389:âThe boots, which are not boots but leggings, since they donât have soles, nor are they worn on the feet, are made of the skins of two deer, which are arranged so that the respective neck of each one serves to cover the calves and part of the thighs, and they are tied to the waist with cords of the same skin. The way to prepare the skin is as follows: the animal's brains are saved until they enter a state of putrefaction; the skins are then greased with this ointment, after being previously dried in the sun on the hairy side, and is then rubbed with a deer rib and becomes soft under this operation. When it is soft enough, it is colored with the smoke of burnt corn husks. The purpose of this is to impregnate the skin with a strong and pungent odor, which prevents ticks from adhering to them. The boots must be very wide and form many folds and wrinkles, both to avoid thorns from penetrating them, and to escape from the bite of snakes when having to cross bushy places.â
369:âHe wore in all its purity the peculiar costume of this class of men, a straw hat with a broad brim turned up behind, a fine linen shirt with cambric frills, without any vest above it, a pair of blue cotton velvet breeches open at the knee, and falling in a point to the middle of his leg. In a belt of Chinese crape of a scarlet colour, hung a straight sword (machete) without guard or sheath, the sharp and glittering blade of which sparkled in the sun. His feet, which were bare, were held in the wooden stirrup only by the tips of his toes. This Jarocho, his head inclined indolently upon one shoulder, sat his horse in the attitude peculiar to people of his caste, whose easy manner and unconstrained demeanour suited him to perfection.â
245:
20:
409:(cachirulo) on their heads, and shoes that barely covered the tips of their bare feet and which hit the ground loudly with every step. He said that at that time (1830s) the dress, the stockings, the shawl were recent imports, which were not yet widespread among the population; but he already foresaw that its use would become more widespread to establish a clearer line between social classes, since in the past the ladies of the upper class were only distinguished from the women of the lower class by greater wealth in the fabrics used in their dress and stockings.
337:âIt is their love of independence which causes them to prefer the wandering life of the herdsman and the horse-dealer, and the machete plays no unimportant part in all their difficulties. The Jarocho would rather want the most indispensable part of his dress than be deprived of the long sharp glittering blade which he wears in his belt. This sabre is more generally in the hand of the Jarocho than at his side. A small point of honour, or the most futile remark has often been the means of bringing on the most bloody and long-continued series of combats.â
81:
420:âWhite trousers of fine cotton fabric, open at the sides from the middle of the thigh; a pleated shirt all around the body, a huge wide-brimmed hat of white felt, and boots richly embroidered with arabesques of extraordinary fineness: this is the costume of the elegant country people. Almost all of them are armed with the machete, a straight sword of medium length, which serves several purposes, in addition to their personal defense; It is with this weapon that they open a path in the middle of the thickest forests.â
398:
351:
327:, his favorite and indispensable weapon, which he always carried in a sheath attached to his waist, never on his horse like the Charros did. The Jarochos were known for their agility in handling the machete, especially in dodging blows. Ăngel VĂ©lez, a 19th century writer from Veracruz, commented that the machete was an indispensable tool and weapon for the Jarochos, and that for them, being without their machete was worse than being naked.
434:
315:
that the
Charros used, but rather a heavy, crude saddle, with long corazas (embossed leather covering), without tapaderas (stirrup coverings) on the stirrups, and overloaded with ornaments. Their saddles also had no saddlehorn, since, as already mentioned, they didnât use roping as their primary method for cattle herding, but rather a lance or spear. Their secondary tool was a lasso, which, unlike the
362:
velveteen breeches reaching down to the knees, and opened at the sides with button. They didnât wear cowboy boots, usually being barefoot, nor did they usually wear spurs. Only on special occasions did they wear ankle boots. And, hanging from a cloth or leather sash around their waist, their sword, the machete.
