Jane Austen in popular culture

1011:). Yeğinobalı's translations of Austen removed much of the irony in the original, replaced the free indirect discourse with speeches by the characters and made changes to the plot and characters to make Austen fit into the style of popular Turkish romances. Yeğinobalı's translations are the ones by which Austen is best known in Turkey. The Turkish scholar Rana Tekcan wrote that Yeğinobalı was not particularly faithful to Austen, but it is very difficult to translate English novels into Turkish as in the Turkish language the predicate always comes at the end of a sentence, which is not the case in English. It was not 2006 that Austen was first translated properly into Turkish when 367:

success". Other critics like Martine Vioret have noted Austen films tended "to cater to female desires and to the female gaze" by their focus on the bodies of actors, dressed in close-fitting breeches in a way that fetishises the male body at a time when the male body was still the "locus of the beautiful". It is often noted that Austen films tended to portray the male body in a way that is normally associated with the filmic depiction of the female body as a source of pleasure to the male viewer. Irvine described the Austen films as a fantasy for women, with, for example, the character of Mr. Darcy displaying an "absolute and unconditioned male need for a woman".

383:"-an overlapping collection of government ministries, pressure groups and charities that seeks to preserve the "national heritage" by protecting landscapes and old buildings. Irvine observed that the buildings selected for preservation tended to be estates, castles and manor houses associated with the elite, which sends the message that the story of Britain is the story of its elites. The Austen films which are focused on the visual splendor of Regency England are seen as "heritage films" that are an extension of the "heritage industry". Prior to 1995, television adaptations of Austen's works tended to be produced cheaply, but the 1995 version of 8586: 1196:

write favorably of Austen was Zhu Hong, who complained in his 1986 essay "The Pride and Prejudice against Jane Austen" that ordinary people liked Austen well enough, but academics had to condemn her because of the Party line, which led him to ask for books to be judged on artistic grounds only. In the 1990s Communist Party condemnations of Austen ceased, and a number of Chinese students produced dissertations on Austen, with Austen being very popular with female students. In 2011 one Chinese academic, Zhang Helong, wrote about Austen's "huge popularity" in modern China. In 2017,

1112:, turning women's bodies literally into commodities to be exploited, leading to a situation where :"My mother's suspicion of Austen's moral authority is representative of Korean female readers' reception of Austen's novels following the Japanese occupation of Korea and the Korean War". Park wrote that as much as her mother loved Austen that she always regarded Austen's novels as fantasy works, depicting a world that had never existed and could never exist ever, as it was the fate of women to be exploited and abused. In 2014, the highest rated TV series in South Korea was 922:" that proved to be influential, criticized Japanese literature for being overtly solemn and praised Austen for her "natural ease", which led him to conclude: "Collins, Wickham, Mrs. Bennet, Lady Catherine, how she turns her laughter on these minor characters. They are observed with some malice, certainly, but in a pleasant, mischievous, irreverent manner which ultimately accords salvation to even these fools". Austen has been regarded as a major writer in Japan since the 1950s, and in 2007, the Jane Austen Society of Japan was founded to provide a space for Japanese 1266:, where most of the people are Maya Indians, being both Spanish-speakers and unfamiliar with her work. But she found Austen fitted in well with the Maya, intensely family-oriented people who criticized her for not taking her own family with her to Guatemala, saying how could she possibly leave her parents behind in America. Smith discovered that Austen's picture of close-knit families in the English countryside was to the Maya comparable to their own existence in the Guatemalan countryside. When Smith asked her Guatemalan students if the story of 1223:

so many American Janeites write fan fiction, Robens stated: "Quite frankly, I think a lot of people want more sex, particularly with Elizabeth and Darcy." Another American Janeite, Laurel Ann Nattress explained the appeal of Austen fan fiction in the U.S. as: "People just love her characters and they don't want to give them up." Nattress argued that the popularity of Austen in America was due mostly to a strong Anglophile streak in America, saying: "I think that we look back to the motherland in many respects. Look at the incredible impact

4893: 1048:

progress- sought to use Austen's books as an example of the sort of cultural progress the country was experiencing under Japanese rule. In Asia during this period, books by Western authors were always seen as embodying modernity and progress, and thus Austen in colonial-era Korea was presented as a symbol of modernity, at least during the so-called "Cultural Rule" period (1920–37) when Japanese rule was more moderate as compared to prior and succeeding periods. The South Korean writer

22: 8785: 582:, and the suggestion that some Americans might be disadvantaged because of their race, sex and/or income level is a painful one, implying their nation is not living up to its ideals. American filmmakers often avoid confronting the subject of class especially; by contrast the Austen films set in Regency England are distant enough both in time and in geography to raise the subject of class without imposing discomfort on an American audience. Likewise, in 817:, the couple Tsuda and O-Nobu are already married at the beginning of the novel, and Sōseki traced how pride and prejudice was pushing their marriage apart rather than be an obstacle to be overcome as Mr. Darcy courted Elizabeth Bennet in Austen's story. Sōseki followed Austen in using everyday life and apparently banal conversations to trace how the mutual pride of Tsuda and O-Nobu push them apart despite the fact that they both love each other. 4879: 878:, which was published at a time when censorship was much less stricter in Japan is set in the midst of these struggles as Machiko and her fellow activists are constantly having to avoid the police. At same time, Nogami attacked the double standard of male radicals who preached justice for the masses, but refused to treat women as equals, seeing the duty of female radicals just to be their obliging bedmates, and nothing more. In 124: 1284:

Indians, Smith discovered that hardly anyone knew who Austen was, and much of her class was indifferent to the books. Smith suggested that the War of the Triple Alliance, which wiped out most of the Paraguayan population between 1864 and 1870 with Paraguay going from 1 million to 200, 000 people, had left a grim, death-obsessed mentality in Paraguay where the macabre was celebrated and where Austen simply could not fit into.

