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532:. The following year (1951) Van Allen accepted the position as head of the physics department at the University of Iowa. Before long, he was enlisting students in his efforts to discover the secrets of the wild blue yonder and inventing ways to carry instruments higher into the atmosphere than ever before. By 1952, Van Allen was the first to devise a balloon-rocket combination that lifted rockets on balloons high above most of the Earth's atmosphere before firing them even higher. The rockets were ignited after the balloons reached an altitude of 16 kilometers.
650:’ that had enlisted the world’s leading nations to study the Arctic and Antarctic regions in 1882 and 1932. Someone suggested that with the development of new tools such as rockets, radar and computers, the time was ripe for a worldwide geophysical year. The other men were enthusiastic, and their enthusiasm spread around the world from Washington DC. From this meeting Lloyd Berkner and other participants proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an IGY be planned for 1957–58 (during the maximum solar activity).... The
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magnetosphere. Findings indicated a persistent, substantial ring current around Earth even during non-storm times, carried by high-energy protons. During geomagnetic storms, the enhancement of the ring current was shown to be due to low-energy protons entering the near-Earth region, challenging previous understandings.
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many accomplishments, and in recognition of his 90th birthday. Activities included an invited lecture series, a public lecture followed by a cake and punch reception, and an evening banquet with many of his former colleagues and students in attendance. In August 2005, an elementary school bearing his name opened in
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Van Allen stepped down as the head of the department of physics and astronomy in 1985, but continued working at the
University of Iowa as the Carver Professor of Physics, emeritus. On October 9, 2004, the University of Iowa and the UI Alumni Association hosted a celebration to honor Van Allen and his
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under sponsorship of the Upper
Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel, chaired by Dr. Van Allen. 33 scientific proposals were presented for inclusion in the IGY satellites. Van Allen's presentation highlighted the use of satellites for continuing cosmic-ray investigations. At this same time his Iowa Group
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in
Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic areas ranging from 75° N. to 72° S. latitude, as part of the U.S. International Geophysical Year scientific program headed by Van Allen and Lawrence J. Cahill of The University of Iowa. These were the first known upper atmosphere rocket soundings in the Antarctic
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Van Allen's wife of 61 years was
Abigail Fithian Halsey II of Cincinnati (1922–2008). They met at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) during World War II. They were married October 13, 1945, in Southampton, Long Island. Their five children are Cynthia, Margot, Sarah,
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In 2009, Van Allen's boyhood home in Mt. Pleasant, once maintained as a museum, was slated to be demolished. The new owner, Lee
Pennebaker, chose not to demolish the home. It was donated to the Henry County Heritage Trust, which plans to move the house next to the old Saunders School which will be
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The Van Allen Probes significantly advanced the understanding of space weather and its impact on Earth. Key discoveries included the dynamics of the Van Allen radiation belts and the role of solar activity in influencing space weather. The mission's findings highlighted how these radiation belts
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rocket. The primary objective of the flight, to place the 12.95 pound (5.87 kg) scientific payload in the vicinity of the Moon, failed. Pioneer III did reach an altitude of 63,000 miles (101 000 km), providing Van Allen additional data that led to discovery of a second radiation belt.
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magazine credited James Van Allen as the man most responsible for giving the U.S. "a big lead in scientific achievement." They called Van Allen "a key figure in the cold war’s competition for prestige. .... Today he can tip back his head and look at the sky. Beyond its outermost blue are the
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A notable discovery in
February 2013 was the transient appearance of a third Van Allen Radiation Belt, which lasted a few weeks and provided new insights into the belts' structure and dynamics. The probes also revealed the long-term behavior of Earth's ring current, a major component of the
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Van Allen was commissioned as a U.S. Navy lieutenant in
November 1942 and served for 16 months on a succession of South Pacific Fleet destroyers, instructing gunnery officers and conducting tests on his artillery fuses. He was an assistant staff gunnery officer on the battleship
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in April 1942. He worked on improving the ruggedness of vacuum tubes subject to the vibration from a gun battery. The work at APL resulted in a new generation of radio-proximity fuses for anti-aircraft defense of ships and for shore bombardment.
1143:. BARREL launched 20 balloons from Antarctica during each of two balloon campaigns in January–February 2013 and December 2013 – February 2014. This scientific data will complement the Van Allen Probes data over the two-year mission.
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The mission concluded with the deactivation of Van Allen Probe B in July 2019 and Probe A in
October 2019, following the lowering of their orbits to facilitate atmospheric reentry by 2034 as a measure against orbital debris.
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Eighty years after the Second Byrd
Expedition, the Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses (BARREL), a NASA mission began to study Earth's Van Allen radiation belts at the Antarctic (South Pole) managed by
799:(launched March 26, 1958) were used by the Iowa group to make "the first space-age scientific discovery": "the existence of a doughnut-shaped region of charged particle radiation trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field".
