Jan Anthony was cared for by his paternal aunts, especially the
298:, who were more radical. But in other respects he was relatively radical. He became a member of the Diplomatic Committee of the Assembly, in which he was a voice for taking an aggressive stance against the surrounding states, in which the French
313:
lorsqu’il en était temps, c’est pour s’être attachée aux effets sans s’attaquer aux causes ; c’est pour avoir attendu jusqu’à ce que ses ennemis furent soutenus par une des puissances de premier ordre, que la
Hollande est dans les chaînes.
358:. D'Averhoult nevertheless spoke out against the illiberal measures that were taken, like the reintroduction of internal passports, and the lawlessness of the Paris Mob. For instance, he spoke out against the lawlessness of the
211:
and replaced it with a popularly elected city council in August 1786. D'Averhoult was elected one of the new members. The
Orangist majority in the States of Utrecht did not accept this and moved the States to the Utrecht city of
101:
in 1685 with her children, after her spouse died. The family had become fully acculturated as witnessed by the fact that Jan Anthony was baptized in the Jacobi church of Utrecht, which was in use by the congregation of the
449:
still time; because of being attached to effects without attacking the causes; because of having waited until one's enemies were supported by one of the Powers of the first order, that Holland is in chains;Jaurès, p. 864
224:, a strategic object. The Utrecht city authorities decided to thwart this attack. D'Averhoult was placed in command of the relief force that marched down to Vreeswijk om 9 May 1787. This resulted in the
308:. He did not think that they were a serious threat yet, but he pointed to the example of the suppression of the Patriots in the Netherlands to show that it was better to nip such a threat in the bud.
439:
asked for French mediation in the conflict, and this offered an opportunity for Prussia and Great Britain to muscle in on the process, and put their thumbs in the scale in favour of the Orangists.
142:. But in 1785 he resigned his commission. This may have been prompted by his political sympathies. Like many in the early 1780s in the Netherlands, he became very critical of the policies of the
619:
749:
485:
D'Averhoult had meanwhile not forgotten his Dutch compatriots in exile in France. On 19 January 1792 he allowed a deputation of Dutch Patriots to address the Assembly; Bruin, p. 143-144
248:, d'Averhoult (now calling himself Jean Antoine) was able to get a commission as a lieutenant-colonel in the French army in February 1788, thanks to the fact that the
244:
However, d'Averhoult soon moved on to France, where he claimed his old noble title, and French nationality based on it. On the recommendation of his distant cousin
494:
The end of Daverhoult is worthy of his life; all our Patriots could in one way or the other now well receive the just deserts of their actions; Cf. Bruin, p. 146
734:
388:
La fin de Daverhoult est digne de sa vie; tous nos Patriotes pourront bien actuellemen recevoir de façon ou d'autre la juste récompense de leurs actions.
16:
714:
719:
466:; as a Protestant, he had received the blue ribbon, when he first was given the decoration, but it had recently been changed; Cf. Bruin, p. 142
252:
of 1787 made him eligible to serve, even though he remained a Protestant. A few months later he was promoted to colonel. In 1789 he was made a
729:
216:, while the Patriot minority remained in Utrecht. For the time being the Amersfoort States kept hold of the seat of Utrecht province in the
647:
De cirkel gesloten : de Utrechtse hugenoot Jean Antoine d'Averhoult (1756-1792) en zijn gewelddadig einde als Franse revolutionair
339:
This argument carried the day: the emperor Joseph was censured, but war was not yet declared. But this was only a temporary delay. The
381:
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soon carried the Assembly in forcing a new government on the king, and in April 1792 forcing a declaration of war on emperor Joseph
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he attached himself to his cousin, the Marquis de la Fayette, and together with the latter became a member of the faction of the
245:
759:
284:
159:
21:
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members. As such he became a leader of the Patriot revolt in Utrecht, together with people like the student leader
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132:
of the States Army. He received his commission as a lieutenant with the same regiment, and was later promoted to
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Josina Benjamina d'Averhoult with whom he would develop a strong attachment. He would never marry.
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176:-class that monopolized access to political offices. A political movement of opposition to the
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93:), that was, however, not part of the Dutch nobility. A great-grandmother migrated to the
8:
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249:
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As a consequence of the loss of a Patriot majority in the States General, the Patriot
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168:, published in 1781, that criticized both the current policies of the regime and the
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A year after his father's death in 1773 d'Averhoult started his military career as a
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declaring war on France's external enemies, in particular Austrian emperor
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380:. He was mourned by his aunt, who soon returned to the Netherlands. But
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D'Arnoult was born the son of Jean (Jan) d'Averhoult, a captain in the
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221:
169:
90:
83:. The father was a scion of a French Huguenot noble family (he was a
75:
688:
Histoire socialiste de la Révolution française : La Législative
228:, that the Patriots under d'Averhoult's cool-headed leadership won.