424:
Regarding the costume of the
Jarocho women, Blanchard mentioned that it was much simpler, consisting of a very low-cut blouse; a white petticoat at the bottom edge, and the rest of indigo blue, the both legs and feet bare; When they traveled, they covered their heads with a shawl or scarf, which they
260:
region alone, cattle had quintupled from half a million head in 1570 to two and a half million head of cattle. It is there where men, mainly black, mulattos and zambos, provided their services on the cattle ranches, working mainly as cowboys (vaqueros) and foremen (mayorales). These same cowboys also
206:
Today, the term is applied to all people from the city of
Veracruz regardless of their occupation. In a more restricted way, its use is limited to the southern coastal regions of the state, more particularly, to farmers and fishermen living along the valley of the Papaloapan river, specially those in
202:
The oldest instance that scholars have been able to find where the word is specifically related to
Veracruz was in two documents, letters written and dated February 13, 1822, by Governor Manuel RincĂłn to Emperor AgustĂn de Iturbide. In them he mentions Mariano Cenobio and Crisanto Castro, captains of
53:
There are also several instances where the term appears without the explicit relationship with
Veracruz or its inhabitants, appearing as a generic demonym for all rural inhabitants regardless of origin, a fact that would make it synonymous with Ranchero or Charro. The term was also used synonymously
393:
Lucien Biart mentioned that they also wore, draped over their shoulders, a âsailorâ shirt, usually made of blue wool, which they put on before sunrise and after sunset. He also said that some old time
Jarochos stuck to wearing a type of dress or long tunic with sleeves that fell down to the feet,
314:
The
Jarochos didnât wear cowboy boots like the Charros of the interior, typically riding their horses barefoot, inserting only the big toe in the stirrup, with their body leaning to one side, resting one thigh on the saddle, and not astride. They also didnât use the typical Mexican vaquero saddle
120:
Nous rassemblons plus d'un millier de tĂȘtes, puis nous cherchons Ă franchir la savane avec cet immense troupeau pour gagner les premiĂšres pentes des montagnes. Les conducteurs, dans ces expĂ©ditions, sont armĂ©s de longues lances nommĂ©es jarochas; de lĂ le nom familier de
Jarochos qu'on leur donne
361:
The typical historical costume of the
Jarochos was very different from that of the Charros, and very different from the âJarochoâ costume of today. The costume consisted of a wide brimmed palm hat with a low crown and with the brim raised at the back. A white linen shirt with cambric trim. Short
448:
shirt, with red bandana around the neck and tied in front with a golden ring; white pants, white ankle boots, and a small white palm hat. In the case of women, there is also a stereotype in which white clothing predominates, wide skirts with edges and lace (blouse, skirt, petticoat, scarf and
126:
We gathered more than a thousand head of cattle, then we try to cross the plains with this immense herd to reach the first slopes of the mountains. The leaders, in these expeditions, are armed with long spears called jarochas; hence the familiar name of
Jarochos which is given to them in the
255:
The origin of the Jarochos dates back to the 16th century with the introduction of cattle ranching to Veracruz. From its beginnings, cattle ranching in the region had extraordinary success with a rapid multiplication of livestock, that is estimated that by the year 1630, just in the
156:
for herding cattle, the Jarochos used a lance or spear colloquially called âjarochaâ. It is probable, according to this theory, that by using said âjaraâ or âjarochaâ, the Veracruz cowboys and ranchers were nicknamed, in a derogatory manner, âJarochosâ, as Biart mentions.
319:
of the Charros, was called "peal" and was tied to their horse's tail, and was made of twisted, not braided, rawhide, dried in the sun and softened with tallow; and unlike the Charros of the interior, the Jarochos didnât rope with the same skill and agility as them.
164:, an adjective that was applied to pigs that looked like wild boars due to the reddish color and hardness of their bristles. It is probable, according to this other theory, that out of hatred for black people, the suffix -cho was added to insult black, mulatto and
288:
The true Jarochos were not involved in farming or in any other rural job other than cattle ranching, because according to 19th century writer Angel VĂ©lez, they considered those other occupations as monotonous and very âlaboriousâ.
