436:, Rouse now had an opportunity to demonstrate what housing within a city's borders could be like. "There is a real need for residential development," he said, "in which there is a strong sense of community; a need to feed into the city some of the atmosphere and pace of the small town and village; a need to create a community which can meet as many as possible of the needs of the people who live there; which can bring these people into natural contact with one another; which can produce out of these relationships a spirit and feeling of neighborliness and a rich sense of belonging to a community." In a city that practiced strict racial segregation, Rouse intended Cross Keys to be open to all who could afford to live there. The development was a mixture of townhouses, garden apartments, a high-rise apartment house designed by
509:. Early on, Rouse said that he hoped Tivoli would be a place "where, under the benign influence of having fun and relaxing in familiar ways, people would have opportunities, especially attractive and conveniently presented, for discovering new ways to enjoy their free timeānew foods, new visual and tactile aesthetic experiences, even new social relations." Rouse wanted the town center in Columbia to provide the most comprehensive range of recreational activities and services that had ever been contemplated in a new town.
455:("CG"). At a meeting at company headquarters in Hartford, Rouse made his pitch to CG's top real estate and mortgage people and the company's chairman of the board, Frazar B. Wilde. The questioning was mostly negative, until Wilde joined in. He expressed the view that CG couldn't lose. If Rouse's project did not succeed, the land could always be sold, and probably for a higher price than what it cost.
233:, to Easton. Rouse grew up in Easton (then population: 5,000) on a well-to-do street on the edge of town. He was taught at home by his mother until second grade when he transferred to a public school. In 1930, Rouse lost his father to bladder cancer, his mother to heart failure, and his childhood home to bank foreclosure. His brother Bill paid for him to attend the private preparatory
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auditorium, offices, restaurants, some specialty shops, and a few larger recreational facilities. It also would have a multi-denominational house of worship known as an "interfaith center" based on the Gordon Cosby's
Ecumenical Church of the Savior called the Kittamaqundi Community. The hope was that one building would be used by several religions.
320:. The company would specialize in FHA backed loans, and hired Churchill G. Carey from Connecticut General, with his former company providing loan capital to Moss-Rouse. Both Moss and Rouse served during WWII, with Moss joining the Marines and Rouse the Navy. Rouse was able to defer duty while his wife was pregnant, shipping out to Hawaii to work on
635:, The Enterprise Development Company, and focused on seeding partnerships with community groups that would address the need for affordable housing and associated social services for poor neighborhoods. In 1984, Jim Rouse was soliciting business representing both Rouse Company as CEO and Enterprise Development as president. The
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recreation, government, transportation, and employment. Ultimately emerging was the idea that the new city should be a real multi-faceted city, not a bedroom suburb. It should be possible for its residents to find everything they needed right thereājobs, education, recreation, health care, and any other necessity.
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and was a financial success, an act of historic preservation, and an anchor for urban revitalization. Later the Boston Museum of Fine Arts established an annex at the Quincy Market, and the mall generated more foot traffic than the museum. Initially, there were critics who predicted the project would
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in
Baltimore. On June 16, 1961, Rouse bought 68 acres (280,000 m) inside the city from the Baltimore Country Club for $ 25,000 an acre. Rouse excitedly proclaimed that this undertaking "will be the largest, and potentially most important development in the history of Baltimore." Rouse hoped that
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in their claims that
Faneuil Hall Marketplace was an example of fake urbanism. Robert Campbell, an architecture critic, rejected this kind of criticism as snobbery, and claimed that the festival marketplace was effective at getting people out of their cars and getting them to experience the city. In
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staff on July 4, 1942. Rouse returned from the war and went back to work with Moss, using his gambling assets. By 1951, the Moss-Rouse
Company had become the largest mortgage banking company in the state of Maryland. In 1954, the two partners split, with Moss summarizing the split this way: " was a
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Harundale Mall has since been replaced by
Harundale Plaza. In 1999, the mall reopened and redeveloped as Harundale Plaza, a strip shopping center. Stores include A.J. Wright, a Super Fresh supermarket, Outback Steakhouse, Hollywood Video, Burlington Coat Factory, and a U.S. Post Office, along with
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Within the city, there would be 12 villages. Each village would have a central gathering place where people of different income levels and types of housing would cross paths and mix. Each village would have a middle school and a high school, a teen center, a supermarket, a library, a hospital, an
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Rouse was not reluctant to bring up his home town of Easton as a model for
Columbia. Consensus formed around the idea that the basic subdivision within the new city should be the village, a unit of 10,000 to 15,000 people. This number was thought to be the most likely to foster a local feeling of
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farmland had been acquired, and the time was at hand to begin planning what to do with it. Rouse wanted to hear from a wide assortment of experts and scholars. He brought together an assemblage which became known as "The Work Group." It consisted of top people in health, family life, education,
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The land for the new city would be owned by a subsidiary called Howard
Research and Development Corporation. CG would own half of that corporation and Rouse's corporation the other half. Rouse would be responsible for the management of the acquired land and for preparing a master plan for
451:, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., was the greatest adventure of Rouse's life. Columbia was the ultimate opportunity: the chance to embody his ideals in a whole new city. For the undertaking that would become Columbia, Rouse turned to his partner in previous projects, the
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were indicted on various charges of corruption related to land speculation. Rouse was indicted for donations to Mandel's 1974 campaign which violated campaign contribution limits, but the charges were dropped because they had been brought outside the one-year limit.