1138:

from their own lives. Nafisi noted in the Islamic Republic of Iran where wife-beating is legal, "love is forbidden, banished from the public sphere" and sex is "violently suppressed", her students fell in love with an author whose books feature female "rebels" who defiantly say "no" to "silly mothers", "incompetent fathers" and a "rigidly orthodox society", and moreover get away with it. An American academic who went on

1151:, which she read in translation after the ban in China on Austen had been lifted after the end of the Cultural Revolution, saying she nothing read anything so moving and romantic before. The Chinese woman added after seeing all of the violence and horror of the Cultural Revolution when the streets of China were soaked with human blood, so many lives were ruined, and so many had behaved so badly that reading 590:, the characters are only concerned with being "cool", as there is almost no suggestion in the film of any class, racial and sexual barriers in southern California, circa 1995, as the only social line that matters is the one between "cool" and "uncool". Only with the minor character of the put-upon El Salvadoran maid who works for the Horowitz family, whom Cher keeps calling a "Mexican", does 503:, who has produced several Austen films, has confessed as much to the charge of "harlequinization", saying he liked "a bit of bodice-ripping" when he adapting Austen's novels into films. The American critic Dianne F. Sadoff wrote disapprovingly of Davies's efforts to add in the scenes that he asserts that "Austen couldn't write" but claims that she wanted to write. Sadoff took issue with 1304:" ("to be beaten to death with a stick") while Ecuadoran women were much more fond of the character, saying he did not deserved to be beaten to death with a stick as their menfolk were insisting upon. The Ecuadorans tended to regard Austen as more of a fantasy writer, describing life in Regency England that was simply inconceivable in modern Ecuador, with one reader of 319:" as offering up a filmic version of the experiences of women. Irvine argued that the emphasis on physicality of the actors is necessary once the voice of the narrator is eliminated as films used movements, looks and gestures to express emotions, requiring "...that all characters become physically and transparently expressive in a way that only problem cases such as 549:, which presented Austen as a modern career woman who just happened to be living in Georgian England. Sadoff wrote that both films have heroines with "...bared chests and swelling cleavage above Regency gown decolletage", perfectly "coiled hair" and looks of "wide-eyed intensity" that were meant both to arouse teenage boys and excite envy in teenage girls. 4568:(2018) opens, as does Austen's unfinished novel, with young Emma Watson's entry into society. In an unexpected plot deviation, the nineteenth-century characters confront the twenty-first century playwright (also called Laura) to complain of her fictional manipulation of their actions and to demand their freedom and autonomy. 438:, noted that "frequent women in windows imaginary" suggested that the country estates of the gentry and aristocracy were in fact "genteel prisons" for women, which Irvine argued was inconsistent with the claim that the Austen films were a conservative fantasy of a lost idyll of an ordered society. The 1999 film adaptation of 499:

British libraries together with "popular fiction" books that were the ancestors of the Harlequin romances. The perception of Austen as a high culture writer only started later, and certainly the appeal of the Austen films to many today seems to be that they are seen as a high culture version of Harlequin romances.

4856:", Clara tells a friend that she and Austen would play tricks on each other, ending with Clara stating: "I love her. Take that how you like." In a February 2016 interview, Dollard indicated she originally planned for "Face the Raven" to include a scene featuring Austen and Clara, but it was cut before production. 1222:

In the United States, Austen was described in 2013 as the object of "wildly devotional fan-worship" with conventions, parties and fan fiction. One American Janeite, Myretta Robens, was quoted to a BBC reporter as saying: "There's a longing for the elegance of the time. It's an escape." When asked why

1208:

has been translated 10 times in the last decades. Austen's ideal hero as a property-owning gentleman has resonance in China, where a well-off man with good education and manners who owes land is the considered the ideal man. In 2010, Sadoff wrote that the growing appeal of Austen in Asia ensures that

1184:

was published in Beijing, with an introduction by the translator explaining how the translation was justified on Marxist grounds as the novel showed the decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism in England. In 1965 Dong Hengxun, an academic, condemned Austen in an article titled "The Description of

680:

regularly produces versions of Austen's books reset in modern India and adjusted to the style of Indian films, which forbid kissing and often include several musical numbers. Austen's books often feature match-making parents, which gives her stories a particular resonance in India, where the majority

498:

novels. A recurring complaint made by critics concerns the "harlequinization" of Austen in film, which is seen as the cheapening and oversimplification of Austen for a mass audience. However, Irvine noted that in Austen's own lifetime, her work was popular, but seen as low culture, being lumped in at

968:

as a fusion between an Austen novel and the fascination with breaking sexual taboos like incest which often characterizes Japanese literature. Even after learning that Kōichi is quite possibly her brother, Keiko cannot give him up as their souls have crossed the "bridge of dreams" to "the other side

243:

Irvine commented that because cinema and literature are different media, the best way of resolving this problem is for filmmakers to concentrate on the visuality of film, as cinema can depict what the books can only ask the reader to imagine. A recurring image in Austen films is that of women gazing

399:

billed Lyme Park as the centrepiece of the "Pemberley Trail" for Janeites to go on a pilgrimage. Because the Austen adaptations are seen as celebrating a certain ideal of an "eternal England", there is a tendency to see both the film and television productions as implicitly conservative productions

1227:

has had over here. It's a perfect example of how America is fascinated by British culture." Robens explained to a BBC reporter the mostly female readership of Austen in America; "It's women, in general, who fall in love with them. It's a truth universally acknowledged that women want to read about

1179:

were published in Beijing and Shanghai. After 1949 Austen was out of favor in the People's Republic of China as a "bourgeois" author whose work was considered frivolous. In the 1950s most of the foreign books published in the People's Republic were translations of Soviet books, and Western authors

1137:

recalled teaching Austen secretly in Iran in the 1990s (in the Islamic Republic of Iran Austen is banned as a "degenerate" Western writer) to a group of teenage girls who loved Austen's stories which feature women who fall in love with men who are worthy of their affections, which was so different

1107:

The character of Elizabeth Bennet with her stubborn individualism and nonconformity with social norms was popular in South Korea during the stifling rule of General Park, at least in part as a reaction to his attempts to crush individualism and promote conformity. However, the South Korean scholar

986:

In Turkey Austen was first introduced at the so-called "foreign schools" for foreigners domiciled in the Ottoman Empire, in which Turks were also allowed to enroll in the late 19th century. Initially, Turks only read Austen in the English original, and the first novel to be translated into Turkish

963:

is in many ways a resetting of an Austen novel in modern Japan. However, the climax of the novel where Keiko learns that parents of her boyfriend Kōichi and her parents have been engaged in a four-sided sexual relationship for many years, and Kōichi might very well be her brother, is unlike of the

213:

Robert Irvine, a British scholar, wrote that the works of Austen remain a popular source for film makers, who eschew Austen's narrator, rendering a true adaptation impossible. Austen's use of free indirect discourse, where the thoughts of the characters are summarized by the narrator, is generally

1528:

as Jane Austen. The story was a fictional interpretation of the few facts surrounding Jane Austen's early and mysterious death at age 41 in which Anne Sharp, former governess to the Austen family and Jane's close friend, tells the story of "family intrigues, shocking secrets, forbidden loves, and

1299:

had any relevance in modern Mexico, she was told by one woman: "No, the book's really relevant...Things then, in her country, are just the same way here and now. Look at Willoughby, taking advantage of women. Men here do that all the time. And Marianne, marrying more for the sake of being married

1283:

did not automatically lead to the subject of racism while in Guatemala, her students always brought up the racism against the Maya when discussing Miss Bennet's struggle against the gentry and aristocracy of Hertfordshire. By contrast, in Paraguay, where the majority of the population are Guaraní

1274:

better than her American students as the general expectation in Guatemala is that a woman should be married by her early twenties, just as was the case in Regency England, whereas her American students have trouble understanding why Elizabeth Bennet was risking social disgrace by turning down two

1047:

Such is the appeal of Austen in Asia that during the period when Korea was a Japanese colony (1905–1945) Austen was first translated into Korean as the Japanese colonial administration- which always justified itself on the grounds that Korea was hopelessly backward and in need of Japanese rule to

889:

Austen went out of favour in Japan during the militarist period in the early Showa era (1931–1945) when a xenophobic, ultra-nationalist mood prevailed, and the government discouraged people from reading foreign books. But during the period of the American occupation (1945–52), almost every Austen

344:. Other critics such as Kristen Samuelian and Shannon Wooden have argued that Austen films are "post-feminist" films where women first encounter patriarchy before going on to live happier ever after with the men of their dreams in the patriarchal society of Regency England. Wooden also argued the 252:

society, while the latter image symbolises freedom. The critic Mary Favret, in her 2000 essay "Being True to Jane Austen," argued that because film is a moving image, it resists the tendency of photography to have a fixed image, suggesting a world where change is always possible. Because of this,

1195:

as "artistically insignificant". Austen was banned along with other Western authors in China during the Cultural Revolution and during the 1980s, translations of Austen were grudgingly allowed, though officially Austen remained out of favor. The first Chinese academic in the People's Republic to

526:

Diane Sadoff noted that Austen films are popular with a wide female audience that ranges in age from teenage girls to middle-aged women, instead of appealing to a narrow demographic. Sadoff wrote the most recent adaptions of Austen were done in a way that was calculated to appeal to young women.

485:

Austen has become a form of "cultural capital" for one to assert one's social superiority. In this regard, Austen has become a "brand", which is especially potent as the "Austen brand" has both high cultural connotations and mass appeal. Irvine commented that as painful as this may be to English

693:

until 1858, and as a Crown colony from 1858 to 1947, came to include all of modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. English as an academic discipline began in 19th century India as British officials of the Raj set out to teach English to their Indian subjects, and as a result, many middle-class

4691:

is a far cry from her popular image; she is extremely foul-mouthed and extremely violent – a reaction to having lived such a sedate and repressed lifestyle – and sports tattoos: a scorpion on each arm and the word "hate" on her forehead. Her punishment, as stated in the Series 4 episode "Poets

977:

Kurahashi created a heroine, Keiko, who is a many ways an Austen heroine with her quiet nature and calm dignity that hides a passionate, romantic side while at the same time the book was concerned with the mystical "other side", a supernatural world of power, mystery and dread that can only be

1239:

expresses considerable annoyance about the appropriation of Austen by the alt-right, writing: "No one who reads Jane Austen's words with any attention and reflection can possibly be alt-right. All the Janeites I know are rational, compassionate, liberal-minded people." The American journalist

1180:

were only translated into Chinese if they were "revolutionary" writers like Lord Byron or if their books portrayed Western societies in an unflattering light like Charles Dickens; Austen did not serve either purpose very well. In 1956, Austen was first translated in the People's Republic when

366:

all use the food imagery of the Austen books, where a fasting is a form of female protest, but in contrast to the books "...juxtapose food with representations or discussions of physical beauty, making a very late twentieth-century connection between not eating and feminine social and sexual

411:, Irvine argued that Britain's heritage belongs to everyone and the memory of the past is used by disadvantaged groups just as much by advantaged groups to construct an "usable" version of British history. For instance, many of the Austen films are seen as offering a feminist critique of 271:) remained still and silent. Irvine noted that film adaptations of Austen's work often used the physicality of the actors to show the sexual desires of the characters that Austen herself only hinted at, with Irving calling a "particularly notorious" example of this being the scene from 663:", arguing that the success of Austen in the United States was due to the way she could be presented as offering "cultural capital" to those who were and are willing to take the time to read her novels, and to a nostalgia for the perceived better and simpler times of Regency England. 1108:

Park You-me noted that for a certain generation of Korean Janeites like her mother, who lived through the years 1937–45, when the Japanese state tried to stamp out the Korean language and culture, mobilized society for total war, and forced thousands of Korean young women into the

1124:

which aired between October 2014-January 2015 concerned a relationship between a passionate novice prosecutor and her more experienced and snooty colleague. Beyond the specific adaptions, many critics have noted that the heroes of Korean soap operas owe much to Mr. Darcy.