341:
Besides being countrymen and being heavily involved in cattle ranching working as vaqueros, the only other similarity Jarochos had with the Charros was their horsemanship and their athleticism and physical strength.
373:
When they were herding cattle out in the woods and mountains, their only protection on their legs was a pair of leggings called âBotas Huastecasâ (Huastec Boots), a kind of wide leggings or breeches, similar to
41:
of the state, specifically those dedicated to the job of vaquero (cowboy) and everything related to cattle ranching.Jarocho was for Veracruz and its âTierra-Calienteâ (Hot Lands, coastal areas) what Ranchero or
307:
that is applied to a small hacienda, or to a part of a large one that is divided into rancherias or ranchos. Those who carry out the same tasks in the haciedas of Veracruz are given the name of «Jarochos».
264:
It is these cowboys and militiamen of black descent from the Tierra-Caliente of Veracruz that towards the 19th century, once the Independence of Mexico was consummated, began to be known under the term of
303:âIn the interior provinces of Mexico, in the cold and temperate territories, the men of the countryside who carry out their jobs on horseback are given the name of «Rancheros», derived from the word
441:
The current typical costume of the Jarochos has little or nothing to do with the original ancient costume, since today the term Jarocho no longer has anything to do with the cowboys of Veracruz.
412:
The âelegantâ costume of the Jarochos differed a little from the common one, since the wearer usually wore ankle boots, and its fabric and manufacturing was more expensive. The French painter
195:
Since at least the 18th century, the term Jarocho has been associated in one way or another with country people. The oldest instances of the word that have been found show that
394:
that was decorated at all the seams with red threads forming strange designs. This garment, according to Biart, began to fall into disuse among the Jarochos around the 1830s.
333:, a French writer and explorer who lived in Mexico for ten years, wrote that for a Jarocho any comment, no matter how insignificant, was enough to provoke him into a fight:
168:
men, insinuating that they were swine, a theory that has been taken up by modern scholars. The majority of the Jarocho population was made up of people of Afro-descent.
261:
made up the militias that protected the seaport and the region. As militiamen, they armed themselves with the same lances or spears that they used for herding cattle.
311:
The Jarochos were, therefore, very different from the Charros, not only in their customs but also in their techniques for herding cattle as well as in their costume.
65:
Nowadays the term has lost its original meaning as it is no longer related to cowboys, horsemen, ranching or country people. Currently âJarochoâ is used as a
1371:
199:
was used as a name or demonym for rural people, regardless of geographical origin. Implying that it was synonymous with ranchero, charro, or countryman.
284:âThe Jarochos are mulattos. They all ride magnificently, and are employed as herdsmen to the vast droves of cattle which covered the Tierras Calientes.â
1503:
1454:
821:
72:
for all inhabitants of the state of Veracruz regardless of their occupation, as well as an appellative term for anything related to said state.
378:
used by the Charros, made of deer skin tanned with putrefied brains and smoked with cobs, to protect them from thorns and snakes, and repel
1040:
1665:
601:
1396:
1290:
677:
499:
1315:
148:, a type of spear or lance with an arrow shaped tip used for cattle herding. Unlike the vaqueros of the Mexican Highlands, the
1615:
1423:
797:
626:
1528:
905:
773:
871:
230:
shirts and white pants and hats; also the men wear a red bandana around their neck. Music played by jarochos is known as
1154:
576:
549:
1346:
1260:
1584:
1478:
1164:
1084:
1050:
965:
881:
524:
1553:
650:
1766:
1013:
702:
385:
The manufacturing process for making "Botas Huastecas" consisted, according to an article published in 1869, in:
1074:
1640:
99:
meaning spear or arrow, referring to the spear or lance used by the vaqueros of Veracruz for herding cattle.
955:
930:
846:
295:, a Spanish historian and journalist based in Mexico, explained that the Jarochos were for Veracruz what the
187:, which, according to him, means hair or shag, alluding to the "shaggy" or unkept appearance of country men.