384:, the wife of the stadtholder, true to form, wrote to her husband:
238:
173:
113:
51:
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39:
330:. D'Averhoult spoke out against it with the following argument:
275:. In September 1791 d'Averhoult was elected a deputy for the
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In the Spring of 1785 d'Averhoult took a commission in the
750:
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
321:
issue an ultimatum to the German princes sheltering the
624:, in:Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden., vol. 1"
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and his regime, which was accused of mismanaging the
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This was when his aunt commissioned his portrait by
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were making difficulties for the new constitutional
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197:that was being rejuvenated by an influx of Patriot
54:extraction, who played a leading role in both the
368:, and departed for the front in northern France.
696:
614:
422:His brother Pompejus at the same time became an
682:
20:Jean Antoine d'Averhoult, as president of the
241:, together with his aunt Josina d'Averhoult.
184:arose, of which d'Averhoult became a member.
735:Members of the Legislative Assembly (France)
74:and Gerhardina de Valcke, the daughter of a
462:. Note that he wears the red ribbon of the
409:Who would later commission the portrait by
373:overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792
162:, the author of the revolutionary pamphlet
630:. Haarlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 438
346:France radicalized more and more, and the
50:military officer and politician of French
413:, after they had both migrated to France.
15:
392:
715:Military personnel from Utrecht (city)
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237:allowed to join the Patriot exodus to
160:Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol
720:Members of the Dutch Patriots faction
172:constitution of the Republic, with a
158:he was a member of the same lodge as
730:Political history of the Netherlands
22:French National Legislative Assembly
13:
14:
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99:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
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755:Politicians from Utrecht (city)
740:People of the French Revolution
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290:As a deputy, and member of the
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1:
760:Suicides by firearm in France
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285:National Legislative Assembly
138:in another cavalry regiment,
643:Bruin, Renger E. de (2006).
350:lost their influence to the
234:Prussian invasion of Holland
7:
725:1780s in the Dutch Republic
378:Faubourg du Fond de Givonne
148:William V, Prince of Orange
10:
776:
649:, in:Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht"
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464:Ordre de MĂ©rite Militaire
426:(cadet) in the Dutch navy.
317:His proposal to have king
259:Ordre de MĂ©rite Militaire
165:Aan het Volk van Nederland
128:with the cavalry regiment
246:the Marquis de la Fayette
205:, who overturned the old
140:Van Tuyl van Serooskerken
119:
622:Averhoult, Jan Anthony d
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294:d'Avernoult opposed the
267:Storming of the Bastille
32:Jean Antoine d'Averhoult
277:Arrondissement of Sedan
191:company of the Utrecht
36:Jan Anthony d'Averhoult
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337:
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283:department in the new
152:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
28:
655:(in Dutch): 122–148.
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332:
310:
104:Dutch Reformed Church
42:– 26 August 1792 in
19:
653:Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht
460:Louis-LĂ©opold Boilly
411:Louis-LĂ©opold Boilly
393:Notes and references
38:(21 October 1756 in
26:Louis-LĂ©opold Boilly
382:Princess Wilhelmina
250:Edict of Versailles
557:Bruin, pp. 141-142
548:Bruin, pp. 140-141
539:Bruin, pp. 138-139
530:Bruin, pp. 130-137
512:Bruin, pp. 128-129
361:Journée de 20 juin
226:Battle of Jutphaas
97:in 1691 after the
29:
690:. Éditions Rouff.
437:States of Holland
306:kingdom of France
106:, and not in the
72:Dutch States Army
60:French Revolution
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686:(1901–1908).
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672:. Retrieved
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705:1756 births
661:1874/215002
144:stadtholder
24:in 1792 by
745:Feuillants
699:Categories
684:Jaurès, J.
501:References
348:Feuillants
292:Feuillants
272:Feuillants
265:After the
214:Amersfoort
208:vroedschap
199:Free Corps
194:schutterij
170:oligarchic
135:ritmeester
669:0923-7046
424:adelborst
352:Girondins
341:Girondins
328:Joseph II
319:Louis XVI
296:Girondins
279:, in the
254:chevalier
222:Vreeswijk
156:Freemason
91:Guincourt
76:Groningen
618:(1852).
366:dragoons
356:Jacobins
281:Ardennes
239:Brussels
182:Patriots
178:Orangist
174:regenten
114:spinster
58:and the
52:Huguenot
46:) was a
634:May 10,
609:Sources
323:émigrés
301:Émigrés
256:in the
189:Turkije
154:. As a
130:Van Eck
40:Utrecht
674:May 9,
667:
126:Cornet
120:Career
398:Notes
86:Sieur
48:Dutch
44:Sedan
676:2018
665:ISSN
636:2018
371:The
657:hdl
89:de
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663:.
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146:,
62:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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