1099:

concerns the relationship between two men, one of whom is a male version of Elizabeth Bennet, and the other whom resembles Mr. Darcy. The Bennet-like Namsang came from a family that resisted Japanese rule and were ruined as a result while the Darcy-like Hyǒn comes from a

1436:, Bromsgrove, England. It is a West-End style musical theatre production based on the life of Jane Austen. The musical, directed by Geetika Lizardi, focuses on Austen as a modern heroine, a woman who chose art and integrity over the security of a loveless marriage. 746:

Both India and Pakistan have large Austen societies with the Pakistani Austen Society hosting events for "Jovial Janeites" that feature "Austentatious tea parties" and "chai and chatter". Laaleen Sukhera, the founder of the Jane Austen Society of Pakistan, told

792:

wrote that: "Anyone who is unable to appreciate Austen will be unable to understand the beauty of realism." Sōseki, who was fluent in English, lived in London from 1900 to 1903, where he first discovered Austen, who he regarded as having achieved his ideal of

3782:(2013–2014), an Emmy-winning YouTube adaptation in which Emma Woodhouse (Joanna Sotomura) is a matchmaker who documents her ventures into the matchmaking business with her assistant Harriet Smith (Dayeanne Hutton) and confidant Alex Knightley (Brent Bailey). 868:" a crime; the specific thoughts that were made illegal were republicanism, pacifism, and advocating the end of private property. Those found by the police to be thinking these forbidden thoughts served lengthy prison sentences and were subjected to 6727: 4618:, a visual novel in which the player interacts with townspeople, friends, family, and potential suitors, looking for a suitable match. The game includes storylines inspired by Austen's writing style, as well as trivia questions about Austen's work. 1366:

as Jane Austen, was released in the same year. Based on Austen's surviving letters, the semi-biographical television movie focused on the last few years of Jane Austen's life as she looked back on her life and loves and helped her favourite niece,

4692:

Corner", is "to be surrounded by silly relatives and unreliable Army captains ... though the demons taking on the guises end up with a lot of bite marks." Her first appearance is in the Series Two episode "G.U.T." when she has a boxing match with

4848:, by which time it is indicated that Clara has by this point met the author (though this is not depicted on screen), with references hinting at romantic attraction between the two (in keeping with the series hinting that Clara is bisexual). In " 1262:, American author Amy Elizabeth Smith visited several Latin American countries in 2011 to see where Austen stood in that part of the world. Smith was at first concerned that the type of novels that Austen chose to wrote would not be popular in 1023:

sold out in its first year, and a second edition was issued in 2007, which Tekcan used to argue that many Turks wanted a proper version of Austen in their own language. Austen's status in modern Turkey can be seen in the Knowledge-like website

594:

imply that there might be some inequality in modern America. However, Irvine noted that American audiences cannot entirely embrace the social hierarchy of Georgian England, based as it was on land and birth, and instead the 1996 version of

781:, who became the first Western scholar to teach in Japan, warned his Japanese students in his lectures that they would not like Austen, as the sort of violence which was normal in samurai stories was completely absent in Austen's novels. 327:

defended Mr. Darcy's precipitous plunge into the pond as necessary to show the viewer that he was capable of depths of emotional and physical passion that the novel only implied to help explain why Miss Bennet falls in love with him.

1076:

came to dominate the South Korean economy in the 1970s, resembled Mr. Bennet as he watches his daughters' "quest" to find the ideal husband, through unlike him, Hŏ ends up committing suicide on the day of his daughter's wedding. In

698:

featured in Austen's stories are popular with women from middle-class Indian families, the vast majority of whom are in or are destined for arranged marriages set up by their parents to men that they generally don't know. In India,

1275:

marriage proposals. Moreover, Smith's Guatemalan students found the subject of class prejudices in Regency England more compelling than her American students, with many also saying racial prejudices against the Maya by Guatemala's

1072:, two of the Ho sisters' relationships end unhappily and only Ho Malhi, the sister who resembles Elizabeth Bennet, ends up well with her choice of a man. Hŏ Sŏng, the once successful small businessman who was now struggling as the 1038:

produces comments such as "Jane Austen is for those who are ashamed to read romance novels"and "The characters that Jane Austen created still live in the likes of a neighbor who is dying to get her daughters married to rich men.".

1142:

web broadcast to talk about Austen recalled being besieged with callers of an Asian background. One Iranian woman, living in the United States, called in to say she had first read Austen after her teenage daughter brought home

340:, have argued that by portraying strong women who are intelligent and socially adept and by emphasising the theme of sisterhood both literally between sisters and metaphorically between female friends, the Austen films become 586:, the only roles possible for a woman in polite society were those of a wife and mother, which means that Austen films can deal starkly with sexism in ways that films set in contemporary times often do not. Irvine noted in 7147: 7007: 6976: 3303:

by Foot in the Door Theatre, tells the story of Frankie Price, a modern employee of Mansfield Park Hotel, who communicates with her brother in the Navy through videos. The series began in December 2014 and ended November

797:(literally "follow Heaven, forsake the self"-a writer should follow his/her instincts and write stories that have no traces of their own personality in them). At the time of his death in 1916, Sōseki was writing a novel 569:

which took $ 31 million US in its opening weekend the following week, but a highly respectable showing for a heritage film set in Regency England and starring a mostly British cast unfamiliar to American audiences.

8365: 5570: 5516: 1300:

than for being in love. Women are here are afraid to be single. It is very hard". In Ecuador, Smith discovered that Ecuadoran men all detested the character of Mr. Darcy with one man telling her Darcy deserved "

738:

The largest market for Austen's books are in India and Pakistan, where the themes of "marrying off" young women to rid families of the burdens of supporting them, the importance of the family as a social unit,

244:

through a window to the outside world, or walking in the countryside. The critic Julianne Pidduck in her essay "Of Windows and Country Walks" argues the former image symbolizes repression and a woman's lot in

4811:: "I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!" In September 2017 that note came into circulation. Austen also appears as a 5 mm picture on four current £5 notes, as engraved by microartist 1068:, three sisters from a lower-middle-class background who resemble Elizabeth, Jane and Lydia Bennet respectively find that their only hope of social-economic success comes with marrying the right men. Unlike 472:

waxes eloquent to Price about how only women can really understand the pleasures that their bodies can produce, which seems to be Crawford's way of trying to seduce Price. Irvine praised Rozema's version of