1189:"Las CompañĂas Milicianas de Veracruz. Del "Negro" al "Jarocho": la Construction HistĂłrica de una Identidad"
160:
On the contrary, MacĂas himself proposed an alternative theory that suggested that the term could come from
244:
1222:
1776:
1723:
1690:
226:
musicians, who dress and play in the Veracruz style. They are distinguished by their traditional white
1724:"Asaltos al trópico: Petros Pharamond Blanchard, un pintor romåntico francés en el México de 1838"
1691:"Asaltos al trópico: Petros Pharamond Blanchard, un pintor romåntico francés en el México de 1838"
172:
19:
405:
Among Jarocho women, Biart mentions that they wore a low-cut blouse, a petticoat, the national
1108:
727:
269:, a derogatory nickname that originated because they used those lances, colloquially known as
1109:"Grassland Geopoetics: Son Jarocho and the Black Sense of Place of Plantations and Pastures"
989:
728:"Grassland Geopoetics: Son Jarocho and the Black Sense of Place of Plantations and Pastures"
1120:
739:
425:
called reboso, with blue and white checkered designs, made of light wool or cotton fabric.
106:, who lived in Mexico (1846 to 1867), wrote in 1862 that it was the people of the Mexican
8:
1740:
1707:
413:
1124:
743:
1238:
292:
216:
1188:
1781:
1771:
1160:
1080:
1046:
961:
877:
793:
203:
an army of Jarochos, to capture Guadalupe Victoria, since they were friends of his.
140:
The 19th century scholar JosĂ© Miguel MacĂas was the first to propose, in 1884, that
1761:
1735:
1702:
1234:
1196:
1128:
785:
747:
257:
789:
365:
Gabriel Ferry wrote that the main common attire of the Jarocho men, consisted of:
1076:
Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900
478:
107:
103:
50:
and interior of the country. Synonymous with vaquero, horseman and country man.
47:
406:
110:(the Temperate-Land) who called the vaqueros and cattle ranchers of Veracruz â
1401:
El Museo Mexicano Ăł miscelanea pintoresca de amenidades, curiosa Ă© instructiva
554:
El Museo Mexicano Ăł miscelanea pintoresca de amenidades, curiosa Ă© instructiva
80:
1755:
1200:
1042:
El mar de los deseos: el Caribe hispano musical : historia y contrapunto
330:
114:â for using spears or lances, called âjarochasâ by them, for herding cattle:
208:
59:
1589:
BoletĂn de la Sociedad de GeografĂa y EstadĂstica de la RepĂșblica Mexicana
473:
232:
212:
1132:
774:"How did Son Jarocho become a Music for the Immigrant Rights Movement?"
751:
397:
121:
dans les hautes terres, et que la plupart de mes compatriotes ignorent.
66:
1223:"Needed but Unwanted: Black Militiamen in Veracruz, Mexico, 1760â1810"
444:
The typical modern day costume of the Jarocho men consists of a white
445:
276:
British politician and writer, Charles Lempriere, wrote in 1862 that
227:
38:
1348:
Historia de MĂ©jico Desde sus Tiempos mas Remotos Hasta Nuestros Dias
1295:. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 314
504:. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 314
1351:. Barcelona and Mexico City: J.F. PĂĄrres y CompañĂa. pp. 61â62
379:
223:
34:
433:
463:
350:
324:
296:
149:
69:
55:
707:(Second ed.). Paris: LibrerĂa De Vicente SalvĂĄ. p. 632
1079:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 19â60.
468:
458:
43:
1156:
The Africanization of Mexico from the Sixteenth Century Onward
960:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 56.
375:
316:
165:
153:
416:
said that the elegant costume of the Jarochos consisted of:
127:
highlands, and which most of my compatriots are unaware of.
910:(Stereotype ed.). Boston: Wilkins, Carter. p. 430
1159:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 64â75.
1670:. Paris: Collection Hetzel E. Jung-Treuttel. p. 121
957:
Jarocho's Soul: Cultural Identity and Afro-Mexican Dance
1045:. Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno Editores. p. 111.