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888:) to the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Their discoveries contributed important segments to the world's knowledge of energetic particles, plasmas and radio waves throughout the
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expressed his belief that they should have a "real, honest-to-goodness scientist" involved in their little unofficial satellite project. Stuhlinger followed up with a visit to Van Allen at his home in
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457:. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1946. "My service as a naval officer was, far and away, the most broadening experience of my lifetime," he wrote in a 1990 autobiographical essay.
551:’ could not be fired in Iowa for fear that the spent rockets would strike an Iowan or his house." So Van Allen convinced the U.S. Coast Guard to let him fire his Rockoons from the icebreaker
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Discharged from the Navy in 1946, Van Allen returned to civilian research at APL. He organized and directed a team at Johns
Hopkins University to conduct high-altitude experiments, using
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program. Designed for a two-year primary mission, the probes exceeded expectations by operating for seven years, demonstrating significant resilience against radiation in Earth's belts.
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654:(1957–58) stimulated the U.S. Government to promise earth satellites as geophysical tools. The Soviet government countered by rushing its Sputniks into orbit. The race into space or
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in Washington, D.C. as a Carnegie Research Fellow. In the summer of 1940, he joined DTM's national defense efforts with his appointment to a staff position in Section T with the
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for the International Geophysical Year. Through "preparedness and good fortune," as he later wrote, those scientific instruments were available for incorporation in the 1958
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sounding rocket and headed the committee that convinced the U.S. government to produce it. The first instrument-carrying Aerobee was the A-5, launched on March 5, 1948, from
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dropped in on Van Allen remarked that he would like to meet other scientists in the Washington area. Van Allen got on the phone, soon gathered eight or ten top scientists (
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swell and shrink over time, responding to solar eruptions and impacting terrestrial phenomena like auroras, satellite functionality, power grids, and GPS communications.
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on March 18, 1948; then Rocket and Satellite Research Panel on April 29, 1948. The panel suspended operations on May 19, 1960, and had a reunion on February 2, 1968.
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James Van Allen, his colleagues, associates and students at The University of Iowa continued to fly scientific instruments on sounding rockets, Earth satellites (
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646:) in the living room of his small brick house. ‘It was what you might call a pedigreed bull session,’ he says.... The talk turned to geophysics and the two ‘
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821:, the third intended U.S. International Geophysical Year probe under the direction of NASA with the Army acting as executive agent, was launched from the
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detector and a cosmic ray experiment designed by Van Allen and his graduate students, with the satellite deployment of the sensor package supervised by
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world-encompassing belts of fierce radiation that bear his name. No human name has ever been given to a more majestic feature of the planet Earth."
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The Van Allen Probes, initially the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), were renamed in 2012 in honor of Dr. Van Allen. Managed by NASA's
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Professor Van Allen and his wife Abigail are buried in Southampton, New York, where Mrs. Van Allen was born and the couple were married.
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In 1950 an event occurred that began small but was to affect the future of Van Allen and all his countrymen. In March, British Physicist
681:. Vanguard planned to launch an artificial satellite into an orbit around the Earth. It was to be run by the US Navy and developed from
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design. Van Allen later recounted, "Stuhlinger’s 1954 message was simple and eloquent. By virtue of ballistic missile developments at
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Trapped radiation starts at an altitude of several hundred miles from Earth and extends for several thousand miles into space. The
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Van Allen was the principal investigator for scientific investigations on 24 Earth satellites and planetary missions.
607:).... I expressed a keen interest in performing a worldwide survey of the cosmic-ray intensity above the atmosphere."
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detected the first hint of radiation belts surrounding Earth. The low-cost Rockoon technique was later used by the
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Absolute cross-section for the nuclear disintegration H2 + H2 → H1 + H3 and its dependence on bombarding energy
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401 rocket contracted to United Launch Alliance (ULA), the mission was initially delayed due to weather and
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in 1941. With the outbreak of World War II, the proximity fuze work was transferred to the newly created
357:. Van Allen led the scientific community in putting scientific research instruments on space satellites.
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and The University of Iowa research groups in 1953–1955 and 1957, from ships at sea between Boston and
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September 26, 1957: Thirty-six Rockoons (balloon-launched rockets) were launched from Navy icebreaker
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area. Launched from IGY Rockoon Launch Site 2, Atlantic Ocean; Latitude: 0.83° N, Longitude: 0.99° W.
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A symposium on "The Scientific Uses of Earth Satellites" was held on January 26 and 27, 1956 at the
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and the Bumblebee missile were developed under a US Navy program. He drew specifications for the
1463:"James Alfred Van Allen: From High School to Beginning of the Space Era – A Biographical Sketch"
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James Van Allen Papers at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives
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369:. As a child, he was fascinated by mechanical and electrical devices and was an avid reader of
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James Van Allen, From High School to the Beginning of the Space Era: A Biographical Sketch
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Van Allen, James A. (1997). "Energetic Particles in the Earth's External Magnetic Field".
420:(NDRC) in Washington, D.C., where he worked on the development of photoelectric and radio
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Newell, Homer E. (1980). "Appendix C: Meetings of Rocket and Satellite Research Panel".