6719: 1091:, the military dictator of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979, had started his career as an officer in the Manchukuo Army and served with the Kwantung Army in its campaigns to "pacify" 1567:

on an in-game radio station. Both the protagonist, who is the leader of the 3rd Street Saints, and the game alien antagonist Zinyak are depicted as fans of Austen's work. She also appears as a figure in

577:

Part of the appeal of Austen films in the United States is that they deal directly with the subject of class, which American filmmakers generally prefer to avoid. Americans like to see their nation as a

7557: 4844:, 2014), she and the Doctor debate historical facts related to Austen, with the Doctor confessing his knowledge of Austen stems from a written biography he read. In 2015, Austen is referenced twice in 1235:

leaders invoke Austen to "def the sexual revolution", offer "symbol of sexual purity; standard-bearer a vanished white traditional culture; ... the rule of female inferiority.". Elaine Bander of the

8088: 1147:, which made her cry as she had experienced nothing like this in her own culture, where dating is forbidden and marriages are arranged. Another caller was a Chinese woman whose first Austen book was 574:

ran for ten weeks in the United States and ultimately took in a profit of $ 19 million US. Sadoff wrote that Hollywood likes Austen film adaptions because they appeal to Austen's existing fanbase.

1926:'s adaptation for the stage premiered in a short run at New York City's Bedlam theater Company in November 2014. It had a longer run in 2016 directed by Eric Tucker, also at Bedlam. Hamill played 395:

that was a great ratings success, settling the benchmark for subsequent productions. Afterwards, it became more common for Austen films to be visually sumptuous, expensiev productions while the

430:

lacks servants, while there many servants in the background of Lawrence's version, many of them performing absurd tasks. Likewise, Neill noted that the poor are nowhere to be seen in McGrath's

300:

The emphasis on the physicality of the actors to express emotions together with abandonment of the narrator has divided critics. Rebecca Dickson has complained that "strong and self-sufficient

1240:

Jennifer Schuessler reported this appropriation of Austen is very common, citing the remarks of a graduate student Tracey Hutchings-Goetz, who was surprised to see the Knowledge article about

4609:, which examined how Austen would fare in the modern day publishing industry, achieved worldwide attention when Austen's work—submitted under a pseudonym—was rejected by numerous publishers. 1236: 1175:

by Alexandre Dumas, which unexpectedly become a bestseller, that Chinese publishers became interested in western books. Austen was first translated into Chinese in 1935, when two editions of

625:

Irvine argued that Austen offers a particular appeal to American conservatives in that the sort of ordered society that they used to openly admire and were nostalgic for, namely that of the

618:

set in New York City in the late 1980s. The "old money" characters consider Austen part of their "cultural capital" that sets them apart from vulgar "new money," with one character quoting

6945: 3331: 1095:. During Park's rule, he applied the same methods he learned in Japanese service to his own people, and in the 1960s-70s, South Korea was one of the world's worst human rights abusers. 7645: 2665:(2013) is a 3-part murder mystery television drama based on the novel of the same name as a continuation of Pride and Prejudice with some flashbacks to events from the book. It stars 7432: 6911: 773:

of 1867 opened Japan up to Western influence, and even then Austen was largely ignored. Japanese translators preferred adventure stories from the West, which were more similar to

655:. According to Irvine, the "social idyll of a lost pre-industrial England that Austen often represents for conservatives is here aligned with a similar idyll imagined in the pre- 396: 7139: 7056: 6999: 6968: 8027: 7937: 1167:

where she was described as "one of the celebrated English novelists". Only a few western novels were translated in China during the 19th century, and it was not until 1898 when

82:

Books and scripts that use the general storyline of Austen's novels but change or otherwise modernise the story also became popular at the end of the 20th century. For example,

8304: 2797: 1209:

market for Austen films continues to grow, and it is possible Asia would soon replace the United States as the largest market for Austen films, if it has not already done so.

2717: 1378: 973:

with Kōichi and his wife; the novel ends with Keiko meeting Kōichi in Kyoto while her husband calls her to say he is spending the night with Kōichi's wife. Hiroshi wrote in

4757:

explains he gave himself a female pseudonym when writing a book. Insisting that every other male author is doing it, Blackadder explains that Jane Austen is really a burly

8274: 6509: 7463: 4852:", Clara describes Austen to her students as an "amazing writer, astonishing comic observer and, strictly between ourselves, a phenomenal kisser." Later in Series 9, in " 4761:

with a heavy beard. In addition to this, in a deliberate nod to the third series being set in the Regency period, each episode had an alliterative title loosely punning

8357: 5562: 5508: 8912: 7516: 4437:(2013), starring Allison Paige, is a modernization of the unfinished novel that is set in the fictitious town of Sanditon, California. The web series is a spin-off of 79:(starting in 1940), television (starting in 1938) and professional theatre (starting in 1901), with adaptations varying greatly in their faithfulness to the original. 7493: 6639: 8531: 1422:

was a full-length dramatised biography of Austen in the form of "an idealization of Jane Austen's early life a romantic comedy". The work was produced again at the

6696: 8114: 1411: 659:

Southern states". Irvine however cautioned that one "should not be too quick to attribute the success of the Austen adaptations in the US to an implicitly racist

1875:(2006) is a modern-day set film about two rich, spoiled Hollywood socialites's economical misfortune and struggles, whose plot was conceived from Jane Austen's 9359: 7549: 2733: 2645:(2013), a modern-day reimagining of the story set in a country estate which has been repurposed as a Jane Austen themed romantic adventure travel destination. 1279:

elite made them relate to Elizabeth Bennet's struggle for acceptance from the Hertfordshire elite. Smith reported class discussions in the United States about

486:

professors like himself, at least part of the mass appeal of the Austen films today is due to a "perceived continuity" between Austen's novels and the modern "

2159: 8080: 4641:

is about a group of people who form a Jane Austen discussion group. Much of the dialogue concerns her novels and her personal life. This film is based on a

2777: 1960:, although he is not sure how to pronounce the author's name, trying out "oosten" and "orsten", as well as desperately hoping for "car chases in this one." 4670:

as Jane Hayes, a young thirty-something obsessed with Jane Austen who travels to a British resort called Austenland, in which the Austen era is recreated.