24:
Jarocho de Tierra Caliente (Jarocho of the Hot Lands)
1483:. Valencia: Imprenta de Cabrerizo. 1838. p. 136
299:
were for the Highlands and interior of the country:
16:
Resident or item from the Mexican state of Veracruz
826:. Paris: Verlag E. Jung-Treuttel. pp. 230â231
323:Another of their peculiarities was the use of the
1728:Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas
1695:Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas
771:
1753:
1258:
1152:
1614:Baz, Gustavo Adolfo; L. Gallo, Eduardo (1876).
1186:
869:
628:Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages
600:Baz, Gustavo Adolfo; L. Gallo, Eduardo (1876).
1106:
1038:
1014:"Veracruz: Los jarochos en documentos de 1822"
987:
725:
631:. Paris: Rosa, Bouret and Company. p. 587
382:, ticks and other bugs with the putrid smell.
1721:
1688:
903:
700:
574:
1667:La Terre Chaude: ScĂšnes de moeurs mexicaines
1554:"Trages y Costumbres Nacionales: EL JAROCHO"
1424:"Costumbres y Trages Nacionales: El JAROCHO"
1397:"Trages y Costumbres Nacionales: El Jarocho"
1316:"Costumbres y Trages Nacionales: El JAROCHO"
1193:ULĂA Revista de Historia, Sociedad y Cultura
682:. New York: Rudd & Carleton. p. 225
581:. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft. p. 281
550:"Trages y Costumbres Nacionales: El Jarocho"
118:
1645:. Paris: Verlag E. Jung-Treuttel. p. 8
1642:La Terre Chaude: scenes de moers mexicaines
1613:
823:La Terre Chaude: Scenes de moers mexicaines
606:. Mexico City: Gallo y CompañĂa. p. 89
599:
133:La Terre Chaude: Scenes de moers mexicaines
994:. Mexico City: Eduardo DublĂĄn. p. 320
1739:
1706:
1620:. Mexico: Gallo & Company. p. 56
1288:
935:. Veracruz: Tip. Veracruzana. p. 255
904:Neuman, Henry; Baretti, Giuseppe (1849).
851:. Veracruz: Tip. Veracruzana. p. 255
704:Nuevo diccionario de la lengua Castellana
497:
355:Jarocho from the surroundings of Veracruz
1344:
1259:Delgado CalderĂłn, Alfredo (March 2019).
953:
432:
428:
396:
349:
243:
222:Musical groups of jarochos are bands of
79:
18:
1072:
529:. London: J. and R.Maxwell. p. 260
251:(1767). Veracruz Militiaman with lance.
33:was, historically, the horseman of the
1754:
1220:
928:
844:
772:Hernåndez de León, Rubén (June 2019).
675:
651:"Los jarochos olvidados del siglo XIX"
345:
171:However, the Cuban-Mexican professor,
1663:
1638:
1582:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1452:
1421:
1394:
1369:
1313:
1153:HernĂĄndez Cuevas, Marco Polo (2010).
819:
547:
437:Current Jarocho and Jarocha costumes.
1741:10.22201/iie.18703062e.2018.112.2632
1708:10.22201/iie.18703062e.2018.112.2632
1585:"Un Viaje por la Laguna de Tamiahua"
526:The Pierced Heart, and Other Stories
522:
13:
1239:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00895.x
1107:Astorga de Ita, Diego (May 2024).
726:Astorga de Ita, Diego (May 2024).
624:
190:
91:Most scholars agree that the term
14:
1793:
1292:Notes in Mexico: In 1861 and 1862
778:Ethnic and Racial Studies Journal
501:Notes in Mexico: In 1861 and 1862
1533:. London: Blackwood. p. 378
1508:. London: Blackwood. p. 378
1459:. London: Blackwood. p. 378
1376:. London: Blackwood. p. 378
1039:GarcĂa de LeĂłn, Antonio (2002).
