Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

12612:; "North Korea again used divisions, and ordered Yiyuan to serve under the governor Xing Jie as military counselor. Li Rumei was appointed as the chief military officer against the Japanese. At that time, the troops were divided into four groups. In Yiyuan, he marched from the middle road and led Shi Manzi to Sizhou. He first captured Jinzhou and then went down to Jinzhou. He took advantage of Jijiang River and destroyed Yongchun and Kunyang villages. The thieves retreated to the old camp in Sizhou and captured it. Lu was defeated in the guerrilla attack and died in the battle. Push forward to Xinzhai. The stronghold faces the river on three sides, and is connected to the land on one side. It leads to the sea as a sea, and thousands of ships are docked in the stronghold. The golden sea and solid city are built as the left and right wings. One yuan divides the horse and attacks from both sides. Peng Xingu, an infantry guerrilla, attacked the stronghold with a large raft and smashed it in several places. All the troops advanced on Thiefhao and destroyed its gates. Suddenly a cannon crackled in the camp and smoke rose into the sky. The thieves took advantage of the situation to attack, and the thieves also arrived to strengthen the city. The cavalry generals ran first and returned one yuan to Jinzhou. After hearing about the incident, the imperial edict was issued to kill the guerrillas Ma Chengwen and Hao Sanpin. They were dismissed from the ancient and other posts and became officials. Yiyuan also took away the palace security and was demoted to the third class." 9559:; "It said: "How are they like the people of our country? Or, 'Japanese can't fight on horseback', but that's right?" At that time, he said: "It's not extremely difficult to fight on horseback. The Japanese thieves were unable to do it at the beginning, but they were able to do it in the end." "It said: "Japanese thieves can't shoot, but no one dares to fight, so why?" Shi Yan said: "When our people see thieves, they will break up and run away first. Dare to go first. Those who move in the army cannot be defeated and punished, but they cannot be defeated and executed, so they move their ears. Although the Japanese thieves cannot shoot, they will suddenly come forward between the two arrows. Although our people are said to be good at shooting, they will miss at a distance. , the Japanese swords are formidable if they are close. After firing the arrow, they may be attacked by short soldiers. If the arrow is not fired, the shot will not be reliable. Although the Japanese are good at using swords, if our people advance with swords, they can defeat the enemy. Our country People can't do this. They all use walking as a good strategy. If they can't make it, they will be killed by thieves. When thieves see the people of our country walking or dying, they are happy to fight for them. Therefore, the Japanese spirit increases; my spirit becomes depressed. That’s it.". 12961:; "The capital palace saves fire. As the chariots were about to leave, there were traitors in the capital. Those who entered the treasury first to seize the treasures. As soon as they left, a large number of people broke out. They first burned the Zhangliyuan and the Xingcao, as well as the two bureaus where the public and private slaves and maids had their documents. Then they looted the palace, provinces and warehouses, and set fire to destroy any traces. The three palaces of Gyeongbok, Changdeok, and Changgyeong were all destroyed in an instant. Changgyeong Palace is also where the concubine palace of Prince Shunhuai is located. Historical treasures and books collected in Wenwu Building and Hongwen Hall, "Records" of each dynasty in Chunqiu Hall, historical manuscripts of previous dynasties collected in Taku, and "History of Goryeo" compiled during the compilation. 】"Diary of Seungjeongyuan", all burned. They were stored in internal and external warehouses and departments, and were stolen and burned first. Linhai Jun's family and Bingcao Banshu's Hong Ruzhen's family were also burned, because the two families often had many animals and wealth. The general who stayed in the capital beheaded several people to police the crowd, and the people gathered in disorder and could not be restrained.". 6316:. The Japanese Buddhist monk Keinen, who was traveling with the samurai, described a scene of utter horror as the full moon illuminated the scenes of destruction with much of the town on fire, the formerly white walls of Namwon turned red with blood, and the wailing of the Koreans, knowing it was their time to die as the samurai gave no mercy, killing all. Only Yang Yuan managed to sally out after the walls were breached, with a handful of men, to return to Hanseong. He was later executed by the Ming court because of his defeat in battle. Traditionally, samurai collected the heads of those they killed, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi had insisted that the samurai send him the noses of those they had killed as proof that they were fighting. Okochi counted the heads of 3,725 Koreans killed that day, and removed their noses, which were pickled in salt and sent back to Japan. All of the noses of the Koreans killed by the samurai are buried near the shrine to the Great Buddha put up by Hideyoshi in Kyoto, which, as Turnbull noted "...they remain to this day inside Kyoto's least mentioned and most often avoided tourist attraction, the grassy burial mound that bears the erroneous name of the 9542: 5159:

force advanced almost unhindered and managed to enter Pyongyang, but was promptly and decisively defeated by the Japanese troops in the city. On 23 August 1592, the Chinese attacked under the cover of a heavy rainstorm, taking the Japanese by surprise. Once the Japanese realized that they outnumbered the Chinese by six to one, they allowed the Chinese cavalry to spread out over the streets of Pyongyang and counter-attacked, using their superior numbers to annihilate the Chinese. As the Chinese retreated into the muddy fields outside of Pyongyang, the samurai cut them down in the hundreds. One of their leading generals, Shi Ru, was killed in this engagement. The Japanese were elated at having defeated an army from China, the foremost power in East Asia, but Konishi Yukinaga grew despondent over the fall of 1592 as it became clear that no reinforcements would arrive from Japan. The fleet of Admiral Yi Sun-sin was preventing any Japanese ships from landing, while the attacks of the Korean Righteous Army guerrillas left the Japanese forces in northern Korea largely cut off from the forces in southern Korea. At conference in Hanseong, Konishi told

12944: 4761:. The following morning, the Korean fleet spotted the Japanese fleet of 82 vessels anchored in the straits of Gyeonnaeryang. Due to the narrowness of the strait and the hazard posed by the underwater rocks, Yi Sun-sin sent six ships as bait to lure out 63 Japanese vessels into the wider sea. The Japanese fleet pursued and, once in the open water, was surrounded by the Korean fleet in a semicircular formation, called a "crane wing" by Yi Sun-sin. With at least three turtle ships (two of which were newly completed) spearheading the clash against the Japanese fleet, the Korean vessels fired volleys of cannonballs into the Japanese formation. The Korean ships then engaged in a free-for-all battle with the Japanese ships, maintaining enough distance to prevent the Japanese from boarding; Yi Sun-sin permitted melee combats only against severely damaged Japanese ships. During the battle, the Korean navy made use of a metal-cased fire bomb that caused substantial damage to Japanese deck crews, and caused fierce fires on board their ships. According to the 6721:, then dominant in Tsushima, undertook the lead in the peace negotiations by Japan. He sent four peace missions to Joseon in 1599 to normalize relations. The first three were captured and sent directly to Beijing by Chinese troops, but the fourth one, in 1601, successfully obtained from the Joseon court the promise of a normalizing of relations upon the return of remaining Joseon captives. As Ming troops continued to be present in Korea following the withdrawal of Japanese forces, the major incentive for Joseon for the normalization of relations with Japan was the withdrawal of the Chinese soldiers from their territory. The Ming Chinese themselves were causing havoc, and their presence continued to strain Joseon's national economy and infrastructure. In response to the Joseon request, Yoshitoshi promptly released several Joseon prisoners and between 1603 and 1604 helped the Joseon envoys to repatriate a further 3,000 by organizing negotiations at 3233:"The Korean soldiers cower before the enemy and flee for their lives even before they have engaged the enemy. As for the commanders, they seldom leave their positions because they fear that they might be executed for deserting. However, there is a limit to executing deserting soldiers since there are so many of them. Truly, the Japanese aren't good musketeers, but they advance so rapidly that they appear right in front of the Koreans in the time Koreans can shoot only two arrows. It is said that Koreans are good archers, but they seldom hit the targets when the enemy is too far away, and are too scared to shoot when the enemy is near because they fear Japanese swords. Archery often becomes useless because Koreans, fearing the Japanese arme blanche, can barely shoot. The Japanese are reputed to be good swordsmen, but it is possible for Koreans to draw swords and hold their ground. However, the Koreans seldom do this and merely run for their lives." 5042:. Turnbull described the second battle of Geumsan as an act of folly on Jo's part as his outnumbered force took on "10,000 of the toughest samurai", who encircled the Righteous Army and "exterminated" them, wiping out the entire Korean force as Kobayakawa ordered that no prisoners be taken. Feeling obligated to come to Jo's aid, the abbot Yeonggyu now led his warrior monks against Kobayakawa at the third battle of Geumsan, who likewise suffered the same fate—"total annihilation". However, as the Geumsan salient had taken three successive Korean attacks in a row in a single month, the 6th Division under Kobayakawa was pulled back as Toyotomi Hideyoshi decided the salient was not worth the trouble to hold it, and to the suffering people of the region that was all that mattered. The Japanese withdrawal inspired further guerrilla attacks and one Righteous Army leader, Pak Chin, had an object hurled over the walls of the Japanese-held town of 5111:

light fires at night on the hills while blowing their conch shells. On 12 November, Hosokawa Tadaoki ordered a final attempt to storm Jinju, with heavy fighting on the northern gates, with General Gim being killed when a Japanese bullet went through his head, but the Korean arquebus fire drove off the Japanese. At that time, another Korean relief force bringing badly needed ammunition arrived up the Nam River, causing Hosokawa to break off the siege, who argued that with the Japanese deep in enemy territory and no reserves to cover his rear that it was too dangerous to continue the siege. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was enraged when he heard of the defeat, saying the Japanese should never be defeated by Koreans, and vowed vengeance. With the help of arquebuses, cannon, and mortars, the Koreans were able to drive the Japanese from Jeolla Province. The result of the battle at Jinju prevented the Japanese from entering Jeolla Province.

6440:, Yi Sun-sin encountered a large Japanese fleet of approximately 133 warships, with a further 200 logistical ships in support. By making use of a narrow passage, Yi positioned his ships in a battle line that prevented the Japanese navy from making use of their numerical superiority. The Battle of Myeongnyang resulted in a Korean victory, with Yi Sun-sin retaking the naval initiative. The Koreans did not lose a single ship and destroyed approximately 30 Japanese combat ships, severely damaging another 30 (the oft-cited number of 333 ships in the Japanese fleet includes support ships, which would not be considered combat ships). The Battle of Myeongnyang is considered Yi Sun-sin's greatest battle, largely as a result of the disparity of numbers. Even after the victory, however, the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by the remaining Japanese navy, so Admiral Yi withdrew to the 4685:, fought by Miruk Island, 21 Japanese ships commanded by Kurushima Michiyuki were in the process of sacking a Korean seaside village, when the Korean fleet appeared to offer a challenge. Yi Sun-sin once again followed his usual tactic of coming forward to challenge, then making a feigned retreat with the Japanese in hot pursuit, before ambushing them on the open sea. A Korean girl who had been taken prisoner and forced to become Kurushima's mistress, in an interview after the battle, said: "On the day of the battle, arrows and bullets rained on the pavilion vessel where he sat. First he was hit on the brow but was unshaken, but when an arrow pierced his chest, he fell down with a loud cry", while the turtle ship "dashed close to this pavilion vessel and broke it by shooting cannonballs from the dragon's mouth and by pouring down arrows and cannonballs from other cannon". 12410: 11892:; "Will Qingqi ride towards Bi Tie Pavilion. Thirty miles away from Wangjing, we suddenly encountered Japanese invaders and surrounded them heavily. Such as Songdu's subordinates fighting fiercely. A golden-armored Japanese warrior was in a hurry, and he commanded Li Yousheng to save him with all his might, but was killed. Rubai, Ning and others stepped forward to attack. Rumei shot the golden-armored Japanese and fell off their horses. Yang Yuan's soldiers also arrived and surrounded them heavily. The Japanese retreated and the officers and soldiers lost a lot. It will be raining for a long time, and riding into the rice field will not succeed. Wobeiyue Mountain faces the Han River. In the Lianying City, there are trees and flying towers, and there are endless arrows and cannons. The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng." 4671:, observed from his tent on a rock. The Japanese decided to give chase, embarked their 12 ships, and pursued the Korean fleet. The Korean navy counterattacked, with the turtle ship in the front, and successfully destroyed all 12 ships. In his report to King Seonjo, Admiral Yi wrote: "Previously, foreseeing the Japanese invasion, I had a turtle ship made...with a dragon's head, from whose mouth we could fire cannons, and with iron spikes on its back to pierce the enemy's feet when they tried to board. Because it is in the shape of a turtle, our men can look out from inside, but the enemy cannot look in from outside. It moves so swiftly that it can plunge into the midst of even many hundreds of enemy vessel in any weather to attack them with cannonballs and fire throwers". The Japanese followed their code of 10030: 5518:

advance against the walls. To the west were Konishi Yukinaga with 26,000 men, and to the north were Kato Kiyomasa with 25,000, while Ukita Hideie commanded the reserve of 17,000. On 21 July 1593, the Japanese attacked, breaking the dyke that filled the moat around Jinju, while the samurai advanced under their wooden shields, to be stopped by Korean fire arrows, cannonballs, and arquebuses. On 23 July, the Japanese attacked with wooden siege towers, which were knocked down by Korean cannon fire. On 25 July, under a flag of truce, Ukita sent a messenger to Kim, telling him that the Japanese would slaughter 10,000 Korean peasants whom they had taken prisoner if Jinju did not surrender at once, but Kim refused, and so 10,000 Korean peasants were beheaded.

3337:, a powerful galley-type ship armed with cannon that outranged most Japanese vessels. The Korean navy used this naval superiority to disrupt the Japanese logistical network off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. This advantage, however, did not affect Japan's ability to continuously reinforce its armies through the supply route from Tsushima in Japan to Busan in Korea, especially once Korean naval bases in the immediate area were neutralized by Japanese ground forces. The Korean navy, led by Yi Sun-sin, would withdraw and re-base in the northern border of Jeolla Province. While not able to entirely prevent reinforcement, the Korean navy continued to harass and inflict losses on the Japanese supply fleets throughout the duration of the war. 2289:, to offer the Joseon Dynasty an ultimatum of submitting to Japan and participating in the conquest of China, or facing the prospect of open war with Japan. However, as Tsushima Island enjoyed a special trading position as the single checkpoint to Korea for all Japanese ships and had permission from Korea to trade with as many as 50 of its own vessels, the Sō family had a vested interest in preventing conflict with Korea, and delayed the talks for nearly two years. Even when Hideyoshi renewed his order, Sō Yoshitoshi reduced the visit to the Korean court to a campaign to better relations between the two countries. Near the end of the ambassadorial mission, Yoshitoshi presented King Seonjo a brace of peafowl and 1906:. The Ming's interest was also to keep the war confined to the Korean peninsula and out of its own territory. They entered into the conflict by dispatching reinforcements to attack from the north. In the engagements that followed, the majority of the Joseon army was focused on defending the northern provinces from Japanese offensives, while also supporting Ming army campaigns to recapture territory occupied by the Japanese. Consequently, it was the combination of these Ming-led land campaigns and Joseon-led naval warfare that eventually forced the Japanese army to withdraw from Pyongyang to the south, where the Japanese continued to occupy Hanseong and the southern regions with the exception of the southwestern 12675: 3146: 901: 2366: 4486:"forest barbarian"). Kato's army of 8,000 was joined by 3,000 Koreans at Hamgyong Province, because the Jurchens periodically raided across the border. Soon the combined force sacked the castle, and camped near the border; after the Koreans left for home, the Japanese troops suffered a retaliatory assault from the Jurchens. Katō Kiyomasa retreated with his forces to avoid heavy losses. Because of this invasion, rising Jurchen leader Nurhaci offered military assistance to the Joseon and Ming in the war. However, the offer was refused by both countries, particularly Joseon, saying that it would be disgraceful to accept assistance from the "Barbarians" to the north. 4742:. Hideyoshi understood that if the Koreans won command of the sea, this would be the end of the invasion of Korea, and ordered the destruction of the Korean fleet, with Yi Sun Sin's head to be brought to him. Kuki, a former pirate, had the most naval experience, while Katō Yoshiaki was one of the "Seven Spears of Shizugatake". However, the commanders arrived in Busan nine days before Hideyoshi's order was actually issued, and assembled a squadron to counter the Korean navy. Eventually, Wakisaka completed his preparations, and his eagerness to win military honor pushed him to launch an attack against the Koreans without waiting for the other commanders to finish. 641: 4521:, an officer in Hamgyongdo, recruited men and reassembled the scattered government troops. With the support of the people of Hamgyong Province, the 3500 men easily recaptured Kyongsong, Hoeryong and Puryong and executed those who were collaborating with the Japanese, greatly spreading the movement throughout Hamgyong Province. On October 30, 1592, a Japanese army of 1000 men returning from looting Joseon villages is attacked by 500 Joseon cavalry at Seokseongryeong and forced to retreat, becoming isolated in the extreme cold on Mount Jangdeok. In response, the Korean soldiers set fire to the mountain the next day at sunrise, annihilating the Japanese army. 5102:, they climbed up as in a swarm. Because of this the ladders almost broke, and comrades fell down from their climb, so they could not use the ladders. Hosokawa Tadaoki's brother, Sadaoki, was one such, accompanied by foot soldiers on ladders on his right and left, and strictly ordered, "Until I have personally climbed into the castle this ladder is for one person to climb. If anyone climbs I will take his head!", then he climbed. Because of this, the ladder did not break and the men who saw him were loud in their praise. Consequently, before long he placed his hands on the wall, but when he tried to make his entry from within the castle, spears and 5593:, destroying most of what was left of the Japanese troops' depleted stock of food. Secondly, Shen Weijing made another appearance to conduct negotiations, and threatened the Japanese with an attack by 400,000 Chinese. The Japanese under Konishi Yukinaga and Katō Kiyomasa, aware of their weak situation, agreed to withdraw to the Busan area while the Chinese would withdraw back to China. A ceasefire was imposed, and a Ming emissary was sent to Japan to discuss peace terms. For the next three years, there was little fighting as the Japanese retained control of a few coastal fortresses, with the rest of Korea being controlled by the Koreans. 6992:

attractive women—along with the goods they had stolen—on the backs of horses and oxen" and descriptions claim that the key priorities of Japanese soldiers during the conflict were "granaries, understanding local geography, and beautiful women." Meanwhile, Joseon soldiers, such as those led by Kim Myon, captured not only Japanese soldiers but also many Korean women who had "been taken prisoner by the enemy. begged for their lives, only to be burned to death by the Choso˘n guerrillas along with the Japanese." Records also indicate that Ming Chinese and Joseon Korean forces committed rape against the civilian populace during the conflict.

374: 355: 343: 4692:. Yi formed his ships in a circle while a turtle ship rammed the Japanese flagship, resulting in a melee battle. Yi wanted to annihilate the Japanese, and fearing that the Japanese might land their ships in order to escape, ordered a feigned retreat to bring the battle out to the open sea, which lowered the odds of the Japanese surviving. Yi noted in his report to King Seonjo that the Japanese had given no mercy to Korean civilians, raping, torturing, and murdering without regard to age and sex, and he would likewise give them no mercy. The feigned retreat worked, with the Japanese following the Koreans to the open sea, and Yi wrote: 2802:), They had to have more than a certain amount of wealth to take the qualification exam. Instead of being treated as a bureaucrat of a certain class and receiving a salary from the state, the military, horses, and servants' food expenses were all on their own. For this reason, the Joseon government, which had to save the budget, tried to increase the number of Gapsa by increasing the lower ranks. As a result, the number of Gapsa increases to 14000 by 1475, but the standing army, which actually has to maintain a certain number, is not managed, causing a problem that most of the numbers are falsely stated just before the war. they wore 4544: 6620:

and counter-attacked. The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses, with the Japanese in pursuit. （The Ming Army actually lost 7,000 soldiers. The record of 30000 people comes from Japan, but in Japanese history books, the Ming Army had 200,000 or even 1,000,000 people, which is impossible.）According to Chinese and Korean sources concerning the battle, the forces led by Dong Yiyuan had breached the castle wall and were making progress in capturing the castle until a gunpowder accident caused an explosion in their camp, and the Japanese took advantage of the situation to rout the confused and weakened troops.

946: 4130:, except for the survivors of the Siege of Dongnae, who were to be stationed as a rearguard at the Choryong Pass. On June 4, General Yi deployed a force of less than 1,000 men on two small hills to face the approaching First Division. Assuming that the sight of rising smoke was from the burning of buildings by a nearby Japanese force, General Yi sent an officer to scout on horseback. However, as he neared a bridge, the officer was ambushed by Japanese musket fire from below the bridge, and was beheaded. The Korean troops, watching him fall, were greatly demoralized. Soon the Japanese began the 2675: 3223:("White Weapons"i.e. metal swords, lances, spears, and the like), the Japanese were able to achieve success during the early phase of the war. Indeed, the ferocious charge of Japanese troops with spears and swords were often more decisive than with muskets. This was because the Koreans were poorly trained in close combat, and lacked battlefield experience and discipline. Thus, Korean soldiers were unable to hold their line against charging Japanese soldiers. The following words from a Korean military official named Shi-eon Lee to the Korean king discusses this weakness: 5562:, attracted the attention of a samurai, Keyamura Rokunosuke, whom she lured to a cliff by promising him sex, and then threw both herself and him off the cliff, becoming a national heroine in Korea. Jinju was taken only for symbolic purposes, and instead of advancing, the Japanese force at Jinju retreated back to Busan as there was a larger Chinese force to the north. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was well satisfied that he had avenged the defeat of 1592 at Jinju, though Turnbull argued that to lose so many men to take a town only for symbolic reasons was wasteful. 749: 4440:. A Korean cavalry division took advantage of the open field at Songjin, and pushed the Japanese forces into a grain storehouse. There, the Japanese barricaded themselves with bales of rice, and successfully repelled a formation charge from the Korean forces with their arquebuses. While the Koreans planned to renew the battle in the morning, Katō Kiyomasa ambushed them at night. The Second Division completely surrounded the Korean forces, with the exception of an opening leading to a swamp. Those that fled were trapped and slaughtered in the swamp. 261: 6969:

raids to acquire food and supplies from civilians were common. Captured prisoners were often mistreated or worked to near-death by starvation and neglect. In following their battlefield practice at the time, the Japanese also collected the ears and noses of dead soldiers as proof of their exploits on the battlefield and as a record of casualty counts. The high casualty rate of the Joseon and Ming forces, and the large number of ears collected during the campaign was enough to build a large mound near Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Great Buddha, called the

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and also openings above the cannon, through which the ship's crew members could look out and fire their personal arms. The design prevented enemies from boarding the ship and aiming at the personnel inside. The ship was the fastest and most maneuverable warship in the East Asian theater, powered by two sails and 80 oarsmen taking turns on the ship's 16 oars. No more than six turtle ships served throughout the entire war, and their primary role was to cut deep into the enemy lines, cause havoc with their cannons, and destroy the enemy flagship.

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the two sides began skirmishing on the outskirts over the next couple of days, with Li Rusong attempting to dislodge a Japanese garrison on the hills north of the city while Konishi Yukinaga attempted a night raid on the Ming camp. The Japanese night attack was beaten off by the Chinese fire archers, and Li ordered a feigned retreat, leading the over-confident samurai to fall into a trap, resulting in their annihilation. The Sino-Korean force consisted of 43,000 Chinese, 10,000 Koreans, plus Righteous Army guerrillas, and about 5,000

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arrived with a newly mobilized army. This arrangement was highly inefficient since the nearby forces would remain stationary until the mobile border commander arrived on the scene and took control. Secondly, as the appointed general often came from an outside region, he was likely to be unfamiliar with the natural environment, the available technology, and manpower of the invaded region. Finally, as a main army was never maintained, new and ill-trained recruits conscripted during war constituted a significant part of the army.

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Wounded men were abandoned, while those who were not wounded but simply exhausted crawled almost prostrate along the road...Because it is a cold country, there is ice and deep snow, and hands and feet are burned by the snow, and this gives rise to frostbite, which makes them swell up. The only clothes they had were the garments worn under their armour, and even men who were normally gallant resembled scarecrows on the mountains and fields because of their fatigue, and were indistinguishable from the dead.

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gathering firewood. In January, Kiyomasa Kato leads an army to retake Hamgyeongdo. On January 21, the Righteous armies launched a mauling attack at Dancheon, inflicting heavy losses on the Japanese vanguard but suffering three defeats against the main Japanese army, which was forced to break the siege of Kilju Castle and withdraw, allowing the trapped Japanese to escape. However, Katō Kiyomasa was forced to abandon Hamgyeong Island due to cold and supply problems, and withdrew to Hanyang on February 29.

8991: 4242: 919: 874: 803: 794: 758: 602: 322: 301: 280: 785: 659: 5447:). Today, the site of Haengju fortress has a memorial built to honor Gwon Yul. By this time, the Japanese invasion force of about 150,000 men were down to about 100,000 men, with Chinese reinforcements arriving every day. Most of the Japanese were suffering from hunger, frostbite, and snow-blindness and some Japanese soldiers were so weakened by hunger that they were unable to defend themselves from tigers in the mountains. With the situation untenable, the Japanese retreated to the coast. 5522:

the grass alight. The soldiers inside the tortoise wagons were also burned and retreated". On 27 July, the Japanese again attacked with the "tortoise shell wagons", but this time, there was a heavy thunderstorm that prevented Korean attempts to incinerate the Japanese by dropping torches soaked in fat. The Japanese sappers broke down a section of the wall and a great rush broke out with the samurai pushed each other down as it was a great honor to be the first samurai to enter a fortress.

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explosive shells from mortars, but this occurred only in isolated instances. The Chinese were more active in employing field artillery than the Koreans. One of the notable Chinese field guns was the "Great General Cannon", a large breech-loading cannon with a two-wheeled cart, shooting an iron ball weighing about 10 kilograms. The Japanese employed field artillery only where strategically advantageous in both siege and field warfare situations, often using captured pieces where available.

6929:(1551–1611) was a prominent driver behind this missionary work, and was also the first recorded Westerner to arrive in Korea and the only European eyewitness to the war. Last but not least, significant food and luxury items were introduced to Korea via the invasions. Evidence heavily suggests this, because Korean records initially recorded chili peppers, one of the most important ingredients in modern Korean cuisine as "Japanese mustard", "southern barbarian herb" and "Japanese herb." 6925:

out and defeated during the reignition of hostilities in 1597 was in part due to the widespread adoption of arquebuses in the Joseon military. Besides this, Catholicism was first introduced in Korea during the war, as Catholic missionaries had begun arriving in Japan before the war and had become acquainted. In Korea, many of the first converts to Catholicism were Korean captives in Japan, records indicate more than 7,000 Korean captives converted from 1594 to 1598. Spanish missionary

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threats of invasions to be no better than the common wokou Japanese pirate raids. The Korean court handed to Shigenobu and Genso, Hideyoshi's third embassy, King Seonjo's letter rebuking Hideyoshi for challenging the Chinese tributary system. Hideyoshi replied with another letter, but since it was not presented by a diplomat in person as expected by custom, the court ignored it. After this denial of his second request, Hideyoshi proceeded to launch his armies against Korea in 1592.

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nothing but a bluff. Moreover, the court, aware only that Japan was in turmoil with various clan armies fighting each other, substantially underrated the combined strength and abilities of many Japanese armies at the time. Some, including King Seonjo, argued that Ming should be informed about the dealings with Japan, as failure to do so could make Ming suspect Korea's allegiance, but the court finally concluded to wait further until the appropriate course of action became definite.

6893:, were one million, and total combat casualties were estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000. A total of over 100,000 Japanese, 185,000 Korean and over 29,000 Chinese troops were killed, and an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 captives were taken by the Japanese throughout the war. Among those captured, a total of 7,500 were later returned to Korea through diplomatic means at the conclusion of the conflict. A large portion of the remaining captives were sold to European traders—mainly 4574:, the Right Naval Commander, also destroyed and abandoned his own base, and fled to Konyang with only four ships. Thus, there was no Korean naval activity around Gyeongsang Province, and the surviving two, out of the four total fleets, were active only on the other (west) side of the peninsula. Won Gyun later sent a message to Yi Sun-sin that he had fled to Konyang after being overwhelmed by the Japanese in a fight. A messenger was sent by Yi Sun-sin to the nearby island of 568: 104: 12427:; "Lingguang avoided the chaos of the Confucian scholar Li Hongzhong and other ships, and arrived at the pier in front of the Zhongqing camp. He asked about the thieves' situation on the waterway, and Hong Zhong said that when they were in the sea, Lian met Bao Zuoren. Four, or eight or nine, entered the islands below Lingguang, and were brutally killed and captured. There were seven boats that escaped the chaos in Lingguang, and all of them were sunk.". 482: 205: 4792:

form a line in the small bay, the Korean fleet formed a circle with the turtle ship in front and bombarded the Japanese. Realizing that they would likely abandon their ships and flee inland, Yi Sun-sin ordered a feigned retreat to draw the Japanese forces out of the bay and into open water. The Japanese took the bait and followed them, and were cut off. All the Japanese ships were sunk or burned, and only a few survivors managed to swim to shore and escape.

3026: 6463: 865: 4765::"A man called Manabe Samanosuke was a ship's captain that day, and the ship he was on was set on fire. This tormented him, and saying that he could face meeting the other samurai in the army again, committed suicide and died". Yi noted that "countless numbers of Japanese were hit by arrows and fell dead into the water", but also complained that "...about four hundred exhausted Japanese, finding no way to escape, deserted their boats and fled ashore". 1895:, typically held the field in most land engagements. This success on land, however, was constrained by the naval campaigns of the Korean navy which would continue to raid Japanese supply fleets in its coastal waters, hampering the Japanese advances as supply lines were disrupted along the Western Korean coast and Japanese naval reinforcements were repelled. These trends, with some exceptions on both sides, held true throughout much of the conflict. 4904:, branded Gwak's group as rebels, and ordered that it be disbanded. When Gwak asked for help from other landowners, and sent a direct appeal to the king, the governor sent troops against Gwak, in spite of having enough troubles already with the Japanese. However, an official from the capital city then arrived to raise troops in the province, and, since the official lived nearby and actually knew him, he saved Gwak from troubles with the governor. 4717: 2354: 1918:. Additionally, Joseon's civilian-led armies actively waged guerrilla warfare against the Japanese forces in the south, which weakened the Japanese hold in the cities they occupied. Afterwards, with supply difficulties hampering both sides, neither the Japanese nor the combined Ming and Joseon forces were able to mount a successful offensive or gain any additional territory, resulting in a military stalemate in the areas between Hanseong and 632: 623: 613: 3960: 2316:. Upon his return, they exchanged ceremonial gifts and delivered King Seonjo's letter to Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi mistakenly assumed that the Koreans had come to pay a tributary homage to Japan. For this reason, the ambassadors were not given the formal treatment that was due to diplomatic representatives. In the end, the Korean ambassadors asked for Hideyoshi to write a reply to the Korean king, for which they waited 20 days at the port of 955: 6128: 3367: 5188:, and the latter being a bureaucratic officer (Ming military law stipulated that any military officer would have an accompanying bureaucrat appointed by the Imperial Court acting as the general's superior). According to the collection of letters left by Song Yingchang, the strength of the Ming army was around 40,000, composed mostly of garrisons from the north, including around 3,000 men with experience against Japanese pirates under 4958:, the governor of Jeolla Province, attempted to check the Japanese progress by launching his army toward the capital city. Upon hearing the news that the capital had already been sacked, the governor withdrew his army. However, as the army grew in size to 50,000 men with the accumulation of several volunteer forces, Yi Gwang and the irregular commanders reconsidered their aim to reclaim Hanseong, and led the combined forces north to 856: 8135:, p. 139 "Tribute trade was the oldest and most important component of the trade structure, not for its volume or content, but for its symbolism. Japanese brought items to "offer" to Korea and received in exchange "gifts" of higher value, since Korea was a greater land receiving supplicants. Koreans viewed tribute trade as a "burden" and a favor extended to needy islanders; the significance was diplomatic not economic." 4749:, was carrying out a search-and-destroy operation because the Japanese troops on land were advancing into Jeolla Province. Jeolla Province was the only Korean territory to be untouched by major military action, and served as home for the three commanders and the only active Korean naval force. The Korean navy considered it best to destroy naval support for the Japanese to reduce the effectiveness of the enemy ground troops. 5208: 2918: 2733:) was formed, which continued until the Imjin War. In the early days of the war, Joseon had a conscripted light infantry, standing army, and an elite cavalry-oriented organization, especially Horse Archer. It was specialized in dealing with nomadic looters. However, as the Joseon army was easily defeated in the early days of the Imjin War, the Joseon government felt limited in the Five Guard system and switched to the 5513:, the second siege resulted in a Japanese victory. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was especially determined to take Jinju and ordered that the previous Japanese failure to take the city be avenged. Ukita Hideie led 90,000 Japanese troops to take Jinju, making it the largest mobilization of Japanese forces for a single operation in the entire war. The Koreans, not knowing where the Japanese were going, divided their forces, with 6755: 3124: 4942:

Overnight, the Korean militiamen moved the meters into the deeper parts of the river. As the Japanese troops began to cross, the militia of Gwak Jae-u ambushed them, and caused them heavy losses. In the end, to advance into Jeolla Province, Ankokuji's men had to try going north around the insecure grounds and within the security of the Japanese-garrisoned fortresses. At Kaenyong, Ankokuji's target was changed to

776: 6214: 2645:, a man who has been traditionally disparaged in Japanese accounts. In Turnbull's estimate, he was "one of Ming China's most accomplished generals". Although Li was defeated at the Battle of Pyokjeyek, his defeat was temporary. He was an able strategist who achieved his goal of forcing the Japanese out of Korea, and Japanese accounts focusing on his defeat at Pyokjeyek served to distract from his achievements. 10047:; "At the beginning of the revolution, Shen Li was appointed as the patrol envoy of the capital, leading a large army to defend against thieves in Bird Ridge. Li didn't use the plan of taking advantage of the dangers, and marched into the plains and vast fields, filled with people on the left and right. There was no confrontation, but one hundred thousand elite soldiers were completely defeated."". 830: 588: 578: 215: 4594: 3467:, alternately translated as Military Training Command) was established. The agency carefully divided the army into units and companies. Within the companies were squads of archers, arquebusiers, swordsmen, and spear infantry. The agency set up divisional units in each region of Korea and garrisoned battalions at castles. The agency, which originally had less than 80 troops, soon grew to about 10,000. 2861:, a 1.5-metre-long (4.9 ft) hardwood stick, painted red, acting as the handle for a chain attached to a shaft with iron nails. Joseon infantrymen often fought as archers, and a Japanese source from 1592 commented Koreans were superior as soldiers to the Japanese only as archers because their bows had a range of 450 metres (1,480 ft) against the 300 metres (980 ft) of Japanese archers. 5571: 883: 740: 731: 722: 4202:(the capital and present-day Seoul), and allowing Katō Kiyomasa to choose the route that the Second Division would take to reach Hanseong. The division of the Japanese forces was mainly due to the rivalry between Katō and Konishi, but there was a certain "strategic merit" in dividing their forces in that Katō's advance into northeastern Korea would protect the Japanese from any attempt by the 4229:, in charge of the defenses along the Han River, had retreated. The king's subjects stole the animals in the royal stables and fled before him, leaving their king to rely on farm animals. In every village, the king's party was met by inhabitants, lined up by the road, grieving that their king was abandoning them, and neglecting their duty of paying homage. Parts of the southern shore of the 2245:, to re-establish diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan (broken since the wokou raid in 1555). Hideyoshi hoped to use this as a foundation to induce the Korean court to join Japan in a war against China. Yasuhiro, with his warrior background and an attitude disdainful of the Korean officials and their customs, failed to receive the promise of future ambassadorial missions from Korea. 36: 4463:, where two Korean princes had taken refuge. On August 30, 1592, the Second Division entered Hoeryong, where Katō Kiyomasa received the Korean princes and the provincial governor, Yu Yong-rip, these having already been captured by the local inhabitants. Shortly afterward, a Korean warrior band handed over the head of an anonymous Korean general, plus General Han Kuk-ham, tied up in ropes. 910: 892: 3320: 928: 12536:; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, reinforcements from the president arrived suddenly. Hao was so frightened that he ran first in embarrassment, followed by other troops. If a thief attacks, the dead will not be counted. After the deputy general Wu Weizhong and the guerrilla Mao Guo were cut off, the thieves returned and lost much of their baggage." 3135: 4218:, located in the castle wall, and opened the capital city's gate from within. Katō's Second Division arrived at the capital the next day (having taken the same route as the First Division), and the Third and Fourth Divisions the day after. Meanwhile, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Divisions had landed on Busan, with the Ninth Division kept in reserve on the island of 713: 650: 12430: 7852:, p. 277 "Ming's participation, however, was motivated more by self-defense than by the intention to help Chosŏn. At the time, Japan had explicitly declared its plans to "borrow a road to enter the Ming." Because of this, Ming feared for the security of Liaodong, and eventually came to worry about the threat to Beijing from a Chosŏn occupied by the Japanese army. 2135:. Furthermore, for thousands of years, China had been the intellectual, economic, military, and political center of East Asia, and traditionally, the states of East Asia had acknowledged the emperors of China as their overlords and paid tribute in exchange for being allowed to trade with China. Japan had usually resisted the demand to pay tribute to China, but shōgun 704: 2872:" that were heavily armored and armed and that were to wreak havoc on the Japanese ships were a minority of the Korean navy's ships. Korean and Japanese accounts both talk much of the "turtle ships", but no such ship has survived, and historians still debate about what turtle ships looked like, though most now agree that they were, in fact, turtle-shaped. Admiral 5291:

heavily defended fortification during the day. Instead, they left an opening for the Japanese to rally while making preparations for a fire assault on their position at night. Japanese forces sallied out of the undefended eastern walls and made a run for Hanseong, and they were hit with additional ambushes on the way back south and took heavy casualties.