9491: 7671: 4807:, but caused "outrage" over its use of a portrait of Austen that had been "airbrushed". The note features a quote from the character Caroline Bingley in 4581: 1975: 75:. In popular culture, Austen's novels and personal life have been adapted into book illustrations (starting in 1833), dramatizations (starting in 1895), 1200:

noted that in China: "... Austen is seen as having a particular affinity with Chinese culture, where "manners matter" as they did in Georgian England."

224:

because the absence of a narrator 'glorifies the romantic conventions that Austen deflates'. Likewise, for this reason, many Austen scholars approve of

7835: 3660: 3462: 2881:

and changes the course of the story. Also starring Nicolas Bishop as Mr. Darcy, Nell Barlow as Elizabeth Bennet, and Catherine Hannay as Jane Bennet.

2844: 1248:, saying to Schuessler: "It was a version of the novel that didn't make any sense to us as scholars, supported by a completely unscholarly source". 4584:. In a 2002 poll to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Austen was ranked number 70 in the list of the " 2722: 7959: 8834: 7320: 6261: 5655: 3025: 308:

became "a girl woman with unexpressed emotions who must learn to demonstrate them" in the Ang Lee film. By contrast, Penny Gay praised the Lee's

8244: 6584: 4859:

Austen is also referenced in the 2018 game Plants Vs Zombies Heroes, where she is referred in the Parasol Zombie's description as Brain Austen.

2726: 6937: 9044: 7635: 5725: 757:-esque society aunties, rakish Wickhams and Willoughbys, pretentious Mrs Eltons and holier-than thou Mr Collins types". Bloomsbury published 743:

as a factor in marriage negotiations and inheritance laws that favor males all address issues that are relevant in both India and Pakistan.

192: 7810: 7202: 1244:

describe the novel as celebrating traditional marriage supported by citations to an on-line article from the conservative Catholic magazine

10125: 6227: 164: 8192: 5801: 5757: 5689: 874:("changing direction"), a process of brain-washing where left-wing activists were brain-washed to worship the Emperor as a living god. In 106:, and furthermore, near the beginning of the 21st century, over two centuries after her death, her works still inform popular culture and 10120: 8731: 7424: 7996: 6903: 9867: 8019: 7929: 7116: 6449: 4715:"; according to Jane, "She wasn't that great." In the Series Six episode "Investigation", she leads an attempted escape from Hell with 5601: 1897:(2011) is also a modern-day adaptation. It follows the sisters as they struggle after their father is imprisoned for investment fraud. 959:), the heroine Keiko is a graduate student working on a thesis concerning Austen's books, an interest that paralleled the author's as 171: 9138: 8296: 8175: 4849: 4309: 2927: 2550: 2926:, although The Doctor, going undercover as a caretaker, cites the biographical information accompanying her books. Later episodes (" 9524: 6471: 3135:

The film was considered lost until 1990, when a color print was discovered by Arthur Wilkens, a guard at the Library of Congress.

7693: 7526: 2617:

A 2008 Israeli television six-part miniseries set the story in Galilee with Mr Darcy a well-paid worker in the high-tech industry.

8270: 7606: 6501: 518: 134: 8334: 7194:

See Jennifer M. Woolston's "'It's not a put-down, Miss Bennet; it's a category': Andrew Black's Chick Lit Pride and Prejudice,"

3862:

TV adaptation loosely based on the novel. This ten-part series is also likely to be the earliest screen adaptation of the book.

178: 9169: 8990: 8962: 8954: 8946: 7455: 6793: 2685: 1756: 1674: 1634: 8405: 6560: 5004: 4974: 4959: 4944: 4929: 3344: 557:

The most lucrative market for these films today is the United States, not the United Kingdom. On 3 August 2007, the debut of

7718: 5037: 860:, and the police waged a vigorous campaign against those accused of "thought crimes". In 1925, the Imperial Diet passed the 9997: 9260: 9236: 9220: 9212: 9204: 8625: 7485: 6631: 2721:(2016) is an indie-adaptation and gender-bent reimagining of Pride and Prejudice with Elizabeth Bennett as a man, starring 2661: 2534: 2403: 2363: 2323: 2199: 894:(which was not translated until 1978), and Austen started to be widely taught in Japanese high schools. The translation of 336:

Another issue concerning adaptations of Austen is that of gender, especially the portrayal of women. Some critics, such as

277: 160: 4321: 8827: 6688: 3419: 3016: 2863:

with a contemporary ensemble of men visiting the gay vacation destination, written by Joel Kim Booster, released on Hulu.

2424: 2043: 1346:, the film centred on Jane Austen's early life, her development as an author, and the posited romantic relationship with 8110: 6609: 2516:", the crew of the space ship relax in a virtual reality rendition of "Pride and Prejudice Land" in "Jane Austen World". 882:, Wickham marries Lydia Bennet, which makes him part of the family so Elizabeth Bennet has to be civil to him, while in 8907: 7906: 7880: 7855: 7288: 6665: 6196: 3034: 6411: 4777:

In 2010, a mock movie trailer became popular online, satirising the novels and characters of Austen's novels. Titled,

2967:"The Bennets: A Play Without a Plot, Adapted from Jane Austen's Novel ' Pride and Prejudice," by Rosina Filippi (1901) 9478: 9037: 8245:"BBC Writers Room: Doctor Who – Series 9, Episode 10 'Face the Raven' (original title 'Trap Street') – Sarah Dollard" 9073: 8057: 7252: 969:

of the world" where they have been fused together, which leads her despite being married to another man to engage a

10031: 9288: 9153: 8736: 8726: 8711: 7174: 4637: 2445: 1270:

could take place in modern Guatemala, the unanimous answer was yes. Smith found her Guatemalan students related to

533: 403:

However, Irvine has cautioned against seeing all of the Austen films as carrying a conservative message Citing the

1087:

elite who had served Japan in the colonial period was the same elite that ruled South Korea in the 1970s. General

9626: 9426: 9351: 9121: 8563: 7402: 3145: 3053: 2922:

is shown teaching the novel to her students and debating biographical details of Austen with the time-travelling

2690: 2520: 2064: 639: 33: 6874:, Akil Largie, Victor Hugo, Susan Lawson-Reynolds, Beth Angus, Victoria Ekanoye, Edward Bennett, Martina Laird. 4744:, a subculture group called "Janes" emulate the mannerisms and ideals of the characters in Jane Austen's novels. 978:

glimpsed which co-exists alongside our world, a uniquely Japanese concern that would have been alien to Austen.