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as a clerk specializing in completing FHA loans to eastern
Maryland banks. Although he had only two years of undergraduate college on his transcript, in the 1930s that was enough to qualify for law school. He borrowed money in March 1936 from
512:
The recession of the 1970s hit
Columbia hard, and CG had to refinance the project, reducing The Rouse Company's stake. CG later pulled out of the project completely in 1985, but by that time it had returned to profitability.
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He found a job parking cars at the St. Paul Garage for one year. He later remarked that he got the job even though he could not drive, and had convinced his foreman to teach him rather than fire him. In May 1935, Rouse wrote
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his planning for the project, Rouse imagined that people would not just shop, that they would also be entertained. However, he later claimed that he had not anticipated its popularity as a tour bus destination.
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His company became an active developer and manager of shopping center and mall properties, even as he shifted focus to new projects which eventually included planned communities and festival marketplaces.
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usually built in the suburbs (the "mall" in "strip mall" came into usage later, after the enclosed mall had been popularized by Rouse's company). Although many now attribute the rise of the
256:. He declared his major as political science and waited tables at a local boarding house. Because he was unable to cover the gap between his scholarship and his remaining expenses, he left
440:, stores grouped around a village square, and an office complex. By 1970, the Village of Cross Keys had become among the most desirable places to live in the Baltimore area.
244:
Facing money problems and unable to continue at the Tome School, the Rouse family sought a way for him to attend college by appealing to his oldest sister, who had married a
953:
639:
board of directors asked Jim Rouse to leave as CEO of the Rouse
Company and his position in Enterprise Development which ended his involvement with the company he founded.
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In addition to the villages there would be a core area that would function as the new city's "downtown." Here would be the main cluster of retail stores (arranged as a
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he could bring to the residential field "some of the fresh thinking, good taste and high standards which we believe have marked our shopping center developments."
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As he was growing his business, Rouse pursued various civic activities. He co-founded the Citizens Planning and Housing Association (CPHA) and became involved in
1498:
424:. After engaging in a planning exercise for the Pocantico Hills estate of the Rockefellers, Rouse constructed his first planned residential development: the
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and the first built by a real estate developer. His company used the term "mall" to describe the development, which was an alternative to the more typical
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officer stationed in Hawaii. Rouse declared himself his sister's dependent and, with Navy connections now secured, was thereby able to attend the
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James Rouse's first wife was Elizabeth Jamieson "Libby" (nƩe Winstead) whom he married on May 3, 1941. His daughter Robin is the mother of actor
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who was a loan officer with the Title Guarantee and Trust Company seeking FHA loan guarantees and attended classes three nights a week at the
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In 1978, Rouse received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by
623:
After 40 years at the Rouse Company, Rouse retired from day-to-day management in 1979. Soon afterwards, he and his wife founded the
1769:
766:, upon graduating from Yale University in 1991, moved to Japan to work for the Rouses' foundation. Later, Norton directed the film
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identification: for merchants to get to know their customers, ministers their memberships, and teachers their pupils and parents.
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772:, released in 2019, "as an homage to the things cared about". In particular, the movie denounces the controversial urbanist
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banking firm called the Moss-Rouse Company funded by a $ 20,000 loan from Moss's sister, which would eventually become the
287:
490:), a hotel and conference center, a hospital, movie theaters and a concert hall, a community college, and branches of the
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221:, to Lydia Agnes (nƩe Robinson) and Willard Goldsmith Rouse, a canned-foods broker. His father, a lawyer trained at
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Feinberg, Lawrence (December 20, 1975). "Indictment Of Rouse Is Dropped: Prosecutor Drops Rouse Indictment".
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several other typical strip-mall stores. The signature "rock" from Harundale Mall is now at Harundale Plaza.
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1936:
1803:
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was the first and most successful example. Completed in 1976, and partly funded with assistance from the
340:'s National Housing Task Force starting in 1953. He introduced (or at least helped popularize) the term "
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is a book about a development that James Rouse planned but never built on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
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administration. Rouse separated from Libby in 1973, and married Myrtle Patricia "Patty" Traugott, from
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development. CG also put up some of the money for Columbia's infrastructure. The rest was supplied by
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1574:"The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York by Robert Caro review ā a landmark study"
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residents for the Maryland Apartment in north Baltimore until 75% of the apartments were rented.
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How the Suburbs Were Segregated: Developers and the Business of Exclusionary Housing, 1890ā1960
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person who liked to do things in a big way. I liked the smaller company. So we split up."
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Rouse graduated in 1937 and in 1939 left the FHA and became partner with Hunter Moss at a
8:
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In late 1973, the Columbia project took a downturn as Maryland land developers such as
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1548:"'Motherless Brooklyn' blends racism of 1950s New York with an old-school whodunit"
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892:"James W. Rouse, 81, Dies; Socially Conscious Developer Built New Towns and Malls"
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While Cross Keys was still under construction, Rouse decided to build a whole new
1649:
Merchant of Illusion: James Rouse, America's Salesman of the Businessman's Utopia
1147:
Baker, Donald P. (January 11, 1975). "Rouse Gets Extension Of Columbia Backing".
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361:
297:, Rouse was tasked with enforcing racially discriminatory guidelines. Rouse used
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with his father's support. In May 1970, Rouse posted full page anti-war ads in
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neighborhood of Baltimore. In 1951, Rouse enforced a quota of no more than 12%
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776:, accused of lust for power, questionable ethics, vindictiveness, and racism.
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core, Rouse's focus at the time was on the introduction of malls as a form of
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1462:
Rouse, James; Rouse, Elizabeth (May 30, 1970). "Wage Peace, Mr. President".
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Other examples of Rouse Company "festival marketplace" developments include
185:(April 26, 1914 ā April 9, 1996) was an American businessman and founder of
1875:
1439:
Rouse, James; Rouse, Elizabeth (May 8, 1970). "Wage Peace, Mr. President".
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1070:"New book on segregation and bigotry holds up a harsh mirror to Baltimore"
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opened in 2006 in a formerly contaminated Whiskey Warehouse in Baltimore.
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Rouse shifted focus from suburban retail to urban malls, which he called "
1839:
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is named after James. In May 2006, an approximately four-mile stretch of
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609:. The early festival marketplaces like Faneuil Hall and Harborplace led
1998:
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By the end of the summer of 1963 close to 14,000 acres (57 km) of
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in Columbia, Maryland, was named after Rouse and his wife, Patty. The
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344:" to describe the series of recommendations made by that task force.
336:. The national publicity of this program led to his participation in
261:
1829:
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1036:
1034:
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The main entertainment area was to be known as Tivoli, after the
16:
American real estate developer, urban planner, and civic activist
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1031:
385:
1638:
by Joshua Olsen is the authoritative biography of James Rouse.
1367:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1642:
National Public Radio interviewed Joshua Olsen about his book
452:
332:'s efforts to rehabilitate its decayed housing stock through
209:, the highest civilian award, for his lifetime achievements.
1658:
describes the high and low points of Rouse's life and career
1279:. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute. pp. 269ā271.
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magazine to dub Rouse "the man who made cities fun again."
611:
1652:
is a more critical and academic treatment of Rouse's life.
1254:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. p. 66.
1204:. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. p. 110.
812:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. p. 29.
531:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
1017:. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. p. 39.
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fail, while other dismissed its early success as a fad.
1635:
Better Places, Better Lives: A Biography of James Rouse
1416:
New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
1315:
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New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
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Better Lives, Better Places: A Biography of James Rouse
1252:
New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
1229:. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. p. 2.
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Better Places, Better Lives: A Biography of James Rouse
987:
New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
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New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
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New City Upon A Hill, A History of Columbia of Maryland
1103:. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute. p. 48.
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In 1981, Rouse received the Golden Plate Award of the
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on April 9, 1996. Patty Rouse died on March 5, 2012.