102:The French colonist and writer,
1715:
1682:
1657:
1632:
1607:
1576:
1545:
1520:
1495:
1471:
1446:
1415:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1307:
1282:
1252:
1214:
1180:
1146:
1100:
1066:
1032:
1006:
981:
947:
922:
897:
870:AlcĂĄntara Henze, Lilly (2022).
863:
838:
813:
765:
719:
701:SalvĂĄ y PĂ©rez, Vicente (1847).
37:countryside, who worked on the
1722:Aguilar Ochoa, Arturo (2017).
1689:Aguilar Ochoa, Arturo (2017).
1617:History of the Mexican Railway
1187:Ortiz Escamilla, Juan (2015).
988:Ramos y Duarte, Felix (1895).
694:
669:
643:
618:
603:History of the Mexican Railway
593:
575:Howe Bancroft, Hubert (1885).
568:
541:
516:
491:
1:
932:Elementos Latinos del Español
848:Elementos Latinos del Español
790:10.1080/01419870.2019.1541187
484:
1345:Zamacois, Niceto de (1879).
929:MacĂas, JosĂ© Miguel (1884).
845:MacĂas, JosĂ© Miguel (1884).
152:, who used a lasso called a
75:
7:
1289:Lempriere, Charles (1862).
991:Diccionario de Mejicanismos
676:Dunbar, Edward Ely (1861).
498:Lempriere, Charles (1862).
452:
177:Diccionario de Mejicanismos
95:comes from the Arabic term
10:
1798:
1221:Booker, Jackie R. (1992).
401:Young Jarocho Woman (1838)
239:
144:came from the Arabic term
1201:10.25009/urhsc.v0i8.1404
1073:Sluyter, Andrew (2012).
954:GonzĂĄlez, Anita (2004).
1767:Mexican styles of music
1530:Vagabond life in Mexico
1527:Ferry, Gabriel (1856).
1505:Vagabond life in Mexico
1502:Ferry, Gabriel (1856).
1456:Vagabond life in Mexico
1453:Ferry, Gabriel (1856).
1373:Vagabond life in Mexico
1370:Ferry, Gabriel (1856).
876:. MĂ©xico: PĂĄgina Seis.
873:Tarimas de tronco comĂșn
1664:Biart, Lucien (1862).
1639:Biart, Lucien (1862).
820:Biart, Lucien (1862).
438:
422:
402:
391:
371:
358:
339:
309:
286:
273:, for herding cattle.
252:
138:
119:
88:
27:
1552:VĂ©lez, Angel (1844).
1422:VĂ©lez, Angel (1844).
1395:VĂ©lez, Angel (1844).
1314:VĂ©lez, Angel (1844).
1261:"Vaqueros y Lanceros"
548:VĂ©lez, Angel (1844).
436:
429:The Modern Day Attire
418:
400:
387:
367:
353:
335:
301:
282:
247:
207:or near the towns of
116:
83:
22:
523:Reid, Mayne (1885).
173:FĂ©lix Ramos y Duarte
85:Jarochos de Veracruz
46:was for the Mexican
1125:2024Antip..56..872A
907:Spanish and English
744:2024Antip..56..872A
414:Pharamond Blanchard
346:Traditional Costume
249:Lancero de Veracruz
1583:N. O., A. (1869).
1480:Dos Años en Méjico
1268:La Manta y la Raya
1133:10.1111/anti.12999
752:10.1111/anti.12999
679:The Mexican Papers
625:R., D. J. (1859).
439:
403:
359:
293:Niceto de Zamacois
253:
89:
28:
1777:Culture of Mexico
1558:El Museo Mexicano
1428:El Museo Mexicano
1320:El Museo Mexicano
799:978-1-000-44896-2
578:History of Mexico
175:, argued in his â
1789:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1734:(112): 213â258.
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1701:(112): 213â258.