5015:, hold in hand the treasured sword to fell the devil, wield the lightning bolt of the Eight Deities, and come forward!". At least 8,000 monks responded to Hyujeong's call, some out of a sense of Korean patriotism and others motivated by a desire to improve the status of Buddhism, which suffered discrimination from a Sinophile court intent upon promoting 6267:, Won Gyun was completely outmaneuvered by the Japanese in a surprise attack. His ships were overwhelmed by arquebus fire and the traditional Japanese boarding attacks, which largely resulted in the destruction of his entire fleet. Prior to this engagement, Bae Seol (1551–1599), a naval officer who did not submit to Won Gyun's leadership, kept thirteen 2595:

defeat, treating the war as simply a question of willpower, believing if only his samurai fought hard enough, he could take China. Turnbull writes: "In a tactical sense, therefore, Hideyoshi cannot be considered as one of the commanders, but, as his will drove the whole project along until he died, his political influence cannot be underestimated".

9004:"Each village should also have weapons manufacturing facilities, and the managers of each village should make weapons according to the government's style, but each generation should be given one pitch, one armor or one eomsimgap, three-fifths of a bow, and two-fifths of a spear to inspect them according to what they have prepared at all times.". 7045:

identity. The invasions and subsequent efforts by the local gentry to rally the commoners had a critical impact on perceptions of national identity in Korea, as the gentry were recorded to have sent many letters and declarations against the Japanese invaders and called upon shared Korean history, culture and beliefs to unite the Korean people.

5324:, cowardice was the worst disgrace for a samurai. Otomo's disgrace was also a blow for the efforts of Jesuit missionaries in Japan as Otomo had converted to Catholicism after long talks with the Portuguese Jesuits, and many Japanese concluded that Christianity with its emphasis on love and gentleness was not a suitable religion for a samurai. 5135: 5426:

advance no further, losing about 10,000 dead in the process. （How could you possibly die 10000? This is a fabrication used by future generations to commemorate this battle. According to contemporary Korean records, the Korean army harvested 130 Japanese heads, and the Koreans estimated that they killed five to six Japanese soldiers。）The

6535:

were quickly becoming outnumbered. Late one night, Ma Gui decided to order a general organized retreat of the allied forces, but soon confusion set in, and matters were further complicated by heavy rainfall and harassing attacks by the Japanese. The Chief Superintendent Yang Hao panicked and left hastily for Hanseong ahead of the army.

4023:, the commander of the fortress, explaining to him that his objective was the conquest of China and if the Koreans would just submit, their lives would be spared. Song replied, "It is easy for me to die, but difficult to let you pass", which led Konishi to order that no prisoners be taken to punish Song for his defiance. The resulting 7004:, the invasions are seen as the first Japanese attempt to become a global power. The partial occupation of Korea developed the Japanese concept that Korea belonged within Japan's sphere of influence, and the Japanese leaders of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries used the 1592–1597 invasions to reinforce the justification for 7723:, pp. 60–61 "The righteous armies that appeared in 1592 smashed the local rule distributed across Korea's eight provinces by the Japanese military. The righteous army activities were one of the most important factors for the frustration of the Toyotomi regime's ambition to subjugate Ming China and extend dominion over Korea." 4799:. After a false retreat bore no response, he arranged a relay of ships to keep up a rolling bombardment. When only a few Japanese ships were left undamaged, Yi pulled his fleet back and allowed them to escape by sea, thereby protecting the inhabitants of local villages from possible reprisals by Japanese forces stranded on land. 5276:

three sides of the city. The Chinese took heavy losses as the Japanese fire was withering, but Li, whose horse was killed, was able to bring up the siege ladders, called "cloud ladders" by the Chinese. Li had offered 5,000 ounces of silver for the first man to get over the wall, an honor that was claimed by an infantryman from

4559:, who held the post of the Left Naval Commander of the Jeolla Province (which covers the western waters of Korea), successfully destroyed the Japanese ships transporting troops and supplies. Japan, lacking enough arms and troops to carry on the invasion of China, changed the objective of the war to the occupation of Korea. 9557:上曰: "與我國人何如? 或曰: ‘倭不能馬戰’ 云, 然耶?" 時言曰: "馬戰亦非極難之事。倭賊初則不能, 終亦能之矣。" 上曰: "倭賊不能射, 而人莫敢敵, 何?" 時言曰: "我國人見賊, 則先潰以走爲能事。將則雖不忠, 畏有軍律, 不敢先走。軍之走者, 不可勝誅, 惟其不可勝誅, 是以走耳。倭賊雖不能射, 兩矢之間, 忽焉到前, 我國之人雖曰善射, 遠則不中, 近則倭劍可畏。發矢之後, 恐其短兵來接, 未得發矢, 射亦不足恃矣。倭雖善用劍, 我國人若持劍而進, 則可以敵矣。我國人則不能如此, 皆以走爲善策, 走且不及, 則爲賊所殺。賊見我國之人, 或走或死, 樂爲之赴戰。是以, 倭之氣增長; 我之氣沮喪矣。 2384:: samurai, peasants, artisans, and merchants, in that order. The samurai caste owned most of the land in Japan, had the sole right to carry swords and to execute on the spot any commoner who was insufficiently deferential, and were allowed to own horses and ride into battle. The standard samurai weapon by 1592 was the 1981:. Seonggye's followers forced him to take the crown as Taejo of Joseon, thus establishing a new dynasty. In search of a justification for its rule given the lack of a royal bloodline, the new regime received recognition from China and integration into the Imperial Chinese tributary system within the context of the 5601:

prepared to become his vassal. Under such conditions, the Chinese sought to resolve the issue in their favor by including Japan in their tributary system of foreign relations. They would establish Hideyoshi as king of Japan and grant him the privilege of formal tribute trade relations with the Ming dynasty.

4169:, which he felt ideal for the deployment of his cavalry unit. Since the cavalry consisted mostly of new recruits, however, Sin Rip was concerned that his troops may easily be tempted to flee the battle. As a result, he felt the need to trap his forces in the triangular area formed by the convergence of the 4007:, the Korean commander at Busan, was killed by a Japanese bullet, and with his death, Korean morale collapsed. In the meantime, Konishi took the fort of Dadaejin, where under heavy volleys of supporting fire, the Japanese were able to place ladders against the walls, and took the fort. Konishi ordered that 5558:(courtesans) of Jinju were spared as they were pressed into service for the victorious Japanese generals at a party they held to celebrate their victory on the evening of the same day at the Ch'oksŏngu Pavilion on a nearby hill, as it offered the best view of the "hellish scene" below them. One courtesan, 1926:

in a withdrawal of Japanese forces towards the coastal regions of the peninsula. The pursuing Ming and Joseon forces, however, failed to dislodge the Japanese from their fortresses and entrenched positions in the southern coastal areas where both sides became locked in a ten-month-long military stalemate.

6769:

The Japanese invasions were East Asia's first regional wars involving massed armies equipped with modern weapons. The conflict saw the regular employment of Japanese armies of up to 200,000 men, Ming Chinese armies of 80,000, and the ongoing deployment of local Korean forces numbering in the hundreds

6538:

The general retreat quickly turned into a chaotic rout, of which the Japanese took quick advantage by attacking the retreating Ming and Joseon forces. The retreating Ming and Joseon forces had 20,000 losses. （The Second Army actually lost 1621 soldiers in action, but due to internal strife, there was

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and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, led the units of the Sixth Division charged with the invasion of Jeolla Province. The units began their march to Uiryeong at Changwon, and arrived at the Nam River. Ankokuji's scouts planted meters measuring the river's depths so that the entire squadron could cross the river.

4830:

and his military reports, it is recorded as a decisive Korean victory. Modern historians have also summarized the battle as a decisive Korean victory. Some Korean historians believe the War Diary of Yi Sun-sin more than the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty when they study the Imjin war because he was the

4701:

All but one of the Japanese ships were taken or sunk, and Yi Sun-sin sent King Seonjo the salted heads of 43 samurai officers. The next day, the one Japanese ship that had escaped was confronted by a Korean ship sent to capture it, leading to a savage fight when the Koreans boarded the Japanese ship.

4696:

Then our ships suddenly enveloped the enemy craft from the four directions, attacking them from both flanks at full speed. The turtle with the Flying Squadron Chief on board rammed the enemy's pavilion vessel once again, while wrecking it with cannon fire, and our other ships hit its brocade curtains

4650:

The Japanese generals were shocked to hear of the Battle of Okpo, where the Koreans had not lost a single ship, as it threatened to cut them off from Japan. After his victory, Yi Sun-sin found the burnt out remains of countless coastal villages, where the Japanese had enslaved the women while killing

4627:

Cannonballs and long arrows poured down like hail on the Japanese vessels from our ships. Those who were struck by the missiles fell dead, bathed in blood, while others rolled on deck with wild shrieks or jumped into the water to climb up to the hills. At that time, I remained motionless with fear in

4516:

Moreover, the cold and rough land of Hamgyongdo made it difficult for Japanese troops from the warmer southwestern regions to withstand and supply. Unable to solve the problem, Kiyomasa Kato abandoned his ban on looting, and this provoked resistance from the Koreans. In response, on October 20, 1592,

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At night, the Koreans silently crossed the river and launched a successful surprise attack against the Japanese encampment. However, this alerted the rest of the Japanese army, which attacked the rear of the Korean positions and destroyed the remaining reinforcements crossing the river. The remainder

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fortress. The Koreans saw this as a retreat, and 13,000 Korean troops launched an attack at dawn against the remaining Japanese troops on the southern shore of the Imjin River. The main Japanese body counterattacked against the isolated Korean troops, and acquired their boats. The Korean troops under

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by nightfall. The next day, the First Division arrived at Tangeumdae in the early afternoon, where they faced the Korean cavalry unit at the Battle of Chungju. Konishi divided his forces into three and attacked with arquebuses from both flanks as well as the front. The Korean arrows fell short of the

3218:

The Japanese defeated successive Korean armies with a combination of muskets, spears, and swords. While muskets used by the Japanese were superior to Korean bows in terms of penetration and range, the former lacked the fire rate of the latter. Numerous battle accounts from the Annal of Joseon dynasty

3036:

There were several defects with the organization of the Joseon-era Korean military defense system. One example was a policy that stated that local officers could not individually respond to a foreign invasion outside of their jurisdiction until a higher ranking general, appointed by the king's court,

2110:

Hideyoshi's need for military supremacy as a justification for his rule, which lacked shōgunal background, could have, on an international level, been eventually transformed into an order with Japan's neighboring countries below Japan. Hideyoshi did not take the title of Shōgun on the grounds that he

1925:

In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. The pattern of the second invasion largely mirrored that of the first. The Japanese had initial successes on land, but the contribution of the Ming forces, as well as the Joseon navy's disruption of Japanese supply fleets, resulted

1735:

In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. The pattern of the second invasion largely mirrored that of the first. The Japanese had initial successes on land, capturing several cities and fortresses, only to be halted and forced to withdraw to the southern coastal regions of

6924:

rifles, which the Joseon court had initially dismissed as ineffective and useless due to their low rate of fire, was rapidly adopted during and after the war by the Joseon military and production began as early as 1593. Some scholars believe that the reason the Joseon-Ming Army was not easily driven

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and garrisoned thousands of soldiers led by generals Jo Jong-do and Gwak Jun. When Katō Kiyomasa laid siege to the mountain with the Army of the Right, and attacked at night under the full moon, the Koreans lost morale and retreated with 350 casualties. The successful siege did not, however, lead to

5494:

Though by mid April 1593, faced with ever-greater logistical pressure from a Korean naval blockade of Yi Sun-sin, in addition to a Ming force special operation that managed to burn down a very significant portion of the Japanese grain storage, the Japanese broke off talks and pulled out of Hanseong.

5425:

all at once, and as the Japanese were packed closely together, the volley from the "fire wagons" inflicted heavy losses. The women of Hanseong joined their menfolk, bringing up rocks in their skirts. In the course of nine assaults, the Japanese pushed the Koreans back to their second line, but could

5412:

and his army of 30,000 men advanced to the south of Hanseong to attack Haengju Fortress, an impressive mountain fortress that overlooked the surrounding area. An army of a few thousand led by Gwon Yul was garrisoned at the fortress, waiting for the Japanese. Katō believed his overwhelming army would

5377:

The Ming forces gradually retreated north while fighting off several waves of attacks. Li Rusong and many other generals personally fought in the brawl, and they sustained heavy casualties before they met up with the rest of their army toward the later portion of the day. At that point, the Japanese

5089:

Hosokawa ordered a new assault with the samurai advancing this time under bamboo shields with covering fire from their arquebuses, which allowed them to place ladders across the walls of Jinju. A scene of carnage occurred, with the Koreans dumping rocks and delayed action bombs down on the Japanese.

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mentioning how a samurai named Jirōza'emon "took the first head and raised it aloft. The other five men also attacked and took some excellent heads". The Japanese had usually had little trouble with taking Korean castles and towns, and a certain contempt for the fighting abilities of the Koreans was

5037:

on 6 September 1592. After the victory, the Korean leaders began to quarrel among themselves over who was most responsible, and it was that when the Koreans took the offensive, the regulars under Yun Songak refused to take part while the Righteous Army under Jo Heon and the warrior monks under abbot

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island and the mainland cost. The admirals then received intelligence that a group of Japanese ships, including those that escaped from the Battle of Dangpo, was anchored in the Bay of Danghangpo. After sending in a scout, the fleet advanced to find 26 enemy ships anchored along the shore. Unable to

4662:

A turtle ship is a vessel of a panokseon design with the removal of the elevated command post, the modification of the gunwales into curved walls, and the addition of a roof covered in iron spikes (and possibly hexagonal iron plates; this is disputed). Its walls contained a total of 36 cannon ports,

6968:

Japanese troops engaged in crimes against civilians in battles and often killed indiscriminately. Scorched earth policies were often employed: over 60% of farmland was destroyed and burned, and farm animals were slaughtered to prevent their use by Joseon or Ming forces. Outside of the main battles,

6684:

By dawn, more than half of the Japanese fleet was scattered and destroyed. During the pursuit of the remaining Japanese ships, both Yi Sun-sin and Deng Zilong were killed. Despite suffering high casualties, in the end the battle was a great tactical victory for the Korean forces and resulted in the

6619:

was crucial to their goal of retaking the lost castles in Korea and ordered a general attack. Although the Chinese made initial progress, the tide of battle turned when Japanese reinforcements attacked the rear of the Chinese army and the Japanese soldiers inside the fortress sallied from the gates

6386:

formed the vanguard of the Right Army and marched toward Hanseong, which deeply disturbed the court there. Several of the Ming generals stationed in Korea suggested to the court that they pull back their forces until they could gather more reinforcements, but the Ming administrators overruled their

6274:

The Battle of Chilcheollyang was Japan's only decisive naval victory of the war. Won Gyun was himself killed by a Japanese garrison after he struggled ashore on an island following the destruction of his flagship. The victory allowed the Japanese navy to safely escort its troop ships and to support

5551:

clan noted: "All the Chinese were terrified of our Japanese blades, and jumped into the river, but we pulled them and cut off their heads". Korean accounts mention that almost all of the 60,000 soldiers in Jinju were killed while Japanese accounts mention the samurai sent 20,000 heads back to Japan

5521:

The Japanese now attacked with armored carts called "tortoise shell wagons", which allowed the Japanese to advance up to the walls, where the sappers would pull out the stones. But as a Japanese account complained: "They tried to attack, but from inside the castle, pine torches were thrown that set

5490:

The Korean countryside was already devastated from the invasion when the Ming forces arrived, and in the heart of winter it was extremely difficult for the Koreans to muster sufficient supplies. Even though the court had assigned the majority of the men on hand to tackle the situation, their desire

5247:

On February 5, 1593, the Ming expeditionary army arrived outside Pyongyang accompanied by a group of Korean soldiers. Ming general Li Rusong was appointed the supreme commander of all armies in Korea. After initial attempts to negotiate with the Japanese defenders under Konishi Yukinaga broke down,

4813:

A naval engagement took place on 1 September 1592, during the first phase of the Japanese invasions of Korea. It was a Korean surprise attack on the fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi stationed at Busan. Over the course of the battle, Japanese forces lost 100 ships while no Korean ships were lost. Officer

4352:

The next day, using what they had learned from observing the retreating Korean troops, the Japanese began sending troops to the other shore over the shallow points in the river, in a systematic manner, and at this sight the Koreans abandoned the city overnight. On July 20, 1592, the First and Third

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The two divisions began the race to capture Hanseong on June 8, and Katō took the shorter route across the Han River while Konishi went further upstream where smaller waters posed a lesser barrier. Konishi arrived at Hanseong first, on June 10, while the Second Division was halted at the river with

3285:

The Koreans actively deployed their cavalry divisions in action. But the terrain was often mountainous, which was not generally suitable for cavalry. The farmland tended to have many ditches, and it was often barren and lacked grass essential for feeding the horses. In addition, Japanese use of the

3245:

In the 1592 invasion, everything was swept away. Within a fortnight or a month the cities and fortresses were lost, and everything in the eight directions had crumbled. Although it was due to there having been a century of peace and the people not being familiar with warfare that this happened, it

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with a simple mechanism and with either a gunstock or wooden shaft attached. After the Japanese diplomats presented the Korean court arquebuses as gifts, the Korean scholar-official Ryu Seong-ryong advocated the use of the new weapon, but the Korean court failed to realize its potency. In contrast,

2119:

from acting on any ambitions against his rule. Fighting a war away from Japanese territory would also prevent territorial destruction, and maintain the infrastructure of the state. Such considerations would be consistent with the fact that Hideyoshi was not shōgun and had no links with the imperial

7931:

At this point in 1593, the war entered a stalemate during which intrigues and negotiations failed to produce a settlement. As the suzerain of Joseon Korea, Ming China exercised tight control over the Koreans during the war. At the same time, Ming China negotiated bilaterally with Japan while often

6817:

Ming China also sustained a heavy financial burden for its role in defending Korea while also fighting several other conflicts in the same decade. Falling tax revenues, troop desertions, a flow of foreign silver which brought unexpected problems in the Chinese economy, poor granary supervision and

6680:

The Korean navy under Yi Sun-sin discovered the Shimazu fleet anchored in the narrow strait of Noryang. Noting the narrow geography of the area, Ming general Chen Lin, who led Deng Zilong and Yi Sun-sin, made a surprise attack against the Japanese fleet, under the cover of darkness on December 16,

6580:

In June 1598, after Commander Konishi Yukinaga raised concerns about the supply situation and limited prospects for further territorial gains in the peninsula, 70,000 troops were withdrawn back to Japan, with only 60,000 left behind to guard the territory still under Japanese control. These forces

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came across the river to aid the besieged fortress. Although the Japanese garrison was desperately short of supplies, the Ming commander Ma Gui judged the situation to be going against the allies, because more and more Japanese forces began to arrive from the surrounding area and the allied forces

6296:

Namwon was located 50 kilometres southeast of Jeonju. Correctly predicting a Japanese attack, a coalition force of 6,000 soldiers (including 3,000 Chinese troops under Yang Yuan and civilian volunteers) were prepared to fight the approaching Japanese forces. The Japanese laid siege to the walls of

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Japanese defenders were forced off the walls fairly quickly, and retreated to the citadel they built on the eastern portions of the city. Chinese officers initially scoffed at the earth walls of the Japanese citadel, but after coming under fire from the Japanese arquebuses, soon learned to respect

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For three days, the Japanese attacked Jinju fruitlessly with the moats becoming full of their dead. On 11 November 1592, a force of Korean guerrillas led by Gwak Jae-u arrived as the relief force, and to fool the Japanese into thinking his force was much larger than it was, Gwak ordered his men to

4027:

lasted twelve hours, killed 3,000, and resulted in a Japanese victory. The Japanese took no prisoners and killed everyone at Dongnae, civilian and military, even killing all of the cats and dogs there. Konishi's intention was to terrify the Koreans into submission by showing them what the price of

3434:

Ryu pointed out that Korean castle defenses were extremely weak, a fact which he had pointed out before the war. He noted how Korean castles had incomplete fortifications and walls that were too easy to scale. He also wanted cannons set up in the walls. Ryu proposed building strong towers with gun

3281:

The Koreans seldom employed field artillery, with cannon being mainly used in siege action and for defending castles. There were only very few instances of Koreans employing artillery in the field, with largely ineffective results. Some irregular Korean units with government-supplied weapons fired

2323:

Upon the ambassadors' return, the Joseon court held serious discussions concerning Japan's invitation, while Hwang Yun-gil reported conflicting estimates of Japanese military strength and intentions. They nonetheless pressed that a war was imminent. Kim Saung-il claimed that Hideyoshi's letter was

6959:

Furthermore, Neo-Confucianism, which had originated from China and spread to Korea, was introduced to Japan because of the invasions. Many Korean scholars who were captured during the war by the Japanese would later become tutors of prominent Japanese daimyo. Furthermore, many classical Confucian

6745:

would never agree to such a request, Sō Yoshitoshi sent a forged letter and a group of criminals instead; the great need to expel the Ming soldiers pushed Joseon into accepting and to send an emissary in 1608. The result was a return of Joseon prisoners and the restoration of diplomatic and trade

6230:

was both demoted and jailed by King Seonjo, largely due to a Japanese plot to deceive the Korean court and take advantage of the court's political infighting. Government officials gave direct orders to launch a surprise naval operation against the Japanese, based on a tip from a presumed reliable

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harbor . Upon sighting the approaching Korean fleet, some of the Japanese who had been busying themselves with plundering got back to their ships, and began to flee. At this, the Korean fleet encircled the Japanese ships and finished them with artillery bombardments. The Japanese fired with their

3340:

As virtually all Japanese ships in the first phase of the war lacked cannon artillery, Korean ships outranged and bombarded Japanese ships with impunity outside the range of the Japanese muskets, arrows, and catapults. When the Japanese attempted to outfit cannon to their ships, their lightweight

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observed, "not one in a hundred knew the methods of drilling soldiers": rising in rank depended far more on social connections than military knowledge. Korean soldiers were disorganized, ill-trained, and ill-equipped, and they had been used mostly in construction projects such as building castle

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in 1585, where he learned much about seafaring as the island is located close to whirlpools which are notoriously dangerous for sailors. Toyotomi Hideyoshi never left Japan, remaining near Kyoto; however, the idea of conquering China was his obsession, and throughout the war, he refused to accept

9123:[The problem of goods and duties in the coastal waters, the wearing of armor and helmets only for water soldiers, the provision of guards to subordinate soldiers, the role of marine soldiers, and the nuisance of tax collection, were discussed by the Ministry of Finance.] (in Korean). 1649 6878:(Korean government offices) in which census ledgers had been kept. The destruction of land and census registers made fiscal recovery difficult since taxation and corvée labour were based on them. The government was forced to trade rank and titles in order to obtain grain, using a practice called 5600:

Once peace negotiations between China and Japan finally got underway, Chinese negotiators gave the Ming emperor the mistaken impression that he was about to deal with a minor state that had been subdued by war. Furthermore, they conveyed the idea that the Japanese regent, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was

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commanding the garrison of 4,000 soldiers at Jinju, who were joined by volunteers, guerrillas, a small Chinese force, and a large number of civilians including women and children, making for a total of about 60,000. On 20 July 1593, the Japanese began to construct wooden shields to allow them to

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and then swung north toward Haengju Fortress, a wooden stockade on a cliff over the Han River, where he would wait for Chinese reinforcements. After he was informed that the Ming army under Li Rusong was pushed back at Byeokje, Gwon Yul decided to fortify Haengju.Kwon's force of 2,300 men were a

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led a counterattack that rescued the Japanese forces from Moranbong. After the fall of Moranbong after two days fighting, Li Rusong ordered his cannons to open fire while fire arrows and incendiary bombs set much of the city on fire. On the morning of February 6, Li ordered an all-out assault on

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eventually acted upon King Seonjo's request for aid following the capture of Pyongyang by sending a small force of 5,000 soldiers led by Zu Chengxun. Zu, a general who had fought successfully against the Mongols and the Jurchens, was over-confident, holding the Japanese in contempt. This cavalry

4512:

Despite these measures, Katō Kiyomasa fails to maintain control of Hamgyeong Island. Because he encounters constant resistance except where his main force is located, Kato makes the fatal mistake of dispersing his troops by the hundreds in order to prove to Hideyoshi that he is in control of the

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In contrast to the Japanese advantages on land, the Koreans possessed an advantage at sea. Because of advanced artillery and shipbuilding technology, along with an extensive naval history against Japanese pirates, the Korean navies fielded highly advanced and formidable ships. By the time of the

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Please arrange to send us guns and ammunition. There is absolutely no use for spears. It is vital that you arrange somehow to obtain a number of guns. Furthermore, you should certainly see to it that those person departing understand this situation. The arrangements for guns should receive your

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piracy by prohibiting the daimyōs from supporting the pirates within their fiefs. Ironically, the Koreans believed that Hideyoshi's invasion would be just an extension of the previous pirate raids that had been repelled before. As for the military situation in Joseon, the Korean scholar official

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As for the military preparations, the construction of as many as 2,000 ships may have begun as early as 1586. To estimate the strength of the Korean military, Hideyoshi sent an assault force of 26 ships to the southern coast of Korea in 1587. On the diplomatic front, Hideyoshi began to establish

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against the occupying Japanese forces and supply difficulties hampering both sides, neither force was able to mount a successful offensive or gain any additional territory, resulting in a military stalemate. The first phase of the invasion ended in 1596, and was followed afterwards by ultimately

11860:; "Since the officers and soldiers had won consecutive victories, they were determined to underestimate the enemy and marched into the division again on the 27th. The Koreans accused Wang Jing of abandoning him. If Song Xinzhi rides lightly, he will ride towards the Blue Toe Pavilion." 5604:

In Japan, Hideyoshi's negotiators apparently led him to believe that China was suing for peace and was ready to accept him as their emperor. Thus, Hideyoshi issued the demands of a victor; first, a daughter of the Ming emperor must be sent to become the wife of the Japanese emperor; second, the

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As Japan had been at war since the mid-15th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had 500,000 battle-hardened soldiers at his disposal to form a remarkable professional army in Asia for the invasion of Korea. While Japan's chaotic state had left the Koreans with a very low estimate of Japan as a military

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By seeking to invade China, Hideyoshi was in effect claiming for Japan the role traditionally played by China in East Asia as the center of the East Asian international order. He rallied support in Japan as a man of relatively humble origins who owed his position to his military might. Finally,

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According to British historian who specializes in Japanese military history, Stephen Turnbull, the Ming forces arriving in support of Joseon were often no better than the Japanese in the amount of destruction they caused and the degree of the crimes they committed. After the immediate Japanese

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Given that the conflict was fought exclusively on Korean soil, Korea ultimately suffered the most damage of the three participants. It lost a large portion of its military strength and civilian population, had numerous cultural heritage sites damaged or destroyed, and many of its technological

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Yi Sun-sin's control of the areas around the coast of Jeolla permitted no supply ships to reach the western side of the Korean Peninsula, into which many extensive tributaries merge. Without provisions and reinforcements, the Japanese forces were constrained to the coastal fortresses, known as

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noted that even after the Siege of Pyongyang, the Ming forces were already stalled for nearly a week due to the lack of supplies, before moving on to Kaesong. As time went on, the situation only become more serious. When the weather warmed, the road conditions in Korea also became terrible, as

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There was hardly a gap between the dead bodies that filled the surroundings of Matsuyama Castle . Finally, when we had repulsed the enemy, they burned the food storehouses in several places, so there was now no food. On the night of the seventh day, we evacuated the caste, and made our escape.

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reported: "The enemy built clay walls with holes on top of their fortress, which looked like a beehive. They fired their muskets though those holes as much as they could, and as a result, a number of Chinese soldiers were wounded". The allies were unwilling to commit to a direct assault on the

5153:

The Korean court was at first hesitant to call for help from the Ming dynasty, and began a withdrawal to Pyongyang. After repeated requests by King Seonjo, and after the Japanese army had already reached Korea's border with China, China finally came to the aid of Korea. China was also somewhat

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issued a manifesto calling upon all monks to take up arms, writing, "Alas, the way of heaven is no more. The destiny of the land is on the decline. In defiance of heaven and reason, the cruel foe had the temerity to cross the sea aboard a thousand ships". Hyujeong called the samurai "poisonous

4966:, but the 600 Japanese defenders under Wakizaka Yasuharu avoided engagement with the Koreans until June 5, when the main Japanese troops came to relieve the fortress. The Japanese troops counterattacked successfully against the Jeolla coalition, forcing the Koreans to abandon arms and retreat. 4658:

after receiving an intelligence report of the Japanese presence. Yi Sun-sin had left behind his fishing vessels that made up most of his fleet in favor of his newly completed turtle ship. At Sacheon, the Japanese ships were anchored in the bay below a promontory where the Japanese had set up a

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Ryu also pointed out how efficient the Japanese Army was, since it took them only one month to reach Hanseong, and how well-organized the Japanese were. He noted how the Japanese moved their units in complex maneuvers, often weakening their enemy with the use of arquebuses, then attacking with

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In the end, Hideyoshi's diplomatic negotiations did not produce the desired result with Korea. The Joseon Court approached Japan as a country inferior to Korea, and saw itself as superior according to its favored position within the Chinese tributary system. It mistakenly evaluated Hideyoshi's

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The invasions also stood as a challenge to the existing Chinese world order on two levels: the military, in which the war challenged Ming China's status as the supreme military power in East Asia, and the political, in which the war affirmed Chinese willingness to aid in the protection of its

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Initially, the Japanese found limited success, being largely confined to Gyeongsang Province and only launching numerous raids to harass and weaken the Korean defenders. In the early autumn of 1597, the Japanese began a more focused and sustained advance. The Japanese planned to attack Jeolla

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that he was not certain if Pyongyang could be held if the Chinese were to attack again with greater numbers. During the later half of 1592, the Ming sent investigation teams into Pyongyang to clarify the situation. The Ming became fully aware of the situation and made the decision for a full

4768:

The battle ended in a Korean victory, with Japanese losses of 59 ships—47 destroyed and 12 captured. Not a single Korean ship was lost during the battle. Several Korean prisoners of war were rescued by the Korean soldiers throughout the fight. Wakisaka Yasuharu escaped due to the speed of his

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to give Yi's order for war preparations, only to find it pillaged and abandoned by its own inhabitants. As soldiers began to flee secretly, Yi Sun-sin gave an order "to arrest the escapees" and had two of the fugitives brought back and beheaded; he then had their heads put out for display. Yi

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and were forced to concentrate their forces to the south, he ordered his troops to guard Kilju Castle and wait for relief. Eventually, the remaining Japanese forces in Hamgyongdo retreated to Kilju Castle, and the righteous armies laid siege to the castle for three months to prevent them from

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made from iron or leather scales tied together which had been modified to include solid plate to help protect the samurai from bullets. Samurai engaged in psychological warfare by wearing an iron mask into battle with a mustache made of horsehair and a "sinister grin" attached to the outside.

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during the Japanese rule of Korea from 1910 through 1945. The widespread guerilla warfare fought by various righteous armies, which spearheaded the Korean civilian resistance against the Japanese invasion, had a significant impact on the common Korean populace's conceptions of nationhood and

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Rape was common during the war, and Korean women were indiscriminately assaulted and brutalized by Japanese, Chinese and Korean soldiers throughout the conflict. Records from the war indicate that Japanese soldiers "frequently decapitated all the young men of a locale and carried off all the

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The two sides remained at a stalemate between the Kaesong to Hanseong line for the next couple of months, with both sides unable and unwilling to commit to further offensives. The Japanese lacked sufficient supplies to move north, and the defeat at Pyongyang had caused part of the Japanese

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with their arquebuses. The Koreans replied with their arrows, which fell short of their targets. The Japanese forces, having been divided into three, attacked the Korean lines from both the front and the two flanks. The battle ended with General Yi Il's retreat and 700 Korean casualties.

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On the other side, Joseon maintained only a few military units with no field army, and its defense depended heavily on the mobilization of the citizen soldiers in case of emergency. During the first invasion, Joseon deployed a total of 84,500 regular troops throughout, assisted by 22,000

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In Korea, the war is a historic foundation of Korean nationalism and, as in China, inspired and politically used to instigate nationalistic resistance against Japanese imperialism during the 20th century. Korea gained several national heroes during the conflict, including Yi Sun-sin and

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The captain of the Japanese ship "stood alone holding a long sword in his hand and fought to the last without fear", taking 10 arrows to kill him. All 88 sailors of the Japanese ship were killed, and Yi had their ears cut off to be "salted and packed in a box for shipment to the court".

3251:

Today, the Japanese exclusively use muskets to attack fortifications. They can reach from several hundred paces away. Our country's bows and arrows cannot reach them. At any flat spot outside the walls, the Japanese will build earthen mounds and "flying towers." They look down into the

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also suggests personal ambition and megalomania of Hideyoshi as reasons for the invasion. Hideyoshi had, in a series of wars, conquered Japan and now wanted to turn to bigger things, noting that he spoke not only of his desire to "slash his way" into Korea to invade China, but also the

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recruited mostly men either too young or too old to be good soldiers, augmented by some adventure-seeking aristocrats and slaves buying their freedom, because able-bodied men of the right age, targeted by the policy, had higher priorities such as farming and other economic activities.

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the next morning. Japanese accounts claim that the battles resulted in the complete annihilation of Korean forces (one claims 8,500 deaths, and another, 30,000 heads), while a Korean account claims that the Japanese themselves took significant losses before sacking the city of Busan.

5543:. Sŏ's head fell down by the Nam River, which as it was a great honor for a samurai to take the head of their enemies, led Okamoto to order a search to find Sŏ's head, so that it could be salted and taken back to Japan. The Korean commander, General Kim Cheon-il, committed suicide. 4876:

During the first invasion, Jeolla Province remained the only untouched area on the Korean peninsula. In addition to the successful patrols of the sea by Yi Sun-sin, the activities of volunteer forces pressured the Japanese troops to avoid the province in favour of other priorities.

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destroy the Koreans and therefore ordered the Japanese soldiers to simply advance upon the steep slopes of Haengju with little planning at about 6 am. Gwon Yul responded to the Japanese advance with fierce fire from the fortification using hwachas, rocks, handguns, and bows. The

4756:

received local intelligence that a large Japanese fleet was nearby. After surviving a storm, the Korean fleet had anchored off Dangpo, where a local man appeared on the beach with the news that the Japanese fleet had just entered the narrow strait of Gyeonnaeryang that divided

4590:, 15 small warships, and 46 boats (i.e. fishing boats), and arrived at the waters of Gyeongsang Province by sunset. The Japanese had been sailing up and down the Korean coast, looting and burning all of the seaside villages, and did not expect opposition from the Korean navy. 2219:), as the center for the mobilization of the invasion forces. In 1592, Hideyoshi sent a letter to the Philippines demanding tribute from the Spanish governor general and stating that Japan had already received tribute from Korea (which was a misunderstanding) and the Ryukyus. 2139:

had acknowledged the emperor of China as his overlord in return for access to the huge Chinese market. Japan's right to pay tribute and, with it, the right to trade with China was ended in the 1540s by the Ming court in response to raids by Sino-Japanese pirates known as the

1929:

With Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in September 1598, limited progress on land, and continued disruption of supply lines along the western and southern coasts by the Joseon navy, the remaining Japanese forces in Korea were ordered to withdraw back to Japan by the new governing

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were stationed. Kuroda's forces charged the enemies and was soon joined by the rest of the army, bringing Japanese forces to 30,000. Although heavily outnumbering the Ming, the Japanese were unable to do much damage due to the Ming's superior armor. According to Kuroda and

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lacked the necessary Minamoto descent, but since it was very common in 16th-century Japan for genealogists to "discover" that someone had illustrious ancestry for the right price, that suggests that Hideyoshi was planning on creating a new office for himself to replace the

7222:

This refers to a record of the number of noses collected, as samurai during the Korean campaign were paid according to how many noses they collected in contrast to the more traditional practice of collecting heads, which were impractical to transport back to the Japanese

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to reclaim their country, along with the militarily inexperienced nature of many of their administrators, resulted in their continual requests to the Ming forces to advance despite the situation. These events created an increasing level of distrust between the two sides.