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at a greatly reduced cost. Rouse later attended the
1414:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
1290:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
1250:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
985:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
924:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
808:Mitchell, Joseph Rocco; Stebenne, David L. (2007).
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290:. He was hired at age 22 by his mentor Hollyday.
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793:"Miss Elizabeth Winstead Weds Mr. James Rouse".
646:in 1981. In 1988, Rouse was awarded the second
642:Rouse was inducted into the Junior Achievement
1521:"Willard G. Rouse III, Philadelphia Developer"
1488:"Patty Rouse, widow of Columbia founder, dies"
1294:. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 128.
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945:
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1418:. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 96.
989:. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 35.
928:. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 33.
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954:"Trailblazing Developer James W. Rouse Dies"
229:. When he lost, the Rouse family moved from
1656:Jim Rouse: Capitalist/Idealist by Paul Marx
942:
533:, the Faneuil Hall Marketplace (comprising
432:Familiar with bad housing in Baltimore and
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1809:Loyola University Maryland Graduate Center
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1680:
1461:
1438:
1067:
885:
461:Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association
453:Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
1545:
2212:University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
2197:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1571:
1484:
1337:"Jefferson Awards Foundation ā National"
1123:
516:
1546:Rice Lamb, Yanick (November 15, 2019).
1068:Policastro, Jason (February 13, 2024).
1047:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1040:
951:
420:In the 1960s Rouse turned his focus to
2172:American businesspeople in real estate
2144:
1701:
1501:from the original on February 14, 2024
1168:
1166:
1008:
1006:
905:from the original on December 14, 2022
537:and other spaces adjacent to Boston's
415:
19:For the American football player, see
2202:University of HawaiŹ»i at MÄnoa alumni
2167:20th-century American philanthropists
1675:
1572:Burkeman, Oliver (October 23, 2015).
1387:
1146:
1098:
1094:
1092:
966:from the original on November 6, 2017
857:
832:
2162:20th-century American businesspeople
1662:Interview with James Rouse from 1989
1390:"Elizabeth 'Libby' Rouse dies at 96"
1388:Kelly, Jacques (November 10, 2010).
1224:
1199:
1012:
858:Terry, Robert J. (August 20, 2004).
754:, was also a real estate developer.
293:While working at the FHA during the
288:University of Maryland School of Law
277:, who found him a position with the
225:, once ran for state's attorney for
1906:Merriweather Park at Symphony Woods
1664:for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's
1172:
1163:
1003:
399:, and politicians such as Governor
13:
1760:Howard County Public School System
1089:
189:. Rouse was a pioneering American
14:
2228:
1588:
1485:Greisman, David (March 6, 2012).
492:Maryland Institute College of Art
347:
2187:Military personnel from Maryland
1615:Spring 1988 cover story on Rouse
952:Borgman, Anna (April 10, 1996).
710:
110:
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1375:American Academy of Achievement
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743:, in November 1974. He died of
699:In 1995, Rouse was awarded the
694:American Academy of Achievement
631:funded in part by a for-profit
376:to the decline of the American
130:
106:
21:James Rouse (American football)
1227:Jim Rouse: Capitalist/Idealist
1202:Jim Rouse: Capitalist/Idealist
1015:Jim Rouse: Capitalist/Idealist
978:
917:
879:
851:
826:
801:
786:
279:Federal Housing Administration
264:to try to make it on his own.
250:University of HawaiŹ»i at MÄnoa
217:James "Jim" Rouse was born in
1:
2207:University of Virginia alumni
779:
745:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
701:Presidential Medal of Freedom
625:Enterprise Community Partners
618:
496:Peabody Conservatory of Music
207:Presidential Medal of Freedom
197:, civic activist, and later,
2192:People from Easton, Maryland
2182:Businesspeople from Maryland
2018:Columbia Mall Transit Center
1804:Maryland School for the Deaf
541:) was designed by architect
301:quotas when building in the
7:
1341:Jefferson Awards Foundation
1316:"American Visionary Museum"
797:. May 4, 1941. p. CS2.
96:Elizabeth Jamieson Winstead
10:
2233:
1891:Merriweather Post Pavilion
865:Baltimore Business Journal
837:. Routledge. p. 575.
