148:. It is mainly written in Danish, and Leonora translates much of the Low German, High German and French dialogue into Danish, but later on in the story adds more depth to her characters by writing in the original language, and demonstrates her superior knowledge of languages by often replying in a language they cannot understand. Leonora's allies are usually French-speaking, sending her letters or conversing intimately with her. Anne-Marie Mai highlights the psychological meaning of the autobiography and how the account can be viewed as a "monument for her spiritual and moral triumph over her adversaries, the evil agents of power, the flesh ungodly."
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moving. Leonora's ability to describe the appearance and behaviour of those she was forced to come into contact with has left a picture of a series of insignificant figures, mainly women, who would otherwise have been forgotten. One of the reasons the work has become a literary masterpiece is that the author manages to couch her account in a fine, dignified style, giving elegance and shine to even the most lurid details. According to her account, her female attendants appeared to suffer more than she did; they felt the effects of anxiety, fever and alcoholism, while she remained in good health during her time in captivity, apart from a single case of
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60:. It is considered to be the finest piece of prose work written in 17th-century Denmark. It relates a partly fictionalized account of Christina's time during captivity, with a detailed personal account of prison life, often drawing upon biblical references and black humour, and contrasting the comical with the macabre. Radical for its period in its personal account, it is considered an existential religious writing.
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is a defensive, intimate and dramatic account, which brings back to life the painful years of
Leonora's imprisonment. It was written with a political and tactical purpose and is considered an existential religious writing, radical for its time in its reporting of personal confession and crisis.
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conveys the woman's conscious will to describe her experience without succumbing to her fate. It contains a host of vivid details: sights, smells and sounds, often conveyed with loathing — but also frequently juxtaposed with a grotesque twist of humour which only serves to make it all the more
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Leonora frequently draws upon biblical stories and characters and God in her depiction of prison life, recreating the prison in part as a scene in the Bible and her jailors and enemies into characters in her
Christian Passion. Sophie Amalie for instance is portrayed as
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Leonora knew that the work would be more successful if it came across as an authentic account of her time within the prison walls so it displays many of her real experiences, but which are dramatized and fictionalized, and vividly and fully so.
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which she completed after her release from prison in 1685. As the manuscript was secretly held abroad for many years, the work remained unknown until it was finally published in 1869, attracting considerable attention.
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Memoirs of
Leonora Christina: Daughter of Christian IV. of Denmark; Written During Her Imprisonment In the Blue Tower At Copenhagen 1663-1685
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came to the throne in 1670, the conditions of her imprisonment were improved and she was given books and writing materials.
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Gutenberg eBook, Memoirs of
Leonora Christina, by Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, Translated by F. E. Bunnètt
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The full autobiography in
English is available free of charge as a Gutenberg ebook:
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A Gutenberg eBook version of the original Danish text is also available:
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After writing a short autobiography in French in 1673, she embarked on
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to be beheaded. Languages also play an important and complex role in
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Considered to be
Denmark's most important 17th-century prose work,
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The Power of Kings: Monarchy and
Religion in Europe, 1589-1715
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Gutenberg eBook, Jammers-Minde, by
Leonora Christina Ulfeldt
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Danish writers from the
Reformation to decadence, 1550-1900
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for presumed knowledge of her husband's treachery. When
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First page of
Leonora's autobiography in French (1673)
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16:17th century autobiography by Leonora Christina
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202:Stecher-Hansen, Marianne (6 August 2004).
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