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gentleman-scholar. The quality of Korean generalship was very variable, with some Korean officers being able and others being men who had not devoted much time to the study of war, preferring archery, writing, practicing their calligraphy, and reading Confucian classics.

2563:, and where Katō demonstrated his skills with a cross-bladed spear with great effect by cutting so many men, whose severed and salted heads were thereafter tied to a stalk of green bamboo and carried by one of Katō's attendants into battle. Katō was a devoted follower of 6394:

According to Korean records, the Ming forces ran into the vanguard forces under Kuroda Nagamasa around the area of Jiksan. On the first day, they beat back a small scouting party. On the second day, the two forces clashed in earnest, with the Japanese being beaten back.

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Japanese troops, which were beyond their range, and General Sin's two charges failed to break the Japanese lines. General Sin then killed himself in the river, and the Koreans that tried to escape by the river either drowned or were decapitated by the pursuing Japanese.

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At Ulsan, Kato Kiyomasa defended the castle with 10,000 Japanese soldiers. In September 1598, 29,500 Ming and Joseon troops tried again to capture Ulsan Castle, but all their attempts were repulsed by the Japanese. The Ming and Joseon forces withdrew with heavy losses.

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Japanese spy. Yi refused to obey these orders, knowing that this was an obvious trap meant to have his own fleet sail into an ambush. This development allowed others within the court to further advance their personal agendas while Yi was severely punished. Ultimately,

4645:

The red-black Japanese armour, iron helmets, horse manes, gold crowns, gold fleece, gold armour, feather dress, feather brooms, shell trumpets, and many other curious things, in strange shapes with rich ornaments strike onlookers with awe, like weird ghosts or strange

3286:

arquebus at long range and in concentrated volleys negated any possibility of effective cavalry tactics. The Korean cavalrymen's primary weapons were bows, with swords and lances holding only subsidiary positions. Most cavalry action for the Koreans took place in the

2998:

carried by Japanese soldiers proved to be particularly effective during land engagements and sieges. This strategic difference in weapons development and implementation contributed to the trend during the war of Japanese dominance on land and Korean dominance at sea.

2019:) was conferred the title of "King of Japan" by the Chinese emperor and through this title had similarly accepted a position in the imperial tributary system as of 1404. This relationship ended in 1408 when Japan, unlike Korea, chose to end its recognition of China's 2509:

armed with arquebuses were trained to fight in the European style, with the men trained to fire their guns in formation to create a volley of fire, then to go down on their knees to reload, while the men behind them fired, and the cycle repeated over and over again.

4345:. A total of 10,000 Korean troops guarded the city against the 30,000 advancing Japanese. They were led by various commanders, including the Generals Yi Il and Gim Myeong-won, and their defense preparations had assured that no boats were available for Japanese use. 5179:

By then, it had become clear that this was a situation much more serious than something that could be handled by local forces. Thus, the Ming Emperor mobilized and dispatched a larger force in January 1593 under the general Li Rusong and Imperial Superintendent

6547:

After the siege at Ulsan, the two sides remained in a stalemate for the next several months. Xing Jie decided that they would require further reinforcements to launch a final large offensive to permanently remove the Japanese presence on the Korean Peninsula.

2829:

that the Joseon army wore solid leather armor and European-style steel caps, some of which wore cast iron or iron armor. Records of distributing or inspecting the armor of Joseon soldiers during the war can be found in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and the

12959:"都城宮省火。車駕將出, 都中有姦民, 先入內帑庫, 爭取寶物者。已而駕出, 亂民大起, 先焚掌隷院、刑曹, 以二局公、私奴婢文籍所在也。遂大掠宮省、倉庫, 仍放火滅迹。景福、昌德、昌慶三宮, 一時俱燼。昌慶宮卽順懷世子嬪欑宮所在也。歷代寶玩及文武樓、弘文館所藏書籍、春秋館各朝《實錄》、他庫所藏前朝史草、【修《高麗史》時所草。】《承政院日記》, 皆燒盡無遺。內外倉庫、各署所藏, 竝被盜先焚。臨海君家、兵曹判書洪汝諄家亦被焚, 以二家常時號多畜財故也。留都大將斬數人以警衆, 亂民屯聚, 不能禁。" 5546:

As usual, the Japanese took no prisoners, killing almost everyone, both military and civilian, and the Nam River ran red with blood as thousands attempted to swim across it, only to be cut down by the samurai waiting on the other side. The chronicler of the

5539:. One Korean, General Sŏ Yewon, engaged in a lengthy single combat with a samurai named Okamoto Gonjo, which ended when the wounded General Sŏ lost his breath and fell down by a tree, and Okamoto took the chance to sever his head with a single blow from his 5011:

devils" who were "as virulent as snakes or fierce animals" whose brutality justified abandoning the pacifism of Buddhism to protect the weak and innocent. Hyujeong ended his appeal with a call for monks who were able-bodied to "put on the armor of mercy of

4193:

The Second Division, led by Katō Kiyomasa, arrived at Chungju, with the Third Division camped not far behind. There, Katō expressed his anger against Konishi Yukinaga for not waiting at Busan as planned, and attempting to take all of the glory for himself;

5596:

By May 18, 1594, all the Japanese soldiers had retreated to the area around Busan and many began to make their way back to Japan. The Ming government withdrew most of its expeditionary force, but kept 16,000 men on the Korean peninsula to guard the truce.

5046:, which caused "the robbers", as Korean accounts always called the Japanese, to go examine it. The object turned out to be a bomb that killed 30 Japanese. Fearing his garrison was now under-strength, the Japanese commander ordered a retreat to the coastal 2086:

necessary for the imperial shōgun commission, he sought military power to legitimize his rule and to decrease his dependence on the imperial family. It is also suggested that Hideyoshi planned an invasion of China to fulfill the dreams of his late lord,

5256:. How can we not be victorious?" The city of Pyongyang was one of the most powerful fortresses in Korea, and to take it, Li's plans called for surrounding the city on all four sides, starting a fierce bombardment under which his infantry would advance. 2181:, who was also King Philip I of Portugal, asking that he make his navy available to help Japan (Ming China, Spain, and Portugal were the main naval powers of the time). However, Philip refused Hideyoshi, preferring not to upset China. The defeat of the 6688:

Strategically, the Japanese attained their objective by allowing Konishi Yukinaga, who was earlier blockaded by the Ming and Korean forces, to leave his fortress on December 16 with his men and withdraw unopposed by sailing through the southern end of

4892:, situated by the Nam River in Gyeongsang Province. In Korea, Gwak is remembered as an enigmatic, romantic hero. As the Korean regulars abandoned the town and an attack seemed imminent, Gwak organized 50 townsmen. However, the Third Division went from 12610:朝鮮再用師，詔一元隸總督邢玠麾下，參贊軍事。尋代李如梅為禦倭總兵官。時兵分四路。一元由中路，禦石曼子於泗州，先拔晉州，下望晉，乘勝濟江，連毀永春、昆陽二寨。賊退保泗州老營，攻下之，遊擊盧得功陣歿。前逼新寨。寨三面臨江，一面通陸，引海為濠，海艘泊寨下千計，築金海、固城為左右翼。一元分馬步夾攻。步兵遊擊彭信古用大棓擊寨，碎其數處。眾軍進逼賊濠，毀其柵。忽營中炮裂，煙焰漲天。賊乘勢沖擊，固城援賊亦至。騎兵諸將先奔，一元亦還晉州。事聞，詔斬遊擊馬呈文、郝三聘，落信古等職，充為事官；一元亦奪宮保，貶秩三等。 5357:

Overconfident with his recent success and possibly misled by false reports, Li Rusong advanced towards the capital city of Hanseong with his allied army of 20,000 on January 21, 1593. On January 26, the force ran into an unexpected confrontation at

7822:, p. 140 "A series of victories quickly followed, culminating in the destruction of a Japanese fleet carrying reinforcements ... Yi burned or sank more than 120 warships and destroyed most of a convoy carrying 100,000 Japanese soldiers." 2301:(a matchlock firearm) into production and use, but the Korean court failed to appreciate its merits. This lack of interest and underestimation of the power of the arquebus greatly contributed to the failures of the Korean army early in the war. 12692:; "According to Chen Lin, Our army captured 100 enemy ships, destroyed 200 ships, beheaded 500 enemy soldiers, and caught 180-plus soldiers alive. The number of drowned enemy soldiers is unknown, because they have not all sunk.)"". 5079:, one of the better generals in Korea, commanding a Korean garrison of 3,000 men. Gim had recently acquired about 170 new arquebuses that were equal in strength to the Japanese guns. As customary, the Japanese began to collect heads, with the 3077:

on Kyushu, newly built for the sole purpose of housing the invasion forces and the reserves. None of the original structures remain, but the castle's ruined foundations survive in the formerly separate town of Chinzei, now part of the city of

12556:; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, the president came to help, but all nine generals were defeated. The thieves raised their flags on the river, and Hao was so frightened that he withdrew his troops hastily." 4946:, to be taken with the aid of Kobayakawa Takakage. However, the entire Jeolla campaign was then abandoned when Kim Myeon and his guerillas successfully ambushed Ankokuji's troops by firing arrows from hidden positions within the mountains. 2690:

came exclusively from the aristocracy, but unlike the high militarist Japanese aristocracy trained to be soldiers from their youth onward, for the Joseon aristocracy, scholarship was valued and war was disparaged as something unworthy of a

6297:

the fortress with ladders and siege towers. The two sides exchanged volleys with arquebuses and bows. Eventually, the Japanese forces scaled the walls and sacked the fortress. According to Japanese commander Okochi Hidemoto, author of the

6736:

In the continuation of the diplomatic talks toward peaceful relations, Joseon in 1606 expanded its conditions and demanded that the shogun write a formal letter requesting peace, and to extradite the Japanese soldiers who had defiled the

4094:

mountain fortress (captured on the night of the Siege of Dongnae, when its defenders fled after the Japanese scouting parties fired their arquebuses), and captured Miryang castle on the afternoon of May 26. The First Division secured the

11119: The number of Japanese pirates who were killed by arrows and dragged into the cave was innumerable, but they could not cut off their heads because they were in a hurry to destroy the ship (September 17, 20th year of Manrye (1592)) 6597:. Kato Kiyomasa remained in command of the defenses of Ulsan while Konishi Yukinaga himself commanded the defenses at Suncheon. The forces at Sacheon and Ulsan continued to be engaged in a military deadlock in the months that followed. 12008:; "Hearing that the Japanese general Ping Xiujia had occupied Longshan Cang and accumulated hundreds of thousands of grains, he secretly ordered Dashou to lead his dead soldiers to burn them. The Japanese were short of food." 6650:

In the fall of 1598, following the successful Japanese defense at the battles of Sacheon, Ulsan, and Suncheon, the Ming, Joseon, and Japanese forces were locked in a military stalemate in the south of the peninsula. After the death of

2956:, and developed advanced cannon which were used with great efficiency at sea. Even though China was the main source of new military technologies in Asia, Korea was a manufacturing base for both cannon and shipbuilding during this era. 1859:). Japan's ultimate purpose was the invasion of Ming China. However, during the war, as the reality that the conflict was largely confined to the Korean Peninsula seeped in, Toyotomi Hideyoshi would soon alter his original objectives. 6518:

The effort of the Japanese garrison (about 7,000 men) of Ulsan was largely dedicated to its fortification in preparation for the expected attack. Katō Kiyomasa assigned command and defense of the base to Katō Yasumasa, Kuki Hirotaka,

5605:

southern provinces of Joseon must be ceded to Japan; third, normal trade relations between China and Japan must be restored; and fourth, a Joseon prince and several high-ranking government officials must be sent to Japan as hostages.

2629:

According to Turnbull, "Chinese field artillery and siege cannon were the finest in the region". Chinese artillery was made from cast iron, and were divided into several types, the most important being the "great general gun" and the

5086:

common among the samurai, so it was a great surprise for the Japanese when they assaulted Jinju to be hit with a barrage of fire as Gim's men dropped heavy stones and bombs while firing their arquebuses, stopping their assault cold.

6833:

that the Ming had defended continued to be maintained by the Qing, and ultimately, the war resulted in a maintenance of the status quo—with the re-establishment of trade and the normalization of relations between all three parties.

6842:). The peninsula suffered a reduction of arable land to 66% of the prewar total, greatly hurting Korea's mainly agricultural economy; in the years that followed, famine, disease, and rebellions were widespread throughout Korea. In 6086:, a Chinese-American philosopher and historian, estimated that the combined strength of the Chinese army and navy at the height of the second campaign was around 75,000. Korean forces totaled approximately 30,000 men, with General 6057:

However, the Japanese found that the Korean army was both better equipped and better prepared to deal with an invasion than several years prior. In addition, upon hearing the news in China, the imperial court in Beijing appointed

5438:

The Battle of Haengju was an important victory for the Koreans, as it greatly improved the morale of the Korean army. The battle is celebrated today as one of the three most decisive Korean victories (the other two being the 1592

4994:. Go returned to his own territory. Having joined forces with General Gwak Yong, Go then led his soldiers to Geumsan. There, on July 10, the volunteer forces fought with a Japanese army retreating to Geumsan after a defeat at the 2571:

were extremely unfriendly, to the extent that the two men almost never met during the campaign in Korea. Katō's battle standard was a white pennant which carried a message alleged to have been written by Nichiren himself reading

5365:

Initially, the scouting party of the group under Cha Da Sho and a Korean general confronted a small band of Japanese numbering no more than 600 men. The party overran them successfully but soon ran into a much larger host under

2418:

Overall, 158,800 soldiers, laborers, and transport troops (of whom a quarter had firearms) were prepared to take part in the invasion, with roughly a third of the force being armed fighting units (samurai, their attendants, and

3246:

was really because the Japanese had the use of muskets that could reach beyond several hundred paces, that always pierced what they struck, that came like the wind and the hail, and with which bows and arrows could not compare.

14337:

Lewis, James B. (2004). "The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598. By Sôngnyong Yu. Translated by Choi Byonghyon. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies".

3060:

and for everyone to evacuate to one, with those who failed to do so being assumed to be collaborators with the enemy; however, the policy never held any great effect because the fortresses were out of reach for most refugees.

6038:

launched the second invasion of Korea. One of the main strategic differences between the first and second invasions was that conquering China was no longer an explicit goal for the Japanese. Failing to gain a foothold during

5311:

of the Third Division, had been abandoned and burned down by him, before Konishi's force reached it, adding to the misery of the retreat. Otomo ruined his reputation by retreating without being attacked, and as a result, the

5373:

Upon hearing of his scouting party's plight, Li decided to rush forward with the rest of his small host. He met up with his scouting party around noon, but by that time even more Japanese forces were converging on the area.

5430:

wrote: "Gwon Yul ordered his soldiers to gather the dead bodies of the enemy and vent their anger by tearing them apart and hanging them on the branches of the trees". Facing unexpected resistance and mounting casualties,

4623:

arrows and arquebuses, but the Koreans kept a good distance from them, rendering the Japanese fire ineffective. A teenage Korean girl, taken by the Japanese to be used as a sex slave on board one of their ships, recalled:

6802:(partially by geographic convenience) contributed the majority of the forces used during the Korean conflict, it left the pro-Hideyoshi alliance weakened for the eventual struggle with the mostly eastern-backed forces of 5119:

Unable to repel the Japanese invasion, Korea ultimately had to rely on the intervention of Ming China to halt the Japanese advance, despite the various logistical and organizational difficulties suffered by the Japanese.

7896:, p. 180 "A prolonged and bizarre period of peace talks then followed, with both the Chinese and Japanese negotiators deceiving their respective governments even as the Koreans were largely kept out of the process." 4264:. The Japanese sent a message to the Koreans on the other bank requesting them to open the way to China, but the Koreans rejected this. Afterwards, the Japanese commanders withdrew their main forces to the safety of the 1714:

quickly succeeded in occupying large portions of the Korean Peninsula, but the contribution of reinforcements by the Ming, as well as the disruption of Japanese supply fleets along the western and southern coasts by the

3341:

ship design prohibited using more than a few per vessel, and vessels usually lacked the firepower or range of their Korean counterparts. In order to bolster their fleet, the Japanese considered employing two Portuguese

4677:

by fighting ferociously, but the superior firepower and armor of the turtle ships more than compensated. Admiral Yi commanded from his deck, and was badly wounded when a Japanese sniper put a bullet into his shoulder.

1739:

With Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death in 1598, limited progress on land, and continued disruption of supply lines by the Joseon Navy, the Japanese forces in Korea were ordered to withdraw back to Japan by the new governing

7053:

Despite great interest in the war in East Asia, the Japanese invasions of Korea are not widely studied in the West. Many history textbooks publish only a few lines of mention regarding the war. With the exception of

6515:, that they still controlled. The advancing Ming forces attempted to take advantage of this situation by attacking Ulsan. This siege was the first major offensive from the Ming forces in the second phase of the war. 6436:, where he found the majority of his navy destroyed. Yi re-organized the navy, now reduced to the thirteen ships that Bae Seol had held back from Chilcheollyang and approximately 200 men. On October 26, 1597, in the 6410:

Kuroda launched another attack at night, this time in a pronged sweeping crane formation that sought to crush the enemies between them. The attack failed and turned into a rout that was joined by 2,000 Ming cavalry.

3157:

in 1543, the arquebus had become widely used in Japan. While both Korea and China had also been introduced to firearms similar to the Portuguese arquebus, most were older models. The Korean soldiers' small arms were

4666:

On July 8, 1592, the fleet arrived at the Bay of Sacheon, where the outgoing tide prevented the Korean fleet from entering. Therefore, Yi Sun-sin ordered the fleet to feign withdrawal, which the Japanese commander,

4632:

The Koreans spotted five more Japanese vessels that night, and destroyed four. After one day's fighting, Yi Sun-sin's fleet had destroyed 26 Japanese ships. The next day, the Koreans approached 13 Japanese ships at

6523:, and others before proceeding to Sosaengpo near Ulsan. The Ming army's first assault on January 29, 1598, caught the Japanese army unaware and still encamped, for the large part, outside Ulsan's unfinished walls. 1111: 4826:), it is recorded that the Korean navy failed to defeat the Japanese at Busan. However, in other primary historical sources, such as the official Joseon compendium (李忠武公全書) written by Joseon bureaucrats, and the 2868:, a warship that was not much different in appearance from the standard Japanese warships except for the fact that Korean ships were larger and carried heavy cannons while the Japanese ships did not. The famous " 4125:

near the beginning of the strategically important Choryong Pass to gather troops, but he had to travel further south to meet the troops assembled at the city of Daegu. There, General Yi moved all troops back to

3290:

at the beginning of the war, where they were outnumbered and wiped out by Japanese infantry. Although the Japanese divisions also fielded cavalry, they usually dismounted when engaged in action, acting more as

2157:

Hideyoshi planned for a possible war with Korea long before he had completed the unification of Japan. He made preparations on many fronts. As early as 1578, Hideyoshi, then fighting under Oda Nobunaga against

2023:

and cancel any further tribute missions. Membership in the tributary system was a prerequisite for any economic exchange with China. In exiting the system, Japan relinquished its trade relationship with China.

4864:) to resist the Japanese invasion. These fighting bands were raised throughout the country, and participated in battles, guerilla raids, sieges, and the transportation and construction of wartime necessities. 7012:

also served as an inspiration for Imperial Japanese admirals during the 19th and 20th centuries, as they often stressed the importance of studying and utilizing his battle tactics to further strengthen their

4609:

The next day, the Jeolla Province fleet sailed to the arranged location where Won Gyun was supposed to meet them, and met Yi Sun-sin on July 23. The augmented flotilla of 91 ships then began circumnavigating

6988:

military threat was neutralized, Turnbull states that the Joseon desire for the Ming armies to quickly withdraw from Korean territory was a contributing factor to the pace of the eventual peace resolution.

6225:

The Korean navy was again to play a crucial part in the second invasion, as in the first, by hampering Japanese advances on land by harassing supply fleets at sea. However, despite his previous successes,

5534:

flag into the breach to claim that honor for himself. The Korean garrison was out of ammunition and were short of swords, so many Koreans fought with wooden sticks against the onrush of samurai armed with

5252:. Li admitted that the Japanese infantry were better equipped with guns, but assured his officers: "Japanese weapons have a range of a few hundred paces, while my great cannon have a range of five to six 4281:

With the Kaesong castle having been sacked shortly after General Gim Myeong-won retreated to Pyongyang, the Japanese troops divided their objectives: the First Division would pursue the Korean king in

4074:'s Third Division, west of Nakdong River, on May 28. The Second Division took the abandoned city of Tongdo on May 28, and captured Gyeongju on May 30. The Third Division, upon landing, captured nearby 2066:). Both had competing internal political factions, which would influence decisions made prior to and during the war. Because of close trade and common enemies, Joseon and Ming had a friendly alliance. 1891:, and completing the occupation of large portions of the Korean Peninsula in three months. The Japanese forces, well-trained, confident, and experienced after the numerous battles and conflicts of the 6253:

replaced Yi Sun-sin as head of the Korean navy, he was quick to take action and justify his newly acquired position. He gathered the entire Korean fleet, which now had more than 100 ships, outside of

5154:

obligated to come to the assistance of Korea because Korea was a tributary state of China, and the Ming dynasty did not tolerate the possibility of a Japanese invasion of China. The local governor at

7101: 6701:, and other Japanese generals of the Left Army, congregated in Busan and withdrew to Japan on December 21. The last ships damaged sailed to Japan on December 24, bringing an end to six years of war. 1736:

the peninsula. However, the pursuing Ming and Joseon forces were unable to dislodge the Japanese from these positions, where both sides again became locked in a ten-month-long military stalemate.

13403: 12672:; "His boat accidentally threw a firearm into Zilong's boat, which caught fire. Thieves took advantage of it, and Zilong died in the battle. Shun Chen went to rescue him but also died." 6539:

a rumor that 20000 soldiers died in the Second Army）The disaster was a heavy setback for Joseon, who would not be in a position to move on the Japanese position again for more than eight months.

5378:

gave up further attacks and both sides pulled back. Because the Ming suffered heavy casualties among their elite retinues, Li became reluctant to move aggressively for the remainder of the war.

4982:

in Jeolla Province formed a volunteer force of 6,000 men. Go then tried to combine his forces with another militia in Chungcheong Province, but upon crossing the provincial border he heard that

3241:, claims that the Japanese arquebusiers had undeniable superiority over long distances, which (along with low discipline and combat experience of the Korean army) was the main cause of defeats: 2787:

and armed with a round shield and sword. They responded to nomadic raids with shields and knives in mountain warfare, and in the plains, they built a shield wall to deter the cavalry's attacks.

2425:

conscripts), while the other two thirds filled a support ion (doctors, priests, secretaries, boatmen, and labourers). The following table shows the forces of Gotō Sumiharu, who held the fief of

2039:. Ming China, on the other hand, had close trading and diplomatic relations with the Joseon, which remained integrated in the imperial tributary system, but also received tribute and trade from 6407:, their firearms could not penetrate the iron shields used by Chinese soldiers, and their armor was at least partially bulletproof. The battle continued until dusk when the two sides withdrew. 6341:

Upon the start of the second invasion, the Ming Emperor was furious about the entire debacle of the peace talks and turned his wrath on many of its chief supporters; particularly Shi Xing, the

11952:, p. 63 "The despondent Chinese general Li Rusong resolved to return to the fray when he heard of the triumph at Haengju, and Chinese troops began to move south towards Seoul once again." 6043:'s Chinese campaign, and the near complete withdrawal of the Japanese forces during the first invasion, had established that the Korean peninsula was the more prudent and realistic objective. 3470:

One of the most important changes was that both upper-class citizens and slaves were subject to the draft. All males had to enter military service to be trained and familiarized with weapons.

6375:

After the steady advances on land, the Japanese planned to assault Hanseong by late August or early September 1597. However, the plans were foiled by a Ming defense around Jiksan (modern-day

1922:. The war continued in this manner for five years, and was followed by a brief interlude between 1596 and 1597 during which Japan and the Ming engaged in ultimately unsuccessful peace talks. 13994:

Noon-eu-ro Bo-nen Han-gook-yauk-sa 5: Gor-yeo Si-dae (눈으로 보는 한국역사 5: 고려시대), Park Doo-ui, Bae Keum-ram, Yi Sang-mi, Kim Ho-hyun, Kim Pyung-sook, et al., Joog-ang Gyo-yook-yaun-goo-won. Seoul.

3348:

In addition to a lack of effective naval armament, most Japanese ships were modified merchant vessels more suited for transportation of troops and equipment than fielding artillery weapons.

13608: 3252:

fortifications and fire their bullets so that the people inside the fortifications cannot conceal themselves. In the end the fortifications are taken. One cannot blame for their situation.

2535:, chosen as commander of the invasion force more because of his diplomatic skills than military skills, as Toyotomi Hideyoshi did not expect the Koreans to resist. Konishi had converted to 1104: 7020:

In China, the war was used politically to inspire nationalistic resistance against Japanese imperialism during the 20th century. In Chinese academia, historians list the war as one of the

2880:, was to become the commander of the Korean navy and was described by Turnbull as "Korea's greatest hero" and "one of the outstanding naval commanders in the entire history of the world". 7096: 5192:. Li wanted a winter campaign as the frozen ground would allow his artillery train to move more easily than it would under the roads turned into mud by the fall rains. On 5 January 1593, 2615:. The Ming army was capable of considerable feats of organization, for example bringing 400 artillery guns across 480 km of harsh landscape to provide firepower against the Mongols. 2390:, a spear meant to stab, often with a cross-blade that allowed a samurai to pull his opponent from his horse. If samurai wished to cut his opponent rather than stab, the weapons were the 6444:

to resupply his fleet and have more space for a mobile defense. After the Korean navy withdrew, the Japanese navy made an incursion into the western coast of Korea, near some islands in

2437:. Family records show he led a force of 705, with 27 horses, 220 of which were fighting men, while 485 filled a support role. The breakdown of the fighting contingent was the following: 6932:

The captives brought to Japan, including scholars, craftsmen, medicine makers, and gold smelters, provided Japan with many cultural and technological gains. In the years that followed,

2115:. Hideyoshi was also tempted by an external conflict to prevent internal rebellion within Japan, which would keep his newly formed state united against a common enemy, and prevent the 6642:

along with 13,700 Japanese soldiers. A total of 43,000 Ming and Joseon troops tried to capture it, but their attempts were repulsed after three failed assaults, suffering 800 losses.

6271:

under his command and out of the battle, instead escaping to the southwestern Korean coast. These would form the entire fighting force of the Korean navy during the following months.

3435:

turrets for cannons. Besides castles, Ryu wanted to form a line of defenses in Korea. In this kind of defense, the enemy would have to scale many walls in order to reach the capital,

4873:(aristocrats) and commoners, and Buddhist monks. By the summer of 1592, there were about 22,200 Korean guerrillas serving the Righteous Army, who tied up much of the Japanese force. 4349:

of the Korean troops then retreated back to Pyongyang, and the Japanese troops gave up their pursuit of the Koreans to observe the manner in which the Koreans had crossed the river.

6050:

in 1596. Soon after the Chinese ambassadors had safely returned to China in 1597, Hideyoshi sent approximately 200 ships with an estimated 141,100 men under the overall command of

5482:

The Ming forces had their own set of problems. Soon after arriving in Korea, the Ming officials began to note the inadequate logistical supply from the Korean court. The records by

4769:

flagship. When the news of the defeat at the Battle of Hansan Island reached Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he ordered that the Japanese invasion forces to cease all further naval operations.

4509:. After the tour, the Japanese continued their previous efforts to bureaucratize and administer the province, and allowed several garrisons to be handled by the Koreans themselves. 4505:, and finally arrived at Sosupo on the estuary of the Tumen River. There the Japanese rested on the beach, and watched a nearby volcanic island on the horizon that they mistook as 4214:

no boats with which to cross. The First Division found the castle undefended with its gates tightly locked, as King Seonjo had fled the day before. The Japanese broke into a small

2656:

who proved pivotal in defeating Japan and defending Korea. After helping win the war, Chen was celebrated as a hero in Korea and China. Chen subsequently became the founder of the

3990:, misidentified the fleet as trading vessels on a mission. A later report of the arrival of an additional 100 Japanese vessels raised his suspicions, but he did nothing about it. 1097: 6304:

When the gates were opened, many Koreans simply laid down on their knees, knowing the samurai would behead them, while others tried to flee north, where the samurai commanded by

7260:, p. 108 "Thus the Korea–Japan War of 1592–1598 came to a conclusion, with the Japanese totally defeated and in full-scale retreat. The Korean victory did not come easily." 6886:

elite, which was exempt from household taxes, exploited the occasion to increase its landholdings, thereby further depriving the central government of taxes raised on property.

3105:

Ming troops never numbered more than 60,000 troops in Korea at any point of the war. Over the course of the war, the Ming sent in total 166,700 troops, and also sent 17 million

2107:, and Korea) and treating the larger or more distant countries as trading partners, because throughout the invasion of Korea, Hideyoshi sought for legal tally trade with China. 7394:"A critique of Samuel Hawley's the Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China – Part 2: The second invasion | Great Ming Military" 6260:

After one day at sea, Won Gyun was informed of a large Japanese fleet near Busan. He decided to attack immediately, despite reports of exhaustion among the crews of his ships.

3052:("mountain fortress"), which consisted of a stone wall that continued around a mountain in a serpentine fashion. These walls were poorly designed with little use of towers and 6391:, sent out General Jie Sheng and three other generals with an elite cavalry force to confront the Japanese forces. The Battle of Jiksan halted the Japanese northward advance. 4641:

without the loss of a single ship. In his report to King Seonjo about his victory, Admiral Yi Sun-sin found the samurai helmets of the Japanese to be rather strange, writing:

4055:

to protect his loyal tributaries in Korea by sending an army to drive out the Japanese. The Chinese assured the Koreans that an army would be sent, but they were engaged in a

4923:, was in charge of conquering Jeolla Province. The Sixth Division marched to Seongju through the established Japanese route (i.e. the Third Division, above), and cut left to 4210:

to attack their eastern flank. However, the division of the Japanese forces also meant that Konishi would have to take on the Chinese alone when their army arrived in Korea.

2821:

It is often misunderstood that they are not wearing Korean military armor due to the influence of paintings or media made after the war, but this is not true. As an example,

6361:

of Korea; Xing Jie himself was also stationed in Korea for the remainder of the war. The Ming leadership quickly pulled in many units stationed near its border with Korea.

4233:

were burnt to deprive the Japanese troops of materials with which to make their crossing, and General Gim Myeong-won deployed 12,000 troops at five points along the river.

4225:

Parts of Hanseong had already been looted and torched, including bureaus holding the slave records and weapons, and they were already abandoned by its inhabitants. General

6145: 3388: 4436:

The rest of the division, 10,000 men, continued north, and fought a battle on August 23 against the southern and northern Hamgyong armies under the command of Yi Yong at

2406:, a sword described by the British military historian Stephen Turnbull as "...the finest edged weapon in the history of warfare". Samurai never carried shields, with the 6289:

After the disaster at Chilcheollyang, the allied defenses in the south began to quickly break down and the Japanese forces stormed into Jeolla Province. The garrison of

4524:

Even in this situation, Katō was hesitant to send troops or retreat as the tide of battle slowly turned. Eventually, as the situation worsened and the Japanese suffered

9189: 8894:[Weng Yuan, a descendant of Chen Lin, pays homage to his ancestors] (in Simplified Chinese). Jinyang.com-Yangcheng Evening News. 8 December 2002. Archived from 7810:, p. 881 "These victories led the Japanese to send naval reinforcements... The next day, he captured 12 Japanese ships and sank more than 40 others off Hansan-do" 4028:

resisting Japan was, but he instead stimulated Korean resistance, as ordinary Koreans were enraged at an enemy who invaded without provocation and behaved so brutally.

4015:. The disciplined Japanese brought down a rain of bullets that was lethal to anyone not taking cover. On the morning of May 25, 1592, the First Division arrived at the 13936: 6948:

was highly prized in Japan, many Japanese lords established pottery-producing kilns with captured Korean potters in Kyushu and other parts of Japan. The production of

4582:

The Korean navy relied on a network of local fishermen and scouting boats to receive intelligence of the enemy movements. On the dawn of July 21, 1592, Yi Sun-sin and

16581: 3427:

During the period between the first and second invasions, the Korean government had a chance to examine the reasons why they had been easily overrun by the Japanese.

2940:

This defensive stance within an environment of relative peace pushed the Koreans to depend on the strength of their fortresses and warships. With the transmission of

2320:. The letter, redrafted as requested by the ambassadors on the ground that it was too discourteous, invited Korea to submit to Japan and join in a war against China. 7091: 6659:, in late October, issued orders for the withdrawal of all forces from Korea. Hideyoshi's death was kept a secret by the council to preserve the morale of the army. 5608:

Bargaining from such fundamentally different perspectives, there was no prospect whatsoever for success in the talks. Early in 1597, both sides resumed hostilities.

5127:

stated that the Korean naval victory stalled the entire strategy of the invaders by "cutting off one of the arms" with which Japan tried to envelop Korea, isolating

3007:" in 1588 (the confiscation of all weapons from the peasants). Along with the hunt came "The Separation Edict" in 1591, which effectively put an end to all Japanese 17: 5229:

of the Chinese dynasties, offered to directly attack Japan to intervene in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's plans, but Ming did not accept, instead ordering Thailand to attack

4818:) and six Korean soldiers, as well as countless Japanese soldiers, were killed. However, ultimately, the Korean fleet retreated, failing to take over Busan. In the 3227:

The King asked him , "You have already told me about the low accuracy of Japanese muskets. Why, then, are Korean armies having great problem with defeating them?"

7024:

Emperor's "Three Great Punitive Campaigns". Contemporary Chinese historians often use the campaigns as an example of the friendship that China and Korea shared.

2660:

of Korea, and today, his descendants are spread across China and Korea. Chen was given the nickname Guangdong Master for his naval and military accomplishments.

5131:'s army at Pyongyang and securing Chinese waters from the feared Japanese attack, such that "the Celestial Army could come by land to the assistance" of Korea. 2857:, a curved sword commonly used by Joseon soldiers during peacetime that is shorter, but lighter than its Japanese counterpart. A uniquely Korean weapon was the 1914:. Subsequently, the Japanese armies launched a counterattack in an attempt to reoccupy the northern provinces but were repelled by the defending Joseon army at 6838:

advancements pillaged. In many ways the invasions proved to be more devastating than any other event in the nation's history (even, arguably, more so than the

4078:

castle by keeping the defenders under pressure with gunfire while building ramps up to the walls with bundles of crops. By June 3, the Third Division captured

3994:

landed alone on the Busan shore to ask the Koreans for safe passage to China one last time. The Koreans refused as they had previously done, and Sō Yoshitoshi

16564: 10442: 4289:

in the northeastern part of Korea; the Sixth Division would attack Jeolla Province at the southwestern tip of the peninsula; the Fourth Division would secure

12313: 6846:

alone 90% of the land under cultivation was destroyed. Significant losses of historical archives, cultural and scientific artifacts (such as the Ja-gyuk-roo

12498: 10458: 10411: 9015: 4579:

Sun-sin's battles steadily affected the war and put significant strain on the sea lanes along the western Korean Peninsula supporting the Japanese advance.

2834:, but no records have been confirmed that the Joseon army fought without armor. The wrongly known identity of the Joseon Army is a terminal police officer ( 2154:

had staged a series of samurai raids into Korea, some of which were so large as to be "mini-invasions". Hideyoshi mistakenly thought his enemies were weak.

1934:. Final peace negotiations between the parties followed afterwards and continued for several years, ultimately resulting in the normalization of relations. 16993: 7726: 4888:

was a famous leader in the Korean militia movement, the first to form a resistance group against the Japanese invaders. He was a land-owner in the town of

2626:

and the arquebus, while the cavalry were usually mounted archers. Chinese infantry wore conical iron helmets and suits of armor made from leather or iron.

2099:

and soldiers in unified Japan. It is also possible that Hideyoshi might have set a more realistic goal of subjugating the smaller neighbouring states (the

14825: 11772: 11225: 11122: 7907: 6559:

and their navy arriving in May. By September 1598, the Ming presence in Korea had swelled to 75,000 overall, by far the largest at any point in the war.

6345:, who was removed from his position and jailed (he died several years later, in prison). The chief negotiator, Shen Weijing, was executed. Xing Jie, the 11599: 16601: 6908:

Although Korea suffered the most of the three combatants, there were some significant technological and cultural transfers that resulted from the war.

4911:

and the Nam rivers. This strategy prevented Japanese forces from gaining easy access to Jeolla Province where Yi Sun-sin and his fleet were stationed.

9095: 7572:" (For seven years, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed, and millions have been spent. There were no chances of victory in China and Korea.) 2493:

The majority of the Japanese fighting troops sent into Korea were ashigaru (light infantry), who were usually conscripted peasants armed with spears,

16328: 6301:

the Siege of Namwon resulted in 3,726 casualties among the Korean and Chinese forces. The Korean forces and its leaders were almost entirely killed.

5459:, the Ming army took a cautious approach and moved on Hanseong again later in February after the successful Korean defense in the Battle of Haengju. 14115: 6566:'s brother) leading the offensive against Sacheon, Chen Lin commanding the navy, and Liu Ting and Yi Sun-sin coordinating a land-sea effort against 4867:

There were three main types of Korean "righteous army" militias during the war: the surviving and leaderless Korean regular soldiers, the patriotic

4293:

in the mid-eastern part of the peninsula; and the Third, Fifth, Seventh, and Eighth Divisions would stabilize the following provinces respectively:

3040:

The Korean court managed to carry out some reforms, but they remained problematic. For example, the military training center established in 1589 in

16160: 14116:"A Study on the Movements of Kato Kiyomasa in the Early Days of Imjin War ― A crisis in military merits and the possibility of peace negotiations" 4399:, one of the generals in the Fourth Division, arrived at Gangwon Province late, due to the Umekita uprising, and finished the campaign by securing 4395:. There, Mōri Yoshinari established a civil administration, systematized social ranks according to the Japanese model, and conducted land surveys. 70: 9539:, p. 184 "When soldiers are lined up against the enemy ranks, our arrows do not reach the enemy while their musket balls rain down upon us." 4260:

While the First Division rested in Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the Second Division began heading north, only to be delayed for two weeks by the

2223:

friendly relations with China long before he had completed the unification of Japan. He also helped to police the trade routes against the wokou.

1744:. Final peace negotiations between the parties followed, and continued for several years, ultimately resulting in the normalization of relations. 16968: 5071:. The Japanese commanders knew that control of Jinju would mean easy access to the ricebelts of Jeolla Province. Accordingly, a large army under 4341:

along the way. At Chunghwa, the Third Division under Kuroda Nagamasa joined the First, and continued to the city of Pyongyang located behind the

3219:

and various essays, diaries of Korean officials and Korean sword show that musket alone could not ensure victory. By employing both musket and

2272:, reached Korea and secured the promise of a Korean embassy to Japan in exchange for a group of Korean rebels which had taken refuge in Japan. 14688: 11096: 6940:. Advances in other areas such as agriculture were also aided by technology and artisans acquired and captured during the invasions. Japanese 6806:(who himself never sent forces to Korea). Tokugawa would go on to unify Japan and establish himself as shogun in 1603, following the decisive 3174:(large shields), reputed to be musket-proof. The Chinese used a variety of weapons, including the short bow, swords, firearms, early kinds of 16808: 16210: 14062: 3056:

positions (usually seen in European fortifications), and were mostly low in height. It was a wartime policy for these fortresses to serve as

12812: 12796: 4654:

About three weeks after the Battle of Okpo, Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun sailed with a total of 26 ships (23 under Yi Sun-sin) toward the Bay of

3277:, have them bring as many guns as possible, for no other equipment is needed. Give strict orders that all men, even the samurai, carry guns. 15902: 15121:

Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598",

11890:將輕騎趨碧蹄館。距王京三十裏，猝遇倭，圍數重。如松督部下鏖戰。一金甲倭搏如松急，指揮李有聲殊死救，被殺。如柏、寧等奮前夾擊，如梅射金甲倭墜馬，楊元兵亦至，斫重圍入，倭乃退，官軍喪失甚多。會天久雨，騎入稻畦中不得逞。倭背嶽山，面漢水，聯營城中，廣樹飛樓，箭砲不絕，官軍乃退駐開城。 4166: 8889: 7865: 6818:

harsh weather eventually culminated in the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was eventually defeated by a rebel leader named

5038:

Yeonggyu marched separately. On 22 September 1592, Jo Heon, with 700 Righteous Army guerrillas, attacked a Japanese force of 10,000 under

2622:, archers with ordinary arrows, and spearmen, backed up by the cavalry and artillery. The basic weapons for the Chinese infantry were the 17003: 13786: 12780: 7669:, p. 17 "His naval victories were to prove decisive in the Japanese defeat, although Yi was to die during his final battle in 1598." 6677:, was assembled and preparing to link up with the blockaded fleet under Konishi Yukinaga, and together withdraw via Busan back to Japan. 6062:

as the supreme commander of an initial mobilization of 55,000 troops from various (and sometimes remote) provinces across China, such as

5471:, to seriously consider negotiating with the Ming dynasty forces. This got them into a heated debate with other hawkish generals such as 4180:

On June 5, 1592, the First Division of approximately 18,000 men led by Konishi Yukinaga left Sangju and reached an abandoned fortress at

15157:

Swope, Kenneth M. (December 2002), "Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596",

7040:

can be traced as far back as the Japanese invasions in 1592, although the principal cause is rooted in more recent events, particularly

6976:

Korean armies were also known to forcefully acquire food and supplies from civilians, both on an individual and organized level. Korean

6874:(Korean natives of the lowest social rank) took advantage of the lack of internal security brought on by the invasions, and set fire to 5328:'s letters on March 1, 1593, described the battle in full to the Ming court. After their defeat, the Japanese shifted their strategy to 4099:

fortress in the next few days, and destroyed the city of Daegu. By June 3, the First Division crossed the Nakdong River, and stopped at

14631:

Admiral Yi Sun-shin and His Turtleboat Armada: A Comprehensive Account of the Resistance of Korea to the 16th Century Japanese Invasion

7584:, p. 141 "Korean and Chinese forces were able to hold off the Japanese troops and confine the fighting to the southern provinces." 6574: 2699:

At the end of the period of chaos after the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, Joseon was mainly focused on dealing with the looting of the

13790: 9788: 5487:

numerous letters from Song Yingchang and other Ming officers attest, which made resupplying from China itself also a tedious process.

16978: 16973: 16613: 8409: 7311: 5150:

and the Ming court were initially filled with confusion and skepticism as to how their tributary could have been overrun so quickly.

3086:. The first invasion consisted of nine divisions totaling 158,800 men, of which the last two of 21,500 were stationed as reserves on 2607:

army was the largest in Asia, with a total of around 845,000 troops. However, in 1592 the Imperial Army was engaged in wars with the

6257:, to search for the Japanese. Without any previous preparations or planning, Won Gyun then had his entire fleet sail towards Busan. 5475:, and these conflicts would eventually have further implications following the war in Japan when the two sides became rivals in the 4353:

Divisions entered the deserted city of Pyongyang. In the city, they managed to capture 100,000 tons of military supplies and grain.

4177:

in the shape of a "Y". This field, however, was dotted with flooded rice paddies and was generally not suitable for cavalry action.

2963:

for over a century, which had the result of turning the island nation into a very proficient warlike society. When traders from the

15840: 15737: 13940: 13612: 12128: 9661: 6693:, bypassing both the Noryang Strait and the battle, with the cost of betraying his own fellow Japanese generals. Konishi Yukinaga, 6505:, a harbor that had been an important Japanese trading post a century before, and which Katō had chosen as a strategic stronghold. 4901: 2082:, had unified all of Japan in a brief period of peace. Since he came to hold power in the absence of a legitimate successor of the 6912:, which were sometimes collected in the battlefield from dead Japanese soldiers, would inspire some of the basic designs of later 5267:, coming under heavy Japanese arquebus fire, taking hundreds of dead, but they persevered. Later that same day, the Chinese under 16983: 16119: 15983: 15596: 14190: 1985:. Within this tributary system, China assumed the role of a "big brother", with Korea maintaining the highest position among the 15274: 13554: 16759: 16666: 15755: 12158: 8507: 6486:

and pushed the Japanese further south. After the news of the loss at Myeongnyang, Katō Kiyomasa and his retreating army looted

5204:, King Seonjo and the Korean court formally welcomed Li and the other Chinese generals to Korea, where strategy was discussed. 4962:, 42 km (26 mi) south of Hanseong. On June 4, an advance guard of 1,900 men attempted to take the nearby fortress at 4371:, set out eastward from the capital city of Hanseong in July, and captured a series of fortresses along the eastern coast from 1910:. The pursuing Ming and Joseon armies attempted to advance further into the south, but were halted by the Japanese army at the 7681:, p. 140 "Just as a complete Japanese victory appeared imminent, Admiral Yi entered the war and quickly turned the tide." 7639:, p. 134 "(Korean) war minister Yi Hang-bok pointed out that assistance from China was the only way Korea could survive." 5336:. The use of gunpowder technology and street fighting contributed to the victory, which would permanently deter the invasion. 16654: 16502: 16263: 13384: 9193: 2897: 1986: 16704: 16559: 15870: 12822: 12806: 9620: 8216: 7059: 16374: 16268: 14765: 13692: 12790: 6501:, a Buddhist temple. Ming and Joseon forces continued to harass the Japanese forces, who then withdrew further south to 4165:

fortress located above Joryeong pass. Rather than face a siege, Sin Rip decided to fight a battle in the open fields of

16998: 16671: 15461: 15439: 15384: 15359: 15305: 15284: 15257: 15230: 15202: 14984: 14910: 14874: 14840: 14748: 14706: 14677: 14656: 14495: 14405: 14378: 14321: 14242: 14072: 14045: 14009: 13982: 13865: 13837: 13752: 13702: 13591: 13537: 13342: 4795:

On August 16, 1592, Yi Sun-sin led their fleet to the harbor of Angolpo, where 42 Japanese vessels were docked, in the

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during the campaign were a contributing factor to the imbalance of power in Japan after the war. As the western-based

4198:

then proposed a compromise of dividing the Japanese troops into two separate groups to follow two different routes to

4039:, which surrendered without opposition as the Koreans were concentrating their army further north. Having crossed the 3256:

Japanese soldiers also relied on their advantage in ranged combat. One of the Japanese commanders wrote home in 1592:

16203: 16104: 15349: 15331: 14963: 14267: 13958: 13901: 13808: 13733: 13673: 13630: 13516: 13481: 8085: 6738: 6167: 3414: 1903: 11807: 6782:

Contrary to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's intentions, the cost of the Japanese invasions of Korea significantly weakened the

3396: 2618:

The core of the Ming army was the infantry, divided into five sections; those armed with guns, swords, archers with

16839: 15943: 15783: 7037: 6562:

Xing Jie divided his forces into four groups, with Ma Gui leading the offensive against Ulsan yet again, Li Rumei (

6432:

After the debacle in Chilcheollyang, King Seonjo immediately reinstated Yi Sun-sin. Yi Sun-sin quickly returned to

4730:

In response to the Korean navy's success, Toyotomi Hideyoshi recalled three commanders from land-based activities:

2567:, a type of Buddhism closely associated with militarism and ultra-nationalism in Japan, and his relations with the 12001: 11885: 11853: 11833: 7606: 4637:. In the same manner as the previous success at Okpo, the Korean fleet destroyed 11 Japanese ships—completing the 16394: 6851: 16303: 7393: 6673:

The Battle of Noryang was the final naval battle in the war. A Japanese fleet of approximately 500 ships, under

6573:

Just before they set out, however, news came that Li Rusong was killed by Mongolian tribesmen back in Liaodong.

2551:("the young tiger") and to the Koreans as the "devil general", on account of his ferocity. Katō was one of the " 16963: 16354: 15894: 15845: 15551: 11420: 11390: 11256: 10486: 9751: 9080: 9050: 8976: 8946: 8479: 6149: 4538: 3392: 3070: 2200: 2189:

in 1590 finally brought about the second unification of Japan, and Hideyoshi began preparing for the next war.

1558: 1438: 1373: 14854: 14438: 7916: 5421:

took much time to load, but were capable of bringing down deadly fire. Gwon had trained his men to fire their

16886: 16608: 15975: 15811: 15394: 8430: 4290: 3003:

threat, there was a new sense of unity among the different political factions in Japan, as indicated by the "

2050:

Ming China and Joseon Korea shared much in common. Both emerged during the 14th century after the end of the

1387: 7058:(2002) by Turnbull, no other complete academic studies on the subject exist in English. Although true, both 5530:, was about to be the first samurai to enter Jinju when Iida Kakbei, a retainer of Kato Kiyomasa, threw the 16866: 16644: 16512: 16482: 16196: 15830: 6826:, a former Ming general, the Manchus defeated Li and established its rule over China in 1644. However, the 5575: 4819: 4255: 2994:

Korean cannon were not adapted for effective use on land, and firearms were of a less advanced design. The

2991:

and tactics to make best use of the new weapon, thus giving them a great advantage over the Korean armies.

2937:, who raided along the northern borders, and the wokou, who pillaged the coastal villages and trade ships. 2123: 1190: 958: 940: 13719: 13037: 12873: 12425:靈光避亂儒生李洪鍾等船隻, 忠淸營前浦到泊, 問水路賊勢, 則洪鍾言內, 在海中時, 連遇上來鮑作人, 詳問下道賊勢, 則賊船或三四隻, 或八九隻, 入靈光以下諸島, 殺擄極慘, 靈光地有避亂船七隻, 無遺陷沒。 6193:

in 1593, while a Japanese victory, was only undertaken for symbolic purposes). Two Japanese armies, under

4697:

and sails with fire arrows. Furious flames burst out and the enemy commander fell dead from an arrow hit".

2574: 16988: 16876: 16861: 16596: 16228: 15958: 14232: 14132:] (in Korean and English) (77). Sungkyunkwan University Daedong Culture Research Institute: 223–268. 12652:; "Lin sent Zilong and the Korean commander Yi Sun-sin to supervise thousands of naval troops." 8220: 6497:

The Japanese forces sacked the city and many artifacts and temples were destroyed, most prominently, the

4907:

Gwak Jae-u deployed his troops in guerilla warfare under the cover of the tall reeds on the union of the

4555:

into Jurchen territory, and use the waters west of the Korean peninsula to supply the invasion. However,

2552: 640: 15749: 12529: 4787:, with his fleet, joined Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun, and participated in a search for enemy vessels around 3109:

worth of silver and supplies to Korea (equivalent to about half a year of revenue for the Ming Empire).

16687: 16409: 16308: 15860: 15743: 11112:壬辰狀草 화살을 맞아 죽은 왜적으로서 토굴속에 끌고 들어간 놈은 그 수를 헤아릴 수 없었으나, 배를 깨뜨리는 것이 급하여 머리를 벨 수는 없었습니다(만력 20년(1592) 9월 17일) 11101:[Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Report announcing the 4th Busanpo victory, September 17, 1592] (in Korean) 9118: 8246: 4688:

After his victory, Yi Sun-sin spent the next days searching for more Japanese ships, which he found at

4443:

The Koreans who fled gave alarm to the other garrisons, allowing the Japanese troops to easily capture

2365: 1951: 1711: 1235: 900: 218: 16445: 6530:

and hwachas nearly succeeded in sacking the fortress, but reinforcements under the overall command of

2177:

of his wish to conquer all of East Asia. Hideyoshi asked Coelho to send a message to his master, King

16856: 16692: 16618: 16389: 16379: 7111: 7005: 6830: 6471: 5242: 5226: 3192: 2893: 2889: 1270: 1215: 15591: 6387:

generals and ordered them to make a stand. Thus the Chief Commander of the Ming forces at the time,

3209:

were inserted. Although the Chinese had their own rocket arrows, the Chinese opted for hand-carried

16919: 16798: 16697: 16384: 16298: 16170: 16165: 15933: 6610: 6264: 6244: 5271:

joined the attack, and with a real danger that Konishi would be cut off from the rest of his army,

5029:

proved to be an active guerrilla leader and together with the Righteous Army of 1,100 commanded by

4900:. When Gwak used abandoned government stores to supply his army, the Gyeongsang Province Governor, 4689: 3456: 3377: 2568: 1622: 1332: 1302: 1185: 16881: 14793: 14145:

Kim, Yung-sik (1998), "Problems and Possibilities in the Study of the History of Korean Science",

8247:"Why Are Koreans So Against Japanese?: A Brief History Lesson Helps Foreign Investors Do Business" 4628:

the bottom of the boat for longs hours, so I did not know what was happening in the outside world.

3970:

On May 23, 1592, the First Division of the Japanese invasion army, consisting of 7,000 men led by

3145: 16958: 16829: 16738: 16404: 16258: 15938: 15928: 15923: 15834: 15038: 14443:[Meaning of Letter-divination in Lee Sun-sin's War Diary in Terms of the Yi Philosophy]. 14083: 14064:

Diplomacy and ideology in Japanese–Korean relations: from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century

12690:軍門都監啓曰: "卽者陳提督差官入來曰: ‘賊船一百隻捕捉, 二百隻燒破, 斬首五百級, 生擒一百八十餘名。溺死者, 時未浮出, 故不知其數。李總兵一定死了云。敢啓。" 傳曰: "知道。" 7029: 6552: 6354: 6138: 6059: 5440: 4711: 4543: 4131: 4112: 3381: 2649: 2313: 2036: 1225: 1155: 526: 510: 62: 6926: 4157:, to check the Japanese advance. However, another commander appointed by the Joseon government, 3295:. While specialized firearms were used on horseback, most cavalrymen preferred the conventional 2380:, the military caste of Japan who dominated Japanese society. Japanese society was divided into 945: 16766: 16714: 16522: 16414: 16048: 15948: 15907: 11817: 8895: 7209:

A letter by Song Yingchang in an official report back to the court on February 16, 1593 states

7106: 7014: 6984:

also took advantage of the chaos during the war to form raiding parties and rob other Koreans.

6656: 4808: 3301:(spear), but its use was limited by the increasing use of firearms by the Koreans and Chinese. 1931: 1741: 1250: 46: 15247: 15195:

A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598

14736: 14368: 14311: 14035: 13972: 13471: 13332: 12901: 5701: 5106:

were thrust at him to try to make him fall, and lamentably, he fell to the bottom of the moat.

4425:

with a ten-day march, and swept north along the eastern coast. Among the castles captured was

3709: 3455:

King Seonjo and the Korean court finally began to reform the military. In September 1593, the

859: 16871: 16849: 16834: 16475: 16455: 16333: 16293: 16283: 16114: 15993: 15632: 14953: 13581: 13527: 13470:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2014).

13047: 9130:– via Joseon Dynasty Historical Records Database, National Institute of Korean History. 9020:[2014.09 Martial Arts of the Joseon Dynasty Joseon Martial Arts Training - Jinbeop]. 6889:

The total military and civilian casualties, as estimated by the late-19th-century historian,

6475: 6427: 6190: 6186: 5510: 5504: 5456: 5444: 5397: 5359: 5345: 5173: 5059: 4525: 4421:

Katō Kiyomasa, leading the Second Division of more than 20,000 men, crossed the peninsula to

4056: 3053: 2976: 2784: 2612: 2556: 2513:

The commander of the Japanese First Division and overall commander of the invasion force was

2402:, a polearm with very sharp curved blade. The most famous of all the samurai weapons was the 1911: 1498: 1327: 1317: 1285: 1275: 1265: 255: 14483: 11988:; "Today the food and grass are not covered with mud and it is difficult to enter" 2806:

armor, which was popular in Manchuria and Mongolia at the time. This is called Dujeong-gap (

2674: 16902: 16470: 16369: 16248: 15776: 14737:"Chapter 7: Shaping Maritime East Asia in the 15th and 16th Centuries through Choson Korea" 14084:"Resistance, Abduction, and Survival: The Documentary Literature of the Imjin War (1592–8)" 9798: 7653: 6807: 6358: 5476: 4928: 4778: 4602: 4298: 4161:, had arrived in the area with a cavalry division and moved 100,000 combined troops to the 2186: 2083: 1200: 13255: 7319: 6577:

decided then to remove his emotionally weakened brother Li Rumei in favor of Dong Yiyuan.

1756:, the first invasion (1592–1593) is called the "Japanese Disturbance of Imjin" ( 1089: 8: 16752: 16591: 16534: 16487: 16419: 16273: 16053: 16023: 15099:"Beyond Turtleboats: Siege Accounts from Hideyoshi's Second Invasion of Korea, 1597–1598" 10396: 7041: 6843: 6350: 6047: 5989: 5367: 5329: 5068: 5039: 4983: 4937:, a former Buddhist monk made into a general due to his role in the negotiations between 4920: 4634: 4567: 4433:. There, a part of the Second Division was assigned to defense and civil administration. 4306: 3987: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3729: 3041: 2779:

specializing in hand-to-hand combat, were the mainstay of early Joseon infantry, wearing

2708: 2136: 2012: 1902:, Ming China quickly interpreted the Japanese invasions as a challenge and threat to the 1175: 842: 770: 635: 626: 58: 16323: 13369:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

12136: 8515: 5417:("fire wagon") was a cart that could fire either 100 rockets or 200 arrows at once; the 4822:(a Korean official history, written by a bureaucrat of the Korean government located in 3914: 1998: 931: 571: 260: 16364: 16318: 16278: 16139: 16110: 16028: 15417: 15295: 15182: 15146: 15026: 14355: 14195: 14178: 14170: 13891: 13855: 13723: 13459: 13451: 13390: 7033: 6890: 6742: 6652: 6437: 6346: 6051: 6035: 5953: 5679: 5155: 5034: 4955: 4724: 4563: 4326: 4195: 4091: 4083: 3999: 3950: 3835: 3683: 3591: 3099: 3094:, respectively. The Japanese used a total of 320,000 troops throughout the entire war. 2953: 2657: 2178: 2075: 1868: 1695: 1240: 1145: 868: 824: 748: 698: 616: 591: 581: 126: 66: 52: 16497: 15732: 14602:

Park, Mi-Yeon; Kang, Min-Kyung; Cho, Myung-Hee; Choi, Seo-Yul; Park, Pil-Sook (2012).

13434:

Brown, Delmer M. (May 1948), "The Impact of Firearms on Japanese Warfare, 1543–1598",

9142: 5392:

The Japanese invasion into Jeolla Province was broken down and pushed back by General

5350:

Soon after retaking Pyongyang, Li Rusong also succeeded in retaking the major city of

5308: 5280:

named Luo Shangzhi, who got up unto the wall while using his halberd to great effect.

3625: 2466:

Another daimyō whose military service quota has been preserved in a written record is

761: 16576: 16313: 16253: 15547: 15530: 15475: 15467: 15457: 15435: 15409: 15395:"Silk and Silver: Macau, Manila and Trade in the China Seas in the Sixteenth Century" 15380: 15355: 15337: 15327: 15311: 15301: 15280: 15253: 15226: 15208: 15198: 15186: 15174: 15150: 15138: 15110: 15086: 15078: 15058: 15050: 15018: 14990: 14980: 14959: 14940: 14906: 14880: 14870: 14846: 14836: 14813: 14805: 14780: 14744: 14712: 14702: 14673: 14652: 14634: 14559: 14551: 14518: 14491: 14484: 14464: 14456: 14411: 14401: 14374: 14359: 14317: 14298: 14273: 14263: 14238: 14182: 14162: 14103: 14095: 14068: 14041: 14005: 13978: 13954: 13915: 13907: 13897: 13879: 13871: 13861: 13843: 13833: 13804: 13766: 13758: 13748: 13729: 13698: 13679: 13669: 13636: 13626: 13587: 13569: 13533: 13512: 13487: 13477: 13463: 13423: 13380: 13348: 13338: 12665: 12605: 12549: 9120:沿海의 貢物과 負役에 관한 병폐, 水軍將令에게만 갑옷과 투구 착용, 御營軍에게 保人 지급, 漕軍의 役, 세금 징수의 민폐에 관한 일에 대한 備邊司의 啓 8424: 8091: 8081: 7168:"The Jeolla Navy camp had two headquarters: Jeolla Left Navy and Jeolla Right Navy." 6956:

with the aid of Korean potters who had been enticed to relocate there after the war.

6949: 6894: 6787: 6713:

had suffered greatly from its loss of trade with Korea as a result of the invasions,

6694: 6674: 6668: 6629: 6594: 6590: 6445: 6309: 5977: 5880: 5868: 5725: 5531: 5387: 5222: 4796: 4731: 4668: 4430: 4416: 4412: 4396: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4174: 4144: 4117:

Upon receiving news of the Japanese attacks, the Joseon government appointed General

3906: 3773: 3638: 3473:

It was also around this time that the military officer and military scholar Han Gyo (

3444: 3287: 2984: 2964: 2911: 2864:

Turnbull wrote that Korea's salvation was its navy. The standard Korean ship was the

2752:), which was made of leather over a cloth robe that served a similar function to the 2579: 2564: 2494: 2467: 2167: 2044: 2020: 2002: 1982: 1915: 1814: 1791: 1728: 1342: 1337: 1280: 1260: 1245: 1230: 1205: 1160: 1140: 1066:

1,000,000+ civilian and military deaths (including 260,000+ troops killed or wounded)

913: 779: 743: 725: 109: 14286: 12166: 11249: 9744: 9669: 6398:

On 16 October 1597, Kuroda Nagamasa's force of 5,000 arrived at Jiksan, where 6,000

5812: 5523: 5396:

at the hills of Ichiryeong, where outnumbered Koreans fought Japanese troops in the

4570:, destroyed his entire fleet, his base, and all armaments and provisions, and fled. 4121:

as the mobile border commander, as was the established policy. General Yi headed to

3651: 3557: 2166:, informed Terumoto of Nobunaga's plan to invade China. In 1585, Hideyoshi told the 2163: 1768:. The second invasion (1597–1598) is called the "Second War of Jeong-yu" ( 922: 689: 16745: 16554: 16517: 16507: 16492: 16465: 16450: 16288: 16175: 15988: 15222:

Setting Off from Macau: Essays on Jesuit History during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

15166: 15130: 15010: 14932: 14694: 14615: 14347: 14219: 14154: 14133: 14021: 13968: 13946: 13825: 13796: 13661: 13618: 13504: 13443: 13415: 13372: 12954: 12685: 12513: 12440: 12420: 12323: 11782: 11614: 11235: 11135: 10468: 10452: 10424: 10040: 9105: 9001: 7743: 7116: 6933: 6582: 6388: 6370: 6342: 6189:

in 1592 had mostly saved this area from devastation during the first invasion (the

6071: 5892: 5834: 5766: 5643: 5590: 5468: 5464: 5184:, the former being one of the sons of Ming dynasty's Liaodong military magistrate, 5128: 5072: 4979: 4853: 4753: 4682: 4502: 4490: 4452: 4448: 4362: 4154: 4150: 4122: 4024: 3971: 3964: 3954: 3877: 3869: 3839: 3739: 3670: 3662: 3516: 3292: 2514: 2381: 2346: 2242: 2216: 2170: 2016: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1784: 1776: 1765: 1688: 1410: 1312: 1210: 1195: 1180: 1150: 962: 936: 886: 846: 838: 820: 811: 752: 734: 707: 662: 644: 542: 519: 430: 418: 406: 402: 394: 382: 363: 330: 309: 288: 251: 245: 152: 15170: 13950: 13622: 12916: 11984:. Various letters, including the letter to Li Rusong on February 10, 1593 stating 10481: 10388: 9552: 6714: 6698: 6685:

loss of over half of the Japanese fleet and the deaths of thousands of their men.

6531: 6404: 6305: 6194: 6040: 5965: 5778: 5655: 5631: 5548: 5472: 5432: 5409: 5272: 4938: 4931:, which Kobayakawa secured as his starting base for his invasion of the province. 4735: 4067: 3991: 3910: 3790: 3578: 3529: 3205:

consisted of a two-wheeled cart carrying a board filled with holes into which the

2544: 2369: 2358: 2341: 2275:

In 1587, Hideyoshi had ordered the adopted father of Yoshitoshi and the daimyō of

2249: 2159: 1883:. Initially, the Japanese forces saw overwhelming success on land, capturing both 833: 766: 716: 694: 680: 671: 653: 16936: 16788: 16731: 16649: 16424: 16399: 16094: 15769: 15483: 15429: 15276:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

15220: 14974: 14900: 14888: 14646: 14620: 14603: 14529:

Niderost, Eric (June 2001), "Turtleboat Destiny: The Imjin War and Yi Sun Shin",

14419: 14395: 14137: 13923: 13819: 13774: 13644: 13356: 12997:"Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century" 9619:"The Diary of a Militia" (향병일기; Hyangbyeong-ilgi), stored in the database of the 8251: 7177: 7075: 7001: 6909: 6863: 6803: 6726: 6710: 6639: 6383: 6284: 5667: 5585:

There were two factors that triggered the Japanese to withdraw: first, a Chinese

5527: 5124: 4943: 4857: 4498: 4474:

to test his troops against the "barbarians", as the Koreans called the Jurchens (

4338: 4322: 4096: 4071: 4020: 4016: 3975: 3865: 3818: 3719: 3696: 3612: 3474: 3460: 3428: 3266: 3238: 3087: 3083: 3013: 2988: 2877: 2822: 2734: 2591: 2536: 2426: 2411: 2294: 2276: 2005:, in return for accepting the subservient tributary role of a "younger brother". 1907: 1817:

spanning the period from 1592 to 1596. The second invasion (1597–1598) is called

1753: 1656: 1307: 1255: 1170: 985: 981: 971: 815: 797: 450: 390: 264: 15819: 14667: 14262:. Translated by Wagner, Edward W.; Schultz, Edward J. Harvard University Press. 9147:[Did the Joseon army really fight wearing only 'possession uniforms'?]. 8224: 6960:

texts were captured during the early stages of the war and taken back to Japan.

5914: 5354:

on January 19, 1592, and met only minor resistance from the Japanese defenders.

5200:

into Korea, followed by two battalions of 2,000 men each later the same day. At

4852:

From the beginning of the war, the Koreans organized militias that they called "

3873: 3666: 2902: 2434: 949: 895: 685: 676: 667: 175:

Withdrawal of Japanese forces from Korean peninsula following military stalemate

16912: 16907: 16783: 16124: 16099: 15885: 15676: 13583:

China and the Developing World: Beijing's Strategy for the Twenty-first Century

12996: 11977: 11413: 11383: 9073: 9043: 8969: 8939: 8472: 8212: 7066:

covered the topic in some detail in their general historical surveys of Japan,

6945: 6902: 6520: 6467: 6457: 5856: 5800: 5713: 5325: 5304: 5181: 4995: 4991: 4847: 4739: 4638: 4456: 4368: 4334: 4330: 4226: 4203: 4087: 4048: 3995: 3982:

in the evening. Korean naval intelligence had detected the Japanese fleet, but

3946: 3902: 3699: 3547: 3074: 2960: 2934: 2858: 2776: 2712: 2700: 2540: 2100: 2092: 2059: 1990: 1892: 1856: 1724: 1322: 1220: 1165: 975: 904: 877: 806: 515: 466: 446: 241: 195: 140: 15090: 14944: 14884: 14604:"Comparison of Bulcheonwijerye Food Cultures in Shrines of Admiral Yi Sun-sin" 14563: 14468: 14415: 14351: 14277: 13919: 13694:

Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia

13419: 12505: 12503: 12501: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11127: 11125: 10416: 10414: 4513:

occupied territory, unlike other daimyo who are attacked by Righteous armies.

2711:

in 1400, the private army system was overthrown, and during the reign of King

1687:). The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of Japanese forces from the 918: 873: 802: 793: 757: 601: 16952: 16793: 16586: 16529: 16089: 16058: 15875: 15662: 15413: 15341: 15212: 15178: 15142: 15114: 15082: 15062: 15054: 15022: 14994: 14850: 14809: 14784: 14725: 14716: 14698: 14555: 14522: 14506: 14460: 14302: 14166: 14099: 13847: 13770: 13683: 13640: 13573: 13508: 13491: 13427: 12964: 7779: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7565: 7063: 7021: 6859: 6855: 6783: 6690: 6491: 5565: 5185: 5147: 5139: 4934: 4908: 4815: 4615: 4494: 4422: 4342: 4241: 4052: 4040: 3777: 3489: 3167: 3163:

the Japanese often deployed the arquebus in combination with archery in war.

3118: 3079: 3057: 2933:

The two major security threats to Joseon and Ming China at the time were the

2528: 2524: 2501:(Japanese bows). Unlike the samurai with their expensive suits of armor, the 2305: 2208: 2174: 1899: 1780: 788: 784: 658: 486: 15534: 15487: 15479: 15315: 15098: 14423: 13942:

The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1

13883: 13778: 13648: 13609:"Chapter 6: The inseparable trinity: Japan's relations with China and Korea" 13352: 8095: 7000:

The war left significant legacies in all three countries. In the context of

5313: 4285:

in the north (where Pyongyang is located); the Second Division would attack

2035:

dynasties of China had complicated political and trading relations with the

16569: 16219: 16134: 16063: 15850: 14892: 14817: 14638: 14397:

The East Asian War, 1592–1598: International Relations, Violence and Memory

13927: 13893:

The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia

13394: 13360: 12404: 11961: 8281: 6913: 6586: 6482:

By January 29, 1598, the Joseon and Ming allied forces achieved victory in

6329: 6198: 5754: 5514: 5483: 5249: 5211: 5160: 5016: 4827: 4745:

The combined Korean navy of 53 ships, under the commands of Yi Sun-sin and

4611: 4518: 4444: 4079: 3814: 3274: 3179: 3159: 2854: 2831: 2757: 2692: 2604: 2587: 2204: 2088: 2055: 2051: 2032: 1959: 1880: 1852: 1707: 1699: 1655:, involved two separate yet linked invasions: an initial invasion in 1592 ( 1417: 605: 551: 462: 414: 208: 16628: 15134: 13800: 13665: 12903:

A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict,

8340: 6790:

became head of the Toyotomi clan. However, the losses suffered by varying

6551:

Reinforcements from China began to pour in through most of mid-1598, with

6328:

Hwangseoksan Fortress consisted of extensive walls that circumscribed the

4321:

The First Division under Konishi Yukinaga proceeded northward, and sacked

4059:, and the Koreans would have to wait for the arrival of their assistance. 2555:", a group of seven samurai who distinguished themselves in combat at the 16824: 16359: 15965: 15953: 15865: 15855: 14727:

Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598

8009: 7145: 6953: 6847: 6827: 6556: 6181:

Province in the southwestern part of the peninsula and eventually occupy

6103: 5268: 5201: 5193: 5012: 4758: 4619: 4467: 4388: 4261: 4230: 3154: 3030: 2869: 2687: 2683: 2669: 2193: 2128: 2028: 1978: 1974: 1716: 567: 538: 534: 491: 103: 15421: 13376: 7275:, p. 227 "Out of 500 Japanese ships only 50 survived to limp home." 4562:

When the Japanese troops landed at the port of Busan, Bak (also spelled

4466:

Katō Kiyomasa then decided to attack a nearby Jurchen castle across the

3025: 2790:

The elite troops and officers, made up of noblemen's sons called Gapsa (

16803: 16659: 16129: 16068: 15701:. Trans. Edward W. Wagner and Edward J. Schultz. Seoul: Ilchokak, 1984. 15583: 13580:

Eisemann, Joshua; Heginbotham, Eric; Mitchell, Derek (20 August 2015).

13455: 7617: 7615: 7009: 6981: 6941: 6937: 6867: 6839: 6819: 6762: 6462: 6441: 6227: 6218: 6152: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6107: 6099: 5197: 5189: 5076: 4975: 4885: 4838:, which was the title for the commander of the Korean Navy until 1896. 4720: 4556: 4552: 4506: 4219: 4008: 3843: 3494: 3314: 3211: 3091: 3004: 2995: 2926: 2873: 2847: 2803: 2780: 2619: 2297:, a high-ranking scholar official, suggested that the military put the 1833: 1772:). Collectively, the invasions are referred to as the "Imjin War". 530: 495: 481: 442: 378: 284: 204: 16188: 15030: 14936: 14741:

Offshore Asia: Maritime Interactions in Eastern Asia Before Steamships

14174: 13829: 13658:

Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time

13256:"Yi Sun-shin viewed as world's best admiral by Imperial Japanese Navy" 10045:變初, 以申砬爲都巡察使, 領大軍, 禦賊于鳥嶺。砬不爲據險把截之計, 迎入於平原廣野, 左右彌滿, 曾未交鋒, 而十萬精兵, 一敗塗地。 7102:

List of naval battles during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)

6718: 5081: 4716: 4043:, Konishi learned that the Koreans were concentrating their troops at 2040: 864: 16844: 16043: 15733:

Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Invasions: the Bunroku Campaign (1592–93)

15546:. Translated by Ha, Tae Hung. Seoul, Korea: Yonsei University Press. 15529:(in Japanese and Literary Chinese). Korea Governor-General's Office. 14223: 14019:

Jones, George Heber (1899). "The Japanese Invasion of Korea – 1592".

6871: 6823: 6563: 6527: 6399: 6268: 6083: 6079: 5400:

and gained a victory. Gwon Yul quickly advanced northwards, retaking

5286: 5264: 5215: 5169: 4974:

Around the time of the mobilization of the volunteer army of General

4587: 4583: 4483: 4471: 4400: 4380: 4215: 4181: 4011:. Konishi and the First Division then turned north, marching to take 4004: 3959: 3333: 3324: 3310: 3197: 3175: 2941: 2907: 2865: 2653: 2642: 2353: 2312:, where they waited for two months while Hideyoshi was finishing his 2290: 1888: 1720: 1431: 954: 504: 268: 15694:. Trans. Kyung-shik Lee. Ed. Grafton K. Mintz. Seoul: Eul-Yoo, 1970. 13447: 7761:, p. 222 "The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses" 7612: 6235:

was appointed in Yi Sun-sin's place at the head of the Korean navy.

6127: 5611: 4605:

in Seoul. The historical existence of the ironclad roof is disputed.

3366: 2392: 2079: 631: 622: 612: 136: 15575: 15014: 14158: 8412:. Japan101.com. 2003–2005. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19 6970: 6921: 6635: 6567: 6511: 6498: 6487: 6415: 6317: 6250: 6232: 6095: 6087: 6067: 5586: 5405:

mixture of regulars, warrior monks, and Righteous Army guerrillas.

5393: 5277: 5260: 5043: 5026: 5007: 4893: 4784: 4746: 4575: 4571: 4460: 4384: 4376: 4199: 4170: 4158: 3983: 3483: 3436: 2968: 2922: 2753: 2623: 2582:, another of the "Seven Spears of Shizugatake", who had been named 2421: 2410:

being used to deflect blows. By 1592, the armor of the samurai was

2398: 2298: 1994: 1884: 1597: 458: 347: 326: 305: 15471: 14542:

Niderost, Eric (January 2002), "The Miracle at Myongnyang, 1597",

13875: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 5589:

penetrated Hanseong (present-day Seoul) and burned storehouses at

5207: 4752:

On August 13, 1592, the Korean fleet sailing from Miruk Island at

3153:

Since its introduction by the Portuguese traders on the island of

3130:

cannons such as this one were extensively used by the Joseon navy.

855: 16005: 9793:[Medieval Hyuga Country Relations Chronology 1335-1600]. 6936:

and art advanced and developed a significant similarity to their

6883: 6616: 6483: 6376: 6202: 6063: 5579: 5554: 5351: 5165: 5030: 4924: 4897: 4889: 4880: 4868: 4788: 4673: 4655: 4598: 4437: 4426: 4282: 4270: 4207: 4162: 4100: 4032: 3963:"Dongnaebu Sunjeoldo", a Korean painting from 1760 depicting the 3500: 3342: 2945: 2917: 2608: 2578:("Hail to the Lotus of the Divine Law"). The naval commander was 2377: 2182: 2096: 1919: 454: 426: 359: 132: 14690:

Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives

14107: 13911: 13762: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11330: 7097:

List of battles during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)

6754: 6213: 6201:, began the assault in Busan and marched towards Jeonju, taking 6046:

Japan's second force arrived unopposed on the southern coast of

4489:

The Second Division continued east, capturing the fortresses of

4047:. In the meantime, desperate Korean envoys had been sent to the 3431:, the Prime Minister, spoke out about the Korean disadvantages. 3123: 2952:, Korea improved upon the original Chinese firearm designs, the 2547:, who led the Second Division into Korea, was known in Japan as 16073: 16038: 16033: 15998: 15792: 15722:. Trans. Tae-hung Ha. Ed. Pow-key Sohn. Seoul: Yonsei UP, 1977. 14826:"Japanese Sea Power: A Maritime Nation's Struggle for Identity" 14794:"The Naval Campaign in the Korean War of Hideyoshi (1592–1598)" 14595:

Hidemoto, Okochi, 朝鮮記 , 太田藤四郎 and 塙保己一, editors, 続群書類従 , 1933

11365: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11274: 7587: 6977: 6799: 6730: 6414:

Jiksan was the furthest the Japanese ever got towards reaching

6290: 6182: 6075: 5559: 5333: 4990:(the capital of Jeolla Province) from the mountain fortress at 4987: 4963: 4406: 4372: 4127: 4075: 4044: 3187: 3171: 3138: 3127: 2972: 2949: 2532: 2519: 2403: 2212: 2104: 2009: 1943: 1876: 1871:

launched what would end up being the first of two invasions of

1703: 1521: 1461: 775: 587: 577: 214: 199: 15752:

is dedicated to this topic. Information in English and Korean.

14037:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

13728:. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. pp. 1314–1318. 12534:明年正月二日，行長救兵驟至。鎬大懼，狼狽先奔，諸軍繼之。賊前襲擊，死者無算。副將吳惟忠、遊擊茅國器斷後，賊乃還，輜重多喪失。 8102: 7156:

in Chinese) was a system devised and monitored by the Chinese.

6312:

were waiting and proceeded to cut down all Koreans with their

5168:, the Chinese finally had the forces available for Korea, and 4593: 2226: 882: 829: 16709: 16144: 15431:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

13860:, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, 13617:. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–300. 13469: 12970: 12361: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10293: 10291: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10242: 10240: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9962: 9960: 9947: 9945: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 7949: 7654:"The Failure of the 16th Century Japanese Invasions of Korea" 7187: 6898: 6758: 6722: 6502: 6433: 6254: 6091: 5570: 5401: 5230: 5064: 5023: 4959: 4823: 4392: 4118: 4036: 4012: 3979: 2704: 2317: 2309: 2141: 2132: 2063: 1872: 1666: 1581: 1535: 1475: 891: 438: 125:(6 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) ( 15522:

Yi, Sun-sin (1935). Korean History Editorial Society (ed.).

14669:

Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543–1879

13157: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12583: 12462: 12219: 11348: 11307: 11271: 11213: 7536:

History 241W: Asian History from the 15th Century to Present

6034:

After the failed peace negotiations of the inter-war years,

4551:

Having secured Pyongyang, the Japanese planned to cross the

4309:(in the southeast where the Japanese first had landed); and 4009:

no prisoners be taken, and the entire garrison was massacred

3319: 2929:

were used by Japanese soldiers during Hideyoshi's invasions.

2740:

Light infantry protected their chests by wearing eomsimgap (

1977:

led a successful coup to take political power in Korea from

1732:

unsuccessful peace negotiations between Japan and the Ming.

927: 739: 730: 721: 16623: 15069:

Strauss, Barry (Summer 2005), "Korea's Legendary Admiral",

14455:. Yonsei University Institute for Korean Studies: 197–243. 13821:

The Great East Asian War and the Birth of the Korean Nation

13579: 13111: 13109: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12069: 11712: 11659: 11589: 11587: 11061: 11059: 11057: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10846: 10607: 10605: 10227: 10225: 10193: 10191: 9308: 9306: 9304: 8546: 8544: 8015: 7789: 6111: 4265: 3297: 2498: 2430: 2386: 2248:

Around May 1589, Hideyoshi's second embassy, consisting of

1119: 909: 15001:

Sohn, Pow-key (April–June 1959), "Early Korean Painting",

14743:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 185–210. 14739:. In Kayoko, Fujita; Momoki, Shiro; Reid, Anthony (eds.). 13937:"Chapter 9 - The Lung-ch'ing and Wan-li reigns, 1567–1620" 13210: 13208: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12272: 12270: 12243: 12086: 12084: 12047: 12045: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12014: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11574: 11572: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11471: 11469: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11450: 11435: 11297: 11295: 11030: 11003: 10836: 10834: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10720: 10710: 10708: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10644: 10592: 10590: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10547: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10357: 10334: 10303: 10288: 10252: 10237: 10203: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10151: 10126: 10105: 10086: 10069: 10050: 10007: 9972: 9957: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9870: 9853: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9253: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8902: 8872: 8870: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8790: 7689: 7687: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 6786:'s power in Japan. After Hideyoshi's death, his young son 6336: 6217:

A naval battle. Close combat was very rare during Admiral

5618: 5566:

Negotiations and truce between China and Japan (1594–1596)

5294:

A samurai, Yoshino Jingoze'emon, wrote about the retreat:

4276: 4269:

General Gim Myeong-won retreated with heavy losses to the

4090:. Meanwhile, Konishi Yukinaga's First Division passed the 3134: 1691:

after a military stalemate in Korea's southern provinces.

1002:

84,500+–192,000 (including sailors and insurgent fighters)

15761: 15039:"Hideyoshi's Expansionist Policy on the Asiatic Mainland" 14486:

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

13334:

Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features

13272: 12856: 12854: 12828: 12447:; "He retreated to Mu'an and burned for days.". 12351: 12349: 12347: 11020: 11018: 10993: 10991: 10966: 10964: 10875: 10873: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 9771: 9769: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9586: 9224: 9222: 8778: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8576: 8574: 8561: 8559: 2505:

wore cheap suits of iron armour around their chests. The

1867:

In 1592, with an army of approximately 158,000 soldiers,

1675:), a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597 ( 1443: 1004:

300 ships (200 scuttled in the initial phase of the war)

14370:

Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan

14022:

The China Review, or Notes & Queries on the Far East

13193: 13181: 13145: 13106: 12768: 12720: 12695: 12627: 12571: 12559: 12486: 12450: 12397: 12385: 12334: 12332: 12231: 12197: 12195: 12096: 11863: 11700: 11584: 11054: 10976: 10937: 10920: 10885: 10858: 10602: 10278: 10276: 10222: 9433: 9431: 9416: 9301: 9270: 9268: 9207: 8678: 8541: 8410:"Toyotomi Hideyoshi – Japanese general who united Japan" 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8057: 7459: 7457: 7420: 7418: 5134: 4949: 3020: 2987:. In the ongoing civil strife, the Japanese refined the 2231:

In 1587, Hideyoshi sent his first envoy, Yutani Yasuhiro

712: 649: 15623:), The research of the Imjin Japanese crisis of Korea ( 15590: 15568:. Translated by Kitajima Manji. Tokyo: Heibonsha Press. 14929:

Research on the subjects of the Bunroku and Keicho eras

13205: 12950: 12681: 12509: 12436: 12416: 12319: 12282: 12267: 12255: 12108: 12081: 12057: 12042: 12030: 12011: 11918: 11895: 11788: 11778: 11753: 11736: 11724: 11671: 11632: 11610: 11569: 11550: 11521: 11502: 11481: 11466: 11447: 11292: 11231: 11131: 10949: 10908: 10831: 10806: 10785: 10768: 10737: 10705: 10663: 10587: 10570: 10513: 10464: 10448: 10430: 10420: 10369: 10168: 10036: 9995: 9919: 9907: 9882: 9817: 9805: 9548: 9508: 9506: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9280: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9162: 9101: 8997: 8914: 8867: 8850: 8838: 8819: 8802: 8603: 8601: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8321: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8138: 8021: 7997: 7937: 7875: 7830: 7828: 7739: 7684: 7500: 7481: 5408:

Bolstered by the victory at the Battle of Byeokjegwan,

5370:, and retreated to a nearby hill to defend themselves. 4834:

After the battle, the Korean government promoted Yi to

4618:, but scouting vessels detected 50 Japanese vessels at 1698:

with the intent of conquering the Korean Peninsula and

703: 14440:≷난중일기≸ 擲字占의 易學的 의미 ＊ : 版本과 典故 문제에 대한 문헌고증적 분석을 통해 14313:

Wei Yuan and China's Rediscovery of the Maritime World

14287:"The Imjin War and the Official Discourse of Chastity" 13225: 13223: 13121: 13053: 12851: 12474: 12344: 12180: 11189: 11042: 11015: 10988: 10961: 10870: 10684: 10632: 10501: 9766: 9719: 9443: 9219: 8766: 8727: 8702: 8666: 8654: 8625: 8586: 8571: 8556: 8174: 8150: 7961: 7543: 7239:: All websites are listed here independently from the 7148:

tribute system was profitable trade. The tally trade (

6333:

a subsequent advance from beyond Gyeongsang Province.

6082:. A naval force of 21,000 was included in the effort. 3195:

in January 1593. It had the ability to fire up to 200

3191:—multiple rocket-propelled arrows, notably during the 1627: 15402:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch

14579:脇坂紀, 太田藤四郎 and 塙保己一, editors, 続群書類従 , 1933, p. 448. 13084: 13082: 13080: 13025: 13013: 12976: 12756: 12744: 12615: 12407:, Sep 17 – Oct 2 in 1597 (Chinese Lunisolar Calendar) 12329: 12192: 12159:"Ch 12 – Japanese invasions: Song of the Great Peace" 11177: 10622: 10620: 10273: 9707: 9695: 9683: 9598: 9574: 9562: 9428: 9265: 8442: 8440: 8309: 8288: 7906:

Kye, S. "The Korean-Japanese War and Its Aftermath".

7469: 7454: 7442: 7430: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7092:

Timeline of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)

6944:

advanced with the adoption of Chinese fonts. Because

5320:

families on Kyushu, were disgraced forever, as under

5164:

reinforcement by September 1592. With the victory in

4954:

When the Japanese troops were advancing to Hanseong,

3978:

in the morning, and arrived outside the port city of

2678:

Joseon infantry Mail and plate armour and iron helmet

2396:, an extremely long sword with a huge handle, or the 1851:("entry into China" or, more accurately, "entry into 1422: 15681:

The letter collections of the restoration management

14191:"Japan, Korea and 1597: A Year That Lives in Infamy" 13308: 13296: 13284: 13235: 13169: 13094: 12732: 11982:

The letter collections of the restoration management

11688: 9638: 9626: 9518: 9503: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9455: 9234: 9181: 8754: 8690: 8598: 8529: 8508:"Ch 12 – Japanese invasions: More Worlds to Conquer" 8186: 8162: 7825: 7374: 7362: 7350: 7326: 7278: 5435:

burned his dead and finally pulled his troops back.

4062: 2975:, the Japanese warlords were quick to adapt to this 2728: 1563: 1503: 14210:Kuwata, Tadachika; Yamaoka, Sohachi, eds. (1965). 13220: 12301: 12207: 11620: 8613: 8390: 8114: 8045: 8033: 7985: 7872:" (The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng) 7754: 7752: 7632: 7630: 7338: 7164: 7162: 6882:(appointment through grain contributions), and the 5263:, attacked the headquarters of Konishi Yuninaga on 4772: 4547:

Map of Admiral Yi Sun-Shin's naval campaigns – 1592

3048:The dominant form of the Korean fortresses was the 2876:, who began the war as the Left Naval Commander of 2293:guns—the first advanced firearms to come to Korea. 2095:or rebellion posed by the large number of now-idle 14833:Foundations of International Thinking on Sea Power 13939:. In Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). 13473:The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History 13133: 13077: 13065: 12932: 12915:Yi, Gwang-pyo; Yoon Wang-joon (20 February 2007). 12373: 11076: 11074: 10617: 9662:"Ch 12 – Japanese invasions: Under a Single Sword" 8437: 7699: 7647: 7645: 7400: 4236: 4070:'s Second Division landed in Busan on May 27, and 2638:), the latter being breech-loaded artillery guns. 14902:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present 14586:Ota, Toshiro; Hanawa, Yasukiichi, eds. (1933b). 14570:Ota, Toshiro; Hanawa, Yasukiichi, eds. (1933a). 14118:임진전쟁 전반기, 가토 기요마사(加藤淸正)의 동향 - 戰功의 위기와 講和交涉으로의 가능성 11098:충무공 이순신. 제 4차 부산포 승첩을 아뢰는 계본, 만력 20년(1592) 9월 17일 11091: 11089: 9655: 9653: 8452: 7213:; "a total of 38,537 men have arrived". 6542: 6526:A total of around 36,000 troops with the help of 5612:Chongyu War: Japanese second invasion (1597–1598) 5362:with a large Japanese formation of about 30,000. 4455:. The Second Division then turned inland through 4031:After taking Dongnae, Konishi took the castle of 3351: 3141:, Joseon's multiple rocket-powered arrow launcher 2304:In April 1590, the Korean ambassadors, including 1968: 16950: 16161:1883 Korean special mission to the United States 15607:– via National Institute of Korean History 14922:Bunroku keichō no eki ni okeru hironin no kenkyū 13945:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–584. 12914: 11201: 8501: 8499: 8497: 7973: 7749: 7627: 7159: 6850:), and skilled artisans resulted in a waning of 6638:, Konishi Yukinaga defended his position at the 6185:, the provincial capital. Korean success in the 4986:of the Sixth Division had launched an attack on 4391:, and settled down at the provincial capital of 4356: 3356: 1021:50,000 soldiers (including naval reinforcements) 135:1), 13th day of the 4th month – 1598 (Wanli 26, 14823: 14601: 12866: 12225: 11254:[volunteer army (righteous soldiers)]. 11219: 11165: 11153: 11141: 11071: 7642: 7524: 7522: 4153:, the only path through the western end of the 3201:, a type of rocket arrow, all at one time. The 1837: 1818: 1795: 15648: 15071:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 14593: 14577: 13818:Haboush, JaHyun Kim (2016), Kim, Jisoo (ed.), 13745:'Nanjung ilgi: War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin 13404:"The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order" 11086: 9650: 9013: 4914: 4881:Gwak Jae-u's campaigns along the Nakdong River 4723:'s crane wing formation, famously used at the 4249: 3501:Imjin War: Japanese first invasion (1592–1593) 2559:in 1583, where samurai had fought one another 2376:At the core of the Japanese military were the 2282: 2265: 2255: 2234: 1844: 1825: 1802: 1719:, forced the Japanese forces to withdraw from 1602: 1586: 16809:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 16204: 15777: 15720:Nanjung ilgi: War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin 15544:Nanjung ilgi. War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin 15109:(2), Academy of East Asian Studies: 177–206, 14608:Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture 14209: 12367: 12150: 12120: 9187: 9140: 8494: 7932:ignoring the wishes of the Korean government. 7771: 7769: 7767: 6208: 6114:, and Yi Si-yun's troops in Chungpungnyeong. 5196:led an advance force of 3,000 men across the 5114: 4379:. The division then turned inward to capture 3940: 3185:The Koreans also demonstrated massive use of 1836:(17–19th centuries), the war was also called 1723:and the northern provinces. Afterwards, with 1392: 1378: 1105: 69:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 15903:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty 15297:Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98 15043:Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 14798:Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 13253: 12129:"Ch 12 – Japanese invasions: The Home Front" 11411: 11110: 7519: 7200: Naval Commander of the Three Provinces 7191: 7181: 7056:Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98 6810:against a coalition of mostly western-based 4407:Campaigns in Hamgyong Province and Manchuria 2841: 2835: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2791: 2770: 2764: 2747: 2741: 2722: 2716: 1989:, which also included countries such as the 1682: 1676: 1670: 1660: 1540: 1526: 1480: 1466: 15600:(in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608 15572: 15036: 14779:(3). The Academy of Korean Studies: 15–36. 14766:"Yi Sun-shin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth" 14237:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 108. 14234:Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix 14029:(4–5). China Mail Office: 215–219, 239–254. 12661: 12645: 12601: 12545: 12525: 11997: 11881: 11849: 11829: 11116: 7861: 7845: 7843: 7775: 7716: 7714: 7660: 7602: 7561: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7197: 6749: 6238: 5615: 5218:firearms used in the 15th to 17th centuries 5176:was sent to expel the Japanese from Korea. 5006:Prompted by King Seonjo, the Buddhist monk 3450: 3395:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3273:When the troops come from the province of 2227:Diplomatic dealings between Japan and Korea 2069: 16211: 16197: 15784: 15770: 15706:Introduction to Korean History and Culture 14585: 14569: 14189:Kristof, Nicholas D. (14 September 1997). 14040:. Columbia University Press. p. 122. 13552: 13529:Thailand's Policies towards China, 1949–54 12261: 12249: 11858:官軍既連勝，有輕敵心二十七日再進師。朝鮮人以賊棄王京告。如松信之，將輕騎趨碧蹄館。 11424:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 11394:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 11260:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 9755:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 9192:. Archaeology News Network. Archived from 9190:"Items From The Sea Recall An Epic Battle" 9084:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 9054:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 8980:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 8950:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 8483:(in Korean). The Academy of Korean Studies 8333: 7764: 7048: 5033:attacked and defeated the Japanese at the 4705: 4532: 4367:The Fourth Division, under the command of 1112: 1098: 15542:Yi, Sun-sin (1977). Sohn, Pow-key (ed.). 14824:Sajima, Naoko; Tachikawa, Kyochi (2009). 14723: 14693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14619: 13525: 13001:Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century 11706: 9213: 9071: 9041: 8937: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8327: 8016:Eisemann, Heginbotham & Mitchell 2015 7955: 7253: 7251: 6323: 6168:Learn how and when to remove this message 5067:was a strategic stronghold that defended 4969: 4919:The Sixth Division, under the command of 4783:For two days after the battle at Dangpo, 3415:Learn how and when to remove this message 3069:Toyotomi Hideyoshi mobilized his army at 2372:'s (1562–1611) banner and battle standard 2241:, to Korea, which was during the rule of 2091:, and to mitigate the possible threat of 1037:158,800 (including labourers and sailors) 15841:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea 15392: 15374: 15347: 15321: 15293: 15003:Journal of the American Oriental Society 14734: 14541: 14528: 13717: 13606: 13330: 13199: 13187: 13163: 13151: 13115: 12774: 12726: 12714: 12633: 12589: 12577: 12565: 12492: 12468: 12456: 12391: 12295: 12276: 12237: 12114: 12102: 12090: 12075: 12063: 12051: 12036: 12024: 11949: 11937: 11912: 11869: 11840:; "Then Kaicheng was restored" 11801: 11766: 11747: 11730: 11682: 11665: 11653: 11593: 11578: 11563: 11544: 11532: 11515: 11496: 11475: 11460: 11441: 11369: 11342: 11301: 11286: 11247: 11065: 10982: 10955: 10943: 10931: 10914: 10902: 10864: 10852: 10840: 10825: 10800: 10779: 10762: 10750: 10731: 10714: 10678: 10657: 10611: 10581: 10564: 10541: 10524: 10363: 10351: 10328: 10297: 10267: 10246: 10231: 10216: 10197: 10162: 10145: 10120: 10099: 10080: 10063: 10024: 10001: 9989: 9966: 9951: 9936: 9913: 9901: 9876: 9864: 9847: 9826: 9811: 9615: 9613: 9422: 9410: 9398: 9386: 9374: 9351: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9295: 9259: 9228: 9175: 8967: 8925: 8908: 8876: 8861: 8844: 8832: 8813: 8796: 8784: 8772: 8748: 8721: 8672: 8648: 8636: 8592: 8565: 8402: 8315: 8303: 8271: 8180: 8156: 8144: 8075: 8063: 8027: 7967: 7881: 7840: 7795: 7758: 7711: 7693: 7666: 7636: 7621: 7549: 7513: 7494: 7290: 7272: 7268: 7266: 6753: 6704: 6461: 6421: 6353:, was named the new Minister of War and 6212: 5569: 5498: 5339: 5206: 5133: 5075:approached Jinju. Jinju was defended by 4715: 4592: 4542: 4240: 3958: 3318: 3144: 3133: 3122: 3024: 2959:Japan, on the other hand, had been in a 2916: 2901: 2883: 2673: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2074:By the last decade of the 16th century, 16994:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 16218: 16120:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 15825:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 15597:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 15502:李舜臣, 李忠武公全書, 金屬活字本(丁酉字),內閣, 正祖 19(1795) 15068: 15037:Stramigioli, Giuliana (December 1954), 14905:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 14651:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 14309: 14188: 13967: 13817: 13787:"Chapter 15: War and cultural exchange" 13725:Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 13366: 13278: 13175: 12896: 12894: 12860: 12165:. Korea History Project. Archived from 12135:. Korea History Project. Archived from 11718: 11381: 10970: 10879: 10699: 10638: 9742: 9730: 9701: 9668:. Korea History Project. Archived from 9536: 9274: 8580: 8514:. Korea History Project. Archived from 8470: 6337:First Korean and Ming counter offensive 5316:, one of the oldest and most respected 5259:The Korean warrior monks, led by Abbot 4316: 4277:Distribution of Japanese forces in 1592 3166:During siege actions, Chinese deployed 2850:, a secuization of the Joseon Dynasty. 2707:in the north. During the reign of King 2361:commanded the Japanese Second Division. 2058:in society, and faced similar threats ( 1123:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 14: 16969:16th-century military history of Japan 16951: 16760:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty 15272: 15103:Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 14951: 14919: 14864: 14791: 14686: 14665: 13999: 13853: 13742: 13408:International Journal of Asian Studies 12988: 12908: 12818: 12802: 12786: 12480: 12355: 12186: 11626: 11195: 11048: 11036: 11024: 11009: 10997: 10596: 10507: 9775: 9461: 9449: 8760: 8244: 8211: 8108: 7807: 7475: 7463: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7386: 7380: 7368: 7356: 7332: 7284: 7248: 7216: 7006:their 20th-century annexation of Korea 6952:in Japan began in 1616 at the town of 5123:Korean Court historian and politician 4188: 4149:General Yi Il then planned to use the 3331:Japanese invasion, Korea employed the 2349:commanded the Japanese First Division. 2211:, not to be confused with present-day 1727:(Joseon civilian militias) conducting 500:Inspectors, generals, field commanders 16192: 15765: 15667:The records of the eastern expedition 15351:The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98 15324:The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98 15192: 15156: 15120: 15096: 14644: 14504: 14481: 14393: 14366: 14336: 14094:(3), Korean Cultural Service: 20–29, 14018: 14002:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z 13934: 13718:Goodrich, L. Carrington, ed. (1976). 13690: 13655: 13498: 13433: 13401: 13314: 13302: 13290: 13241: 13031: 13019: 12994: 12982: 12845: 12762: 12750: 12738: 12621: 12338: 12201: 11966:The records of the Eastern Expedition 11813: 11694: 11183: 10282: 9713: 9689: 9644: 9632: 9610: 9604: 9592: 9580: 9568: 9524: 9512: 9497: 9485: 9473: 9437: 9247: 8696: 8684: 8660: 8607: 8550: 8535: 8458: 8396: 8238: 8199: 8168: 8132: 8051: 7893: 7849: 7834: 7819: 7720: 7678: 7581: 7528: 7409: 7344: 7263: 6746:relations between the two countries. 6645: 5236: 4950:Jeolla coalition and Battle of Yongin 4313:(where the capital city is located). 3021:Problems with Joseon defense policies 2898:Military history of China before 1911 1783:Korean Campaign", after the reigning 1093: 1050:1,000 ships (some armed with cannons) 18:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 15871:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong 15427: 15245: 15218: 15000: 14972: 14898: 14628: 14060: 14033: 13991: 13889: 13743:Ha, Tae-hung; Sohn, Pow-key (1977), 13100: 13043: 12891: 12307: 9621:National Institute of Korean History 8619: 8446: 8341:"Azuchi–Momoyama Period (1573–1603)" 8120: 8039: 8003: 7991: 7979: 7943: 7651: 7310:Szczepanski, Kallie (6 March 2017). 6870:was used as a temporary palace. The 6681:1598, using cannon and fire arrows. 6662: 6623: 6604: 6418:(Seoul) during the second invasion. 6150:adding citations to reliable sources 6121: 6117: 5381: 4566:) Hong, the Left Naval Commander of 4482:, both derived from the Mongol term 4138: 4000:attacked the nearby fort of Dadaejin 3508:First wave of the Japanese invasion 3393:adding citations to reliable sources 3360: 3064: 2715:in 1457, a unit called Five Guards ( 2648:Another Chinese naval commander was 29: 14763: 14517:, Macau Cultural Institute: 20–24, 14507:"The Portuguese in the Im-Jim War?" 14436: 14367:Lewis, James B. (2 November 2005). 14284: 14257: 14230: 14218:]. Vol. 5. Tokuma Shoten. 14144: 14113: 14081: 13229: 13214: 12938: 12213: 12156: 12126: 11207: 10626: 10436: 10375: 9659: 9014:Kwak Nak-hyeon (1 September 2014). 8505: 8205: 7705: 7257: 6777: 6364: 4106: 3149:Various types of shells and rockets 2470:, whose contribution consisted of: 2199:and their labor forces constructed 1779:, the wars are referred to as the " 24: 17004:Military campaigns involving Japan 15613: 15573:Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). 15560: 15541: 15524:Ranchū nikkisō : jinshin jōsō 15521: 15507: 15493: 15453:The Naval Battles of the Imjin War 15448: 14931:]. University of Tokyo Press. 14835:(2). Sea Power Centre, Australia. 13784: 13526:Chinvanno, Anuson (18 June 1992). 13501:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 13476:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. 13139: 13127: 13088: 13071: 13059: 12379: 12006:聞倭將平秀嘉據龍山倉，積粟數十萬，密令大受率死士從間焚之。倭遂乏食。 11171: 11159: 11147: 11080: 9188:Kim Hyung-eun (11 December 2012). 9141:Lee Hyeon-woo (13 February 2018). 9022:Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation 9017:2014.09 조선시대의 무예 조선의 무예훈련 - 진법(陣法) 8272:Polenghi, Cesare (25 April 2003). 6901:, who then resold them throughout 6741:near Hanseong. Realizing that the 6278: 5146:Viewing the crisis in Joseon, the 4841: 4802: 3935: 3237:However, another Korean official, 2853:The standard Korean sword was the 2641:One of the Chinese commanders was 2453:Mounted samurai: 11 with 11 horses 25: 17015: 16105:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty 15726: 15516:李舜臣, 李忠武公全書, 朝鮮硏究會,京城 , 大正6(1917) 12554:明年正月二日，行長來援，九將兵俱潰。賊張旗幟江上，鎬大懼，倉皇撤師 8076:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric (2005). 7042:the hardships suffered by Koreans 6963: 6451: 5053: 4063:Occupation of Gyeongsang Province 4035:, which he followed up by taking 2543:and Portuguese as Dom Agostinho. 1904:Imperial Chinese tributary system 16979:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea 16974:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 15944:Border Defense Council of Joseon 15884: 15252:. SUNY Press. pp. 119–120. 15197:, University of Oklahoma Press, 15159:The International History Review 14687:Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (2015). 14482:Lorge, Peter (25 October 2005). 14394:Lewis, James (5 December 2014). 13247: 12918:500년 전의 첨단과학 다시 숨쉰다…자격루 복원-작동 성공 12655: 12639: 12595: 12539: 12519: 11991: 11971: 11955: 11943: 11875: 11843: 11823: 11405: 11375: 11241: 10474: 10453:Year 26, February 16, Article 14 10381: 9781: 9736: 9530: 9134: 9111: 9065: 9035: 9007: 8961: 8931: 8882: 8217:"Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536–1598)" 7539:. Kapiolani Community College's. 7203: 7171: 7038:anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea 6854:. The main Korean royal palaces 6126: 6094:, General Gwon Eung's troops in 5001: 4773:Battle of Angolpo and Danghangpo 3481:) wrote the martial arts manual 3365: 3215:, or "crouching tiger cannons". 2967:arrived in Japan and introduced 2027:One thousand years earlier, the 1875:, with the intent of conquering 980: 970: 953: 944: 935: 926: 917: 908: 899: 890: 881: 872: 863: 854: 837: 828: 819: 810: 801: 792: 783: 774: 765: 756: 747: 738: 729: 720: 711: 702: 693: 684: 675: 666: 657: 648: 639: 630: 621: 611: 600: 586: 576: 566: 480: 372: 353: 341: 320: 299: 278: 259: 250: 240: 213: 203: 194: 139:3), 19th day of the 11th month ( 123:May 23, 1592 – December 16, 1598 102: 49:to read and navigate comfortably 34: 16395:Japanese missions to Ming China 15574: 15456:(in Korean), Chongoram Media , 15393:Villiers, John (10 June 1980), 15249:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 15123:The Journal of Military History 14505:Neves, Jaime Ramalhete (1994), 14291:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 13896:. University of Chicago Press. 13611:. In Hall, John Whitney (ed.). 13323: 12995:White, Matthew (January 2012). 12686:Year 31, November 24, Article 4 12670:他舟误掷火器入子龙舟，舟中火，贼乘之，子龙战死。舜臣赴救，亦死 12441:Year 31, February 11, Article 4 12324:Year 30, September 1, Article 2 9106:Year 17, September 1, Article 4 8464: 8265: 8126: 8069: 7905: 7899: 7887: 7855: 7813: 7801: 7672: 7575: 7555: 7138: 7129: 6765:headquarters were located here. 6205:and Changpyeong along the way. 6137:needs additional citations for 4237:Japanese campaigns in the north 3986:, the Right Naval Commander of 2663: 1694:The invasions were launched by 1444: 51:. When this tag was added, its 16984:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 16269:Campaign against the Uriankhai 15715:. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1961. 15246:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). 14979:, Cambridge University Press, 14004:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13614:The Cambridge History Of Japan 13503:. Cambridge University Press. 13371:. Princeton University Press. 12958: 12880:. Office of the Prime Minister 12689: 12669: 12649: 12609: 12553: 12533: 12514:Year 31, January 14, Article 7 12444: 12424: 12421:Year 30, October 13, Article 6 12005: 11985: 11889: 11857: 11837: 11421:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 11391:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 11257:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 11111: 10487:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 10469:Year 26, January 26, Article 5 10425:Year 25, October 1, Article 10 10044: 10041:Year 29, January 24, Article 3 9752:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9556: 9081:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9051:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 8977:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 8947:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 8480:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 8343:. japan-guide.com. 9 June 2002 7869: 7783: 7744:Year 31, October 12, Article 7 7569: 7210: 7192: 7182: 7078:also mentions the conflict in 6543:Final allied offensive of 1598 6293:became their next key target. 5619:Japanese second invasion wave 5552:after their victory. Only the 5172:, the general who crushed the 4539:Joseon naval campaigns of 1592 3493:by the famous Chinese general 3352:Korean military reorganization 3304: 2842: 2836: 2814: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2771: 2765: 2748: 2742: 2723: 2717: 2635: 2539:in 1583, and was known to the 2444:Commissioners: 5 with 5 horses 2314:campaign against the Hojo clan 1969:Japan and Korea before the war 1769: 1757: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1661: 1628: 1564: 1504: 1423: 1393: 1379: 13: 1: 16329:Campaigns against the Mongols 15627:), Central research academy ( 15592:"Veritable Records of Seonjo" 15434:. Columbia University Press. 15171:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640980 14869:, Stanford University Press, 14724:Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), 14648:Japan at War: An Encyclopedia 14449:The Journal of Korean Studies 14061:Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin (1997). 13951:10.1017/CHOL9780521243322.011 13824:, Columbia University Press, 13792:The East Asian War, 1592–1598 13623:10.1017/CHOL9780521223553.007 13337:, Stanford University Press, 12955:Year 25, April 14, Article 28 12163:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger 12133:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger 9797:(in Japanese). Archived from 9666:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger 8512:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger 7230: 5022:In Chungcheong Province, the 4357:Campaigns in Gangwon Province 3357:Proposal for military reforms 2598: 2192:Beginning in March 1591, the 1937: 1855:", the dynasty whose name is 1565:Imjin waeran · Jeongyu jaeran 16867:Covered jar with carp design 16483:Transition from Ming to Qing 14952:Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). 14867:A History of Japan 1334–1615 14773:The Review of Korean Studies 14735:Robinson, Kenneth R (2013). 14340:The Journal of Asian Studies 14316:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. 14138:10.18219/ddmh..77.201203.223 13789:. In Lewis, James B. (ed.). 13691:Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000). 13660:. Harvard University Press. 13553:Eikenberry, Karl W. (1988), 11783:Year 26, January1, Article 2 11388:[Battle of Yongin]. 11236:Year 26, August 1, Article 6 11136:Year 25, August 1, Article 2 8245:Coyner, Tom (11 July 2006). 7915:. p. 58. Archived from 7624:, pp. 137–143, 204–227. 7144:The economic benefit of the 7122: 6466:Korean and Chinese soldiers 6275:planned landing operations. 6090:'s army in Gong Mountain in 5450: 4998:two days earlier on July 8. 4820:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 4526:heavy losses at Jinju Castle 4429:, the provincial capital of 4256:Battle of Imjin River (1592) 4019:. Konishi sent a message to 3323:An old painting of a Korean 2906:Japanese infantry employing 2150:during the 1540s–1550s, the 1887:, the capital of Korea, and 219:Toyotomi government of Japan 27:Two campaigns against Joseon 7: 16862:Ming presentation porcelain 16461:Japanese invasions of Korea 15829:Manchu invasions of Korea ( 15738:The Battles of Imjin Waeran 15638:The annals of King Seonjo ( 14955:The search for modern China 14792:Sadler, A. L. (June 1937), 14310:Leonard, Jane Kate (1984). 14082:Kim, Ki-chung (Fall 1999), 13747:, Yonsei University Press, 13254:Jong-Yeob Jo (8 May 2018). 12951:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12682:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12510:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12437:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12417:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12320:Veritable Records of Seonjo 12226:Sajima & Tachikawa 2009 11779:Veritable Records of Seonjo 11611:Veritable Records of Seonjo 11232:Veritable Records of Seonjo 11132:Veritable Records of Seonjo 10465:Veritable Records of Seonjo 10449:Veritable Records of Seonjo 10421:Veritable Records of Seonjo 10037:Veritable Records of Seonjo 9549:Veritable Records of Seonjo 9102:Veritable Records of Seonjo 8998:Veritable Records of Seonjo 8221:Washington State University 7740:Veritable Records of Seonjo 7085: 6655:on September 18, 1598, the 4915:Battle of Uiryeong/Chongjin 4250:Crossing of the Imjin River 2729: 2553:Seven Spears of Shizugatake 2450:Inspectors: 2 with 2 horses 2447:Messengers: 3 with 3 horses 2331: 2308:and Kim Saung-il, left for 1862: 1838: 1819: 1796: 1649:Japanese invasions of Korea 1359:Japanese invasions of Korea 97:Japanese invasions of Korea 61:content into sub-articles, 10: 17020: 16724:Compilations and Documents 16355:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns 15861:Donghak Peasant Revolution 15791: 15512:. Korean Research Society. 15375:Turnbull, Stephen (1998), 15348:Turnbull, Stephen (2012). 15322:Turnbull, Stephen (2008), 15294:Turnbull, Stephen (2002), 15193:Swope, Kenneth M. (2009), 15097:Swope, Kenneth M. (2006), 14672:. Boston: David R Godine. 14621:10.7318/KJFC/2012.27.6.598 13890:Howe, Christopher (1996). 13331:Alagappa, Muthiah (2003), 11615:Year 25, May 29, Article 8 11418:[Battle of Ichi]. 9553:Year 38, June 7, Article 2 9002:Year 23, June 8, Article 3 8944:[Five positions]. 7570:前後七載，喪師數十萬，糜餉數百萬，中朝與朝鮮迄無勝算 6666: 6627: 6615:The Chinese believed that 6608: 6455: 6425: 6368: 6299:Chosen Ki (Korean Record), 6282: 6242: 6209:Plot to dismiss Yi Sun-sin 5502: 5385: 5343: 5240: 5115:Intervention of Ming China 5057: 4845: 4806: 4776: 4709: 4536: 4410: 4360: 4297:(below Pyongan Province), 4253: 4142: 4110: 3944: 3941:Landing of a Japanese army 3862:Stationed force at Nagoya 3308: 3269:wrote home to his father: 3116: 3112: 2887: 2667: 2613:rebellion in the northwest 2497:(Japanese arquebuses), or 2489:6,400 laborers and boatmen 2480:1,500 arquebusier ashigaru 1941: 1702:, which were ruled by the 16928: 16895: 16857:Chinese lacquerware table 16817: 16776: 16723: 16680: 16637: 16619:Embroidered Uniform Guard 16547: 16433: 16380:Prince of Anhua rebellion 16342: 16236: 16227: 16153: 16082: 16016: 15974: 15916: 15893: 15882: 15810: 15799: 15684: 15670: 15657: 15639: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15582:(in Chinese) – via 15515: 15501: 15451:Imjin Wae-ran Haejeonsa: 15326:, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 14973:Shin, Michael D. (2014), 14899:Seth, Michael J. (2010). 14594: 14578: 14352:10.1017/S0021911804001378 14216:Japanese Military History 13607:Elisonas, Jurgis (1991). 13436:The Far Eastern Quarterly 13420:10.1017/S1479591405000094 12368:Kuwata & Yamaoka 1965 8429:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7112:Japanese castles in Korea 6995: 6320:, the 'Mound of Ears'.". 5243:Siege of Pyongyang (1593) 4861: 3928: 3925: 3893: 3890: 3856: 3853: 3826: 3805: 3802: 3759: 3748: 3690: 3679: 3645: 3634: 3619: 3608: 3585: 3574: 3523: 3512: 3507: 3478: 3464: 2894:Military history of Japan 2890:Military history of Korea 2283: 2266: 2262:, and Buddhist monk Genso 2256: 2235: 1845: 1826: 1803: 1710:dynasties, respectively. 1641: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1445:Maahn lihk Jīusīn jī yihk 1437: 1430: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1386: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1131: 1056: 991: 224: 188: 178:Korea remains independent 115: 101: 96: 16920:Great Ming Treasure Note 16799:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum 16582:Administrative divisions 16385:Prince of Ning rebellion 16171:Joseon missions to Japan 16166:Joseon missions to China 15934:Six Ministries of Joseon 15803:Korean state (1392–1897) 15565: 15526: 15509: 15495: 15428:Wang, Yuan-kang (2010). 15273:Tucker, Spencer (2009). 14924: 14699:10.1017/CBO9781316144572 14587: 14571: 14439: 14211: 14130:Daedong Culture Research 14125: 14117: 13992:Jang, Pyun-soon (1998), 13656:Fogel, Joshua A (2009). 13509:10.1017/CBO9780511806681 13402:Arano, Yasunori (2005), 12917: 12666:Chapter 247: Deng Zilong 11414: 11384: 11250: 11097: 10390: 9789: 9745: 9144:조선군은 정말 '포졸복'만 입고 싸웠을까요? 9143: 9119: 9074: 9044: 9016: 8970: 8940: 8890: 8473: 8111:, pp. 142, 167–180. 8080:. Belknap. p. 471. 7909:Topics on Korean History 7312:"The Imjin War, 1592–98" 6750:Aftermath and conclusion 6611:Battle of Sacheon (1598) 6490:, the former capital of 6265:Battle of Chilcheollyang 6245:Battle of Chilcheollyang 6239:Battle of Chilcheollyang 4978:in Gyeongsang Province, 3457:Military Training Agency 3451:Military Training Agency 2462:Ashigaru conscripts: 120 2441:General: 1 and his horse 2336: 2070:Hideyoshi's preparations 1760:), where 1592 is an 1747: 1651:, commonly known as the 1374:Traditional Chinese 1082:100,000+ soldiers deaths 16739:The Hundred-word Eulogy 16405:Great Rites Controversy 16259:Ming conquest of Yunnan 15939:Three offices of Joseon 15929:State Council of Joseon 15924:List of kings of Joseon 14865:Sansom, George (1961), 14764:Roh, Young-koo (2004). 14629:Park, Yune-hee (1973), 14544:Osprey Military Journal 14231:Lee, Kenneth B (1997). 14114:Kim, Kyong tae (2012). 14034:Kang, David C. (2012). 13854:Hawley, Samuel (2005), 13499:Chase, Kenneth (2003). 13367:Andrade, Tonio (2016). 8477:[King Seonjo]. 7529:Pang., Loretta (1997). 7049:International awareness 6472:Japanese-built fortress 5441:Battle of Hansan Island 5050:(castle) at Sosaengpo. 4828:War Diary of Yi Sun-sin 4712:Battle of Hansan Island 4706:Battle of Hansan Island 4533:Naval campaigns of 1592 4113:Battle of Sangju (1592) 3265:The Japanese commander 2037:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2015:(despite not being the 1388:Simplified Chinese 163:Joseon and Ming victory 16777:Palaces and Mausoleums 16767:Ming Veritable Records 16415:Luso-Chinese agreement 16049:Joseon white porcelain 15949:Secret royal inspector 15908:Korean literati purges 15708:. Seoul: Hollym, 1993. 15699:A New History of Korea 15649: 15449:Yi, Min-woong (2004), 15377:The Samurai Sourcebook 15219:Tang, Kaijian (2015). 14976:Korean History in Maps 14920:Shunpo, Naito (1976). 14437:Lim, Chae-Woo (2013). 14260:A New History of Korea 14123:Daedong Munhwa Yeon'gu 14067:. Palgrave Macmillan. 13697:. LIT Verlag Münster. 12262:Ota & Hanawa 1933b 12250:Ota & Hanawa 1933a 12002:Chapter 238: Li Rusong 11854:Chapter 238: Li Rusong 11834:Chapter 238: Li Rusong 7866:Chapter 238: Li Rusong 7607:Chapter 238: Li Rusong 7135:Li Guangtao's estimate 7107:Naval history of Korea 7074:(1958), respectively. 6866:were burned down, and 6798:of Kyushu and western 6766: 6657:Council of Five Elders 6479: 6324:Battle of Hwangseoksan 6222: 5582: 5301: 5225:, a longtime faithful 5219: 5143: 5108: 4970:First Geumsan campaign 4809:Battle of Busan (1592) 4727: 4699: 4648: 4630: 4606: 4548: 4246: 4051:in Beijing to ask the 3996:laid siege to the city 3967: 3899:Naval force exclusion 3772:, Tachibana Naotsugu, 3327: 3279: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3235: 3150: 3142: 3131: 3033: 2930: 2914: 2912:tanegashima matchlocks 2679: 2459:Samurai attendants: 38 2373: 2362: 2350: 2078:, the most preeminent 2008:In 1402, the Japanese 1952:Azuchi–Momoyama period 1932:Council of Five Elders 1898:Under the rule of the 1742:Council of Five Elders 1505:Imjin choguk chŏnjaeng 1068:50,000–60,000 captives 225:Commanders and leaders 16999:Japan–Korea relations 16964:16th century in Korea 16872:Yongning Temple Stele 16609:Imperial Commissioner 16334:Reign of Ren and Xuan 16294:Ming treasure voyages 16284:Dao Ganmeng rebellion 15994:Caste system in Korea 15750:Jinju National Museum 15514:(Original reference: 15508:Yi, Sun-sin (1917). 15500:(Original reference: 15494:Yi, Sun-sin (1795). 15354:. Osprey Publishing. 15135:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059 14666:Perrin, Noel (1979). 14645:Perez, Louis (2013). 14592:(Original reference: 14588:Hidemoto, Okochi, 朝鮮記 14576:(Original reference: 14285:Lee, Sook-In (2009). 14258:Lee, Ki-baik (1984). 14000:Jaques, Tony (2007). 13801:10.4324/9781315767208 13785:Ha, Woo Bong (2014). 13666:10.4159/9780674053823 12874:"Early Joseon Period" 11886:Chapter 238:Li Rusong 8274:"Hideyoshi and Korea" 6757: 6705:Post-war negotiations 6465: 6428:Battle of Myeongnyang 6422:Battle of Myeongnyang 6216: 6191:Second Siege of Jinju 5573: 5505:Siege of Jinju (1593) 5499:Second siege of Jinju 5457:Battle of Byeokjegwan 5398:Battle of Byeokjegwan 5346:Battle of Byeokjegwan 5340:Battle of Byeokjegwan 5296: 5210: 5137: 5096: 5060:Siege of Jinju (1592) 4719: 4694: 4643: 4625: 4596: 4546: 4244: 4155:Sobaek mountain range 3962: 3811:Reservers (8th div.) 3322: 3271: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3225: 3148: 3137: 3126: 3073:, located in the old 3028: 2985:tanegashima matchlock 2977:disruptive innovation 2920: 2905: 2884:Military capabilities 2785:Mail and plate armour 2677: 2557:Battle of Shizugatake 2486:300 spearmen ashigaru 2483:1,500 archer ashigaru 2429:(assessed at 140,000 2368: 2356: 2344: 1912:Battle of Byeokjegwan 1857:synonymous with China 1424:Wànlì Cháoxiǎn zhī yì 1297:1597–1598 Jeongyu War 1057:Casualties and losses 16471:Sino-Dutch conflicts 16370:Rebellion of Cao Qin 16299:Ming–Turpan conflict 16249:Red Turban Rebellion 15692:The History of Korea 15561:Yi, Sun-sin (2000). 15379:, Cassell & Co, 15300:, Cassell & Co, 8278:samurai-archives.com 7958:, pp. 7, 10–11. 7652:Ford, Shawn (1997). 7002:Japanese imperialism 6927:Gregorio de Céspedes 6808:Battle of Sekigahara 6359:Chief Superintendent 6187:First Siege of Jinju 6146:improve this article 5511:first siege of Jinju 5477:Battle of Sekigahara 5463:leadership, such as 5098:As we try to become 4929:Chungcheong Province 4836:Samdo Sugun Tongjesa 4831:on-scene commander. 4779:Battle of Danghangpo 4317:Capture of Pyongyang 4299:Chungcheong Province 4057:major war in Ningxia 3661:Takahashi Mototane, 3487:, based on the book 3389:improve this section 3100:irregular volunteers 2575:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō 2252:, Yanagawa Shigenobu 1794:, the war is called 1559:Revised Romanization 16818:Society and Culture 16753:Yongle Encyclopedia 16592:Imperial Clan Court 16535:Kingdom of Tungning 16488:Jurchen unification 16420:Jiajing wokou raids 16309:Battle of Palembang 16274:Battle of Buir Lake 16054:Korean tea ceremony 16024:Education in Joseon 15820:Tsushima expedition 15566:乱中日記 : 壬辰倭乱の記錄 14730:, Naval War College 14633:, Shinsaeng Press, 14451:] (in Korean). 13935:Huang, Ray (1988). 13377:10.2307/j.ctvc77j74 13217:, pp. 142–144. 13166:, pp. 206–207. 13130:, pp. 325–328. 13062:, pp. 332–333. 12971:Bulliet et al. 2014 12848:, pp. 758–759. 12592:, pp. 220–221. 12471:, pp. 204–205. 11721:, pp. 137–138. 11372:, pp. 116–123. 11345:, pp. 110–115. 11289:, pp. 108–109. 11012:, pp. 202–203. 10482:"Battle of Bukgwan" 10439:, pp. 242–243. 10397:Doosan Encyclopedia 10378:, pp. 237–239. 9595:, pp. 186–187. 8553:, pp. 240–241. 8006:, pp. 119–120. 7946:, pp. 123–132. 7798:, pp. 225–236. 6973:("Mound of Ears"). 6938:Korean counterparts 6844:Gyeongsang Province 6822:. With the help of 6351:Liaodong Commandery 6048:Gyeongsang Province 5990:Kurushima Michifusa 5904:Takahashi Mototane 5702:Chōsokabe Motochika 5368:Tachibana Muneshige 5330:hit-and-run tactics 5142:of the Ming dynasty 5069:Gyeongsang Province 5040:Kobayakawa Takakage 4984:Kobayakawa Takakage 4921:Kobayakawa Takakage 4568:Gyeongsang Province 4307:Gyeongsang Province 4189:Capture of Hanseong 3998:. Konishi Yukinaga 3988:Gyeongsang Province 3770:Tachibana Muneshige 3766:Kobayakawa Hidekane 3753:Kobayakawa Takakage 3730:Kurushima Michifusa 3710:Chōsokabe Motochika 3042:Gyeongsang Province 2946:firearms technology 2846:) belonging to the 2162:for control of the 2137:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 2013:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 1135:1592–1594 Imjin War 1039:700 transport ships 1023:Total: 100,000 Ming 860:Chōsokabe Motochika 843:Kurushima Michifusa 771:Tachibana Muneshige 636:Kobayakawa Hidekane 627:Kobayakawa Takakage 596:Military commanders 273:Military commanders 53:readable prose size 16989:Invasions of Korea 16667:Military conquests 16513:Peasant rebellions 16390:Capture of Malacca 16365:Defense of Beijing 16279:Lin Kuan rebellion 16140:Seungjeongwon ilgi 16083:Cultural heritages 16029:Five Grand Palaces 15713:A History of Japan 15633:TTSearch 5.1.1(16) 14196:The New York Times 12921:(in Korean). Donga 12650:璘遣子龍偕朝鮮統制使李舜臣督水軍千人 12078:, pp. 71, 74. 11668:, pp. =52-53. 11412:Song Jeong-hyeon. 11039:, p. 203-204. 10855:, pp. 99–100. 8687:, p. 760-771. 8078:Japan Encyclopedia 7566:Chapter 322: Japan 7072:A History of Japan 7068:A History of Japan 7034:Gwangdong Jin clan 6774:tributary states. 6767: 6739:Joseon Royal Tombs 6653:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 6646:Death of Hideyoshi 6480: 6438:Myeongnyang Strait 6347:Chief Commissioner 6330:Hwangseok Mountain 6263:At the subsequent 6223: 6052:Kobayakawa Hideaki 6036:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 5790:Matsura Shigenobu 5680:Nabeshima Naoshige 5624:Army of the Right 5583: 5237:Siege of Pyongyang 5220: 5144: 5035:Battle of Cheongju 4728: 4725:Battle of Hansando 4607: 4549: 4503:Kyonghung Counties 4247: 4196:Nabeshima Naoshige 3968: 3951:Battle of Dadaejin 3836:Toyotomi Hidekatsu 3684:Fukushima Masanori 3592:Nabeshima Naoshige 3539:Matsura Shigenobu 3328: 3261:closest attention. 3193:Siege of Pyongyang 3151: 3143: 3132: 3034: 3029:Seungja Chongtong 2961:state of civil war 2954:thunder crash bomb 2948:from China during 2931: 2915: 2680: 2658:Gwangdong Jin clan 2611:and in crushing a 2374: 2363: 2351: 2179:Philip II of Spain 2076:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1869:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1696:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 825:Fukushima Masanori 699:Nabeshima Naoshige 617:Kobayakawa Hideaki 592:Toyotomi Hidetsugu 582:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 127:Gregorian calendar 16946: 16945: 16655:Gunpowder weapons 16614:Grand coordinator 16577:Grand Secretariat 16543: 16542: 16437:(1572–1683) 16346:(1435–1572) 16314:Battle of Kherlen 16264:Ming–Mong Mao War 16254:Wu Mian rebellion 16240:(1368–1435) 16186: 16185: 16154:Foreign relations 15984:Styles and titles 15959:late 19th century 15846:Treaty of Ganghwa 15711:Sansome, George. 15527:亂中日記草 : 壬辰狀草 14937:10.11501/12279602 14800:, Second Series, 14531:Military Heritage 14511:Review of Culture 13969:Hulbert, Homer B. 13830:10.7312/habo17228 13386:978-1-4008-7444-6 13281:, pp. 39–48. 11547:, pp. 50–51. 11444:, pp. 45–46. 10765:, pp. 33–34. 10734:, pp. 94–95. 10660:, pp. 90–92. 10567:, pp. 90–91. 10544:, pp. 85–86. 10366:, pp. 81–82. 10354:, pp. 79–80. 10331:, pp. 77–78. 10300:, pp. 75–76. 10270:, pp. 74–75. 10249:, pp. 73–74. 10219:, pp. 72–73. 10165:, pp. 69–70. 10148:, pp. 67–68. 10123:, pp. 65–66. 10102:, pp. 63–64. 10083:, pp. 61–62. 10066:, pp. 59–60. 10027:, pp. 57–58. 9992:, pp. 53–54. 9969:, pp. 56–57. 9954:, pp. 55–56. 9879:, pp. 23–24. 9867:, pp. 50–51. 9850:, pp. 83–84. 9377:, pp. 17–18. 9262:, pp. 35–36. 8974:[Armor]. 8911:, pp. 20–21. 8799:, pp. 14–15. 8787:, pp. 44–45. 8663:, pp. 242–3. 8651:, pp. 36–37. 7396:. 16 August 2019. 6788:Toyotomi Hideyori 6761:in 2005. Admiral 6695:Shimazu Yoshihiro 6675:Shimazu Yoshihiro 6669:Battle of Noryang 6663:Battle of Noryang 6630:Siege of Suncheon 6624:Siege of Suncheon 6605:Battle of Sacheon 6591:Shimazu Yoshihiro 6589:under commanders 6446:Yeonggwang County 6310:Shimazu Yoshihiro 6178: 6177: 6170: 6118:Initial offensive 6032: 6031: 5978:Wakisaka Yasuharu 5881:Shimazu Tadatsune 5869:Shimazu Yoshihiro 5747:Army of the Left 5726:Nakagawa Hidenari 5388:Battle of Haengju 5382:Battle of Haengju 5284:the defense. The 5278:Zhejiang Province 4797:Battle of Angolpo 4732:Wakisaka Yasuharu 4669:Wakisaka Yasuharu 4586:set sail with 24 4431:Hamgyong Province 4417:Battle of Bukgwan 4413:Hamgyong campaign 4397:Shimazu Yoshihiro 4311:Gyeonggi Province 4303:Gyeonggi Province 4295:Hwanghae Province 4287:Hamgyong Province 4145:Battle of Chungju 4139:Battle of Chungju 4086:, Hyeonpung, and 3965:Battle of Dongnae 3933: 3932: 3907:Wakizaka Yasuharu 3774:Tsukushi Hirokado 3639:Shimazu Yoshihiro 3425: 3424: 3417: 3345:in the invasion. 3288:Battle of Chungju 3065:Military strength 2965:Portuguese Empire 2827:Historia de Japam 2586:of the island of 2580:Wakisaka Yasuharu 2565:Nichiren Buddhism 2468:Shimazu Yoshihiro 2021:regional hegemony 2003:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1983:Mandate of Heaven 1973:In 1392, General 1815:Japanese era name 1813:referring to the 1729:guerrilla warfare 1645: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1571: 1570: 1516:South Korean name 1511: 1510: 1499:McCune–Reischauer 1456:North Korean name 1451: 1450: 1439:Yale Romanization 1411:Standard Mandarin 1351: 1350: 1088: 1087: 941:Hasegawa Hidekazu 914:Wakisaka Yasuharu 780:Tsukushi Hirokado 744:Shimazu Tadatsune 726:Shimazu Yoshihiro 563:Political leaders 477:Political leaders 236:Political leaders 184: 183: 88: 87: 55:was 24,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 17011: 16746:Huang-Ming Zuxun 16518:Jiashen Incident 16508:She-An Rebellion 16493:Seven Grievances 16466:Donglin movement 16451:Bozhou rebellion 16438: 16347: 16324:Lam Sơn uprising 16304:Ming–Đại Ngu War 16289:Jingnan campaign 16241: 16234: 16233: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16190: 16189: 16176:Joseon Tongsinsa 15989:Neo-Confucianism 15888: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15763: 15762: 15744:The Imjin Waeran 15704:Nahm, Andrew C. 15686: 15672: 15659: 15654: 15652: 15641: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15608: 15606: 15605: 15587: 15581: 15569: 15557: 15538: 15517: 15513: 15503: 15499: 15490: 15445: 15424: 15399: 15389: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15344: 15318: 15290: 15269: 15267: 15266: 15242: 15240: 15239: 15215: 15189: 15153: 15117: 15093: 15065: 15045:, Third Series, 15033: 14997: 14969: 14948: 14925:文禄・慶長役における被擄人の研究 14916: 14895: 14861: 14859: 14853:. Archived from 14830: 14820: 14788: 14770: 14760: 14758: 14757: 14731: 14720: 14683: 14662: 14641: 14625: 14623: 14597: 14596: 14591: 14581: 14580: 14575: 14566: 14538: 14525: 14501: 14489: 14478: 14476: 14475: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14363: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14306: 14281: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14227: 14224:10.11501/2942182 14206: 14204: 14203: 14185: 14141: 14110: 14078: 14057: 14055: 14054: 14030: 14015: 13996: 13988: 13977:. Curzon Press. 13974:History of Korea 13964: 13931: 13886: 13850: 13814: 13781: 13739: 13714: 13712: 13711: 13687: 13652: 13603: 13601: 13600: 13576: 13559: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13522: 13495: 13466: 13430: 13398: 13363: 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13227: 13218: 13212: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13173: 13167: 13161: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13119: 13113: 13104: 13098: 13092: 13086: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13051: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 12992: 12986: 12980: 12974: 12968: 12962: 12960: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12912: 12906: 12898: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12849: 12843: 12826: 12816: 12810: 12800: 12794: 12784: 12778: 12772: 12766: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12742: 12736: 12730: 12724: 12718: 12712: 12693: 12691: 12679: 12673: 12671: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12643: 12637: 12631: 12625: 12619: 12613: 12611: 12599: 12593: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12543: 12537: 12535: 12523: 12517: 12507: 12496: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12472: 12466: 12460: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12434: 12428: 12426: 12414: 12408: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12342: 12336: 12327: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12293: 12280: 12274: 12265: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12040: 12034: 12028: 12022: 12009: 12007: 11995: 11989: 11987: 11975: 11969: 11959: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11916: 11910: 11893: 11891: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11859: 11847: 11841: 11839: 11827: 11821: 11811: 11805: 11799: 11786: 11776: 11770: 11764: 11751: 11745: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11651: 11630: 11624: 11618: 11608: 11597: 11591: 11582: 11576: 11567: 11561: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11519: 11513: 11500: 11494: 11479: 11473: 11464: 11458: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11346: 11340: 11305: 11299: 11290: 11284: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11245: 11239: 11229: 11223: 11220:Park et al. 2012 11217: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11129: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11093: 11084: 11078: 11069: 11063: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10883: 10877: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10829: 10823: 10804: 10798: 10783: 10777: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10735: 10729: 10718: 10712: 10703: 10697: 10682: 10676: 10661: 10655: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10615: 10609: 10600: 10594: 10585: 10579: 10568: 10562: 10545: 10539: 10528: 10522: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10478: 10472: 10462: 10456: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10428: 10418: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10332: 10326: 10301: 10295: 10286: 10280: 10271: 10265: 10250: 10244: 10235: 10229: 10220: 10214: 10201: 10195: 10166: 10160: 10149: 10143: 10124: 10118: 10103: 10097: 10084: 10078: 10067: 10061: 10048: 10046: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9970: 9964: 9955: 9949: 9940: 9934: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9851: 9845: 9830: 9824: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9657: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9617: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9355: 9349: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9299: 9293: 9278: 9272: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9232: 9226: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9115: 9109: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9011: 9005: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8865: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8817: 8811: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8725: 8719: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8569: 8563: 8554: 8548: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8503: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8285: 8280:. Archived from 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8223:. Archived from 8209: 8203: 8197: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7914: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7838: 7832: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7786:" (20000 losses) 7785: 7773: 7762: 7756: 7747: 7737: 7724: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7640: 7634: 7625: 7619: 7610: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7526: 7517: 7511: 7498: 7492: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7413: 7407: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7318:. Archived from 7307: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7261: 7255: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7117:Empresa de China 7032:(founder of the 6934:Japanese pottery 6831:tributary system 6778:Losses and gains 6585:soldiers of the 6371:Battle of Jiksan 6365:Battle of Jiksan 6173: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6130: 6122: 5926:Sagara Yorifusa 5893:Akizuki Tanenaga 5835:Hachisuka Iemasa 5767:Konishi Yukinaga 5644:Emperor Go-Yozei 5616: 5574:Painting of the 5526:, a retainer of 5469:Ishida Mitsunari 5465:Konishi Yukinaga 5303:The fortress of 5129:Konishi Yukinaga 5073:Hosokawa Tadaoki 4980:Go Gyeong-myeong 4896:straight toward 4863: 4854:righteous armies 4824:Hanyang District 4683:Battle of Dangpo 4453:Kyongsong County 4449:Myongchon County 4363:Gangwon campaign 4291:Gangwon Province 4283:Pyongan Province 4245:Map of invasions 4132:Battle of Sangju 4107:Battle of Sangju 4025:siege of Dongnae 4017:Dongnae Fortress 3972:Konishi Yukinaga 3955:Siege of Dongnae 3926:Total (rounded) 3915:Ōtani Yoshitsugu 3878:Satake Yoshinobu 3870:Uesugi Kagekatsu 3840:Hosokawa Tadaoki 3740:Hachisuka Iemasa 3671:Shimazu Tadatoyo 3663:Akizuki Tanenaga 3601:Sagara Yorifusa 3517:Konishi Yukinaga 3505: 3504: 3480: 3466: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3369: 3361: 3293:mounted infantry 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2756:, or by wearing 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2705:Japanese pirates 2682:Officers in the 2637: 2569:Catholic Konishi 2515:Konishi Yukinaga 2477:300 flag bearers 2456:Foot samurai: 40 2435:Gotō archipelago 2347:Konishi Yukinaga 2288: 2286: 2285: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2217:Aichi Prefecture 2124:Stephen Turnbull 2084:Minamoto lineage 2056:Confucian ideals 2017:Emperor of Japan 1987:tributary states 1964:History of China 1956:History of Japan 1948:History of Korea 1916:Haengju fortress 1879:and eventually, 1850: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1771: 1766:sexagenary cycle 1759: 1725:righteous armies 1689:Korean Peninsula 1686: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1633: 1632: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1592: 1591: 1590:慶長の役 (1597–1598) 1588:文禄の役 (1592–1593) 1567: 1566: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1507: 1506: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1447: 1446: 1426: 1425: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1356: 1355: 1126: 1124: 1114: 1107: 1100: 1091: 1090: 984: 974: 967: 957: 948: 939: 932:Ōtani Yoshitsugu 930: 921: 912: 903: 894: 887:Akizuki Tanenaga 885: 876: 867: 858: 851: 841: 832: 823: 814: 805: 796: 787: 778: 769: 760: 753:Hachisuka Iemasa 751: 742: 735:Shimazu Toyohisa 733: 724: 715: 708:Hosokawa Tadaoki 706: 697: 688: 679: 670: 663:Konishi Yukinaga 661: 652: 645:Ishida Mitsunari 643: 634: 625: 615: 604: 590: 580: 572:Emperor Go-Yōzei 570: 547: 484: 435: 423: 411: 403:Go Gyeong-myeong 399: 387: 377: 376: 375: 368: 358: 357: 356: 346: 345: 344: 335: 325: 324: 323: 314: 304: 303: 302: 293: 283: 282: 281: 263: 254: 244: 217: 207: 198: 153:Korean Peninsula 131:1592 (Wanli 20, 117: 116: 110:landing at Busan 106: 94: 93: 83: 80: 74: 38: 37: 30: 21: 17019: 17018: 17014: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17009: 17008: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16942: 16937:History of Ming 16924: 16891: 16813: 16789:Chaotian Palace 16772: 16732:History of Yuan 16719: 16676: 16633: 16539: 16439: 16436: 16429: 16425:Single whip law 16400:Ningbo incident 16375:Miao rebellions 16348: 16345: 16338: 16242: 16239: 16223: 16217: 16187: 16182: 16149: 16078: 16012: 15970: 15912: 15889: 15880: 15806: 15795: 15790: 15756:The Imjinwaeran 15729: 15690:Han, Woo-keun. 15646: 15619:Li, Guang-tao ( 15616: 15614:Primary sources 15611: 15603: 15601: 15577:History of Ming 15567: 15554: 15528: 15511: 15497: 15464: 15442: 15397: 15387: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15334: 15308: 15287: 15264: 15262: 15260: 15237: 15235: 15233: 15205: 14987: 14966: 14958:. W.W. Norton. 14926: 14913: 14877: 14857: 14843: 14828: 14768: 14755: 14753: 14751: 14709: 14680: 14659: 14589: 14573: 14498: 14473: 14471: 14441: 14428: 14426: 14408: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14270: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14213: 14201: 14199: 14127: 14119: 14075: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14012: 13985: 13961: 13904: 13868: 13840: 13811: 13755: 13736: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13676: 13633: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13562:Military Review 13557: 13555:"The Imjin War" 13544: 13542: 13540: 13519: 13484: 13448:10.2307/2048846 13387: 13345: 13326: 13321: 13313: 13309: 13301: 13297: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13273: 13264: 13262: 13260:The Dong-a Ilbo 13252: 13248: 13240: 13236: 13228: 13221: 13213: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13174: 13170: 13162: 13158: 13150: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13126: 13122: 13114: 13107: 13099: 13095: 13087: 13078: 13070: 13066: 13058: 13054: 13042: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13005: 13003: 12993: 12989: 12981: 12977: 12969: 12965: 12949: 12945: 12937: 12933: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12913: 12909: 12899: 12892: 12883: 12881: 12872: 12871: 12867: 12859: 12852: 12844: 12829: 12817: 12813: 12801: 12797: 12785: 12781: 12773: 12769: 12761: 12757: 12749: 12745: 12737: 12733: 12725: 12721: 12713: 12696: 12680: 12676: 12662:History of Ming 12660: 12656: 12648:, Chapter 320. 12646:History of Ming 12644: 12640: 12632: 12628: 12620: 12616: 12602:History of Ming 12600: 12596: 12588: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12564: 12560: 12546:History of Ming 12544: 12540: 12526:History of Ming 12524: 12520: 12508: 12499: 12491: 12487: 12479: 12475: 12467: 12463: 12455: 12451: 12435: 12431: 12415: 12411: 12402: 12398: 12390: 12386: 12378: 12374: 12366: 12362: 12354: 12345: 12337: 12330: 12318: 12314: 12306: 12302: 12294: 12283: 12275: 12268: 12260: 12256: 12248: 12244: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12212: 12208: 12200: 12193: 12185: 12181: 12172: 12170: 12157:Caraway, Bill. 12155: 12151: 12142: 12140: 12127:Caraway, Bill. 12125: 12121: 12113: 12109: 12101: 12097: 12089: 12082: 12074: 12070: 12062: 12058: 12050: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12023: 12012: 11998:History of Ming 11996: 11992: 11976: 11972: 11960: 11956: 11948: 11944: 11936: 11919: 11911: 11896: 11882:History of Ming 11880: 11876: 11868: 11864: 11850:History of Ming 11848: 11844: 11830:History of Ming 11828: 11824: 11812: 11808: 11800: 11789: 11777: 11773: 11765: 11754: 11746: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11717: 11713: 11705: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11672: 11664: 11660: 11652: 11633: 11625: 11621: 11609: 11600: 11592: 11585: 11577: 11570: 11562: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11531: 11522: 11514: 11503: 11495: 11482: 11474: 11467: 11459: 11448: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11425: 11416: 11410: 11406: 11397: 11395: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11368: 11349: 11341: 11308: 11300: 11293: 11285: 11272: 11263: 11261: 11252: 11246: 11242: 11230: 11226: 11218: 11214: 11206: 11202: 11194: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11170: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11130: 11123: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11094: 11087: 11079: 11072: 11064: 11055: 11047: 11043: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10989: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10942: 10938: 10930: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10886: 10878: 10871: 10863: 10859: 10851: 10847: 10839: 10832: 10824: 10807: 10799: 10786: 10778: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10749: 10738: 10730: 10721: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10685: 10677: 10664: 10656: 10645: 10637: 10633: 10625: 10618: 10610: 10603: 10599:, p. 195f. 10595: 10588: 10580: 10571: 10563: 10548: 10540: 10531: 10523: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10493: 10491: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10463: 10459: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10419: 10412: 10403: 10401: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10350: 10335: 10327: 10304: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10253: 10245: 10238: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10204: 10196: 10169: 10161: 10152: 10144: 10127: 10119: 10106: 10098: 10087: 10079: 10070: 10062: 10051: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9988: 9973: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9943: 9935: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9900: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9854: 9846: 9833: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9795:netlaputa.ne.jp 9791: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9774: 9767: 9758: 9756: 9747: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9675: 9673: 9660:Caraway, Bill. 9658: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9631: 9627: 9618: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9547: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9452:, pp. 3–7. 9448: 9444: 9440:, pp. 186. 9436: 9429: 9425:, pp. 109. 9421: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9358: 9350: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9302: 9294: 9281: 9273: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9235: 9227: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9199: 9197: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9163: 9154: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9100: 9096: 9087: 9085: 9076: 9072:Ahn Sang-yoon. 9070: 9066: 9057: 9055: 9046: 9042:Cha Moon-seop. 9040: 9036: 9027: 9025: 9018: 9012: 9008: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8953: 8951: 8942: 8938:Jaekwang Park. 8936: 8932: 8924: 8915: 8907: 8903: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8820: 8812: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8728: 8720: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8521: 8519: 8506:Caraway, Bill. 8504: 8495: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8438: 8422: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8289: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8255: 8252:The Korea Times 8243: 8239: 8230: 8228: 8213:Hooker, Richard 8210: 8206: 8198: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8088: 8074: 8070: 8066:, p. 1316. 8062: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7862:History of Ming 7860: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7776:History of Ming 7774: 7765: 7757: 7750: 7738: 7727: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7628: 7620: 7613: 7603:History of Ming 7601: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7562:History of Ming 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7501: 7493: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7308: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7228: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7211:已到兵丁三萬八千五百三十七人員 7208: 7204: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7088: 7076:Henry Kissinger 7051: 6998: 6966: 6950:Arita porcelain 6910:Japanese swords 6891:George H. Jones 6864:Changgyeonggung 6804:Tokugawa Ieyasu 6780: 6752: 6727:Tokugawa Ieyasu 6711:Tsushima Island 6707: 6671: 6665: 6648: 6640:Suncheon Castle 6632: 6626: 6613: 6607: 6545: 6521:Asano Nagayoshi 6460: 6454: 6430: 6424: 6384:Kuroda Nagamasa 6373: 6367: 6343:Minister of War 6339: 6326: 6287: 6285:Siege of Namwon 6281: 6279:Siege of Namwon 6247: 6241: 6211: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6143: 6131: 6120: 6102:'s soldiers in 6001:Mitaira Saemon 5846:Mōri Yoshinari 5668:Kuroda Nagamasa 5614: 5568: 5528:Kuroda Nagamasa 5507: 5501: 5453: 5390: 5384: 5348: 5342: 5309:Otomo Yoshimune 5245: 5239: 5227:tributary state 5125:Ryu Seong-ryong 5117: 5062: 5056: 5004: 4972: 4952: 4917: 4883: 4850: 4844: 4842:Korean militias 4811: 4805: 4803:Battle of Busan 4781: 4775: 4714: 4708: 4541: 4535: 4419: 4411:Main articles: 4409: 4365: 4359: 4319: 4279: 4258: 4252: 4239: 4191: 4147: 4141: 4115: 4109: 4072:Kuroda Nagamasa 4065: 4021:Song Sang-hyeon 3957: 3945:Main articles: 3943: 3938: 3936:Initial attacks 3866:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3819:Tsushima Island 3720:Ikoma Chikamasa 3697:Toda Katsushige 3626:Ōtomo Yoshimune 3613:Kuroda Nagamasa 3503: 3453: 3429:Ryu Seong-ryong 3421: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3386: 3370: 3359: 3354: 3317: 3307: 3267:Asano Yoshinaga 3230:then answered, 3121: 3115: 3088:Tsushima Island 3084:Saga Prefecture 3067: 3023: 3014:Ryu Seong-ryong 2900: 2888:Main articles: 2886: 2878:Jeolla Province 2735:Five Army Camps 2672: 2666: 2601: 2592:Seto Inland Sea 2339: 2334: 2295:Ryu Seong-ryong 2280: 2279:, Sō Yoshishige 2277:Tsushima Island 2263: 2253: 2232: 2229: 2072: 2060:Jurchen raiders 1971: 1966: 1942:Main articles: 1940: 1908:Jeolla Province 1865: 1842: 1823: 1800: 1785:Chinese emperor 1750: 1630: 1605: 1589: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1292:1595–1596 Truce 1127: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1083: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1052:Total: ~300,000 1051: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1001: 986:Asano Yoshinaga 979: 969: 963: 952: 943: 934: 925: 916: 907: 898: 889: 880: 871: 862: 853: 847: 836: 827: 818: 816:Kuroda Nagamasa 809: 800: 798:Ikoma Chikamasa 791: 782: 773: 764: 762:Ōtomo Yoshimune 755: 746: 737: 728: 719: 710: 701: 692: 683: 674: 665: 656: 647: 638: 629: 620: 610: 599: 594: 585: 574: 565: 561: 559:Toyotomi regime 549: 543: 537: 533: 529: 525: 518: 514: 508: 502: 498: 494: 490: 479: 475: 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 451:Kim Deok-ryeong 449: 445: 441: 437: 431: 425: 419: 413: 407: 401: 395: 391:Song Sang-hyeon 389: 383: 373: 371: 370: 364: 354: 352: 351: 342: 340: 338: 331: 321: 319: 317: 310: 300: 298: 296: 289: 279: 277: 275: 271: 267: 265:Ryu Seong-ryong 258: 256:Prince Gwanghae 249: 238: 234: 202: 169: 155: 130: 124: 107: 84: 78: 75: 56: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17017: 17007: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16959:1590s in Japan 16944: 16943: 16941: 16940: 16932: 16930: 16926: 16925: 16923: 16922: 16917: 16916: 16915: 16913:Yongle Tongbao 16910: 16908:Hongwu Tongbao 16899: 16897: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16832: 16827: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16784:Forbidden City 16780: 16778: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16770: 16763: 16756: 16749: 16742: 16735: 16727: 16725: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16684: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16674: 16672:Nine Garrisons 16669: 16664: 16663: 16662: 16652: 16647: 16641: 16639: 16635: 16634: 16632: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16551: 16549: 16545: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16538: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16480: 16479: 16478: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16456:Ordos campaign 16453: 16448: 16442: 16440: 16435: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16351: 16349: 16344: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16319:Ming–Kotte War 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16245: 16243: 16238: 16231: 16225: 16224: 16216: 16215: 16208: 16201: 16193: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16179: 16178: 16168: 16163: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16125:Hunminjeongeum 16122: 16117: 16107: 16102: 16100:Namhansanseong 16097: 16092: 16086: 16084: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16020: 16018: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16010: 16003: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15980: 15978: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15968: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15920: 15918: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15905: 15899: 15897: 15891: 15890: 15883: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15827: 15822: 15816: 15814: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15789: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15766: 15760: 15759: 15753: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15728: 15727:External links 15725: 15724: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15697:Lee, Ki-baik. 15695: 15688: 15677:Song Yingchang 15674: 15660: 15655: 15643: 15636: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15609: 15588: 15570: 15558: 15552: 15539: 15519: 15505: 15491: 15463:978-8989722496 15462: 15446: 15441:978-0231522403 15440: 15425: 15390: 15386:978-1854095237 15385: 15372: 15361:978-1782007128 15360: 15345: 15332: 15319: 15307:978-0304359486 15306: 15291: 15286:978-1851096725 15285: 15270: 15259:978-0791426876 15258: 15243: 15232:978-9004305526 15231: 15216: 15204:978-0806155814 15203: 15190: 15165:(4): 757–782, 15154: 15118: 15094: 15066: 15034: 15015:10.2307/595851 14998: 14986:978-1107490239 14985: 14970: 14964: 14949: 14917: 14912:978-0742567177 14911: 14896: 14876:978-0804705257 14875: 14862: 14860:on 2017-07-03. 14842:978-0642297051 14841: 14821: 14789: 14761: 14750:978-9814311779 14749: 14732: 14721: 14708:978-1107093089 14707: 14684: 14679:978-0879237738 14678: 14663: 14658:978-1598847413 14657: 14642: 14626: 14614:(6): 598–606. 14599: 14583: 14567: 14539: 14537:(6): 50–59, 89 14526: 14502: 14497:978-0203969298 14496: 14479: 14445:Dongbang Hagji 14434: 14407:978-1317662747 14406: 14391: 14380:978-1135795986 14379: 14364: 14346:(2): 524–526. 14334: 14323:978-0674948556 14322: 14307: 14297:(2): 137–156. 14282: 14268: 14255: 14244:978-0275958237 14243: 14228: 14207: 14186: 14159:10.1086/649280 14149:, 2nd Series, 14142: 14111: 14088:Korean Culture 14079: 14074:978-0312173708 14073: 14058: 14047:978-0231153195 14046: 14031: 14016: 14011:978-0313335396 14010: 13997: 13989: 13984:978-0700707003 13983: 13965: 13959: 13932: 13902: 13887: 13867:978-8995442425 13866: 13851: 13839:978-0231540988 13838: 13815: 13809: 13782: 13754:978-8971410189 13753: 13740: 13734: 13715: 13704:978-3825843861 13703: 13688: 13674: 13653: 13631: 13604: 13593:978-1317282945 13592: 13577: 13550: 13539:978-1349124305 13538: 13523: 13517: 13496: 13482: 13467: 13442:(3): 236–253, 13431: 13414:(2): 185–216, 13399: 13385: 13364: 13344:978-0804746298 13343: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13307: 13295: 13283: 13271: 13246: 13234: 13232:, p. 142. 13219: 13204: 13202:, p. 170. 13192: 13190:, p. 195. 13180: 13168: 13156: 13154:, p. 169. 13144: 13142:, p. 329. 13132: 13120: 13118:, p. 231. 13105: 13103:, p. 102. 13093: 13091:, p. 334. 13076: 13074:, p. 333. 13064: 13052: 13036: 13034:, p. 199. 13024: 13022:, p. 197. 13012: 12987: 12985:, p. 254. 12975: 12973:, p. 456. 12963: 12943: 12931: 12907: 12890: 12865: 12850: 12827: 12811: 12795: 12779: 12777:, p. 233. 12767: 12765:, p. 781. 12755: 12753:, p. 757. 12743: 12731: 12729:, p. 236. 12719: 12717:, p. 235. 12694: 12674: 12654: 12638: 12636:, p. 227. 12626: 12624:, p. 271. 12614: 12594: 12582: 12580:, p. 217. 12570: 12568:, p. 219. 12558: 12538: 12518: 12497: 12495:, p. 215. 12485: 12483:, p. 128. 12473: 12461: 12459:, p. 203. 12449: 12429: 12409: 12396: 12394:, p. 202. 12384: 12382:, p. 312. 12372: 12370:, p. 192. 12360: 12358:, p. 467. 12343: 12341:, p. 248. 12328: 12312: 12300: 12281: 12266: 12254: 12252:, p. 448. 12242: 12240:, p. 191. 12230: 12218: 12216:, p. 214. 12206: 12204:, p. 572. 12191: 12189:, p. 450. 12179: 12149: 12119: 12107: 12105:, p. 281. 12095: 12080: 12068: 12056: 12041: 12029: 12010: 11990: 11978:Song Yingchang 11970: 11954: 11942: 11917: 11894: 11874: 11872:, p. 145. 11862: 11842: 11822: 11806: 11787: 11771: 11752: 11735: 11723: 11711: 11707:Chinvanno 1992 11699: 11687: 11670: 11658: 11631: 11619: 11598: 11596:, p. 279. 11583: 11568: 11549: 11537: 11520: 11501: 11480: 11465: 11446: 11434: 11404: 11374: 11347: 11306: 11291: 11270: 11248:Kang-sik Kim. 11240: 11224: 11212: 11200: 11198:, p. 251. 11188: 11186:, p. 126. 11176: 11164: 11152: 11140: 11121: 11085: 11070: 11068:, p. 105. 11053: 11051:, p. 204. 11041: 11029: 11027:, p. 203. 11014: 11002: 11000:, p. 202. 10987: 10985:, p. 107. 10975: 10960: 10948: 10946:, p. 104. 10936: 10934:, p. 103. 10919: 10907: 10905:, p. 102. 10884: 10869: 10867:, p. 100. 10857: 10845: 10830: 10805: 10784: 10767: 10755: 10736: 10719: 10704: 10683: 10662: 10643: 10631: 10616: 10614:, p. 244. 10601: 10586: 10569: 10546: 10529: 10512: 10510:, p. 311. 10500: 10473: 10457: 10441: 10429: 10410: 10389:"Shin Se-jun" 10380: 10368: 10356: 10333: 10302: 10287: 10285:, p. 174. 10272: 10251: 10236: 10234:, p. 240. 10221: 10202: 10167: 10150: 10125: 10104: 10085: 10068: 10049: 10029: 10006: 9994: 9971: 9956: 9941: 9918: 9906: 9881: 9869: 9852: 9831: 9816: 9804: 9801:on 2006-11-09. 9780: 9778:, p. 353. 9765: 9735: 9718: 9716:, p. 243. 9706: 9694: 9692:, p. 252. 9682: 9649: 9637: 9625: 9609: 9607:, p. 192. 9597: 9585: 9583:, p. 190. 9573: 9571:, p. 186. 9561: 9541: 9529: 9517: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9454: 9442: 9427: 9415: 9413:, pp. 42. 9403: 9401:, pp. 40. 9391: 9389:, pp. 20. 9379: 9356: 9341: 9329: 9317: 9315:, p. 187. 9300: 9279: 9264: 9252: 9233: 9218: 9214:Rockstein 1993 9206: 9180: 9161: 9133: 9110: 9094: 9064: 9034: 9006: 8990: 8968:Min Hyeon-gu. 8960: 8930: 8913: 8901: 8898:on 2007-09-30. 8881: 8866: 8849: 8837: 8818: 8801: 8789: 8777: 8765: 8753: 8726: 8701: 8699:, p. 243. 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8624: 8622:, p. 112. 8612: 8610:, p. 242. 8597: 8585: 8583:, p. 427. 8570: 8555: 8540: 8538:, p. 240. 8528: 8493: 8463: 8451: 8436: 8401: 8389: 8385:Rockstein 1993 8377: 8373:Rockstein 1993 8365: 8361:Rockstein 1993 8353: 8332: 8328:Rockstein 1993 8320: 8308: 8287: 8284:on 2020-01-30. 8264: 8237: 8204: 8202:, p. 206. 8185: 8173: 8171:, p. 771. 8161: 8149: 8147:, p. 198. 8137: 8125: 8123:, p. 122. 8113: 8101: 8086: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8042:, p. 337. 8032: 8030:, p. 117. 8020: 8008: 7996: 7994:, p. 144. 7984: 7972: 7960: 7956:Rockstein 1993 7948: 7936: 7898: 7886: 7884:, p. 143. 7874: 7854: 7839: 7837:, p. 761. 7824: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7763: 7748: 7725: 7710: 7708:, p. 212. 7698: 7696:, p. 278. 7683: 7671: 7659: 7641: 7626: 7611: 7586: 7574: 7554: 7542: 7518: 7516:, p. 222. 7499: 7497:, p. 230. 7480: 7478:, p. 446. 7468: 7466:, p. 433. 7453: 7451:, p. 116. 7441: 7439:, p. 115. 7429: 7427:, p. 105. 7414: 7399: 7385: 7383:, p. 442. 7373: 7371:, p. 305. 7361: 7359:, p. 338. 7349: 7347:, p. 333. 7337: 7335:, p. 148. 7325: 7322:on 2020-07-14. 7289: 7287:, p. 269. 7277: 7262: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7202: 7170: 7158: 7137: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7087: 7084: 7050: 7047: 6997: 6994: 6965: 6964:War atrocities 6962: 6946:Korean pottery 6903:Southeast Asia 6852:Korean science 6779: 6776: 6770:of thousands. 6751: 6748: 6729:, by then the 6706: 6703: 6667:Main article: 6664: 6661: 6647: 6644: 6628:Main article: 6625: 6622: 6609:Main article: 6606: 6603: 6544: 6541: 6458:Siege of Ulsan 6456:Main article: 6453: 6452:Siege of Ulsan 6450: 6426:Main article: 6423: 6420: 6369:Main article: 6366: 6363: 6338: 6335: 6325: 6322: 6283:Main article: 6280: 6277: 6243:Main article: 6240: 6237: 6221:'s operations. 6210: 6207: 6176: 6175: 6134: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946:Naval Command 5943: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5857:Ikoma Kazumasa 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824:Gotō Sumiharu 5822: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813:Ōmura Yoshiaki 5810: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5801:Arima Harunobu 5798: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714:Ikoma Kazumasa 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5691:Ikeda Hideuji 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5610: 5567: 5564: 5524:Goto Mototsugu 5503:Main article: 5500: 5497: 5452: 5449: 5445:siege of Jinju 5386:Main article: 5383: 5380: 5344:Main article: 5341: 5338: 5326:Song Yingchang 5241:Main article: 5238: 5235: 5182:Song Yingchang 5174:Ningxia revolt 5116: 5113: 5058:Main article: 5055: 5054:Siege of Jinju 5052: 5003: 5000: 4996:Battle of Ichi 4971: 4968: 4951: 4948: 4916: 4913: 4882: 4879: 4848:Righteous Army 4846:Main article: 4843: 4840: 4807:Main article: 4804: 4801: 4777:Main article: 4774: 4771: 4740:Kuki Yoshitaka 4710:Main article: 4707: 4704: 4659:command base. 4639:Battle of Okpo 4597:A turtle ship 4537:Main article: 4534: 4531: 4478:in Korean and 4457:Puryong County 4408: 4405: 4369:Mōri Yoshinari 4361:Main article: 4358: 4355: 4318: 4315: 4278: 4275: 4254:Main article: 4251: 4248: 4238: 4235: 4227:Gim Myeong-won 4190: 4187: 4143:Main article: 4140: 4137: 4111:Main article: 4108: 4105: 4064: 4061: 4049:Forbidden City 3947:Siege of Busan 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3903:Kuki Yoshitaka 3900: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3700:Ikoma Kazumasa 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3652:Mōri Yoshimasa 3648: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567:Gotō Sumiharu 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558:Ōmura Yoshiaki 3554: 3553: 3550: 3548:Arima Harunobu 3544: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3452: 3449: 3423: 3422: 3373: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3306: 3303: 3168:rattan shields 3114: 3111: 3075:Hizen Province 3066: 3063: 3058:refuge castles 3022: 3019: 2935:Jurchen people 2910:tactics using 2885: 2882: 2777:heavy infantry 2701:Jurchen people 2665: 2662: 2652:, a native of 2600: 2597: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2228: 2225: 2164:Chūgoku region 2101:Ryukyu Islands 2093:civil disorder 2071: 2068: 1991:Ryukyu Kingdom 1970: 1967: 1939: 1936: 1893:Sengoku period 1864: 1861: 1797:Bunroku no eki 1749: 1746: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1629:Bunroku no Eki 1625: 1619: 1618: 1617:Transcriptions 1610: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1553:Transcriptions 1546: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1493:Transcriptions 1486: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432:Yue: Cantonese 1428: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405:Transcriptions 1398: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303:Chilcheollyang 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076:~20,000 killed 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1044:2nd. (1597–98) 1026: 1025:192,000 Joseon 1018:2nd. (1597–98) 1011:1st. (1592–93) 994: 993: 989: 988: 976:Asano Nagamasa 959:Ōyano Tanemoto 923:Ōmura Yoshiaki 905:Kuki Yoshitaka 878:Arima Harunobu 807:Ikoma Kazumasa 690:Mōri Yoshimasa 555: 516:Song Yingchang 467:Gim Chung-seon 447:Jeong Gi-ryong 227: 226: 222: 221: 211: 191: 190: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 176: 171: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 151: 149: 145: 144: 141:lunar calendar 121: 113: 112: 99: 98: 92: 91: 86: 85: 65:it, or adding 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17016: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16939: 16938: 16934: 16933: 16931: 16927: 16921: 16918: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16894: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16794:Ming Xiaoling 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16779: 16775: 16769: 16768: 16764: 16762: 16761: 16757: 16755: 16754: 16750: 16748: 16747: 16743: 16741: 16740: 16736: 16734: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16679: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16636: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16603: 16602:Vassal prince 16600: 16599: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16587:Eastern Depot 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16553: 16552: 16550: 16546: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16530:Southern Ming 16528: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16481: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16432: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16350: 16341: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16226: 16221: 16214: 16209: 16207: 16202: 16200: 16195: 16194: 16191: 16177: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16090:Changdeokgung 16088: 16087: 16085: 16081: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16059:Korean garden 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16009: 16008: 16004: 16002: 16001: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15979: 15977: 15973: 15967: 15964: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15915: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15887: 15877: 15876:Korean Empire 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15802: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15787: 15782: 15780: 15775: 15773: 15768: 15767: 15764: 15757: 15754: 15751: 15748: 15745: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15721: 15718:Yi, Sun-sin. 15717: 15714: 15710: 15707: 15703: 15700: 15696: 15693: 15689: 15682: 15678: 15675: 15668: 15664: 15663:Qian Shizheng 15661: 15656: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15634: 15618: 15617: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15580: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15545: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15525: 15520: 15506: 15492: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15447: 15443: 15437: 15433: 15432: 15426: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15396: 15391: 15388: 15382: 15378: 15373: 15363: 15357: 15353: 15352: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15333:9781846032547 15329: 15325: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15299: 15298: 15292: 15288: 15282: 15278: 15277: 15271: 15261: 15255: 15251: 15250: 15244: 15234: 15228: 15224: 15223: 15217: 15214: 15210: 15206: 15200: 15196: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15155: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15119: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15095: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15067: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15035: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15009:(2): 96–103, 15008: 15004: 14999: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14978: 14977: 14971: 14967: 14965:9780393973518 14961: 14957: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14923: 14918: 14914: 14908: 14904: 14903: 14897: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14868: 14863: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14838: 14834: 14827: 14822: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14790: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14767: 14762: 14752: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14691: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14654: 14650: 14649: 14643: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14600: 14584: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14527: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14490:. Routledge. 14488: 14487: 14480: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14435: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14400:. Routledge. 14399: 14398: 14392: 14382: 14376: 14373:. Routledge. 14372: 14371: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14325: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14283: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14269:9780674615762 14265: 14261: 14256: 14246: 14240: 14236: 14235: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14208: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14124: 14120: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14059: 14049: 14043: 14039: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14017: 14013: 14007: 14003: 13998: 13995: 13990: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13960:9781139054751 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13903:0-226-35485-7 13899: 13895: 13894: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13857:The Imjin War 13852: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13810:9781315767208 13806: 13802: 13798: 13795:. Routledge. 13794: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13746: 13741: 13737: 13735:0-231-03833-X 13731: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13706: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13675:9780674032590 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13632:9781139055086 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13595: 13589: 13586:. Routledge. 13585: 13584: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13551: 13541: 13535: 13531: 13530: 13524: 13520: 13518:9780511806681 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13483:9781285436791 13479: 13475: 13474: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13365: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13336: 13335: 13329: 13328: 13317:, p. 15. 13316: 13311: 13305:, p. 14. 13304: 13299: 13293:, p. 12. 13292: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13261: 13257: 13250: 13244:, p. 16. 13243: 13238: 13231: 13226: 13224: 13216: 13211: 13209: 13201: 13200:Turnbull 2002 13196: 13189: 13188:Turnbull 2002 13184: 13177: 13172: 13165: 13164:Turnbull 2002 13160: 13153: 13152:Turnbull 2002 13148: 13141: 13136: 13129: 13124: 13117: 13116:Turnbull 2002 13112: 13110: 13102: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13073: 13068: 13061: 13056: 13049: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13021: 13016: 13002: 12998: 12991: 12984: 12979: 12972: 12967: 12956: 12952: 12947: 12941:, p. 55. 12940: 12935: 12920: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12900:Jinwung Kim, 12897: 12895: 12879: 12875: 12869: 12863:, p. 21. 12862: 12857: 12855: 12847: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12824: 12820: 12815: 12808: 12804: 12799: 12792: 12788: 12783: 12776: 12775:Turnbull 2002 12771: 12764: 12759: 12752: 12747: 12741:, p. 13. 12740: 12735: 12728: 12727:Turnbull 2002 12723: 12716: 12715:Turnbull 2002 12711: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12687: 12683: 12678: 12667: 12663: 12658: 12647: 12642: 12635: 12634:Turnbull 2002 12630: 12623: 12618: 12607: 12603: 12598: 12591: 12590:Turnbull 2002 12586: 12579: 12578:Turnbull 2002 12574: 12567: 12566:Turnbull 2002 12562: 12551: 12547: 12542: 12531: 12527: 12522: 12515: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12494: 12493:Turnbull 2002 12489: 12482: 12477: 12470: 12469:Turnbull 2002 12465: 12458: 12457:Turnbull 2002 12453: 12442: 12438: 12433: 12422: 12418: 12413: 12406: 12400: 12393: 12392:Turnbull 2002 12388: 12381: 12376: 12369: 12364: 12357: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12316: 12310:, p. 89. 12309: 12304: 12298:, p. 81. 12297: 12296:Turnbull 2008 12292: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12279:, p. 82. 12278: 12277:Turnbull 2008 12273: 12271: 12263: 12258: 12251: 12246: 12239: 12238:Turnbull 2002 12234: 12227: 12222: 12215: 12210: 12203: 12198: 12196: 12188: 12183: 12169:on 2007-09-27 12168: 12164: 12160: 12153: 12139:on 2009-04-03 12138: 12134: 12130: 12123: 12117:, p. 75. 12116: 12115:Turnbull 2002 12111: 12104: 12103:Elisonas 1991 12099: 12093:, p. 74. 12092: 12091:Turnbull 2002 12087: 12085: 12077: 12076:Turnbull 2002 12072: 12066:, p. 70. 12065: 12064:Turnbull 2002 12060: 12054:, p. 68. 12053: 12052:Turnbull 2002 12048: 12046: 12039:, p. 67. 12038: 12037:Turnbull 2008 12033: 12027:, p. 67. 12026: 12025:Turnbull 2002 12021: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12003: 11999: 11994: 11983: 11979: 11974: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11951: 11950:Turnbull 2012 11946: 11940:, p. 63. 11939: 11938:Turnbull 2002 11934: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11915:, p. 62. 11914: 11913:Turnbull 2002 11909: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11887: 11883: 11878: 11871: 11870:Turnbull 2002 11866: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11835: 11831: 11826: 11819: 11815: 11810: 11804:, p. 61. 11803: 11802:Turnbull 2008 11798: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11784: 11780: 11775: 11769:, p. 60. 11768: 11767:Turnbull 2008 11763: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11750:, p. 59. 11749: 11748:Turnbull 2008 11744: 11742: 11740: 11733:, p. 58. 11732: 11731:Turnbull 2008 11727: 11720: 11715: 11709:, p. 24. 11708: 11703: 11697:, p. 99. 11696: 11691: 11685:, p. 54. 11684: 11683:Turnbull 2008 11679: 11677: 11675: 11667: 11666:Turnbull 2008 11662: 11656:, p. 53. 11655: 11654:Turnbull 2008 11650: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11628: 11623: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11595: 11594:Elisonas 1991 11590: 11588: 11581:, p. 52. 11580: 11579:Turnbull 2008 11575: 11573: 11566:, p. 51. 11565: 11564:Turnbull 2008 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11546: 11545:Turnbull 2008 11541: 11535:, p. 50. 11534: 11533:Turnbull 2008 11529: 11527: 11525: 11518:, p. 49. 11517: 11516:Turnbull 2008 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11499:, p. 48. 11498: 11497:Turnbull 2008 11493: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11478:, p. 47. 11477: 11476:Turnbull 2008 11472: 11470: 11463:, p. 46. 11462: 11461:Turnbull 2008 11457: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11443: 11442:Turnbull 2008 11438: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11408: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382:Janghee Lee. 11378: 11371: 11370:Turnbull 2002 11366: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11344: 11343:Turnbull 2002 11339: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11304:, p. 44. 11303: 11302:Turnbull 2008 11298: 11296: 11288: 11287:Turnbull 2002 11283: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11244: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11221: 11216: 11209: 11204: 11197: 11192: 11185: 11180: 11173: 11168: 11161: 11156: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11133: 11128: 11126: 11100: 11092: 11090: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11067: 11066:Turnbull 2002 11062: 11060: 11058: 11050: 11045: 11038: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11019: 11011: 11006: 10999: 10994: 10992: 10984: 10983:Turnbull 2002 10979: 10973:, p. 14. 10972: 10967: 10965: 10958:, p. 40. 10957: 10956:Turnbull 2008 10952: 10945: 10944:Turnbull 2002 10940: 10933: 10932:Turnbull 2002 10928: 10926: 10924: 10917:, p. 37. 10916: 10915:Turnbull 2008 10911: 10904: 10903:Turnbull 2002 10899: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10882:, p. 13. 10881: 10876: 10874: 10866: 10865:Turnbull 2002 10861: 10854: 10853:Turnbull 2002 10849: 10843:, p. 99. 10842: 10841:Turnbull 2002 10837: 10835: 10828:, p. 36. 10827: 10826:Turnbull 2008 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10803:, p. 35. 10802: 10801:Turnbull 2008 10797: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10782:, p. 34. 10781: 10780:Turnbull 2008 10776: 10774: 10772: 10764: 10763:Turnbull 2008 10759: 10753:, p. 33. 10752: 10751:Turnbull 2008 10747: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10733: 10732:Turnbull 2002 10728: 10726: 10724: 10717:, p. 93. 10716: 10715:Turnbull 2002 10711: 10709: 10702:, p. 12. 10701: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10681:, p. 32. 10680: 10679:Turnbull 2008 10675: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10659: 10658:Turnbull 2002 10654: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10641:, p. 11. 10640: 10635: 10629:, p. 13. 10628: 10623: 10621: 10613: 10612:Turnbull 2002 10608: 10606: 10598: 10593: 10591: 10584:, p. 31. 10583: 10582:Turnbull 2008 10578: 10576: 10574: 10566: 10565:Turnbull 2002 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10543: 10542:Turnbull 2002 10538: 10536: 10534: 10527:, p. 82. 10526: 10525:Turnbull 2002 10521: 10519: 10517: 10509: 10504: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10477: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10438: 10433: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10415: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10364:Turnbull 2002 10360: 10353: 10352:Turnbull 2002 10348: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10330: 10329:Turnbull 2002 10325: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10299: 10298:Turnbull 2002 10294: 10292: 10284: 10279: 10277: 10269: 10268:Turnbull 2002 10264: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10248: 10247:Turnbull 2002 10243: 10241: 10233: 10232:Turnbull 2002 10228: 10226: 10218: 10217:Turnbull 2002 10213: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10200:, p. 71. 10199: 10198:Turnbull 2002 10194: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10164: 10163:Turnbull 2002 10159: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146:Turnbull 2002 10142: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10122: 10121:Turnbull 2002 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10101: 10100:Turnbull 2002 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10082: 10081:Turnbull 2002 10077: 10075: 10073: 10065: 10064:Turnbull 2002 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10026: 10025:Turnbull 2002 10021: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10011: 10004:, p. 53. 10003: 10002:Turnbull 2002 9998: 9991: 9990:Turnbull 2002 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9968: 9967:Turnbull 2002 9963: 9961: 9953: 9952:Turnbull 2002 9948: 9946: 9939:, p. 26. 9938: 9937:Turnbull 2008 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9916:, p. 52. 9915: 9914:Turnbull 2002 9910: 9904:, p. 24. 9903: 9902:Turnbull 2008 9898: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9878: 9877:Turnbull 2008 9873: 9866: 9865:Turnbull 2002 9861: 9859: 9857: 9849: 9848:Turnbull 2002 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9829:, p. 48. 9828: 9827:Turnbull 2002 9823: 9821: 9814:, p. 47. 9813: 9812:Turnbull 2002 9808: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9784: 9777: 9772: 9770: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9743:Oh Jong-rok. 9739: 9733:, p. 10. 9732: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9672:on 2008-02-29 9671: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9654: 9647:, p. 24. 9646: 9641: 9635:, p. 28. 9634: 9629: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9577: 9570: 9565: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9527:, p. 26. 9526: 9521: 9515:, p. 38. 9514: 9509: 9507: 9500:, p. 37. 9499: 9494: 9488:, p. 29. 9487: 9482: 9476:, p. 30. 9475: 9470: 9463: 9458: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9424: 9423:Turnbull 2002 9419: 9412: 9411:Turnbull 2002 9407: 9400: 9399:Turnbull 2002 9395: 9388: 9387:Turnbull 2002 9383: 9376: 9375:Turnbull 2002 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9354:, p. 16. 9353: 9352:Turnbull 2002 9348: 9346: 9339:, p. 15. 9338: 9337:Turnbull 2002 9333: 9327:, p. 26. 9326: 9325:Turnbull 2002 9321: 9314: 9313:Turnbull 2002 9309: 9307: 9305: 9298:, p. 22. 9297: 9296:Turnbull 2002 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9276: 9271: 9269: 9261: 9260:Turnbull 2002 9256: 9250:, p. 32. 9249: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9230: 9229:Turnbull 2002 9225: 9223: 9216:, p. 26. 9215: 9210: 9196:on 2020-03-24 9195: 9191: 9184: 9178:, p. 22. 9177: 9176:Turnbull 2008 9172: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9150: 9149:asia gyeongje 9146: 9137: 9122: 9114: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9068: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9038: 9023: 9019: 9010: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8964: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8934: 8928:, p. 21. 8927: 8926:Turnbull 2008 8922: 8920: 8918: 8910: 8909:Turnbull 2008 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8879:, p. 17. 8878: 8877:Turnbull 2008 8873: 8871: 8864:, p. 20. 8863: 8862:Turnbull 2008 8858: 8856: 8854: 8847:, p. 14. 8846: 8845:Turnbull 2008 8841: 8835:, p. 16. 8834: 8833:Turnbull 2008 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8816:, p. 15. 8815: 8814:Turnbull 2008 8810: 8808: 8806: 8798: 8797:Turnbull 2008 8793: 8786: 8785:Turnbull 2002 8781: 8775:, p. 44. 8774: 8773:Turnbull 2002 8769: 8763:, p. 27. 8762: 8757: 8751:, p. 19. 8750: 8749:Turnbull 2008 8745: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8724:, p. 18. 8723: 8722:Turnbull 2008 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8675:, p. 38. 8674: 8673:Turnbull 2002 8669: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8649:Turnbull 2002 8645: 8639:, p. 36. 8638: 8637:Turnbull 2002 8633: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8602: 8595:, p. 28. 8594: 8593:Turnbull 2002 8589: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8568:, p. 34. 8567: 8566:Turnbull 2002 8562: 8560: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8537: 8532: 8518:on 2007-09-27 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471:Janghee Lee. 8467: 8460: 8455: 8449:, p. 88. 8448: 8443: 8441: 8432: 8426: 8411: 8405: 8399:, p. 21. 8398: 8393: 8387:, p. 38. 8386: 8381: 8375:, p. 24. 8374: 8369: 8363:, p. 37. 8362: 8357: 8342: 8336: 8330:, p. 23. 8329: 8324: 8317: 8316:Turnbull 2008 8312: 8305: 8304:Turnbull 2008 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8227:on 2008-10-20 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8183:, p. 13. 8182: 8181:Turnbull 2002 8177: 8170: 8165: 8159:, p. 11. 8158: 8157:Turnbull 2002 8153: 8146: 8145:Robinson 2013 8141: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8087:9780674017535 8083: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8064:Goodrich 1976 8060: 8054:, p. 27. 8053: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8029: 8028:Alagappa 2003 8024: 8018:, p. 23. 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7970:, p. 71. 7969: 7968:Villiers 1980 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7922:on 2013-11-03 7918: 7911: 7910: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7882:Turnbull 2002 7878: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7844: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7821: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7796:Turnbull 2002 7792: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7760: 7759:Turnbull 2002 7755: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7694:Elisonas 1991 7690: 7688: 7680: 7675: 7668: 7667:Turnbull 2012 7663: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637:Turnbull 2002 7633: 7631: 7623: 7622:Turnbull 2002 7618: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7552:, p. 85. 7551: 7550:Turnbull 2008 7546: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7525: 7523: 7515: 7514:Turnbull 2002 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7495:Turnbull 2002 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7395: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7273:Turnbull 2002 7269: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7219: 7206: 7189: 7179: 7174: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064:George Sansom 7061: 7060:James Murdoch 7057: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6914:Korean swords 6911: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880:napsok pogwan 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6860:Changdeokgung 6857: 6856:Gyeongbokgung 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6784:Toyotomi clan 6775: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6715:Sō Yoshitoshi 6712: 6702: 6700: 6699:Katō Kiyomasa 6696: 6692: 6691:Namhae Island 6686: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532:Mōri Hidemoto 6529: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6492:Unified Silla 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6406: 6405:Mōri Hidemoto 6401: 6400:Ming soldiers 6396: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6382:Forces under 6380: 6378: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306:Katō Yoshiaki 6302: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6220: 6215: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195:Mōri Hidemoto 6192: 6188: 6184: 6172: 6169: 6161: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6135:This section 6133: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6041:Katō Kiyomasa 6037: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5966:Katō Yoshiaki 5964: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5954:Tōdō Takatora 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5779:Sō Yoshitoshi 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5656:Katō Kiyomasa 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5632:Mōri Hidemoto 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473:Katō Kiyomasa 5470: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5433:Katō Kiyomasa 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5410:Katō Kiyomasa 5406: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5274: 5273:So Yoshitoshi 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250:warrior monks 5244: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186:Li Chengliang 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5148:Wanli Emperor 5141: 5140:Wanli Emperor 5136: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5002:Warrior monks 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939:Mōri Terumoto 4936: 4935:Ankokuji Ekei 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736:Katō Yoshiaki 4733: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4651:all the men. 4647: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4616:Gadeok Island 4613: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4577: 4576:Namhae Island 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4540: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423:Anbyon County 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4343:Taedong River 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:Joryeong pass 4146: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068:Katō Kiyomasa 4060: 4058: 4054: 4053:Wanli Emperor 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041:Nakdong River 4038: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3992:Sō Yoshitoshi 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3911:Katō Yoshiaki 3908: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3791:Mōri Terumoto 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3778:Ankokuji Ekei 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3580: 3579:Katō Kiyomasa 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3530:Sō Yoshitoshi 3528: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3490:Jixiao Xinshu 3486: 3485: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3445:melee weapons 3440: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3419: 3416: 3408: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3374:This section 3372: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3239:Yu Song-nyong 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3180:hand grenades 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3119:Korean cannon 3110: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3071:Nagoya Castle 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2833: 2828: 2825:wrote in the 2824: 2819: 2805: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545:Katō Kiyomasa 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Higo Province 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2370:Katō Kiyomasa 2367: 2360: 2359:Katō Kiyomasa 2355: 2348: 2343: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Hwang Yun-gil 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2278: 2273: 2251: 2250:Sō Yoshitoshi 2246: 2244: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Karatsu, Saga 2206: 2202: 2201:Nagoya Castle 2198: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Gaspar Coelho 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:Mōri Terumoto 2155: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:Wanli Emperor 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1840: 1835: 1832:. During the 1821: 1820:Keichō no eki 1816: 1812: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1668: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1631:Keichō no Eki 1626: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576:Japanese name 1574: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:3rd Pyongyang 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1236:2nd Pyongyang 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:Hansan Island 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216:1st Pyongyang 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 987: 983: 978: 977: 973: 968: 966: 960: 956: 951: 947: 942: 938: 933: 929: 924: 920: 915: 911: 906: 902: 897: 893: 888: 884: 879: 875: 870: 869:Tōdō Takatora 866: 861: 857: 852: 850: 844: 840: 835: 834:Sō Yoshitoshi 831: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 804: 799: 795: 790: 789:Ankokuji Ekei 786: 781: 777: 772: 768: 763: 759: 754: 750: 745: 741: 736: 732: 727: 723: 718: 717:Katō Yoshiaki 714: 709: 705: 700: 696: 691: 687: 682: 681:Mōri Hidemoto 678: 673: 672:Mōri Terumoto 669: 664: 660: 655: 654:Katō Kiyomasa 651: 646: 642: 637: 633: 628: 624: 619: 618: 614: 608: 607: 603: 597: 593: 589: 584: 583: 579: 573: 569: 564: 560: 556: 553: 550: 548: 546: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521: 517: 513: 512: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 487:Wanli Emperor 483: 478: 474: 469: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 434: 428: 424: 422: 416: 412: 410: 404: 400: 398: 392: 388: 386: 380: 369: 367: 361: 350: 349: 337: 336: 334: 328: 316: 315: 313: 307: 295: 294: 292: 286: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 248: 247: 243: 237: 233: 229: 228: 223: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 201: 197: 193: 192: 187: 177: 174: 173: 172: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 154: 150: 147: 146: 142: 138: 134: 128: 122: 119: 118: 114: 111: 108:The Japanese 105: 100: 95: 90: 82: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 50: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 16935: 16929:Other topics 16840:Four Masters 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16570:House of Zhu 16523:Shanhai Pass 16503:Great Plague 16460: 16446:Jianzhou war 16220:Ming dynasty 16135:Nanjung ilgi 16109:Villages of 16064:Sungkyunkwan 16006: 15999: 15851:Imo Incident 15824: 15758:(in English) 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15691: 15680: 15666: 15602:, retrieved 15595: 15576: 15563:Nanjung Ilgi 15562: 15543: 15523: 15454: 15450: 15430: 15405: 15401: 15376: 15365:. Retrieved 15350: 15323: 15296: 15279:. ABC-CLIO. 15275: 15263:. Retrieved 15248: 15236:. Retrieved 15221: 15194: 15162: 15158: 15129:(1): 11–42, 15126: 15122: 15106: 15102: 15077:(4): 52–61, 15074: 15070: 15046: 15042: 15006: 15002: 14975: 14954: 14928: 14921: 14901: 14866: 14855:the original 14832: 14801: 14797: 14776: 14772: 14754:. Retrieved 14740: 14726: 14689: 14668: 14647: 14630: 14611: 14607: 14550:(1): 44–50, 14547: 14543: 14534: 14530: 14514: 14510: 14485: 14472:. Retrieved 14452: 14448: 14444: 14427:. Retrieved 14396: 14384:. Retrieved 14369: 14343: 14339: 14327:. Retrieved 14312: 14294: 14290: 14259: 14248:. Retrieved 14233: 14215: 14200:. Retrieved 14194: 14150: 14146: 14129: 14122: 14091: 14087: 14063: 14051:. Retrieved 14036: 14026: 14020: 14001: 13993: 13973: 13941: 13892: 13856: 13820: 13791: 13744: 13724: 13708:. Retrieved 13693: 13657: 13613: 13597:. Retrieved 13582: 13568:(2): 74–82, 13565: 13561: 13543:. Retrieved 13532:. Springer. 13528: 13500: 13472: 13439: 13435: 13411: 13407: 13368: 13333: 13324:Bibliography 13310: 13298: 13286: 13279:Haboush 2016 13274: 13263:. Retrieved 13259: 13249: 13237: 13195: 13183: 13176:Kristof 1997 13171: 13159: 13147: 13135: 13123: 13096: 13067: 13055: 13039: 13027: 13015: 13004:. Retrieved 13000: 12990: 12978: 12966: 12946: 12934: 12923:. Retrieved 12910: 12902: 12882:. Retrieved 12877: 12868: 12861:Strauss 2005 12814: 12798: 12782: 12770: 12758: 12746: 12734: 12722: 12677: 12657: 12641: 12629: 12617: 12597: 12585: 12573: 12561: 12541: 12521: 12488: 12476: 12464: 12452: 12445:退泊于務安地, 連日焚蕩 12432: 12412: 12405:Nanjung ilgi 12403:Yi Sun-sin, 12399: 12387: 12375: 12363: 12315: 12303: 12257: 12245: 12233: 12221: 12209: 12182: 12171:. Retrieved 12167:the original 12162: 12152: 12141:. Retrieved 12137:the original 12132: 12122: 12110: 12098: 12071: 12059: 12032: 11993: 11981: 11973: 11965: 11962:Qian Shizhen 11957: 11945: 11877: 11865: 11845: 11825: 11809: 11774: 11726: 11719:Leonard 1984 11714: 11702: 11690: 11661: 11622: 11540: 11437: 11426:. Retrieved 11419: 11407: 11396:. Retrieved 11389: 11377: 11262:. Retrieved 11255: 11243: 11227: 11215: 11203: 11191: 11179: 11167: 11155: 11143: 11103:. Retrieved 11044: 11032: 11005: 10978: 10971:Strauss 2005 10951: 10939: 10910: 10880:Strauss 2005 10860: 10848: 10758: 10700:Strauss 2005 10639:Strauss 2005 10634: 10503: 10492:. Retrieved 10485: 10476: 10460: 10444: 10432: 10402:. Retrieved 10395: 10383: 10371: 10359: 10032: 9997: 9909: 9872: 9807: 9799:the original 9794: 9783: 9757:. Retrieved 9750: 9738: 9731:Strauss 2005 9709: 9704:, p. 9. 9702:Strauss 2005 9697: 9685: 9674:. Retrieved 9670:the original 9665: 9640: 9628: 9600: 9588: 9576: 9564: 9544: 9537:Andrade 2016 9532: 9520: 9493: 9481: 9469: 9464:, p. 6. 9457: 9445: 9418: 9406: 9394: 9382: 9332: 9320: 9277:, p. 3. 9275:Strauss 2005 9255: 9231:, p. 9. 9209: 9198:. Retrieved 9194:the original 9183: 9153:. Retrieved 9148: 9136: 9125:. Retrieved 9113: 9097: 9086:. Retrieved 9079: 9067: 9056:. Retrieved 9049: 9037: 9026:. Retrieved 9021: 9009: 8993: 8982:. Retrieved 8975: 8963: 8952:. Retrieved 8945: 8933: 8904: 8896:the original 8884: 8840: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8756: 8692: 8680: 8668: 8656: 8644: 8615: 8588: 8581:Hulbert 1999 8531: 8520:. Retrieved 8516:the original 8511: 8485:. Retrieved 8478: 8466: 8454: 8414:. Retrieved 8404: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8356: 8345:. Retrieved 8335: 8323: 8318:, p. 7. 8311: 8306:, p. 6. 8282:the original 8277: 8267: 8256:. Retrieved 8250: 8240: 8229:. Retrieved 8225:the original 8207: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8104: 8077: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7930: 7924:. Retrieved 7917:the original 7908: 7901: 7889: 7877: 7857: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7701: 7674: 7662: 7577: 7557: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7471: 7444: 7432: 7412:, p. 8. 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7320:the original 7315: 7280: 7240: 7236: 7218: 7205: 7173: 7153: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7055: 7052: 7026: 7019: 6999: 6990: 6986: 6975: 6967: 6958: 6931: 6917: 6916:such as the 6907: 6888: 6879: 6875: 6836: 6816: 6811: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6772: 6768: 6763:Yi Sun-sin's 6735: 6708: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6649: 6633: 6614: 6599: 6593:and his son 6587:Shimazu clan 6581:were mostly 6579: 6572: 6561: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6525: 6517: 6510: 6507: 6496: 6481: 6431: 6413: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6374: 6340: 6327: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6288: 6273: 6262: 6259: 6248: 6224: 6199:Ukita Hideie 6179: 6164: 6155: 6144:Please help 6139:verification 6136: 6056: 6045: 6033: 6026: 6014: 5939: 5915:Itō Suketaka 5755:Ukita Hideie 5740: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5584: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5520: 5515:Kim Cheon-il 5508: 5493: 5489: 5484:Qian Shizhen 5481: 5461: 5454: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5349: 5321: 5317: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5282: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5221: 5178: 5161:Ukita Hideie 5152: 5145: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5103: 5100:ichiban nori 5099: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5080: 5063: 5047: 5021: 5017:Confucianism 5013:Bodhisattvas 5005: 4973: 4953: 4933: 4918: 4906: 4884: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4851: 4835: 4833: 4812: 4794: 4782: 4767: 4762: 4751: 4744: 4729: 4700: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4631: 4626: 4614:, bound for 4612:Geoje Island 4608: 4603:War Memorial 4581: 4561: 4550: 4523: 4519:Jeong Mun-bu 4515: 4511: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4445:Kilju County 4442: 4435: 4420: 4366: 4351: 4347: 4320: 4280: 4259: 4224: 4212: 4192: 4179: 4148: 4116: 4066: 4030: 3969: 3874:Gamō Ujisato 3815:Ukita Hideie 3667:Itō Suketaka 3488: 3482: 3472: 3469: 3454: 3441: 3433: 3426: 3411: 3402: 3387:Please help 3375: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3221:arme blanche 3220: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3178:, and early 3172:iron pavises 3165: 3160:hand cannons 3152: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3068: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2980: 2979:, producing 2958: 2939: 2932: 2870:turtle ships 2863: 2852: 2832:Nanjung ilgi 2826: 2820: 2789: 2762: 2758:Scale armour 2739: 2698: 2681: 2664:Joseon Korea 2647: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2617: 2605:Ming Chinese 2602: 2583: 2573: 2560: 2548: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2465: 2420: 2417: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2326: 2322: 2303: 2274: 2247: 2230: 2221: 2207:(modern-day 2205:Nagoya, Saga 2196: 2191: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2089:Oda Nobunaga 2073: 2052:Yuan dynasty 2049: 2026: 2007: 1972: 1960:Ming dynasty 1928: 1924: 1897: 1877:Joseon Korea 1866: 1810: 1789: 1774: 1764:year in the 1761: 1751: 1738: 1734: 1700:China proper 1693: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1623:Romanization 1418:Hanyu Pinyin 1368:Chinese name 1121: 1079: 1073: 1063: 1062: 1043: 1041:300 warships 1033: 1029: 1028: 1017: 1010: 1006: 998: 997: 964: 950:Gamō Ujisato 896:Itō Suketaka 848: 609: 606:Ukita Hideie 598: 595: 575: 562: 558: 557: 552:Qian Shizhen 544: 522: 509: 503: 499: 485: 476: 472: 471: 463:Jeong Mun-bu 432: 420: 415:Gim Cheon-il 408: 396: 384: 365: 339: 332: 318: 311: 297: 290: 276: 272: 239: 235: 231: 230: 200:Joseon Korea 189:Belligerents 89: 76: 44: 16882:Tai history 16565:Family tree 16476:Liaoluo Bay 16410:Renyin plot 16360:Tumu Crisis 15966:Joseon Navy 15954:Joseon Army 15866:Gabo Reform 15856:Gapsin Coup 15746:(in Korean) 15740:(in Korean) 14804:: 179–208, 13395:j.ctvc77j74 12819:Spence 1999 12803:Spence 1999 12787:Spence 1999 12606:Chapter 239 12550:Chapter 238 12530:Chapter 259 12481:Shunpo 1976 12356:Hawley 2005 12187:Hawley 2005 11627:Jaques 2007 11415:이치전투 (梨峙戰鬪) 11385:용인전투 (龍仁戰鬪) 11196:Hawley 2005 11049:Hawley 2005 11037:Hawley 2005 11025:Hawley 2005 11010:Hawley 2005 10998:Hawley 2005 10597:Hawley 2005 10508:Hawley 2005 10490:(in Korean) 10400:(in Korean) 9776:Sansom 1961 9462:Hawley 2005 9450:Hawley 2005 9151:(in Korean) 9024:(in Korean) 8761:Perrin 1979 8109:Sansom 1961 7808:Tucker 2009 7780:Chapter 320 7476:Hawley 2005 7464:Hawley 2005 7449:Hawley 2005 7437:Hawley 2005 7425:Hawley 2005 7381:Hawley 2005 7369:Hawley 2005 7357:Hawley 2005 7333:Hawley 2005 7285:Hawley 2005 7190:: 7180:: 7154:kanhe maoyi 7150:kangō bōeki 7146:Sinocentric 7080:World Order 7070:(1903) and 6848:water clock 6828:sinocentric 6557:Deng Zilong 6357:as the new 6110:'s army in 6104:Changnyeong 5509:Unlike the 5360:Byeokjegwan 5269:Wu Weizhong 5194:Wu Weizhong 4763:Wakizaka ki 4759:Koje Island 4468:Tumen River 4389:Pyeongchang 4262:Imjin River 4231:Imjin River 4084:Changnyeong 3880:and others 3832:(9th div.) 3305:Naval power 3155:Tanegashima 3031:Hand cannon 2763:Pengbaesu ( 2684:Joseon Army 2670:Joseon Army 2620:fire arrows 2561:mano a mano 2537:Catholicism 2495:tanegashima 2474:600 samurai 2382:four castes 2243:King Seonjo 2129:Philippines 2120:bloodline. 2054:, embraced 1979:U of Goryeo 1975:Yi Seonggye 1717:Joseon Navy 1669:: 1659:: 1333:2nd Sacheon 1318:Myeongnyang 1276:Byeokjegwan 1191:Imjin River 1186:1st Sacheon 1034:1st. (1592) 539:Deng Zilong 535:Wu Weizhong 492:Zhao Zhigao 246:King Seonjo 168:Territorial 67:subheadings 16953:Categories 16850:Zhe School 16804:Ming tombs 16688:Inner Asia 16660:Shenjiying 16650:Great Wall 16548:Government 16130:Ilseongnok 16069:Chaekgeori 15917:Government 15604:2024-03-26 15584:Wikisource 15553:8971410183 15472:2005551019 15367:2015-05-02 15265:2016-07-20 15238:2014-02-02 15091:1144643140 15049:: 74–116, 14945:1021014147 14885:1356385668 14756:2016-07-20 14564:1062009982 14474:2024-03-31 14469:1367241321 14429:2015-05-02 14416:1100699443 14386:2016-07-20 14329:2016-07-19 14278:1203951892 14250:2024-03-25 14202:2024-03-25 14053:2016-07-20 13920:1231685345 13876:2006295599 13720:"Tsu-Shan" 13710:2016-07-19 13599:2016-07-20 13545:2016-07-19 13315:Swope 2005 13303:Swope 2005 13291:Swope 2005 13265:2024-03-31 13242:Swope 2005 13046:, p. 13032:Arano 2005 13020:Arano 2005 13006:2024-03-25 12983:Jones 1899 12925:2007-07-04 12884:2007-03-30 12846:Swope 2002 12821:, p. 12805:, p. 12789:, p. 12763:Swope 2002 12751:Swope 2002 12739:Swope 2005 12622:Swope 2009 12339:Swope 2009 12202:Huang 1988 12173:2007-07-04 12143:2007-07-04 11816:, p. 11814:Lorge 2005 11695:Gambe 2000 11428:2024-03-31 11398:2024-03-31 11264:2024-03-31 11184:Lewis 2014 11105:2024-03-27 10494:2024-03-27 10404:2024-03-27 10283:Swope 2009 9759:2024-03-26 9746:훈련도감(訓鍊都監) 9714:Brown 1948 9690:Brown 1948 9676:2007-07-04 9645:Swope 2005 9633:Swope 2005 9605:Chase 2003 9593:Chase 2003 9581:Chase 2003 9569:Chase 2003 9525:Swope 2005 9513:Swope 2005 9498:Swope 2005 9486:Swope 2005 9474:Swope 2005 9438:Swope 2006 9248:Swope 2005 9200:2024-03-26 9155:2024-03-26 9127:2024-03-26 9088:2024-03-26 9058:2024-03-26 9028:2024-03-26 8984:2024-03-26 8954:2024-03-26 8697:Jones 1899 8685:Swope 2002 8661:Jones 1899 8608:Jones 1899 8551:Jones 1899 8536:Jones 1899 8522:2007-07-04 8487:2024-04-01 8459:Lewis 2004 8416:2007-05-12 8397:Swope 2005 8347:2007-05-12 8258:2007-05-12 8231:2007-05-12 8200:Arano 2005 8169:Swope 2002 8133:Lewis 2005 8052:Fogel 2009 7926:2013-09-07 7894:Swope 2006 7850:Lewis 2014 7835:Swope 2002 7820:Perez 2013 7721:Lewis 2014 7679:Perez 2013 7582:Perez 2013 7410:Swope 2009 7345:Swope 2009 7241:References 7231:References 7036:). Modern 7010:Yi-Sun Sin 6982:highwaymen 6942:typography 6895:Portuguese 6868:Deoksugung 6840:Korean War 6820:Li Zicheng 6733:of Japan. 6528:singijeons 6442:Yellow Sea 6269:panokseons 6228:Yi Sun-sin 6219:Yi Sun-sin 6108:Yi Bok-nam 6100:Gwak Jae-u 6098:, General 5578:camped in 5455:After the 5314:Otomo clan 5307:, held by 5198:Yalu River 5190:Qi Jiguang 5094:reported: 5077:Gim Si-min 4976:Gwak Jae-u 4886:Gwak Jae-u 4721:Yi Sun-sin 4690:Danghangpo 4588:panokseons 4557:Yi Sun-sin 4553:Yalu River 4507:Mount Fuji 4273:fortress. 4175:Han rivers 4167:Tangeumdae 4103:mountain. 3844:Iki Island 3495:Qi Jiguang 3315:Geobukseon 3309:See also: 3212:hu dun pao 3176:land mines 3117:See also: 3092:Iki Island 3054:cross-fire 3005:sword hunt 2996:small arms 2969:arquebuses 2927:Edo period 2923:arquebuses 2874:Yi Sun-sin 2848:Podocheong 2823:Luís Fróis 2804:Brigandine 2781:Chain mail 2668:See also: 2632:folang zhi 2599:Ming China 2549:Toranosuke 2168:Portuguese 2001:, and the 1938:Background 1881:Ming China 1834:Edo period 1462:Chosŏn'gŭl 1201:Danghangpo 531:Li Shizhen 496:Wang Xijue 443:Gwak Jae-u 379:Gim Si-min 285:Yi Sun-sin 209:Ming China 63:condensing 16845:Wu School 16830:Musicians 16693:Manchuria 16681:Frontiers 16044:Buncheong 15658:趙慶男, 亂中雜錄 15650:Chūkō-shi 15488:19200973M 15414:1991-7295 15408:: 66–80, 15342:244583893 15225:. Brill. 15213:949865853 15187:154827808 15179:0707-5332 15151:159829515 15143:1543-7795 15115:1598-2661 15083:1040-5992 15063:648352290 15055:0913-4271 15023:0003-0279 14995:906930730 14851:1835-7679 14810:0913-4271 14785:2733-9351 14717:910239344 14556:1467-1379 14523:1682-1106 14461:1226-6728 14424:39528589M 14360:162820194 14303:1225-0201 14183:143724260 14167:0369-7827 14153:: 48–79, 14100:0270-1618 13848:944243650 13779:12791092M 13771:820945660 13684:651657288 13649:34559118M 13641:457145748 13574:0026-4148 13492:910925445 13464:162924328 13428:1479-5922 13101:Sohn 1959 13044:Tang 2015 12308:Shin 2014 11986:今糧草未敷泥濘難進 9790:中世日向国関係年表 8891:陈璘后裔翁源祭祖宗 8620:Jang 1998 8447:Kang 1997 8121:Kang 2012 8040:Howe 1996 8004:Tsai 1996 7992:Seth 2010 7980:Wang 2010 7944:Jang 1998 7316:ThoughtCo 7223:mainland. 7183:삼도 수군 통제사 7123:Footnotes 6872:Baekjeong 6824:Wu Sangui 6743:Shogunate 6595:Tadatsune 6564:Li Rusong 6158:July 2020 6084:Ray Huang 6080:Guangdong 6009:Subtotal 5934:Subtotal 5735:Subtotal 5576:Ming army 5451:Stalemate 5428:Jingbirok 5287:Jingbirok 5265:Moranbong 5216:matchlock 5170:Li Rusong 4785:Yi Eok-gi 4747:Yi Eok-gi 4635:Jeokjinpo 4584:Yi Eok-gi 4491:Jangseong 4484:Uriankhai 4472:Manchuria 4401:Chuncheon 4381:Jeongseon 4216:floodgate 4182:Mungyeong 4123:Mungyeong 4005:Jeong Bal 3891:Subtotal 3854:Subtotal 3803:Subtotal 3787:7th div. 3749:6th div. 3680:5th div. 3635:4th div. 3609:3rd div. 3575:2nd div. 3513:1st div. 3376:does not 3334:panokseon 3325:panokseon 3311:Panokseon 3207:singijeon 3198:singijeon 2942:gunpowder 2921:Japanese 2908:fusillade 2866:panokseon 2709:Jeongjong 2693:Confucian 2654:Guangdong 2643:Li Rusong 2433:) on the 2291:matchlock 2187:Hōjō clan 2047:, Japan. 1889:Pyongyang 1721:Pyongyang 1653:Imjin War 1542:壬辰倭亂·丁酉再亂 1528:임진왜란·정유재란 1328:2nd Ulsan 1323:1st Ulsan 1286:2nd Jinju 1266:1st Jinju 1251:2nd Busan 1176:Jeokjinpo 1141:1st Busan 1084:450 ships 1071:157 ships 505:Li Rusong 269:Yun Du-su 79:July 2024 71:talk page 59:splitting 57:Consider 16896:Currency 16835:Painting 16645:Military 16638:Military 16115:Yangdong 15895:Politics 15625:朝鮮壬辰倭亂研究 15535:56041880 15480:57219223 15422:23889547 15316:50289152 14893:7928482M 14108:81642804 13971:(1999). 13928:1272121M 13912:95003400 13884:64027936 13763:77370383 13361:7929693M 13353:50447731 13230:Lee 2009 13215:Lee 2009 12939:Kim 1998 12214:Lee 1984 11208:Lim 2013 10627:Roh 2004 10437:Kim 2012 10376:Kim 2012 10043:(1596) " 8425:cite web 8215:(1996). 8096:58053128 7784:士卒物故者二萬. 7706:Lee 1984 7532:Horizons 7258:Lee 1997 7243:section. 7086:See also 7082:(2014). 7030:Chen Lin 6971:Mimizuka 6922:Arquebus 6876:changnye 6636:Suncheon 6575:Xing Jie 6568:Suncheon 6553:Chen Lin 6499:Bulguksa 6488:Gyeongju 6416:Hanseong 6355:Yang Hao 6318:Mimizuka 6251:Won Gyun 6233:Won Gyun 6096:Gyeongju 6088:Gwon Yul 6068:Zhejiang 6060:Yang Hao 5587:commando 5532:Nichiren 5443:and the 5423:hwach'as 5394:Gwon Yul 5334:ambushes 5261:Hyujeong 5223:Thailand 5156:Liaodong 5104:naginata 5044:Gyeongju 5027:Yeonggyu 5008:Hyujeong 4956:Yi Gwang 4944:Geochang 4894:Changwon 4890:Uiryeong 4870:yangbans 4572:Won Gyun 4499:Kyongwon 4476:Orangkae 4461:Hoeryong 4385:Yeongwol 4377:Samcheok 4339:Chunghwa 4323:Pyongsan 4200:Hanseong 4171:Tancheon 4097:Cheongdo 4013:Hanseong 3984:Won Gyun 3976:Tsushima 3929:250,000 3894:258,800 3857:183,800 3806:162,300 3484:Muyejebo 3437:Hanseong 3405:May 2022 3343:galleons 3050:sanseong 2981:en masse 2754:Gambeson 2737:system. 2650:Chen Lin 2624:crossbow 2507:ashigaru 2503:ashigaru 2422:ashigaru 2412:lamellae 2399:naginata 2332:Military 2299:arquebus 2215:city in 2045:Tsushima 1999:Đại Việt 1995:Lan Xang 1885:Hanseong 1863:Overview 1839:Kara iri 1792:Japanese 1606:けいちょうのえき 1598:Hiragana 1338:Suncheon 1246:Yeongwon 1241:Cheongju 1206:Hamgyong 1146:Dadaejin 992:Strength 527:Yang Hao 511:Chen Lin 459:Hyujeong 348:Gwon Yul 327:Won Gyun 306:Yi Eokgi 148:Location 47:too long 16903:Coinage 16877:Economy 16705:Vietnam 16597:Princes 16555:Emperor 16343:Middle 16229:History 16095:Jongmyo 16017:Culture 16007:kisaeng 15976:Society 15812:History 14818:1514456 14639:2440345 13456:2048846 13140:Ha 2014 13128:Ha 2014 13089:Ha 2014 13072:Ha 2014 13060:Ha 2014 12957:(1592) 12878:History 12688:(1598) 12516:(1598). 12443:(1598) 12423:(1597) 12380:Yi 1977 12326:(1597). 11785:(1593). 11617:(1592). 11251:의병 (義兵) 11238:(1593). 11172:Yi 1917 11160:Yi 1795 11148:Yi 2000 11138:(1592). 11081:Yi 1935 10471:(1593). 10455:(1593). 10427:(1592). 9555:(1605) 8474:선조 (宣祖) 7870:官軍乃退駐開城 7746:(1598). 7193:三道水軍統制使 6978:bandits 6884:yangban 6812:daimyōs 6796:daimyōs 6792:daimyōs 6719:Sō clan 6717:of the 6617:Sacheon 6583:Satsuma 6468:assault 6377:Cheonan 6349:of the 6314:katanas 6203:Sacheon 6072:Huguang 6064:Sichuan 6027:124,100 5873:10,000 5759:10,000 5684:12,000 5660:10,000 5636:30,000 5591:Yongsan 5580:Ningxia 5555:kisaeng 5537:katanas 5419:hwach'a 5415:hwach'a 5352:Kaesong 5322:Bushido 5305:Pungsan 5166:Ningxia 5092:Taikōki 5082:Taikōki 5031:Jo Heon 4992:Geumsan 4925:Geumsan 4909:Nakdong 4898:Seongju 4789:Geojedo 4681:At the 4674:Bushido 4656:Sacheon 4646:beasts. 4601:at the 4599:replica 4480:Orangai 4459:toward 4438:Songjin 4427:Hamhung 4335:Hwangju 4331:Pungsan 4301:(below 4271:Kaesong 4208:Nurhaci 4206:leader 4204:Jurchen 4163:Chungju 4159:Sin Rip 4101:Seonsan 4092:Yangsan 4088:Seongju 4033:Miryang 3974:, left 3919:−9,000 3886:75,000 3883:75,000 3849:11,500 3827:21,500 3824:10,000 3798:30,000 3795:30,000 3760:15,700 3757:10,000 3691:25,100 3646:14,000 3643:10,000 3620:11,000 3596:12,000 3586:22,800 3583:10,000 3524:18,700 3397:removed 3382:sources 3113:Weapons 3080:Karatsu 3017:walls. 2973:muskets 2925:of the 2609:Mongols 2590:in the 2541:Spanish 2378:samurai 2357:Daimyo 2345:Daimyo 2197:daimyōs 2185:-based 2183:Odawara 2173:Father 2117:daimyōs 2097:samurai 2041:Sō clan 1920:Kaesong 1811:Bunroku 1777:Chinese 1604:ぶんろくのえき 1343:Noryang 1281:Haengju 1261:Bukgwan 1231:Angolpo 1181:Gangwon 1161:Chungju 1151:Dongnae 1064:Joseon: 1047:141,900 999:Joseon: 965:† 849:† 545:† 455:Yujeong 433:† 427:Jo Heon 421:† 409:† 397:† 385:† 366:† 360:Sin Rip 333:† 312:† 291:† 170:changes 133:Bunroku 45:may be 16825:Poetry 16715:Yunnan 16237:Early 16222:topics 16074:Minhwa 16039:Hangul 16034:Hanbok 16000:seonbi 15835:Second 15793:Joseon 15685:經略復國要編 15579: 15550: 15533: 15510:李忠武公全書 15496:李忠武公全書 15486: 15478: 15470: 15460: 15438: 15420: 15412: 15383: 15358: 15340: 15330: 15314: 15304: 15283: 15256: 15229: 15211: 15201: 15185: 15177: 15149: 15141: 15113: 15089: 15081: 15061: 15053: 15031:595851 15029: 15021: 14993: 14983: 14962: 14943: 14909: 14891: 14883: 14873: 14849: 14839: 14816: 14808: 14783: 14747: 14715: 14705: 14676: 14655: 14637: 14562: 14554: 14521: 14494: 14467: 14459: 14422: 14414: 14404: 14377: 14358: 14320: 14301: 14276: 14266: 14241: 14181: 14175:301878 14173: 14165: 14147:Osiris 14126:대동문화연구 14106: 14098: 14071: 14044: 14008: 13981: 13957: 13926: 13918: 13910: 13900: 13882: 13874: 13864: 13846: 13836: 13807: 13777: 13769: 13761: 13751: 13732: 13701: 13682: 13672: 13647: 13639: 13629: 13590: 13572: 13536: 13515: 13490: 13480: 13462: 13454: 13426: 13393: 13383: 13359: 13351: 13341: 11115:; 9075:갑사(甲士) 9045:팽배(彭排) 8941:오위(五衛) 8094: 8084: 7196:; 7186:; 7178:Korean 6996:Legacy 6918:hwando 6862:, and 6800:Honshu 6731:shogun 6484:Jiksan 6389:Ma Gui 6291:Namwon 6249:After 6183:Jeonju 6078:, and 6076:Fujian 6021:Total 5982:1,200 5970:2,400 5958:2,800 5940:49,600 5861:2,700 5849:2,000 5839:7,200 5817:1,000 5805:2,000 5793:3,000 5783:1,000 5771:7,000 5741:67,300 5730:2,500 5718:1,000 5706:3,000 5694:2,800 5672:5,000 5648:1,000 5560:Nongae 5541:katana 5318:daimyō 4988:Jeonju 4964:Yongin 4902:Kim Su 4858:Korean 4814:Woon ( 4754:Dangpo 4738:, and 4501:, and 4495:Onsong 4451:, and 4387:, and 4373:Anbyon 4337:, and 4327:Sŏhŭng 4128:Sangju 4076:Gimhae 4045:Sangju 3953:, and 3782:5,700 3744:7,200 3724:5,500 3714:3,000 3704:3,900 3688:4,800 3675:2,000 3656:2,000 3630:6,000 3617:5,000 3562:1,000 3552:2,000 3542:3,000 3534:5,000 3521:7,000 3475:Korean 3461:Korean 3203:hwacha 3188:hwacha 3139:Hwacha 3128:Joseon 2989:drills 2950:Goryeo 2896:, and 2855:hwando 2840:; 2812:; 2796:; 2769:; 2746:; 2727:; 2721:; 2584:daimyō 2533:Kyushu 2520:daimyō 2408:katana 2404:katana 2393:ōdachi 2213:Nagoya 2194:Kyūshū 2171:Jesuit 2131:, and 2113:bakufu 2105:Taiwan 2080:daimyō 2010:shogun 1962:, and 1944:Joseon 1754:Korean 1704:Joseon 1681:; 1665:; 1657:Korean 1522:Hangul 1482:壬辰祖國戰爭 1476:Hancha 1468:임진조국전쟁 1394:万历朝鲜之役 1380:萬曆朝鮮之役 1313:Jiksan 1308:Namwon 1211:Yongin 1196:Dangpo 1156:Sangju 1080:Japan: 1014:48,000 961: 845: 554:et al. 541: 520:Ma Gui 429: 417: 405: 393: 381: 362: 329: 308: 287: 232:Joseon 160:Result 137:Keichō 16887:Islam 16710:Wokou 16698:Tibet 16629:Fotou 16498:Sarhū 16434:Late 16145:Uigwe 16111:Hahoe 15831:First 15629:中央研究院 15418:JSTOR 15398:(PDF) 15183:S2CID 15147:S2CID 15027:JSTOR 14927:[ 14858:(PDF) 14829:(PDF) 14769:(PDF) 14447:[ 14356:S2CID 14214:[ 14212:日本の戦史 14179:S2CID 14171:JSTOR 14128:[ 13558:(PDF) 13460:S2CID 13452:JSTOR 13391:JSTOR 7920:(PDF) 7913:(PDF) 7188:Hanja 7022:Wanli 6954:Imari 6899:Macau 6759:Yeosu 6725:with 6723:Kyoto 6503:Ulsan 6476:Ulsan 6434:Yeosu 6255:Yeosu 6092:Daegu 6015:7,200 5402:Suwon 5231:Burma 5214:-era 5065:Jinju 5024:abbot 4960:Suwon 4393:Wonju 4119:Yi Il 4080:Unsan 4037:Daegu 3980:Busan 3107:liang 3009:wokou 2859:flail 2588:Awaji 2527:from 2427:Fukue 2337:Japan 2318:Sakai 2310:Kyoto 2133:India 2064:wokou 1873:Korea 1781:Wanli 1762:imjin 1748:Names 1712:Japan 1667:Hanja 1582:Kanji 1536:Hanja 1256:Yonan 1171:Happo 1074:Ming: 1030:Japan 1007:Ming: 523:(pr.) 439:Yi Il 16624:Tusi 16560:List 16113:and 15671:征東實紀 15640:宣祖實錄 15548:ISBN 15531:OCLC 15476:OCLC 15468:LCCN 15458:ISBN 15436:ISBN 15410:ISSN 15381:ISBN 15356:ISBN 15338:OCLC 15328:ISBN 15312:OCLC 15302:ISBN 15281:ISBN 15254:ISBN 15227:ISBN 15209:OCLC 15199:ISBN 15175:ISSN 15139:ISSN 15111:ISSN 15087:OCLC 15079:ISSN 15059:OCLC 15051:ISSN 15019:ISSN 14991:OCLC 14981:ISBN 14960:ISBN 14941:OCLC 14907:ISBN 14881:OCLC 14871:ISBN 14847:ISSN 14837:ISBN 14814:OCLC 14806:ISSN 14781:ISSN 14745:ISBN 14713:OCLC 14703:ISBN 14674:ISBN 14653:ISBN 14635:OCLC 14560:OCLC 14552:ISSN 14519:ISSN 14492:ISBN 14465:OCLC 14457:ISSN 14412:OCLC 14402:ISBN 14375:ISBN 14318:ISBN 14299:ISSN 14274:OCLC 14264:ISBN 14239:ISBN 14163:ISSN 14104:LCCN 14096:ISSN 14069:ISBN 14042:ISBN 14006:ISBN 13979:ISBN 13955:ISBN 13916:OCLC 13908:LCCN 13898:ISBN 13880:OCLC 13872:LCCN 13862:ISBN 13844:OCLC 13834:ISBN 13805:ISBN 13767:OCLC 13759:LCCN 13749:ISBN 13730:ISBN 13699:ISBN 13680:OCLC 13670:ISBN 13637:OCLC 13627:ISBN 13588:ISBN 13570:ISSN 13534:ISBN 13513:ISBN 13488:OCLC 13478:ISBN 13424:ISSN 13381:ISBN 13349:OCLC 13339:ISBN 11838:遂複開城 11117:lit. 8431:link 8092:OCLC 8082:ISBN 7237:Note 7198:lit. 7062:and 7015:navy 6980:and 6555:and 6512:wajō 6470:the 6308:and 6197:and 6112:Naju 6004:200 5994:600 5929:800 5919:500 5907:600 5897:300 5885:800 5827:700 5549:Kato 5467:and 5332:and 5212:Ming 5202:Uiju 5138:The 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Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

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