719:. His son Jim applied for
675:Jim Rouse Visionary Center
644:U.S. Business Hall of Fame
572:The Gallery at Market East
18:
2098:
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1986:
1968:Clarksville Pike (MD 108)
1945:
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1845:Fairway Hills Golf Course
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1790:Oakland Mills High School
1747:
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860:"James Rouse: A Timeline"
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267:
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82:
63:
37:
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1978:Patuxent Freeway (MD 32)
1755:Howard Community College
835:Encyclopedia of the City
652:National Building Museum
527:Faneuil Hall Marketplace
223:Johns Hopkins University
213:Early life and education
120:Myrtle Patricia Traugott
2177:American urban planners
1604:Remembering James Rouse
1041:Glotzer, Paige (2020).
588:St. Louis Union Station
153:Willard Goldsmith Rouse
42:Wilson Richardson Rouse
1973:Rouse Parkway (MD 175)
1835:Christ Church Guilford
1795:Wilde Lake High School
1785:River Hill High School
1780:Long Reach High School
1181:. Chesapeake Bay Media
1099:Olsen, Joshua (2003).
721:conscientious objector
659:Wilde Lake High School
254:University of Virginia
239:Port Deposit, Maryland
1953:Columbia Pike (US 29)
1886:Little Patuxent River
1775:Harriet Tubman School
1275:Joshua Olsen (2003).
833:Caves, R. W. (2004).
657:The Rouse Theatre in
603:Riverwalk Marketplace
523:festival marketplaces
517:Festival marketplaces
426:Village of Cross Keys
403:, and Vice President
360:, the first enclosed
358:Glen Burnie, Maryland
352:In 1958, Rouse built
191:real estate developer
86:Real estate developer
2014:RTA Central Maryland
1922:Columbia Association
1896:The Mall in Columbia
1765:Atholton High School
1606:from the website of
1347:on November 24, 2010
564:South Street Seaport
543:Benjamin C. Thompson
465:Chase Manhattan Bank
338:Dwight D. Eisenhower
157:Lydia Robinson Rouse
109: 1941;
1770:Hammond High School
1719:James A. Clark, Jr.
1525:The Washington Post
1441:The Washington Post
1371:www.achievement.org
1225:Marx, Paul (2008).
1200:Marx, Paul (2008).
1149:The Washington Post
1126:The Washington Post
1013:Marx, Paul (2008).
959:The Washington Post
769:Motherless Brooklyn
735:that upset the new
729:The Washington Post
627:, a not-for-profit
596:Downtown Portland's
422:planned communities
416:Planned communities
330:Baltimore, Maryland
2060:King's Contrivance
1739:Edwin Warfield III
1704:Columbia, Maryland
1464:The New York Times
898:The New York Times
889:(April 10, 1996).
733:The New York Times
723:status during the
663:Maryland Route 175
503:entertainment area
449:Columbia, Maryland
334:The Baltimore Plan
246:United States Navy
205:. He received the
183:James Wilson Rouse
75:Columbia, Maryland
32:James Wilson Rouse
2139:
2138:
1881:Lake Kittamaqundi
1729:Charles E. Miller
1494:The Baltimore Sun
1394:The Baltimore Sun
795:The Baltimore Sun
752:Willard Rouse III
741:Norfolk, Virginia
366:Mississippi River
322:John Henry Towers
231:Bel Air, Maryland
187:The Rouse Company
180:
179:
2224:
2126:Pfeiffers Corner
2024:Washington Metro
1724:William S. Hanna
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1175:"Harundale Mall"
1173:Dinsick, Diana.
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887:Goldberger, Paul
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799:
798:
790:
750:Rouse's nephew,
687:Jefferson Awards
525:," of which the
447:The creation of
434:Washington, D.C.
219:Easton, Maryland
166:Willard Rouse II
134:
132:
114:
112:
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56:Easton, Maryland
51:
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2094:
2050:Harper's Choice
2040:Dorsey's Search
2028:
1982:
1941:
1910:
1871:Lake Centennial
1859:
1813:
1743:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1628:by Boyd Gibbons
1591:
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1443:. p. A11.
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362:shopping center
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275:Millard Tydings
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258:Charlottesville
215:
199:free enterprise
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133: 1974)
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2003:Dorsey station
1996:
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1987:Transportation
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1818:Historic sites
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1589:External links
1587:
1584:
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1527:. May 29, 2003
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1466:. p. E5.
1454:
1431:
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1075:Baltimore Brew
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548:Calvin Trillin
518:
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354:Harundale Mall
349:
348:Shopping malls
346:
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241:, for a year.