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1018:Veracruz Antiguo
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
655:Veracruz Antiguo
647:
641:
640:
638:
636:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
597:
591:
590:
588:
586:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
495:
136:
123:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1720:
1716:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
986:
982:
972:
970:
968:
952:
948:
938:
936:
927:
923:
913:
911:
902:
898:
888:
886:
884:
868:
864:
854:
852:
843:
839:
829:
827:
818:
814:
804:
802:
800:
770:
766:
756:
754:
724:
720:
710:
708:
699:
695:
685:
683:
674:
670:
660:
658:
649:
648:
644:
634:
632:
623:
619:
609:
607:
598:
594:
584:
582:
573:
569:
559:
557:
546:
542:
532:
530:
521:
517:
507:
505:
496:
492:
487:
479:Mexican Spanish
455:
431:
348:
242:
193:
191:Use of the Term
137:
131:
78:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1748:
1747:
1714:
1681:
1656:
1631:
1606:
1575:
1544:
1519:
1494:
1470:
1445:
1414:
1387:
1362:
1337:
1306:
1281:
1251:
1233:(2): 259â276.
1213:
1179:
1165:
1145:
1119:(3): 872â895.
1099:
1085:
1065:
1051:
1031:
1005:
980:
966:
946:
921:
896:
882:
862:
837:
812:
798:
784:(6): 975â993.
764:
738:(3): 872â895.
718:
693:
668:
642:
617:
592:
567:
540:
515:
489:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
454:
451:
430:
427:
347:
344:
241:
238:
192:
189:
129:
77:
74:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:The Historian
1224:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1166:9780773437814
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1088:
1086:9780300179927
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1054:
1052:9789682323621
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1020:. 5 July 2015
1019:
1015:
1009:
993:
992:
984:
969:
967:9780761827757
963:
959:
958:
950:
934:
933:
925:
909:
908:
900:
885:
883:9786078676873
879:
875:
874:
866:
850:
849:
841:
825:
824:
816:
801:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
706:
705:
697:
681:
680:
672:
656:
652:
646:
630:
629:
621:
605:
604:
596:
580:
579:
571:
555:
551:
544:
528:
527:
519:
503:
502:
494:
490:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
447:
442:
435:
426:
421:
417:
415:
410:
408:
399:
395:
390:
386:
383:
381:
377:
370:
366:
363:
356:
352:
343:
338:
334:
332:
331:Gabriel Ferry
328:
326:
321:
318:
312:
308:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
262:
259:
250:
246:
237:
235:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
204:
200:
198:
188:
186:
182:
179:(1895)â that
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
134:
128:
124:
122:
115:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
86:
82:
73:
71:
68:
63:
61:
57:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1666:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1641:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1616:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1588:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1529:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1504:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1479:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1455:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1427:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1403:. Fourth: 60
1400:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1372:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1347:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1323:
1319:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1291:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1230:
1226:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1155:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1116:
1112:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1075:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1041:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
998:10 September
996:. Retrieved
990:
983:
971:. Retrieved
956:
949:
937:. Retrieved
931:
924:
912:. Retrieved
906:
899:
887:. Retrieved
872:
865:
853:. Retrieved
847:
840:
828:. Retrieved
822:
815:
803:. Retrieved
781:
777:
767:
755:. Retrieved
735:
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
703:
696:
684:. Retrieved
678:
671:
659:. Retrieved
657:. 3 May 2015
654:
645:
633:. Retrieved
627:
620:
608:. Retrieved
602:
595:
583:. Retrieved
577:
570:
558:. Retrieved
556:. Fourth: 60
553:
543:
531:. Retrieved
525:
518:
506:. Retrieved
500:
493:
443:
440:
423:
419:
411:
404:
392:
388:
384:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
340:
336:
329:
322:
313:
310:
304:
302:
291:
287:
283:
277:
275:
270:
266:
263:
254:
248:
231:
221:
209:Cosamaloapan
205:
201:
196:
194:
184:
180:
176:
170:
161:
159:
145:
141:
139:
132:
125:
117:
111:
104:Lucien Biart
101:
96:
92:
90:
84:
64:
60:black people
52:
30:
29:
23:
1195:(8): 9â29.
474:Son jarocho
233:Son Jarocho
213:Tlacotalpan
1756:Categories
1270:(9): 37â40
485:References
183:came from
67:colloquial
446:guayabera
297:Rancheros
258:Sotavento
228:guayabera
108:Highlands
76:Etymology
48:Highlands
39:haciendas
1782:Demonyms
1772:Veracruz
1113:Antipode
732:Antipode
453:See also
449:shoes).
380:chiggers
278:Jarochos
271:jarochas
267:Jarochos
224:minstrel
217:Alvarado
130:â
112:Jarochos
35:Veracruz
1762:Jarocho
1674:10 June
1649:10 June
1299:14 June
1121:Bibcode
1024:10 June
740:Bibcode
508:14 June
464:Vaquero
407:peineta
325:machete
240:History
197:jarocho
181:Jarocho
150:Charros
142:jarocho
135:(1862)
93:Jarocho
87:(1885).
70:demonym
56:mulatto
31:Jarocho
1624:9 June
1599:9 June
1568:9 June
1537:9 June
1512:9 June
1487:9 June
1463:9 June
1438:9 June
1407:8 June
1380:9 June
1355:9 June
1330:9 June
1274:9 June
1244:9 June
1206:9 June
1172:9 June
1163:
1138:9 June
1092:9 June
1083:
1058:9 June
1049:
973:9 June
964:
939:9 June
914:9 June
889:9 June
880:
855:9 June
830:8 June
805:8 June
796:
757:9 June
711:8 June
686:8 June
661:8 June
635:9 June
610:8 June
585:9 June
560:8 June
533:8 June
469:Cowboy
459:Charro
357:(1844)
305:Rancho
280:were:
215:, and
44:Charro
26:(1838)
1595:: 735
1264:(PDF)
376:Chaps
317:reata
166:zambo
154:reata
54:with
1676:2024
1651:2024
1626:2024
1601:2024
1570:2024
1564:: 62
1562:Four
1539:2024
1514:2024
1489:2024
1465:2024
1440:2024
1434:: 60
1432:Four
1409:2024
1382:2024
1357:2024
1332:2024
1326:: 60
1324:Four
1301:2024
1276:2024
1246:2024
1208:2024
1174:2024
1161:ISBN
1140:2024
1094:2024
1081:ISBN
1060:2024
1047:ISBN
1026:2024
1000:2024
975:2024
962:ISBN
941:2024
916:2024
891:2024
878:ISBN
857:2024
832:2024
807:2024
794:ISBN
759:2024
713:2024
688:2024
663:2024
637:2024
612:2024
587:2024
562:2024
535:2024
510:2024
185:jara
162:jaro
146:jara
97:jara
58:and
1736:doi
1703:doi
1235:doi
1197:doi
1129:doi
786:doi
748:doi
1758::
1730:.
1726:.
1697:.
1693:.
1591:.
1587:.
1560:.
1556:.
1430:.
1426:.
1399:.
1322:.
1318:.
1266:.
1231:55
1229:.
1225:.
1191:.
1127:.
1117:56
1115:.
1111:.
1016:.
792:.
782:42
780:.
776:.
746:.
736:56
734:.
730:.
653:.
552:.
236:.
219:.
211:,
62:.
1744:.
1738::
1732:1
1711:.
1705::
1699:1
1678:.
1653:.
1628:.
1603:.
1593:1
1572:.
1541:.
1516:.
1491:.
1467:.
1442:.
1411:.
1384:.
1359:.
1334:.
1303:.
1278:.
1248:.
1237::
1210:.
1199::
1176:.
1142:.
1131::
1123::
1096:.
1062:.
1028:.
1002:.
977:.
943:.
918:.
893:.
859:.
834:.
809:.
788::
761:.
750::
742::
715:.
690:.
665:.
639:.
614:.
589:.
564:.
537:.
512:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)