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In August 1939, Van Allen joined the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the
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1424:. History of Geophysics. Vol. 7. American Geophysical Union. pp. 235–251.
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July 1, 1957: The International Geophysical Year begins. IGY is carried out by the
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2006:
1522:"James A. Van Allen, Discoverer of Earth-Circling Radiation Belts, Is Dead at 91"
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on March 1, 1949, during the Aerobee rocket firing cruise on the research vessel
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Planetary Magnetospheres: Van Allen Radiation Belts of the Solar System Planets
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Van Allen, James A. "Space Science, Space Technology and the Space Station";
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James van Allen is seen smoking a pipe alongside physicist Edward Smith at a
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On April 5, 1950, Van Allen left the Applied Physics Laboratory, to accept a
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may be said to have started in Van Allen’s living room that evening in 1950.
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2429:"NASA's Van Allen Probes Reveal Long-term Behavior of Earth's Ring Current"
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2197:"NASA renames space mission to honor University of Iowa's James Van Allen"
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2323:"Beginning of the end: NASA's Van Allen probes prepare for mission's end"
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began preparations for scientific research instruments to be carried by '
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1345:"Van Allen Name Meaning & Van Allen Family History at Ancestry.com"
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IGY News Conference at National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C.
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Artist Robert Tabor Depicts the Discovery of Van Allen Radiation Belts
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A fellowship allowed him to continue studying nuclear physics at the
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1050:(NASA mission, renamed from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes) in 2012
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that produced foot-long sparks and caused his hair to stand on end.
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James Van Allen was born on September 7, 1914, on a small farm near
314:(September 7, 1914 – August 9, 2006) was an American
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Artist's rendition of Van Allen Probes in Earth orbit. Credit: NASA
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On August 9, 2006, James Van Allen died at University Hospitals in
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Upper Atmosphere Panel on December 29, 1947. The panel was renamed
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in Washington, D.C., where he also became immersed in research in
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2378:"Ephemeral third ring of radiation makes appearance around Earth"
1870:(Press release). University of Iowa News Services. Archived from
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1081:(APL) at Johns Hopkins University, the mission was a part of the
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James Van Allen holding (Loki) instrumented Rockoon, Credit: JPL
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908:. There is also a Van Allen elementary school in Escalon, CA.
869:), and interplanetary spacecraft including the first missions (
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595:, where Van Allen was on sabbatical leave from Iowa to work on
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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
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The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes
2167:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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Research Station, which had its grand opening in February 2013
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when the ship successfully defended itself against a Japanese
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In 1953, the Rockoons and their science payloads fired off
1868:"U.S. Space Pioneer, UI Professor James A. Van Allen Dies"
791:, who also had an expert cosmic ray background. Data from
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magazines. He once horrified his mother by constructing a
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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610:
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U.S. Space Pioneer, UI Professor James A. Van Allen Dies
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Organization of the James A. Van Allen Papers, 1938–1990
1375:"What Is A Space Scientist? An Autobiographical Example"
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1497:. Carnegie Institution. August 11, 2006. Archived from
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Origins Of Magnetospheric Physics: An Expanded Edition
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What Is A Space Scientist? An Autobiographical Example
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was needed for upper atmosphere research. The Aerojet
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Distinguished Fellow, Iowa Academy of Science in 1975
806:(commonly called the "Space Act"), which created the
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physics and the physics of Earth's upper atmosphere.
1948:
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510:, and James A. Van Allen developed the idea for the
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were named after him, following his discovery using
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Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science
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Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses
322:. He was instrumental in establishing the field of
2613:Van Allen Elementary School in North Liberty, IA;
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2619:Van Allen Elementary School in Mt. Pleasant, IA;
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1740:"Van Allen house in Mount Pleasant will be razed"
1208:"Sputnik Biographies—James A. Van Allen (1914– )"
802:July 29, 1958: United States Congress passed the
3876:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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1894:"Pioneering Astrophysicist James Van Allen Dies"
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767:January 31, 1958: The first American satellite,
619:Model of Van Allen Radiation Belts, Credit: NASA
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2427:Brown, Geoffrey; Fox, Karen C. (May 19, 2016).
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2560:Jupiter's Radiation Belt and Pioneer 10 and 11
2473:James van Allen: The first eight billion miles
2008:James van Allen: The First Eight Billion Miles
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940:James van Allen: The First Eight Billion Miles
3886:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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2666:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2544:U.S. Space Pioneer James Van Allen Dies at 91
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2259:
2237:"NASA's resilient Van Allen Probes shut down"
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1380:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
808:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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1970:
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1124:A balloon begins to rise over the brand new
1008:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
834:are named after Van Allen, their discoverer.
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812:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
579:In 1954, in a private discussion about the
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2503:Discovery of the Van Allen Radiation Belts
1794:. Vol. 127, no. 190. p. 7.
1786:"Van Allen boyhood home saved from razing"
946:in 2007 with a paperback edition in 2009.