227:Harford County
214:
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203:philanthropist
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764:Edward Norton
762:His grandson
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717:Edward Norton
711:Personal life
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703:by President
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671:U.S. Route 29
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667:Interstate 95
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637:Rouse Company
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597:
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565:
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371:
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342:urban renewal
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318:Rouse Company
315:
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260:and moved to
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196:
195:urban planner
192:
188:
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175:
174:Willard Rouse
171:
170:Edward Norton
167:
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154:
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143:
139:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
67:April 9, 1996
66:
62:
57:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2217:Rouse family
2131:Simpsonville
2009:MTA Maryland
1963:MD Route 100
1876:Lake Elkhorn
1733:
1665:
1648:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1609:The NewsHour
1607:
1578:The Guardian
1577:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1541:
1531:February 14,
1529:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1505:February 14,
1503:. Retrieved
1492:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1340:
1331:
1321:November 20,
1319:. Retrieved
1310:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1251:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1201:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1148:
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1119:
1100:
1079:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1043:
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986:
980:
968:. Retrieved
957:
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919:
907:. Retrieved
896:
881:
869:. Retrieved
863:
853:
834:
828:
809:
803:
794:
788:
774:Robert Moses
767:
761:
749:
732:
728:
714:
705:Bill Clinton
698:
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684:
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622:
610:
576:Philadelphia
561:
539:Faneuil Hall
520:
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394:
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364:east of the
351:
327:
311:
292:
284:Guy Hollyday
271:
243:
216:
182:
181:
172:(grandson),
69:(1996-04-09)
25:
2157:1996 deaths
2152:1914 births
2111:Clarksville
2099:Settlements
2085:Town Center
1840:Dorsey Hall
1734:James Rouse
1595:Appearances
1081:January 23,
909:January 12,
871:January 12,
725:Vietnam War
648:Honor Award
607:New Orleans
580:Harborplace
438:Frank Gehry
405:Spiro Agnew
382:town center
370:strip malls
303:Roland Park
299:antisemitic
235:Tome School
168:(brother),
155:(1867ā1930)
2146:Categories
2090:Wilde Lake
2080:River Hill
2075:Owen Brown
2065:Long Reach
1999:MARC Train
1901:Wilde Lake
1626:Wye Island
1619:Blueprints
1185:August 29,
1179:Bay Weekly
780:References
731:and later
633:subsidiary
629:foundation
619:Retirement
601:, and the
556:Disneyland
552:Peter Hall
507:Copenhagen
397:Joel Kline
83:Occupation
48:1914-04-26
1937:Libraries
1748:Education
1472:118905425
1449:147871946
1399:March 21,
1351:March 21,
1157:146270785
1134:146263859
970:March 25,
650:from the
592:St. Louis
584:Baltimore
262:Baltimore
162:Relatives
149:Parent(s)
91:Spouse(s)
2121:Hopewell
2116:Guilford
2106:Atholton
2033:Villages
1932:Hospital
1915:Services
1855:Woodlawn
1830:Blandair
1712:Founders
1621:magazine
1552:NBC News
1499:Archived
1468:ProQuest
1445:ProQuest
1153:ProQuest
1130:ProQuest
964:Archived
903:Archived
665:between
494:and the
463:and the
384:for the
378:downtown
314:mortgage
295:New Deal
176:(nephew)
141:Children
1668:series.
1557:May 25,
386:suburbs
201:-based
135:
127:
123:
115:
103:
99:
1599:C-SPAN
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1132:
1107:
1051:
1021:
993:
932:
841:
816:
758:Homage
681:Awards
307:Jewish
268:Career
77:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
1946:Roads
1825:Athol
1617:from
737:Nixon
574:, in
445:city.
129:(
125:
105:(
101:
1994:CMRT
1958:I-95
1559:2021
1533:2024
1507:2024
1420:ISBN
1401:2016
1353:2016
1323:2014
1296:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1187:2020
1105:ISBN
1083:2024
1049:ISBN
1019:ISBN
991:ISBN
972:2022
930:ISBN
911:2011
873:2011
839:ISBN
814:ISBN
669:and
612:TIME
550:and
488:mall
111:div.
64:Died
38:Born
1597:on
605:of
590:in
582:in
566:in
505:in
356:in
237:in
2148::
1576:.
1550:.
1523:.
1497:.
1491:.
1392:.
1373:.
1369:.
1339:.
1177:.
1165:^
1091:^
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707:.
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131:m.
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2016:(
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2001:(
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1057:.
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999:.
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938:.
913:.
875:.
847:.
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144:3
50:)
46:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.