886:, Machiko repudiates Seki outright, saying his dishonesty and his contempt for women makes him unworthy of her. 9860: 9681: 9563: 8820: 7583: 3336: 2892: 1457: 469: 149: 9410: 8605: 7082: 4819: 3171: 2997: 2941:

Marrying Mr Darcy, each player chooses an Austen character to portray, much as one would select the shoe in

185: 9925: 9917: 9517: 9303: 9030: 8899: 7030: 6753: 3914: 3872: 1712: 630: 508: 240:) narrates several scenes. This is seen as the closest approximation of Austen's style in cinema yet done. 220: 7832: 2629:), a graduate student, explains her life through the video blog format alongside her sisters Jane Bennet ( 753:

that Austen is relevant in the Indian subcontinent because society in South Asia is full of "disapproving

426:

as superior to McGrath's theatrical adaptation, released that same year. Neill pointed out that McGrath's

10055: 10047: 9754: 9402: 8680: 7631: 3555: 2977: 1574: 995:

in two volumes in 1946 and 1948. Austen first came to widespread notice in Turkey in the late 1960s when

517:

imagining being kidnapped and subjected to semi-consensual sado-masochistic sex, and the 2008 version of

350: 4796: 2765:. It brings the characters into one single story, set in the beginning of 20th century Brazil. Starring 145: 9607: 9599: 8149: 7963: 4837: 4740: 4220: 3234: 3192: 2909: 2843:

movie, and her struggles to maintain her role due to her inability to adapt to a British accent. Stars

602:

One of the few American Austen films to confront class directly in a modern settling was the 1990 film

439: 8248: 8193:"BBC Writers Room: Doctor Who – Series 9, Episodes 1 & 2 and Episodes 11 & 12 – Steven Moffat" 7310: 6253: 5686:"Sōseki's Transformation of the Austenian Novel: From the Novel of Manners to the Psychological Novel" 5651: 4774:, a literary pastiche in the form of a cookbook, contains a recipe for tarragon eggs à la Jane Austen. 2272:. It used the screenplay by Cedric Walles, which was also used for the 1952 and 1958 BBC adaptations. 141: 9945: 9853: 9452: 9445: 8920: 8635: 8398: 4642: 4439: 4083: 3959: 2621: 2513: 2490: 2310: 2228: 2140: 2051: 1843: 1777: 1423: 1081:, Park took on one of the most painful subjects in South Korea at the time, namely the fact that the 761:, a collection of stories inspired by the works of Austen and set in contemporary Pakistan, in 2018. 705: 376: 99: 6576: 1163:

The novels of Jane Austen were unknown in China until 1917 when Wei Yi mentioned Austen in her book

622:'s remark that "not to like Jane Austen is to put oneself under suspicion...of a want of breeding". 9990: 9963: 9367: 9309: 9296: 9129: 9100: 8556: 4624: 4096: 4049: 3277: 2905:, where Fry is in attendance at a ball where the brain is introduced as the most eligible bachelor. 1942: 1258: 754: 603: 7806: 5721: 1974:

This section lists film, theatre, and television adaptations only. For literary adaptations, see:

289:) dives into a pond and emerges with wet clothes clinging to his body before a clearly interested 9510: 8742: 8570: 8425: 8135: 7199: 7182: 4401: 3697: 2757:(2018) is a Brazilian telenovela which takes inspiration from all of Austen's major novels (plus 1019:

by Hamdi Koç, who at present is engaged in translating the rest of Austen's novels into Turkish.

848:

deals directly with turmoil of Taishō era Japan where strikes were frequent, much of the younger

8196: 7747:

Morris, Stephen. "The author and the Austen plot that exposed publishers' pride and prejudice."

7108: 6219: 4628:

is about rival stage companies who wish to produce the only complete Austen play, the fictional

10090: 10082: 10074: 9645: 8812: 8675: 6799: 6475: 5797: 5753: 5685: 4907: 4416: 4411: 4260: 4207: 4173: 3940: 3623: 3315: 3166: 2587: 2429: 1782: 1655: 1347: 861: 500: 477:

as offering a critical picture of power imbalances and economic inequality in Regency society.

272: 259: 9418: 4701: 4696:. According to Satan, "within moments of her arrival , she'd beaten up twelve demons, snorted 523:

which begins with a seduction scene mentioned as only happening a long time ago in the novel.

9813: 9789: 9460: 9343: 9022: 8848: 8449: 7986: 6827: 6441: 4845: 4841: 3885: 3639: 3515: 2822: 2818: 2630: 1952: 1583: 1034:), when anonymous contributors write articles on various subjects; typing Jane Austen on the 996: 4732: 541:, which brought "swashbuckler girlfriend sex appeal and postfeminist agency" to Austen, and 9797: 8788: 8645: 8585: 8391: 7991: 5593: 4804: 4749: 4585: 4504: 4388: 3964: 3935: 3746: 2839:(2019) is a television film adaptation about an American actress being picked to star in a 2542: 2495: 1338: 599:

offered a hierarchy based on consumption and material, much like the modern United States.

504: 103: 64: 9845: 8081:"New £10 note featuring Jane Austen enters circulation today: Everything you need to know" 7218: 5963:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 pages 220-221.

5942:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 pages 220-221.

5921:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 pages 226-228.

5900:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 pages 228-229.

5858:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 pages 220-222.