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715:International Council of Scientific Unions
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2711:James Van Allen Papers digital collection
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2290:"Tropical Storm Isaac Delays NASA Launch"
2004:
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1685:. U.S. Naval Research Lab. Archived from
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1038:NASA's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994
526:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
3682:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
2524:Obituary: James A. Van Allen (1914–2006)
2509:NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission
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2365:from the original on September 22, 2023.
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2102:"Kenneth Quinn presented the Iowa Award"
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839:Pioneer of space science and exploration
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472:captured from the Germans at the end of
2439:from the original on December 17, 2023.
2335:from the original on September 21, 2023
2302:from the original on September 21, 2023
2211:from the original on September 24, 2023
1601:from the original on September 24, 2023
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1401:from the original on September 22, 2023
1324:from the original on September 24, 2023
1290:from the original on September 25, 2023
938:Abigail M. Foerstner wrote a biography
810:(NASA) as of October 1, 1958, from the
547:magazine later reported, "Van Allen’s ‘
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2408:from the original on December 14, 2023
2147:from the original on November 23, 2022
2115:from the original on December 20, 2023
2081:from the original on November 23, 2022
1847:from the original on December 20, 2023
1825:Sullivan, Patricia (August 10, 2006).
1806:from the original on December 20, 2023
1765:from the original on December 20, 2023
1709:"School Profile: Van Allen Elementary"
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1595:"Light Ship USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279)"
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677:as part of the US contribution to the
611:International Geophysical Year 1957–58
501:Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel
495:Van Allen was elected chairman of the
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2321:Gebhardt, Chris (February 14, 2019).
2247:from the original on December 3, 2023
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2140:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1783:
1649:Ludwig, George H. (October 9, 2004).
1495:"Department of Terrestrial Magnetism"
1461:Ludwig, George H. (October 9, 2004).
1256:from the original on November 5, 2023
999:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
912:the home of the Henry County museum.
898:
814:(NACA) and other government agencies.
771:, was launched into Earth orbit on a
506:Cmdr. Lee Lewis, Cmdr. G. Halvorson,
3159:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
2195:Galluzzo, Gary (November 12, 2012).
2181:from the original on March 26, 2023.
1575:from the original on August 23, 2007
1520:Sullivan, Walter (August 10, 2006).
1042:National Air and Space Museum Trophy
949:
601:Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA)
3841:National Medal of Science laureates
2355:"Van Allen Probes Mission Overview"
2266:Fox, Karen C. (February 22, 2011).
2265:
2235:Clark, Stephen (October 20, 2019).
1994:from the original on July 11, 2023.
1475:from the original on April 15, 2023
1394:10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.000245
1206:Garber, Steve (November 20, 2006).
418:National Defense Research Committee
13:
2664:from websites or documents of the
2268:"Launching Balloons in Antarctica"
1966:from the original on July 7, 2023.
1713:California Department of Education
1663:from the original on June 14, 2023
1621:"Light Ship USS Colonial (LSD-18)"
1276:"Explorer 3 Scientific instrument"
1242:"Explorer 1 Scientific instrument"
1222:from the original on June 24, 2023
804:National Aeronautics and Space Act
14:
3897:
2672:
2047:from the original on July 1, 2023
1900:. August 10, 2006. Archived from
1866:Galluzzo, Gary (August 9, 2006).
1627:from the original on June 1, 2023
1542:from the original on June 7, 2023
1310:"Pioneer 3 Scientific instrument"
3871:20th-century American physicists
3846:People from Mount Pleasant, Iowa
3826:American people of Dutch descent
2660: This article incorporates
2655:
2515:Silver Anniversary of Pioneer 10
2376:Cowen, Ron (February 28, 2013).
2005:Foerstner, Abigail (June 2009).
1936:from the original on May 2, 2023
978:magazine Man of the Year in 1960
222:Carnegie Institution for Science
3831:Iowa Wesleyan University alumni
2542:Dvorak, Todd. (August 9, 2006)
2369:
2175:American Academy of Achievement
1998:
1859:
1777:
1675:
1651:"The First Explorer Satellites"
1021:American Academy of Achievement
775:four-stage booster rocket from
407:
3866:Vannevar Bush Award recipients
2075:American Philosophical Society
1784:Heldt, Diane (July 18, 2009).
1487:
1422:Discovery of the Magnetosphere
1413:
1336:
989:American Philosophical Society
958:James Van Allen Elementary in
679:International Geophysical Year
652:International Geophysical Year
625:International Geophysical Year
530:Brookhaven National Laboratory
355:International Geophysical Year
1:
2621:Van Allen elementary homepage
2615:Van Allen elementary homepage
2486:The First Explorer Satellites
2447:
966:Elected to the United States
743:(USSR) successfully launches
39:National Air and Space Museum
2599:. University of Iowa Press.
2593:Van Allen, James A. (2004).
2041:National Academy of Sciences
2011:. University of Iowa Press.
1924:"Abigail Van Allen Obituary"
1373:Van Allen, James A. (1990).
968:National Academy of Sciences
673:In 1955, the U.S. announced
476:. Van Allen decided a small
451:Battle of the Philippine Sea
7:
3821:American nuclear physicists
1985:Medill School of Journalism
1814:– via Newspapers.com.
1146:
1075:Goddard Space Flight Center
528:research fellowship at the
292:Other notable students
10:
3902:
3861:University of Iowa faculty
3020:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
2460:December 24, 2004, at the
1131:
1088:In collaboration with the
1079:Applied Physics Laboratory
1066:
1019:Golden Plate Award of the
857:The May 4, 1959, issue of
622:
430:Applied Physics Laboratory
3856:University of Iowa alumni
3540:
3306:
2971:
2961:The American Fighting-Man
2764:
2716:October 27, 2016, at the
2626:January 11, 2013, at the
2393:10.1038/nature.2013.12529
1014:National Medal of Science
853:press conference in 1974.
832:Van Allen radiation belts
648:International Polar Years
361:Early years and education
331:Van Allen radiation belts
305:
291:
270:
260:
242:
214:
204:
197:
170:National Medal of Science
135:
122:Van Allen radiation belts
114:
91:
72:
46:
30:
23:
3678:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
2583:, January 1986, page 22.
2478:Krimigis, Stamatios M.;
2135:"James Alfred Van Allen"
1960:University of Iowa Press
1192:
1055:Van Allen Probes mission
944:University of Iowa Press
570:Office of Naval Research
434:Johns Hopkins University
337:instruments on the 1958
234:Johns Hopkins University
146:magazine Man of the Year
16:American space scientist
3881:Time Person of the Year
3176:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
2688:intro to the collection
1944:– via legacy.com.
1929:Iowa City Press-Citizen
1077:and implemented by the
916:Personal life and death
867:Explorer 52 / Hawkeye 1
777:Cape Canaveral, Florida
490:White Sands, New Mexico
3135:Martin Luther King Jr.
2720:– Iowa Digital Library
2704:March 5, 2016, at the
2662:public domain material
2532:, September 14, 2006.
1978:"Abigail M. Foerstner"
1932:. September 10, 2008.
1129:
1064:
962:
854:
823:Atlantic Missile Range
763:
690:University of Michigan
671:
620:
540:
461:1946–1954 Aerobee and
312:James Alfred Van Allen
127:Magnetospheric physics
51:James Alfred Van Allen
3592:The Good Samaritans:
2889:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2829:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2813:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2693:May 30, 2015, at the
2645:May 15, 2007, at the
1874:on September 19, 2011
1501:on September 25, 2011
1314:NSSDCA Master Catalog
1280:NSSDCA Master Catalog
1246:NSSDCA Master Catalog
1123:
1062:
982:Elliott Cresson Medal
957:
846:
754:
739:October 4, 1957: The
628:
618:
593:Princeton, New Jersey
538:
154:Elliott Cresson Medal
99:Iowa Wesleyan College
3709:The Silence Breakers
3576:The American Soldier
3557:The Whistleblowers:
3415:The Endangered Earth
3197:The Middle Americans
3151:William Westmoreland
3044:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2913:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2571:University of Iowa;
2564:University of Iowa;
2471:Foerstner, Abigail;
2467:Brief NASA biography
2071:search.amphilsoc.org
2067:"APS Member History"
2033:"James A. Van Allen"
1904:on February 20, 2022
1827:"James A. Van Allen"
1689:on February 16, 2020
414:Carnegie Institution
390:Carnegie Institution
367:Mount Pleasant, Iowa
65:Mount Pleasant, Iowa
3774:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
2758:Persons of the Year
2580:Scientific American
2558:Thomsen, Michelle;
2328:NASASpaceFlight.com
2298:. August 25, 2012.
2171:www.achievement.org
1956:"Abigail Foerstner"
1832:The Washington Post
1623:. Stratocat. 2005.
1597:. Stratocat. 2005.
1430:1997HGeo....7..235V
1116:NASA BARREL mission
1033:Vannevar Bush Award
960:North Liberty, Iowa
921:Thomas, and Peter.
906:North Liberty, Iowa
557:that was bound for
326:research in space.
186:Vannevar Bush Award
162:William Bowie Medal
3339:Ayatollah Khomeini
3004:John Foster Dulles
2586:Van Allen, James;
2278:on April 16, 2011.
2205:University of Iowa
1746:Sioux City Journal
1683:"Project Vanguard"
1527:The New York Times
1438:10.1029/HG007p0235
1158:Stamatios Krimigis
1130:
1083:Living With a Star
1065:
994:Iowa Award in 1961
963:
899:Professor emeritus
855:
817:December 6, 1958:
764:
621:
541:
335:Geiger–Müller tube
320:University of Iowa
283:Stamatios Krimigis
228:University of Iowa
105:University of Iowa
3796:
3795:
3778:Spirit of Ukraine
3478:Pope John Paul II
3455:The Peacemakers:
3431:George H. W. Bush
3423:Mikhail Gorbachev
3407:Mikhail Gorbachev
3251:Susan Brownmiller
3167:Lyndon B. Johnson
3143:Lyndon B. Johnson
3052:U.S. Scientists:
3036:Charles de Gaulle
3028:Nikita Khrushchev
2980:Mohammed Mosaddeq
2953:Winston Churchill
2881:Winston Churchill
2773:Charles Lindbergh
2680:Explorer's Legacy
2638:Wolverton, Mark;
2606:978-0-87745-921-7
2359:Johns Hopkins APL
2037:www.nasonline.org
1753:. June 23, 2009.
1719:on March 28, 2017
1447:978-0-87590-288-3
1141:Dartmouth College
950:Legacy and honors
758:, Van Allen, and
589:Wernher von Braun
426:Manhattan Project
372:Popular Mechanics
309:
308:
296:Nicholas M. Smith
271:Doctoral students
199:Scientific career
61:September 7, 1914
37:Van Allen at the
3893:
3789:
3781:
3769:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3686:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3569:
3552:
3549:Rudolph Giuliani
3533:
3525:
3517:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3299:
3297:
3283:Billie Jean King
3249:American Women:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3190:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3094:William Shockley
3070:Joshua Lederberg
3066:Donald A. Glaser
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2659:
2658:
2610:
2501:McIlwain, Carl;
2490:Ludwig, George;
2484:Ludwig, George;
2441:
2440:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2395:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2274:. Archived from
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2232:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2111:. May 30, 2014.
2104:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1751:Associated Press
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:www.ancestry.com
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:. 1958-008A-01.
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:. 1958-003A-01.
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1252:. 1958-001A-01.
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:history.nasa.gov
1203:
1164:Explorer program
1153:George H. Ludwig
1069:Van Allen Probes
1048:Van Allen Probes
789:Ernst Stuhlinger
683:sounding rockets
675:Project Vanguard
669:
585:Ernst Stuhlinger
574:Thule, Greenland
278:Michelle Thomsen
266:Alexander Ellett
262:Doctoral advisor
256:
190:
182:
174:
166:
158:
150:
79:
60:
58:
35:
21:
20:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3772:
3764:
3752:
3744:
3719:Jamal Khashoggi
3717:The Guardians:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3643:Mark Zuckerberg
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3567:Sherron Watkins
3556:
3555:
3547:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3383:Peter Ueberroth
3381:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3302:
3255:Kathleen Byerly
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3221:Henry Kissinger
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3127:Pope John XXIII
3125:
3119:John F. Kennedy
3117:
3110:Robert Woodward
3106:James Van Allen
3051:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2996:Konrad Adenauer
2994:
2986:
2978:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2945:Harry S. Truman
2943:
2937:George Marshall
2935:
2929:James F. Byrnes
2927:
2921:Harry S. Truman
2919:
2911:
2905:George Marshall
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2853:Chiang Kai-shek
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2821:Hugh S. Johnson
2819:
2811:
2803:
2797:Mohandas Gandhi
2795:
2787:
2781:Walter Chrysler
2779:
2771:
2760:
2752:
2718:Wayback Machine
2706:Wayback Machine
2695:Wayback Machine
2675:
2656:
2652:
2647:Wayback Machine
2628:Wayback Machine
2607:
2552:Tabor, Robert;
2538:10.1038/443158a
2462:Wayback Machine
2455:Brief biography
2450:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2241:Spaceflight Now
2233:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2186:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:Quad-City Times
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1371:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1169:Sputnik program
1149:
1136:
1118:
1098:Hurricane Isaac
1071:
1057:
997:Elected to the
987:Elected to the
952:
942:, published by
918:
901:
879:Voyager program
875:Mariner program
871:Pioneer program
841:
670:
662:
627:
613:
605:Project Orbiter
478:sounding rocket
466:
447:kamikaze attack
422:proximity fuzes
410:
378:Popular Science
363:
316:space physicist
298:
287:
254:
238:
193:
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
148:
131:
110:
87:
84:Iowa City, Iowa
81:
77:
68:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
42:
26:
25:James Van Allen
17:
12:
11:
5:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3770:
3762:
3750:
3746:Greta Thunberg
3742:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3676:Ebola Fighters
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3619:Vladimir Putin
3615:
3607:
3588:
3584:George W. Bush
3580:
3572:
3559:Cynthia Cooper
3553:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:George W. Bush
3526:
3518:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3465:Nelson Mandela
3461:F. W. de Klerk
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3399:Corazon Aquino
3395:
3387:
3379:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3279:Barbara Jordan
3245:
3237:
3229:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3180:William Anders
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3102:Charles Townes
3082:Edward Purcell
3058:Charles Draper
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3012:Harlow Curtice
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2857:Soong Mei-ling
2849:
2845:Wallis Simpson
2841:
2837:Haile Selassie
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2684:
2674:
2673:External links
2671:
2670:
2669:
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2630:
2617:
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2605:
2590:
2584:
2575:
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2517:
2511:
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2488:
2482:
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2222:
2184:
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2126:
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2024:
2017:
1997:
1969:
1947:
1915:
1885:
1858:
1817:
1776:
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1335:
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1267:
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1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1174:Sputnik crisis
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:(Tom Krimigis)
1155:
1148:
1145:
1132:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1067:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:Crafoord Prize
1024:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1002:
995:
992:
985:
979:
971:
951:
948:
917:
914:
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897:
840:
837:
836:
835:
815:
800:
785:micrometeorite
749:
748:
737:
726:
709:IGY launches.
660:
640:S. Fred Singer
632:Sydney Chapman
623:Main article:
612:
609:
465:
459:
443:USS Washington
409:
406:
362:
359:
324:magnetospheric
307:
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178:Crafoord Prize
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118:
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115:Known for
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80:(aged 91)
76:August 9, 2006
74:
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28:
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24:
15:
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3808:
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3763:
3759:
3758:Kamala Harris
3755:
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3738:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
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3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:Angela Merkel
3690:
3685:
3684:Salome Karwah
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:The Protester
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
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3628:
3624:
3620:
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3603:
3602:Melinda Gates
3599:
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3563:Coleen Rowley
3560:
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3486:Newt Gingrich
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3469:Yitzhak Rabin
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:Yasser Arafat
3452:
3448:
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3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:Deng Xiaoping
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:Yuri Andropov
3372:
3371:Ronald Reagan
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Ronald Reagan
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:Deng Xiaoping
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
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3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
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3225:Richard Nixon
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:Richard Nixon
3210:
3206:
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3181:
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3132:
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3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:Edward Teller
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:Linus Pauling
3075:
3074:Willard Libby
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:George Beadle
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
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3017:
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3009:
3005:
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2988:Elizabeth II
2985:
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2897:Joseph Stalin
2894:
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2873:Joseph Stalin
2870:
2866:
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2822:
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2789:Owen D. Young
2786:
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2567:
2566:Van Allen Day
2563:
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2018:9781587297205
2014:
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1961:
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1749:. Iowa City.
1748:
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969:
965:
964:
961:
956:
947:
945:
941:
936:
933:
931:
930:heart failure
927:
922:
913:
909:
907:
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893:
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876:
872:
868:
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742:
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724:
723:Lloyd Berkner
720:
716:
712:
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710:
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704:
700:
696:
691:
686:
684:
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676:
667:
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645:
644:Harry Vestine
641:
637:
636:Lloyd Berkner
633:
626:
617:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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586:
583:project with
582:
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368:
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353:) during the
352:
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220:
219:
217:
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210:
209:Space science
207:
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196:
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171:
168:
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155:
152:
147:
145:
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134:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
117:
113:
107:(M.S., Ph.D.)
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
85:
75:
71:
66:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3798:
3786:Taylor Swift
3734:
3701:Donald Trump
3680:Kent Brantly
3667:Pope Francis
3659:Barack Obama
3635:Ben Bernanke
3627:Barack Obama
3541:2001–present
3510:Bill Clinton
3502:Andrew Grove
3447:Bill Clinton
3363:The Computer
3315:Jimmy Carter
3291:Carol Sutton
3259:Alison Cheek
3205:Willy Brandt
3184:Frank Borman
3105:
3090:Emilio Segrè
2865:Adolf Hitler
2805:Pierre Laval
2755:
2699:finding aid.
2679:
2632:Wade, Mark;
2595:
2578:
2527:
2519:
2472:
2422:
2412:December 19,
2410:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2349:
2339:December 19,
2337:. Retrieved
2326:
2316:
2306:December 19,
2304:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2276:the original
2261:
2251:December 19,
2249:. Retrieved
2240:
2213:. Retrieved
2200:
2170:
2161:
2151:November 23,
2149:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2106:
2095:
2085:November 23,
2083:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2051:November 23,
2049:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1972:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1861:
1851:December 20,
1849:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1810:December 20,
1808:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1769:February 20,
1767:. Retrieved
1744:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1629:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1563:
1556:
1546:December 20,
1544:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1456:
1421:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1384:
1378:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1211:
1201:
1137:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1072:
973:
939:
937:
934:
923:
919:
910:
902:
894:
890:Solar System
883:
864:
858:
856:
848:
741:Soviet Union
731:
687:
672:
664:
629:
578:
566:Newfoundland
563:
552:
544:
542:
523:
518:Norton Sound
517:
505:
494:
482:WAC Corporal
474:World War II
467:
462:
455:battle stars
439:
411:
408:World War II
394:geomagnetism
387:
376:
370:
364:
328:
311:
310:
300:Robert Ellis
248:
215:Institutions
198:
143:
78:(2006-08-09)
18:
3816:2006 deaths
3811:1914 births
3736:The Capital
3733:/ Staff of
3731:Kyaw Soe Oo
3723:Maria Ressa
3355:Lech Wałęsa
3323:Anwar Sadat
3295:Addie Wyatt
3287:Susie Sharp
3275:Carla Hills
3271:Ella Grasso
3263:Jill Conway
3241:King Faisal
3233:John Sirica
3086:Isidor Rabi
3062:John Enders
2119:November 7,
1791:The Gazette
1571:. SP-4211.
597:stellarator
508:S.F. Singer
470:V-2 rockets
449:during the
398:cosmic rays
230:(1951–1985)
224:(1939–1942)
3805:Categories
3598:Bill Gates
3522:Jeff Bezos
3439:Ted Turner
3267:Betty Ford
3188:Jim Lovell
2448:References
1405:August 22,
1183:Pioneer 11
1179:Pioneer 10
886:spacecraft
850:Pioneer 11
797:Explorer 3
793:Explorer 1
781:Explorer 1
769:Explorer 1
656:Space Race
383:Tesla coil
347:Explorer 3
343:Explorer 1
339:satellites
57:1914-09-07
3766:Elon Musk
3754:Joe Biden
3514:Ken Starr
3307:1976–2000
2972:1951–1975
2765:1927–1950
2548:Space.com
2402:1476-4687
2295:Space.com
1940:March 20,
1841:0190-8286
1800:1066-0291
1759:2689-5544
1536:1553-8095
1187:Pioneer H
1126:Halley VI
926:Iowa City
819:Pioneer 3
779:. Aboard
760:Von Braun
756:Pickering
745:Sputnik 1
559:Greenland
432:(APL) of
351:Pioneer 3
92:Education
3494:David Ho
2714:Archived
2702:Archived
2691:Archived
2643:Archived
2634:Timeline
2624:Archived
2458:Archived
2437:Archived
2406:Archived
2363:Archived
2333:Archived
2300:Archived
2245:Archived
2215:June 15,
2209:Archived
2201:Iowa Now
2179:Archived
2145:Archived
2113:Archived
2079:Archived
2045:Archived
1989:Archived
1964:Archived
1934:Archived
1908:June 15,
1878:June 15,
1845:Archived
1804:Archived
1763:Archived
1667:July 10,
1658:Archived
1631:June 17,
1625:Archived
1605:June 17,
1599:Archived
1573:Archived
1540:Archived
1470:Archived
1399:Archived
1387:: 1–26.
1328:July 14,
1322:Archived
1294:July 14,
1288:Archived
1260:July 14,
1254:Archived
1220:Archived
1147:See also
719:sunspots
703:Explorer
699:Vanguard
695:Rockoons
661:—
581:Redstone
554:Eastwind
549:Rockoons
3727:Wa Lone
2475:, 2007.
1693:July 5,
1579:May 23,
1505:July 3,
1479:July 3,
1426:Bibcode
1355:July 3,
1226:July 3,
1094:Atlas V
1044:in 2006
1035:in 1991
1029:in 1989
1023:in 1988
1016:in 1987
1010:in 1978
984:in 1961
884:Galileo
827:Juno II
783:were a
732:Glacier
707:Pioneer
512:Rockoon
486:Aerobee
463:Rockoon
402:auroral
318:at the
3788:(2023)
3780:(2022)
3768:(2021)
3760:(2020)
3748:(2019)
3740:(2018)
3711:(2017)
3703:(2016)
3695:(2015)
3687:(2014)
3669:(2013)
3661:(2012)
3653:(2011)
3645:(2010)
3637:(2009)
3629:(2008)
3621:(2007)
3613:(2006)
3605:(2005)
3586:(2004)
3578:(2003)
3570:(2002)
3551:(2001)
3532:(2000)
3524:(1999)
3516:(1998)
3504:(1997)
3496:(1996)
3488:(1995)
3480:(1994)
3472:(1993)
3449:(1992)
3441:(1991)
3433:(1990)
3425:(1989)
3417:(1988)
3409:(1987)
3401:(1986)
3393:(1985)
3385:(1984)
3377:(1983)
3365:(1982)
3357:(1981)
3349:(1980)
3341:(1979)
3333:(1978)
3325:(1977)
3317:(1976)
3298:(1975)
3243:(1974)
3235:(1973)
3227:(1972)
3215:(1971)
3207:(1970)
3199:(1969)
3191:(1968)
3169:(1967)
3161:(1966)
3153:(1965)
3145:(1964)
3137:(1963)
3129:(1962)
3121:(1961)
3113:(1960)
3046:(1959)
3038:(1958)
3030:(1957)
3022:(1956)
3014:(1955)
3006:(1954)
2998:(1953)
2990:(1952)
2982:(1951)
2963:(1950)
2955:(1949)
2947:(1948)
2939:(1947)
2931:(1946)
2923:(1945)
2915:(1944)
2907:(1943)
2899:(1942)
2891:(1941)
2883:(1940)
2875:(1939)
2867:(1938)
2859:(1937)
2847:(1936)
2839:(1935)
2831:(1934)
2823:(1933)
2815:(1932)
2807:(1931)
2799:(1930)
2791:(1929)
2783:(1928)
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