2649:

plays an American woman whose in-universe experience aligns with Elizabeth Bennet's, with

1231:

Nicole M. Wright, an academic specialising in "the history of the novel", notes that many

8: 9983: 9805: 9229: 9146: 9058: 8982: 8768: 8650: 8614: 8549: 8457: 7734:

De Bruxelles, Simon. "How A Laydee showed that First Impressions really are misleading."

4833: 4789: 4712: 4683: 3597: 3531: 3203: 3156: 2810: 2666: 1966: 1563: 1531: 1358: 731: 453: 420: 38: 9502: 8327:"This Guy Ate Like Jane Austen's Characters for Two Years—And Was Amazed by the Results" 6479: 2753: 1026: 387:

was an expensive production that was filmed on location in the English countryside with

10011: 9674: 9325: 9178: 9095: 8928: 8685: 8670: 8600: 8489: 7685: 5999:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5975:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5951:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5909:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5888:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5867:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5846:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

5825:

Park, You-me "Father's Daughters Critical Realism examines patriarchy in Jane Austen's

4720: 4705: 4564: 4238: 4000: 3994:(2016), a webseries adaptation in which Cate is a journalist and Henry Tilney an actor. 3739: 3324: 3008: 2855: 1957: 1883: 1445: 1433: 857: 690: 656: 491: 375:

Another issue around the Austen films is their relation to the question of English and

72: 820:

Austen was first translated into Japanese in 1926 when Nogami Toyoichirō and his wife

434:

while MacGrath's film frequently shows poor people in the background. Another critic,

9896: 9762: 9197: 9162: 8873: 8690: 8326: 6815: 6779: 6662:"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Lindsay Ashford - the Mysterious Death of Jane Austen (Omnibus)" 6556: 6533: 6011:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 page 219.

5987:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 page 221.

5879:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 page 227.

5837:

edited by Park You-Me & Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, London: Routledge, 2015 page 218.

5000: 4970: 4955: 4940: 4925: 4898: 4780: 4754: 4654: 4395: 3754: 3618: 3340: 3255: 3002: 2641: 2583: 2461: 2347: 2085: 2000: 1927: 1910: 1772: 1610: 1453: 1343: 915: 770: 720: 682: 634: 514: 416: 380: 320: 9975: 785: 9881: 9770: 9715: 9383: 9280: 9083: 8655: 8481: 7987:"I am Jane's pinching corset: We talk to the creator of 'Jane Austen's Fight Club'" 7521: 6875: 6863: 4785: 4674: 4646: 4227: 4160: 3980: 3879: 3859: 3788: 3681: 3655: 3502: 3208: 3161: 3038: 3037:

in 2017. The production, in which Hamill and her husband play the leading roles of

3021: 2374: 2306: 2187: 2080: 1995: 1888: 1809: 1468: 964:

denouements of any of Austen's books. The Japanese scholar Ebine Hiroshi described

948: 290: 214:

not followed in the films. It is for this reason that many Austen scholars dislike

29: 7715: 4864:

The Jane Austen Diet: Austen's Secrets to Food, Health, and Incandescent Happiness

4522: 9317: 8883: 8878: 8863: 7839: 7722: 7206: 7178: 6867: 6803: 6613: 5029: 4800: 4770: 4708: 4517: 4120: 3726: 3702: 3692: 3608: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3218: 3213: 2942: 2826: 2702: 2634: 2626: 2471: 2456: 2334: 2146: 1814: 1696: 1605: 1520: 1515: 1491: 1479: 1384: 1363: 1292: 1191: 784:

The first Japanese critic to draw attention to Austen was the influential writer

619: 538: 495: 445: 345: 301: 245: 84: 76: 7140:"Pride and Prejudice in Black and White: First and Last Impressions (1938–1967)" 7000:"Pride and Prejudice in Black and White: First and Last Impressions (1938–1967)" 6969:"Pride and Prejudice in Black and White: First and Last Impressions (1938–1967)" 4189: 3985: 2814: 1444:

The almost blank years in Austen's biography, 1801 to 1804, are the setting for

456:) dialogue from some of Austen's especially acerbic letters, which attacked Sir 9710: 9573: 9568: 9558: 9538: 9253: 9245: 9105: 8868: 8665: 8660: 8465: 8227: 6887: 6831: 6823: 6811: 6548: 4853: 4601: 4273: 4112: 4075: 3925: 3735: 3707: 3571: 3536: 3457: 3327:, commissioned and first performed by Heritage Opera, 30 July – 15 August 2011. 3063: 3046: 2931: 2923: 2830: 2770: 2607: 2598:(2008) is a four-part British fantasy television series in which Amanda Price ( 2594: 2565: 2269: 2033: 1871: 1852: 1848: 1767: 1525: 1088: 903: 778: 686: 626: 614: 487: 457: 408: 337: 237: 89: 9659: 7362: 4862:

Bryan Kozlowski encouraged people to eat like Jane Austen in non-fiction book

2805:

as Elizabeth Bennet, Juan Antonio as Will Darcy, Raney Branch as Jane Bennet,

10114: 9833: 9667: 9583: 9578: 9078: 9009: 8760: 8610: 8217: 8165: 8139: 7083:"Pride and Prejudice in Black and White: De vier dochters Bennet (1961–1962)" 6871: 6855: 6839: 6763: 6759: 6606: 6192: 4884: 4688: 4687:(1995–2012). However, her character as written by the series' creator/writer 4606: 4532: 4527: 4233: 4194: 4060: 3778: 3767: 3731: 3424: 3414: 3409: 3320: 3282: 2946: 2874: 2802: 2766: 2710: 2706: 2678: 2674: 2650: 2599: 2579: 2414: 2379: 2339: 2253: 2126: 2121: 2090: 1901: 1856: 1819: 1738: 1723: 1688: 1650: 1553: 1536: 1486:

Jane Austen and her death were the subject of Kathleen A. Flynn's 2017 novel

1415: 1392: 1388: 1331: 1326: 1308:

telling Smith that none of the characters from that book would last a day in

1109: 749: 711: 695: 644: 609: 559: 546: 341: 294: 254: 233: 60: 7902: 7877: 7851: 7284: 6661: 6153: