James Watson - Knowledge

1302:. Watson was opposed to Healy's attempts to acquire patents on gene sequences, and any ownership of the "laws of nature". Two years before stepping down from the Genome Project, he had stated his own opinion on this long and ongoing controversy which he saw as an illogical barrier to research; he said, "The nations of the world must see that the human genome belongs to the world's people, as opposed to its nations." He left within weeks of the 1992 announcement that the NIH would be applying for patents on brain-specific cDNAs. (The issue of the patentability of genes has since been resolved in the US by the 1671: 1604:." He has also said that stereotypes associated with racial and ethnic groups have a genetic basis: Jews being intelligent, Chinese being intelligent but not creative because of selection for conformity, and Indians being servile because of selection under caste endogamy. Regarding intelligence differences between blacks and whites, Watson has asserted that "all our social policies are based on the fact that their (blacks) intelligence is the same as ours (whites) – whereas all the testing says not really ... people who have to deal with black employees find this not true." 970:. Many at the meeting had not yet heard of the discovery. The 1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium was the first opportunity for many to see the model of the DNA double helix. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 for their research on the structure of nucleic acids. Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958 and was therefore ineligible for nomination. The publication of the double helix structure of DNA has been described as a turning point in science; understanding of life was fundamentally changed and the modern era of biology began. 6875: 6845: 6830: 1227: 450: 1236: 848: 1259:

suffering." CSHL substantially expanded both its research and its science educational programs under Watson's direction. He is credited with "transforming a small facility into one of the world's great education and research institutions. Initiating a program to study the cause of human cancer, scientists under his direction have made major contributions to understanding the genetic basis of cancer." In a retrospective summary of Watson's accomplishments there,

14128: 1519: 1279: 83: 784:. Kalckar was interested in the enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids, and he wanted to use phages as an experimental system. Watson wanted to explore the structure of DNA, and his interests did not coincide with Kalckar's. After working part of the year with Kalckar, Watson spent the remainder of his time in Copenhagen conducting experiments with microbial physiologist Ole Maaløe, then a member of the Phage Group. 999:

Franklin's results provided estimates of the water content of DNA crystals and these results were consistent with the two sugar-phosphate backbones being on the outside of the molecule. Franklin told Crick and Watson that the backbones had to be on the outside; before then, Linus Pauling and Watson and Crick had erroneous models with the chains inside and the bases pointing outwards. Her identification of the

1504: 948: 546:(CSHL), greatly expanding its level of funding and research. At CSHL, he shifted his research emphasis to the study of cancer, along with making it a world-leading research center in molecular biology. In 1994, he started as president and served for 10 years. He was then appointed chancellor, serving until he resigned in 2007 after making comments claiming that there is a genetic link between 1034:, Watson later admitted that "Rosy, of course, did not directly give us her data. For that matter, no one at King's realized they were in our hands". In recent years, Watson has garnered controversy in the popular and scientific press for his "misogynist treatment" of Franklin and his failure to properly attribute her work on DNA. According to one critic, Watson's portrayal of Franklin in 1580:, who stepped down in 2006 due in part to his remarks about women and science. Watson also states in the epilogue, "Anyone sincerely interested in understanding the imbalance in the representation of men and women in science must reasonably be prepared at least to consider the extent to which nature may figure, even with the clear evidence that nurture is strongly implicated." 788:

to determine whether protein or DNA was the genetic material, but upon consultation with Max Delbrück, they determined that their results were inconclusive and could not specifically identify the newly labeled molecules as DNA. Watson never developed a constructive interaction with Kalckar, but he did accompany Kalckar to a meeting in Italy, where Watson saw

677:, Watson described the University of Chicago as an "idyllic academic institution where he was instilled with the capacity for critical thought and an ethical compulsion not to suffer fools who impeded his search for truth", in contrast to his description of later experiences. In 1947 Watson left the University of Chicago to become a graduate student at 1079:

unremarkable forms of address, beginning with "Dear Jim", and concluding with "Best Wishes, Yours, Rosalind". Each of the scientists published their own unique contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA in separate articles, and all of the contributors published their findings in the same volume of

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is usually thought to be caused by oxidation in the body that causes inflammation and kills off pancreatic cells. Watson thinks the root of that inflammation is different: "a lack of biological oxidants, not an excess", and discusses this in detail. One critical response was that the idea was neither

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books. The book details the story of the discovery of the structure of DNA, as well as the personalities, conflicts and controversy surrounding their work, and includes many of his private emotional impressions at the time. Watson's original title was to have been "Honest Jim". Controversy surrounded

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The experiments, which Watson had learned of during the previous summer's Cold Spring Harbor phage conference, included the use of radioactive phosphate as a tracer to determine which molecular components of phage particles actually infect the target bacteria during viral infection. The intention was

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Wheeler, D. A.; Srinivasan, M.; Egholm, M.; Shen, Y.; Chen, L.; McGuire, A.; He, W.; Chen, Y. J.; Makhijani, V.; Roth, G. T.; Gomes, X.; Tartaro, K.; Niazi, F.; Turcotte, C. L.; Irzyk, G. P.; Lupski, J. R.; Chinault, C.; Song, X.-Z.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Nazareth, L.; Qin, X.; Muzny, D. M.; Margulies,

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suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL from what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.

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As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs. A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual

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in public lectures and interviews, arguing that stupidity is a disease and the "really stupid" bottom 10% of people should be cured. He has also suggested that beauty could be genetically engineered, saying in 2003, "People say it would be terrible if we made all girls pretty. I think it would be

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Other comments dismissive of "Rosy" in Watson's book caught the attention of the emerging women's movement in the late 1960s. "Clearly Rosy had to go or be put in her place ... Unfortunately Maurice could not see any decent way to give Rosy the boot". And, "Certainly a bad way to go out into the

1255:(CSHL). Between 1970 and 1972, the Watsons' two sons were born, and by 1974, the young family made Cold Spring Harbor their permanent residence. Watson served as the laboratory's director and president for about 35 years, and later he assumed the role of chancellor and then chancellor emeritus. 1148:, leading a group of 12 biologists and biochemists calling for "the immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam". In 1975, on the thirtieth anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima, Watson was one of over 2000 scientists and engineers who spoke out against nuclear proliferation to President 1619:

said that his remarks were "beyond the pale" but expressed a wish that the tour had not been canceled so that Watson would have had to face his critics in person, encouraging scientific discussion on the matter. Because of the controversy, the board of trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

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In his roles as director, president, and chancellor, Watson led CSHL to articulate its present-day mission, "dedication to exploring molecular biology and genetics in order to advance the understanding and ability to diagnose and treat cancers, neurological diseases, and other causes of human

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A review of the correspondence from Franklin to Watson, in the archives at CSHL, revealed that the two scientists later exchanged constructive scientific correspondence. Franklin consulted with Watson on her tobacco mosaic virus RNA research. Franklin's letters were framed with the normal and

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who had lost his belief in God. Watson was raised Catholic, but he later described himself as "an escapee from the Catholic religion". Watson said, "The luckiest thing that ever happened to me was that my father didn't believe in God." By age 11, Watson stopped attending mass and embraced the

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notes that "Such stingy behaviour may not be unknown, or even uncommon, among scientists". Franklin's high-quality X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA were unpublished results, which Watson and Crick used without her knowledge or consent in their construction of the double helix model of DNA.

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In January 2019, following the broadcast of a television documentary made the previous year in which he repeated his views about race and genetics, CSHL revoked honorary titles that it had awarded to Watson and cut all remaining ties with him. Watson did not respond to the developments.

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In response to his most recent statements, which effectively reverse the written apology and retraction Dr. Watson made in 2007, the Laboratory has taken additional steps, including revoking his honorary titles of Chancellor Emeritus, Oliver R. Grace Professor Emeritus, and Honorary

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ran its own short article on the discovery on Saturday, May 30, 1953. Watson subsequently presented a paper on the double-helical structure of DNA at the 18th Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Viruses in early June 1953, six weeks after the publication of the Watson and Crick paper in

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was negative, giving the impression that she was Wilkins' assistant and was unable to interpret her own DNA data. Watson's accusation was indefensible since Franklin told Crick and Watson that the helix backbones had to be on the outside. From a 2003 piece by

1419:. Watson intended to contribute the proceeds to conservation work in Long Island and to funding research at Trinity College, Dublin. He was the first living Nobel recipient to auction a medal. The medal was later returned to Watson by the purchaser, 1568:

once described Watson as "the most unpleasant human being I had ever met", but in a later TV interview said that he considered them friends and their rivalry at Harvard "old history" (when they had competed for funding in their respective fields).

14157: 1615:(CSHL). He discussed his view that Africans are less intelligent than Westerners. Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism, but some UK venues canceled his appearances, and he canceled the rest of his tour. An editorial in 1402:

published Watson's paper only because of his name. Other scientists have expressed their support for his hypothesis and have proposed that it can also be expanded to why a lack of oxidants can result in cancer and its progression.

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towards microbial genetics. Early in 1948, Watson began his PhD research in Luria's laboratory at Indiana University. That spring, he met Delbrück first in Luria's apartment and again that summer during Watson's first trip to the

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capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so.

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noted that Watson had written an unlikely "Book of Manners", telling about the skills needed at different times in a scientist's career; he wrote Watson was known for aggressively pursuing his own goals at the university.

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to raise money after complaining of being made an "unperson" following controversial statements he had made. Part of the funds raised by the sale went to support scientific research. The medal sold at auction at

765:, DNA, was widely considered to be a "stupid tetranucleotide", serving only a structural role to support the proteins. Even at this early time, Watson, under the influence of the Phage Group, was aware of the 3264: 887: 1344:

article, and that Watson would equally consider the possibility of having a heterosexual child to be just as valid as any other reason for abortion, to emphasise that Watson is in favor of allowing choice.

944:. According to the late Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA. 752:

The Phage Group was the intellectual medium where Watson became a working scientist. Importantly, the members of the Phage Group sensed that they were on the path to discovering the physical nature of the

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In 2008, Watson was appointed chancellor emeritus of CSHL but continued to advise and guide project work at the laboratory. In a BBC documentary that year, Watson said he did not see himself as a racist.

14164: 3343: 5336:... he was 'inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa' because 'all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours, whereas all the testing says not really'. 6792:– This site from the Dolan DNA Learning Center (part of CSHL) commemorates the discovery of the structure of DNA and includes dozens of animations, as well as interviews with James Watson and others. 15138: 1205:, but Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, among others, objected. Watson's home university dropped the project and the book was commercially published. In an interview with Anne Sayre for her book, 6018:, March 10, 2011. Accessed March 22, 2011. "James Watson helped unravel the structure of DNA, a feat so stunning that it is considered the greatest scientific achievement of the 20th century. " 1308: 3378: 15078: 1010:

The X-ray diffraction images collected by Gosling and Franklin provided the best evidence for the helical nature of DNA. Watson and Crick had three sources for Franklin's unpublished data:

685:, who in crucial papers published in 1922, 1929, and in the 1930s had laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger presented in his 1944 book. He received his 1689: 1152:, arguing that there was no proven method for the safe disposal of radioactive waste, and that nuclear plants were a security threat due to the possibility of terrorist theft of plutonium. 15098: 13278: 4787:

Watson says he intends to use part of the money raised by the sale to fund projects at the universities and scientific research institutions he has worked at throughout his career.

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because they don't like genetics, because genetics implies that sometimes in life we fail because we have bad genes. They want all failure in life to be due to the evil system."

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Watson married Elizabeth Lewis in 1968. They have two sons, Rufus Robert Watson (b. 1970) and Duncan James Watson (b. 1972). Watson sometimes talks about his son Rufus, who has

550:. In 2019, following the broadcast of a documentary in which Watson reiterated these views on race and genetics, CSHL revoked his honorary titles and severed all ties with him. 4939: 6217: 5758: 5315: 13448: 13298: 5523: 15053: 14150: 1028:

In a 1954 article, Watson and Crick acknowledged that, without Franklin's data, "the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible". In

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Statement by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Board of Trustees and President Bruce Stillman, PhD Regarding Dr. Watson's Comments in The Sunday Times on October 14, 2007

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in 1997 as stating: "If you could find the gene which determines sexuality and a woman decides she doesn't want a homosexual child, well, let her." The biologist

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On the issue of obesity, Watson was quoted in 2000, saying: "Whenever you interview fat people, you feel bad, because you know you're not going to hire them."

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remarks that " was close to figuring out the structure of DNA, but did not do it. The title of "discoverer" goes to those who first fit the pieces together".

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Watson continued to be a member of the Harvard faculty until 1976, even though he took over the directorship of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1968.

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write that "Franklin was no victim in how the DNA double helix was solved" but that she was "an equal contributor to the solution of the structure".

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Mitchell) and James D. Watson, a businessman descended mostly from colonial English immigrants to America. His mother's father, Lauchlin Mitchell, a

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foulness of a ... November night was to be told by a woman to refrain from venturing an opinion about a subject for which you were not trained."

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and molecular model building. After obtaining some results from his phage and other experimental research conducted at Indiana University,

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In March 2017, Watson was named head consultant of the Cheerland Investment Group, a Chinese investment company which sponsored his trip.

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In 2007, Watson became the second person to publish his fully sequenced genome online, after it was presented to him on May 31, 2007, by

1209:(published in 1975 and reissued in 2000), Francis Crick said that he regarded Watson's book as a "contemptible pack of damned nonsense". 6138: 5980: 1588:

At a conference in 2000, Watson suggested a link between skin color and sex drive, hypothesizing that dark-skinned people have stronger

1083:. These classic molecular biology papers are identified as: Watson J. D. and Crick F. H. C. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". 792:

talk about X-ray diffraction data for DNA. Watson was now certain that DNA had a definite molecular structure that could be elucidated.

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a popular radio show that challenged bright youngsters to answer questions. Thanks to the liberal policy of university president

4908: 15173: 15103: 8835: 7035: 5956: 5780: 5533: 2686: 1263:, the laboratory's president, said, "Jim Watson created a research environment that is unparalleled in the world of science." 15163: 14440: 8948: 7312: 6751: 6627: 6529: 6514: 6485: 6398: 6338: 6312: 6294: 6218:"Statement by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory addressing remarks by Dr. James D. Watson in "American Masters: Decoding Watson"" 6177: 5759:"Statement by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory addressing remarks by Dr. James D. Watson in 'American Masters: Decoding Watson'" 5253: 5081: 4275: 4250: 3582: 3030: 2839: 2814: 2608: 2389: 1957: 1782: 493: 223: 6951: 4471: 4442: 1087:

171, 737–738 (1953); Wilkins M. H. F., Stokes A. R. & Wilson H. R. "Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids".

936:'s chemistry department. All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner, who subsequently worked with Crick at 15183: 9330: 4659: 1393:

may have a different role than is thought in diseases including diabetes, dementia, heart disease and cancer. For example,

15068: 15003: 1859: 1553:, Watson describes his academic colleagues as "dinosaurs", "deadbeats", "fossils", "has-beens", "mediocre", and "vapid". 235: 4512: 15083: 15038: 14015: 13990: 11650: 9058: 7235: 6987: 2937: 1196: 816: 757:. In 1949, Watson took a course with Felix Haurowitz that included the conventional view of that time: that genes were 312: 6798:– another DNA Learning Center site on the basics of DNA, genes, and heredity, from Mendel to the Human Genome Project. 3625: 15033: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8828: 6728: 6699: 6678: 6658: 6547: 6503: 6461: 6443: 6428: 6413: 6383: 6368: 6353: 6327: 6259: 5054: 4415: 3864: 3832: 3803: 3777: 3248: 3109: 2991: 2884: 2728: 2669: 1611:

between blacks and whites are due to genetics. In early October 2007, he was interviewed by Charlotte Hunt-Grubbe at

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Watson grew up on the South Side of Chicago and attended public schools, including Horace Mann Elementary School and

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rejects that Franklin was a "victim" and states that " made the double-helix scheme work. It is as simple as that".

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James D. Watson, "The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix, edited by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski" (2012)

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has attracted scrutiny. It has been argued that Watson and his colleagues did not properly acknowledge colleague

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in Belgium on April 8, 1953; it went unreported by the press. Watson and Crick submitted a paper entitled "

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Several of Watson's former doctoral students subsequently became notable in their own right including,

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171, 738–740 (1953); Franklin R. and Gosling R. G. "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate".

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in September 1950 for a year of postdoctoral research, first heading to the laboratory of biochemist

617:. He was fascinated with bird watching, a hobby shared with his father, so he considered majoring in 478: 38: 9050: 7372: 6464:; Definitive DNA textbook, with foreword by Francis Crick, revised in 1994 with a 9-page postscript. 5546: 5218: 4916: 2846: 14813: 13887: 12939: 12408: 11854: 10977: 10810: 8861: 8156: 7142: 6957:

film about Watson, including extensive interviews with him, his family, and colleagues. 2019-01-02.

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:

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Medical School in London on Thursday, May 14, 1953, which resulted in a May 15, 1953, article by

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Robert Olby; "Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,

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genomics and continued his feud with Watson. Watson was quoted as calling Venter "Hitler".

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Watson is a former member of the Board of Directors of United Biomedical, Inc., founded by

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had elucidated their underpinnings, going so far as to discourage their study by students.

1072: 933: 901: 875: 686: 637: 568: 528: 253: 13256: 10631: 5597: 4383: 3320: 1107:. His work at Harvard focused on RNA and its role in the transfer of genetic information. 652: 8: 14774: 14721: 14493: 14093: 14030: 13922: 13907: 13574: 13562: 13478: 13019: 12788: 12551: 12543: 12496: 12257: 12204: 12186: 12027: 11930: 11645: 11156: 11143: 11034: 10928: 10849: 10697: 10663: 10618: 10589: 10558: 10472: 10448: 10389: 10201: 10170: 9924: 9776: 9637: 9632: 9617: 9401: 8599: 8436: 8428: 8420: 8380: 8320: 8284: 8244: 8133: 7997: 7750: 7503: 7400: 7344: 7230: 7181: 6619: 6521: 5623: 4885: 4844: 4646: 4529: 4032: 3824: 3795: 2806: 2720: 2661: 2080: 2047: 1887: 1852: 1727: 1601: 1456: 1356: 1170: 961: 666: 636:, where he was awarded a tuition scholarship, at the age of 15. Among his professors was 508: 416: 11658: 8664: 7388: 6940: 6936: 4583: 4051: 3993: 3949: 3900: 3535: 3432: 3191: 3015: 2986:(volume 64 ed.). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 134–163. 14894: 14577: 14296: 14103: 14051: 13912: 13897: 13877: 13851: 13736: 13718: 13700: 13658: 13424: 13235: 12987: 12660: 12478: 12385: 12232: 12158: 11514: 11350: 11283: 11232: 11000: 10923: 10768: 10647: 10626: 10563: 10361: 10196: 10072: 10047: 10029: 9979: 9753: 9738: 9725: 9720: 9697: 9517: 9419: 9228: 8748: 8744: 8487: 8376: 8256: 8216: 8200: 8117: 8101: 8029: 7790: 7774: 7645: 7613: 7573: 7127: 7074: 6874: 6855: 6829: 5911: 5496: 5185: 5160: 4715: 4071: 4013: 3710: 3681: 3555: 3494: 3486: 3235: 3210: 3175: 3151: 3126: 2289: 2264: 1900: 1873: 1866: 1845: 1824: 1464: 1127: 1111: 1104: 832: 823:

experiments so he could work to determine the structure of DNA. That summer, Luria met

678: 536: 512: 422: 306: 287: 6850: 6844: 6648: 4702: 4685: 3072: 3047: 2125: 1670: 878:(where Watson and Crick worked), made the original announcement of the discovery at a 14873: 14700: 14686: 14310: 14282: 14240: 14233: 14212: 14198: 13892: 13754: 13568: 13418: 13412: 13243: 13091: 13003: 12915: 12733: 12673: 12665: 12629: 12517: 12504: 12460: 12421: 12375: 12352: 12304: 12291: 12242: 12209: 12063: 11994: 11862: 11817: 11640: 11621: 11616: 11551: 11501: 11408: 11307: 11216: 11211: 11179: 11166: 11148: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11083: 11075: 10982: 10969: 10915: 10888: 10883: 10862: 10831: 10747: 10542: 10529: 10490: 10443: 10220: 10139: 10103: 10098: 10057: 9937: 9868: 9743: 9642: 9480: 9457: 9196: 8910: 8793: 8782: 8631: 8627: 8583: 8507: 8408: 8364: 8344: 8328: 8316: 8188: 8113: 7969: 7917: 7726: 7665: 7629: 7511: 7416: 7137: 7117: 7069: 6973: 6839: 6747: 6740: 6724: 6705: 6695: 6689: 6674: 6654: 6623: 6543: 6525: 6510: 6499: 6481: 6457: 6439: 6424: 6409: 6394: 6379: 6364: 6349: 6334: 6323: 6308: 6290: 6255: 5819: 5249: 5190: 5087: 5077: 5050: 5047:

The Genome War: How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World

4975: 4707: 4597: 4411: 4281: 4271: 4246: 4063: 4005: 3914: 3860: 3848: 3828: 3799: 3773: 3751: 3626:"Nobel Lecture December 11, 1962 The Involvement of RNA in the Synthesis of Proteins" 3578: 3547: 3516: 3498: 3446: 3325: 3244: 3215: 3156: 3105: 3077: 3048:"The properties of x-ray inactivated bacteriophage. I. Inactivation by direct effect" 3026: 2987: 2933: 2880: 2873: 2835: 2810: 2724: 2665: 2614: 2604: 2574: 2476: 2446: 2395: 2385: 2294: 2155: 2063: 2013: 1788: 1436: 1407: 1364: 1226: 1115: 991: 983: 897: 879: 867: 862:

structure of DNA. Crucial to their discovery were the experimental data collected at

820: 462: 374: 164: 113: 13155: 8804: 8272: 8240: 7981: 6718: 6333:

John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp,

5964: 5788: 5349:"James Watson Had a Chance to Salvage His Reputation on Race. He Made Things Worse." 4719: 3747: 2927: 2644:

The luckiest thing that ever happened to me was that my father didn't believe in God

2635: 1367:

Corporation in collaboration with scientists at the Human Genome Sequencing Center,

661:

in 1946, Watson changed his professional ambitions from the study of ornithology to

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Watson, J. D.; Baker, T. A.; Bell, S. P.; Gann, A.; Levine, M.; Losick, R. (2003).

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Anne Sayre, "Rosalind Franklin and DNA", New York/London: W.W. Norton and Company,

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The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Expanded edition.

6193:"Lab Severs Ties With James Watson, Citing 'Unsubstantiated and Reckless' Remarks" 5932:"Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients" 5931: 5812:"Lab Severs Ties With James Watson, Citing 'Unsubstantiated and Reckless' Remarks" 3701: 3577:. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 181. 2488: 1165:, in which he coordinated the work of a group of scientist-writers. His third was 14922: 14915: 14781: 14665: 14651: 14535: 14468: 14405: 14377: 14342: 14303: 14098: 13778: 13694: 13688: 13634: 13622: 13592: 13364: 13227: 13051: 12923: 12875: 12694: 12686: 12681: 12647: 12634: 12624: 12574: 12569: 12535: 12488: 12483: 12431: 12370: 12347: 12199: 12191: 12130: 12097: 12082: 11880: 11793: 11785: 11756: 11690: 11598: 11519: 11259: 11251: 11224: 11203: 11174: 11161: 11005: 10995: 10954: 10936: 10854: 10639: 10477: 10420: 10366: 10243: 10225: 10178: 10147: 10000: 9863: 9858: 9824: 9819: 9687: 9674: 9622: 9589: 9566: 9530: 9287: 9156: 8968: 8767: 8759: 8716: 8712: 8676: 8648: 8607: 8575: 8523: 8400: 8304: 8264: 8164: 8129: 8125: 8093: 7945: 7909: 7714: 7565: 7408: 7266: 7191: 7086: 6961:

James D. Watson, Ph.D. Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement

6894: 6599: 6580: 6535: 6142: 5984: 5918: 5745: 5631: 5128: 4909:"Nobel James Watson vai presidir ao conselho científico da Fundação Champalimaud" 4859: 4623: 4553: 3974: 3292:"Sir John Cowdery Kendrew. March 24, 1917 – August 23, 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1960" 3063: 2796: 1734: 1714: 1452: 1420: 1394: 1352: 1333: 1299: 1201:

the publication of the book. Watson's book was originally to be published by the

1159:, used the concept of heads—brief declarative subheadings. His next textbook was 987: 921: 789: 641: 489: 410: 241: 13820: 12807: 8041: 4334:(Press release). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. October 25, 2007. Archived from 4301:"Honorary Doctorate awarded to Nobel Laureate: Text of the Introductory Address" 2912: 2246: 2183: 1490:, to become the head of the foundation's scientific council, an advisory organ. 731: 14887: 14859: 14845: 14841: 14591: 14570: 14556: 14507: 14261: 14254: 14205: 13748: 13676: 13652: 13550: 13538: 13496: 13472: 13460: 13454: 13430: 13171: 13147: 13131: 13099: 13035: 12971: 12867: 12775: 12728: 12642: 12606: 12365: 12357: 12324: 12281: 12092: 11979: 11822: 11769: 11732: 11711: 11577: 11564: 11527: 11506: 11496: 11472: 11453: 11400: 11358: 11275: 11088: 11039: 11010: 10844: 10726: 10702: 10655: 10584: 10516: 10485: 10425: 10384: 10356: 10272: 10264: 10116: 10034: 9958: 9932: 9906: 9896: 9886: 9799: 9730: 9702: 9669: 9661: 9548: 9543: 9493: 9380: 9338: 9271: 9220: 9180: 9175: 9148: 9116: 8899: 8660: 8587: 8567: 8543: 8519: 8503: 8464: 8460: 8392: 8368: 8232: 8228: 8184: 8168: 8081: 8065: 8049: 8045: 7821: 7673: 7621: 7499: 7432: 7251: 7132: 7059: 6931:

Two remembrances of James Watson by one of the founders of molecular genetics,

6265: 5863: 4245:(1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. 3909: 3884: 3856: 3180:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2234: 2205: 1636:

Watson is an atheist. In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the

1444: 1432: 1191: 952: 917: 913: 906: 871: 781: 718:. He was part of a distributed group of researchers who were making use of the 707: 690: 657: 520: 389: 369: 356: 339: 6129: 4491: 3885:"What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA's structure" 888:

Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

14952: 14929: 14763: 14728: 14693: 14658: 14644: 14605: 14563: 14475: 14454: 14433: 14412: 14363: 14275: 13742: 13598: 13586: 13514: 13502: 13484: 13358: 13211: 13179: 13043: 13027: 12995: 12899: 12883: 12652: 12470: 12436: 12426: 12286: 12252: 12171: 12115: 12110: 12102: 12050: 12022: 12017: 11971: 11888: 11801: 11727: 11703: 11611: 11421: 11413: 11195: 11187: 11057: 10870: 10836: 10818: 10734: 10689: 10684: 10594: 10438: 10379: 10374: 10348: 10256: 10251: 10157: 10152: 10134: 10126: 10077: 10010: 10005: 9945: 9919: 9599: 9581: 9553: 9485: 9465: 9434: 9322: 9279: 9212: 9143: 8956: 8918: 8820: 8808: 8656: 8623: 8535: 8440: 8340: 8109: 8097: 8061: 8009: 7989: 7961: 7937: 7921: 7889: 7857: 7734: 7424: 7368: 7000: 6650:

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA

6638:

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA

5823: 5385:"Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than Westerners" 5297:"Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than Westerners" 4229:

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA

4224:

The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA

4161:

The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA

3755: 2399: 2121: 2075: 2024: 1758: 1699: 1659: 1642: 1576:, Watson alternately attacks and defends former Harvard University president 1483: 1476: 1412: 1042: 796: 727: 532: 474: 159: 14707: 11488: 6821: 6709: 6341:; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge. 5176: 5091: 4984: 4332:"Dr. James D. Watson Retires as Chancellor of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" 4285: 2618: 14852: 14827: 14799: 14714: 14679: 14598: 14447: 14384: 14349: 14219: 14172: 13724: 13670: 13646: 13610: 13580: 13532: 13406: 13340: 13203: 13083: 13011: 12979: 12963: 12851: 12838: 12780: 12762: 12757: 12587: 12582: 12530: 12465: 12398: 12247: 12214: 12181: 12045: 11956: 11698: 11666: 11532: 11445: 11070: 11047: 10668: 10571: 10233: 10188: 10183: 10062: 9992: 9966: 9891: 9809: 9679: 9627: 9604: 9522: 9475: 9447: 9244: 8875: 8778: 8732: 8680: 8571: 8547: 8531: 8511: 8356: 8212: 8180: 8057: 7973: 7957: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7637: 7625: 7605: 7484: 7476: 7392: 7147: 7091: 7025: 6287:

Coming to Peace With Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology

5194: 4711: 4647:

Watson's personal DNA sequence archive at the National Institutes of Health

4601: 4568:"The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing" 4067: 4009: 3918: 3653:"DNA double helix: discovery that led to 60 years of biological revolution" 3551: 3482: 3450: 3329: 3310: 3291: 3219: 3142: 3081: 2745: 2450: 2315:

Hopkin, Karen (June 2005). "Bring Me Your Genomes: The Ewan Birney Story".

2298: 2265:"Joan Steitz: RNA is a many-splendored thing. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick" 1907: 1695: 1565: 1554: 1531: 1144:

During his tenure at Harvard, Watson participated in a protest against the

1135: 1068: 925: 859: 824: 606: 497: 449: 247: 7307: 7219: 7212: 7175: 7158: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7080: 7053: 7019: 6945: 6869: 4814:"James Watson selling Nobel prize 'because no-one wants to admit I exist'" 3200: 3160: 1017:

Discussions with Wilkins, who worked in the same laboratory with Franklin;

973: 738:", an important movement of geneticists from experimental systems such as 681:, attracted by the presence at Bloomington of the 1946 Nobel Prize winner 597:, Scotland, and her mother, Lizzie Gleason, was the child of parents from 14880: 14834: 14756: 14735: 14612: 14584: 14514: 14500: 14426: 14398: 14370: 14356: 14226: 14068: 13784: 13316: 13219: 13163: 12947: 12715: 12522: 12403: 12380: 12314: 12237: 12219: 12007: 11961: 11943: 11867: 11777: 11429: 11323: 11267: 10946: 10537: 10467: 10407: 10324: 10282: 10067: 9786: 9748: 9571: 9263: 8852: 8644: 8559: 8555: 8468: 8444: 8352: 8017: 7813: 7730: 7360: 7352: 7336: 7169: 6906:– Ira Flatow interviews Watson on the history of DNA and his recent book 6491: 6449: 5316:"Short Sharp Science: James Watson menaced by hoodies shouting 'racist!'" 5071: 1597: 1479:. He held the position for six years and retired from the board in 1999. 1448: 1149: 1145: 1000: 847: 804: 761:

and able to replicate themselves. The other major molecular component of

735: 618: 405: 7041: 5703: 4660:"DNA pioneer James Watson sets out radical theory for range of diseases" 4592: 4567: 3441: 3416: 2067:– 1987 BBC docudrama about Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure 1020:

A research progress report that was intended to promote coordination of

14901: 14820: 14742: 14619: 14528: 14521: 14419: 14268: 14010: 13772: 13466: 13123: 13075: 12859: 12509: 12148: 11809: 11585: 11480: 11437: 11052: 11015: 10238: 10039: 9987: 9498: 8937: 8869: 8495: 7754: 7702: 7649: 7201: 6835: 6801: 6540:

The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins

6345: 4231:, Norton Critical Edition, Gunther Stent, ed. (New York: Norton, 1980). 3176:"The Transfer of Radioactive Phosphorus from Parental to Progeny Phage" 2280: 1770: 1460: 1385: 1309:

Association for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

1131: 800: 762: 740: 466: 428: 5485:"'Blinded by Science'. An exclusive excerpt from Watson's new memoir, 3958: 3933: 3490: 1518: 994:

for her contributions to the discovery of the double helix structure.

14866: 14391: 14078: 14025: 14020: 13995: 13802: 13436: 11572: 11342: 9692: 9080: 8696: 8248: 7122: 4545: 4198:"He may have unravelled DNA, but James Watson deserves to be shunned" 4059: 4001: 3543: 3379:"James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin" 2773:. The University of Chicago News Office. June 1, 2007. Archived from 1690:

Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences

1278: 1267: 932:, constructed by Crick and Watson; at the time, they were working at 623: 470: 11380: 6810: 6376:

Light Is A Messenger: the life and science of William Lawrence Bragg

5454:"Nobel scientist who sparked race row says sorry — I didn't mean it" 5152: 4092: 2441: 2424: 14542: 14317: 14073: 9084: 8491: 979: 723: 715: 706:

Originally, Watson was drawn into molecular biology by the work of

662: 602: 500:

and its significance for information transfer in living material".

485: 274: 59:

American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist (born 1928)

6010:"He Helped Map the Structure of DNA. Up Next is a Cure For Cancer" 5846:"DNA scientist James Watson stripped of honors over views on race" 1240:"James Watson: Why society isn't ready for genomic-based medicine" 896:, which was published on April 25, 1953. Bragg gave a talk at the 14936: 5868:

The Lives to Come: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities

4241:

Watson, James D. (2012). Witkowski, Jan; Gann, Alexander (eds.).

2998:

Among students was Jim Watson, then a graduate student of Luria.

1593: 1390: 1119: 1103:

In 1956, Watson accepted a position in the biology department at

1003:

for DNA crystals revealed to Crick that the two DNA strands were

883: 758: 670: 594: 580: 82: 15139:

Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research

14908: 6995: 4427:

Macdonald, V. "Abort babies with gay genes, says Nobel winner",

2239:

On the Mechanism of Suppression and Polypeptide Chain Initiation

571:, which completed the task of mapping the human genome in 2003. 6897:– Watson and Crick speaking on the BBC in 1962, 1972, and 1974. 6805: 4359:"Discovery of DNA structure – James Watson on the Double Helix" 4130:"Three Harvard Scientists Lead Call to Stop Nuclear Reactors", 3770:

The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology

3467:(1979). "William Lawrence Bragg. 31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971". 3241:

The eighth day of creation: makers of the revolution in biology

2834:. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1589: 1543: 1503: 836: 590: 333: 6156:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 5564:"James Watson: To question genetic intelligence is not racism" 4860:"Russia's Usmanov to give back Watson's auctioned Nobel medal" 2520:"James Watson, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962" 673:

from the University of Chicago in 1947. In his autobiography,

563:(1968). Between 1988 and 1992, Watson was associated with the 553:

Watson has written many science books, including the textbook

15079:

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire

6496:

Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives)

6305:

The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief

5781:"James Watson: Scientist loses titles after claims over race" 5581:"Nobel-winning biologist apologizes for remarks about blacks" 1239: 947: 770: 719: 539:

Biology Department, promoting research in molecular biology.

496:"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of 132: 6742:

Avoid Boring People and Other Lessons from a Life in Science

6068:

The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details

4566:

M.; Weinstock, G. M.; Gibbs, R. A.; Rothberg, J. M. (2008).

2905:

The Biological Properties of X-Ray Inactivated Bacteriophage

1741:

Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire

1323:

took over the role as director of the Human Genome Project.

340:

The Biological Properties of X-Ray Inactivated Bacteriophage

14806: 13286: 5924: 5142:"President of Harvard Resigns, Ending Stormy 5-Year Tenure" 4564: 754: 6919:– Ira Flatow interviews Watson on his new book. 2003-05-02 5026:"Researchers announce completion of the Allen Brain Atlas" 4840:"DNA Laureate James Watson's Nobel Medal Sells for $ 4.1M" 1755:

in molecular biology from the National Academy of Sciences

1173:

has brought new information about how organisms function.

831:

project for Watson in England. In 1951 Watson visited the

15099:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

6954: 6795: 6320:

What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery

5000:"Inside Paul Allen's Quest To Reverse Engineer The Brain" 3243:(1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. 1950: 929: 482: 142: 3973:

Wilkins, M. H. F.; Stokes, A. R.; Wilson, H. R. (1953).

2374:

EMBO in perspective: a half-century in the life sciences

1110:

Watson championed a switch in focus for the school from

6789: 6389:

Inglis, J., Sambrook, J. & Witkowski, J. A. (eds.)

2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 974:

Interactions with Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling

701: 531:

in England, where he first met his future collaborator

15134:

People involved in race and intelligence controversies

15089:

Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization

6252:

Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II

5739:

Video: BBC 2 Horizon: The President's Guide to Science

2135:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1340:

claiming that Watson's position was misrepresented by

535:. From 1956 to 1976, Watson was on the faculty of the 6941:

http://www.estherlederberg.com/Anecdotes.html#WATSON2

6937:

http://www.estherlederberg.com/Anecdotes.html#WATSON1

6904:: "A Conversation with Genetics Pioneer James Watson" 5271:"DNA Discoverer: Blacks Less Intelligent Than Whites" 4940:"Cutting-edge cancer research centre opens in Lisbon" 4506: 4504: 3847: 910:, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life". 6618:, edited by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski (2012) 6554:

The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4

6029:"John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science" 3470:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

3297:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

2495: 851:

DNA model built by Crick and Watson in 1953, in the

6668: 6107:"James D. Watson to receive 2005 Othmer Gold Medal" 6070:. February 14, 2006. Retrieved on November 4, 2007. 5987:

Hastings Center Fellows. Accessed November 6, 2010

5487:

Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science

5073:

Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science

4684:Molenaar, RJ; van Noorden, CJ (September 6, 2014). 4683: 4478:, November 13, 2000. Retrieved on October 24, 2007. 4431:, February 16, 1997. Retrieved on October 24, 2007. 4303:. University College, Cork, Ireland. Archived from 3975:"Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids" 3972: 3127:"Growing up in the golden age of protein chemistry" 1551:

Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science

1482:In January 2007, Watson accepted the invitation of 870:for which they did not provide proper attribution. 515:(PhD, 1950). Following a post-doctoral year at the 15054:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences 14177:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 6047: 5666:, October 25, 2007. Retrieved on October 25, 2007. 4800:"[Watson, James Dewey]. Nobel Prize Medal" 4742: 4501: 4356: 4093:"The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder" 3772:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, chapter 3. 3675: 3673: 3234: 2872: 2469: 2142:. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015 1496:Watson has also been an institute adviser for the 610:"pursuit of scientific and humanistic knowledge." 13850: 12837: 9096: 6556:(1870 to 1990), Cambridge University Press, 1992. 6391:Inspiring Science: Jim Watson and the Age of DNA. 5761:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. January 11, 2019 5622:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. October 18, 2007. 5553:, October 24, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2008. 4626:. Press release. Retrieved on September 16, 2007. 4033:"Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate" 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 2575:"Nobel Scientist: I Place My Faith in Human Gods" 2332: 2330: 1286:In 1990, Watson was appointed as the head of the 807:, a result that grew out of Pauling's efforts in 14950: 11381:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 6344:Friedberg, E.C.; "Sydney Brenner: A Biography", 5122:Charlie Rose Interview, paired with E. O. Wilson 4837: 4492:"Stupidity should be cured, says DNA discoverer" 2875:In pursuit of the gene : from Darwin to DNA 2160:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1674:James D. Watson with the Othmer Gold Medal, 2005 1212: 858:In mid-March 1953, Watson and Crick deduced the 819:, Watson now had the desire to learn to perform 15059:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 6691:Genes, Girls, and Gamow: After the Double Helix 5888:. American Humanist Association. Archived from 5677:"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory James D. Watson" 5598:"Announcement by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" 5587:, October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007. 5443:. October 18, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007. 4686:"Type 2 diabetes and cancer as redox diseases?" 4486: 4484: 4408:Signs of Life: The Language and Meanings of DNA 4117:"Faculty Support Grows For Anti-War Proposal", 4030: 3670: 2957:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from 2601:Genes, Girls, and Gamow: After the Double Helix 2568: 2566: 2564: 1737:, an independent bioethics research institution 842: 601:, Ireland. His mother was a modestly religious 8850: 6908:A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society 6647:Watson, J. D. (1981). Gunther S. Stent (ed.). 6454:The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA 6436:Watson and DNA: Making a scientific revolution 6031:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5727:DNA father James Watson's 'holy grail' request 5570:, October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007 5158: 5065: 5063: 4906: 4771:"DNA pioneer James Watson to sell Nobel Prize" 4614:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, June 28, 2003. 4546:"James Watson genotypes, on NCBI B36 assembly" 4298: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3401: 3102:Watson and DNA: Making a Scientific Revolution 2879:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2534: 2327: 2310: 2308: 2140:"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies" 1684:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 1176: 212:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 14158: 14084:History of the creation-evolution controversy 13836: 13272: 12823: 9066: 8836: 7293: 6981: 6673:(5th ed.). New York: Benjamin Cummings. 5904: 5748:, September 16, 2008, see 28:00 to 34:00 mark 5722: 5720: 5626:. Press release. Retrieved October 24, 2007. 5357: 5341: 4498:, February 28, 2003. Retrieved June 24, 2007. 4167: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2763: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2229: 2227: 6928:– David Duncan interviews Watson. 2003-07-01 6770:at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library 6073: 5556: 5430: 4481: 4466: 4464: 3878: 3876: 3853:Science Communication in Theory and Practice 3617: 3591: 3417:"The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'" 3173: 2898: 2896: 2678: 2636:"Discover Dialogue: Geneticist James Watson" 2561: 2020:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 1809: 1522:Watson signing autographs after a speech at 1266:In 2007, Watson said, "I turned against the 6716: 6560: 6393:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2003. 5412:"James Watson suspended over racism claims" 5403: 5364:Hunt-Grubbe, Charlotte (October 14, 2007). 5363: 5115: 5060: 3882: 3718: 3517:"A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acids" 3514: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2925: 2630: 2628: 2418: 2416: 2305: 1678:Watson has won numerous awards, including: 1251:In 1968, Watson became the director of the 959:The Cambridge University student newspaper 583:on April 6, 1928, as the only son of Jean ( 574: 23: 15179:American expatriates in the United Kingdom 14165: 14151: 13843: 13829: 13279: 13265: 12830: 12816: 9073: 9059: 8843: 8829: 7300: 7286: 6988: 6974: 6873: 6843: 6828: 6616:The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix 5717: 5017: 4657: 4243:The annotated and illustrated double helix 4195: 4189: 3883:Cobb, Matthew; Comfort, Nathaniel (2023). 3851:; Gore, Michael M.; Bryant, Chris (2001). 3650: 3373: 3371: 3369: 2919: 2859: 2457: 2224: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 1648:Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign 1426: 218:Member of the National Academy of Sciences 81: 24: 15114:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 14114:Relationship between religion and science 5669: 5616: 5376: 5268: 5184: 4701: 4636:"James Watson's Personal Genome Sequence" 4591: 4461: 4443:"Letter: Women to decide on gay abortion" 4087: 4085: 3957: 3908: 3873: 3709: 3440: 3319: 3309: 3209: 3199: 3150: 3071: 2893: 2829: 2743: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2540: 2440: 2288: 1995:, Chancellor Emeritus; Honorary Trustee; 62:For other people named James Watson, see 15124:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 15119:People from Cold Spring Harbor, New York 10790: 6421:Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. 5636: 5573: 5483:Watson, James (September–October 2007). 5469:"Watson Returns to USA after race row", 5023: 4735:"James Watson to sell Nobel Prize medal" 4530:"Genome of DNA Discoverer Is Deciphered" 4510: 4299:O'Sullivan, Gerald (September 8, 2010). 4221:Watson's 1968 autobiographical account, 4024: 3510: 3508: 3463: 3099: 3088: 2926:Watson, James D.; Berry, Andrew (2003). 2870: 2795: 2625: 2413: 2366: 2364: 2258: 2256: 2233: 1999:Professor Emeritus (all revoked in 2019) 1963:American Association for Cancer Research 1669: 1517: 1502: 1277: 946: 940:in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new 846: 714:, which concerned the nature of genetic 689:degree from Indiana University in 1950; 644:, which he would later reference on his 542:From 1968, Watson served as director of 32:This is an accepted version of this page 13288:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry 9360: 9082:United States National Medal of Science 6746:. New York: Random House. p. 366. 6178:"University of Dublin, Trinity College" 6099: 5862: 5732: 5701: 5660:"Nobel prize-winning biologist resigns" 5653: 5644:"DNA pioneer quits after race comments" 5540: 5209:"UK Museum Cancels Scientist's Lecture" 4968: 4931: 4511:Williams, Susan P. (November 8, 2007). 4440: 4397: 4357:John H. Richardson (October 19, 2007). 4326: 4324: 4322: 4175:"100 Best Nonfiction: The Board's List" 3966: 3679: 3644: 3575:Francis Crick: hunter of life's secrets 3366: 3009: 3003: 2382:European Molecular Biology Organization 2192:European Molecular Biology Organization 2177: 2175: 2173: 2098: 2003:European Molecular Biology Organization 1973:American Society of Biological Chemists 1721:Gairdner Foundation International Award 1709:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry 1273: 14: 14951: 6737: 6687: 6646: 6633: 6363:"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press" 6361:"The Writing Life of James D. Watson". 6190: 6021: 5843: 5809: 5482: 5069: 4997: 4991: 4937: 4441:Dawkins, Richard (February 19, 1997). 4240: 4158: 4143: 4082: 3821:Biology: the people behind the science 3818: 3792:Biology: the people behind the science 3789: 3762: 3729: 3597: 3414: 3289: 3232: 3124: 3045: 2983:Biographical Memoirs – Felix Haurowitz 2979: 2952: 2902: 2717:Biology: the people behind the science 2714: 2701: 2658:Biology: the people behind the science 2655: 2598: 2572: 2484: ed.). A & C Black. 2314: 2262: 1951:Professional and honorary affiliations 1653: 1592:. His lecture argued that extracts of 1511: 803:published his model of the amino acid 696: 14441:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 14146: 13824: 13260: 12811: 11910: 11909: 11379: 10789: 10303: 9359: 9095: 9054: 8824: 7313:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7281: 6969: 6408:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 5642:Wigglesworth, K. (October 26, 2007). 5522:Coyne, Jerry A. (December 12, 2007). 5521: 5446: 5382: 5294: 5239: 5161:"Agent provocateur pursues happiness" 4838:Borrell, Brendan (December 5, 2014). 4768: 4265: 4196:Rutherford, Adam (December 1, 2014). 4137: 4031:Franklin, R.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). 3931: 3505: 2955:"James D. Watson Chancellor Emeritus" 2946: 2541:Randerson, James (October 25, 2007). 2422: 2370: 2361: 2253: 2198: 1958:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1783:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1705:CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree, 2008 1470: 1383:In 2014, Watson published a paper in 1098: 1014:Her 1951 seminar, attended by Watson; 645: 584: 523:and Ole Maaløe, Watson worked at the 494:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 224:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 15049:Foreign members of the Royal Society 6322:(Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) 6002: 5590: 5463: 5409: 5313: 5098: 4732: 4616:"Watson Genotype Viewer Now On Line" 4319: 4292: 4163:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3572: 3515:Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. (1953). 2336: 2181: 2170: 2111: 1665: 1607:Watson has repeatedly asserted that 1315:In 1994, Watson became president of 1169:, which described the ways in which 734:were among the leaders of this new " 702:Luria, Delbrück, and the Phage Group 461:(born April 6, 1928) is an American 15109:National Medal of Science laureates 15044:Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge 15024:American people of Scottish descent 6946:James Watson telling his life story 6542:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6136:Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2007 6113:. February 23, 2005. Archived from 5076:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5024:Costandi, Mo (September 27, 2006). 4998:Herper, Matthew (October 8, 2013). 4938:Graeme, Chris (December 31, 2010). 4769:Jones, Bryony (November 26, 2014). 3680:Stasiak, Andrzej (March 15, 2001). 3651:Rutherford, Adam (April 24, 2013). 2832:The Writing Life of James D. Watson 2592: 2339:"Richard J. Roberts – Biographical" 2029:Foreign Member of the Royal Society 2016:, Newton-Abraham Visiting Professor 1860:Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1583: 1118:, stating that disciplines such as 236:Foreign Member of the Royal Society 56: 15094:Members of the Royal Irish Academy 15014:American people of English descent 13991:Central dogma of molecular biology 6469:"Quiet debut for the double helix" 6244: 5787:. January 13, 2019. Archived from 5269:Wagenseil, Paul (March 25, 2015). 5217:. October 17, 2007. Archived from 4152: 3623: 3598:Judson, H. F. (October 20, 2003). 3174:Maaløe, O.; Watson, J. D. (1951). 2907:(PhD thesis). Indiana University. 2750:Broadcasting in Chicago, 1921–1989 2684: 2603:. New York: Vintage. p. 118. 2241:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. 1893:DSc, SUNY at Farmingdale, US, 1983 1609:differences in average measured IQ 1530:Watson has had disagreements with 1398:new nor worthy of merit, and that 817:California Institute of Technology 313:California Institute of Technology 57: 15195: 15029:American male non-fiction writers 6952:American Masters: Decoding Watson 6853:collected news and commentary at 6761: 6717:Watson, J. D.; Berry, A. (2003). 6665:(Norton Critical Editions, 1981). 5844:Durkin, Erin (January 13, 2019). 5452:Syal, Rajeev (October 19, 2007). 5437:"Museum drops race row scientist" 5383:Milmo, Cahal (October 17, 2013). 5366:"The elementary DNA of Dr Watson" 5295:Milmo, Cahal (October 17, 2007). 5159:Thompson, C.; Berger, A. (2000). 4969:Normile, Dennis (April 5, 2018). 4907:Teresa Firmino (March 20, 2007). 4733:Crow, David (November 28, 2014). 4270:. New York: Norton. p. 212. 2932:(1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 1896:MD, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1986 1538:fragments while Venter worked at 1498:Allen Institute for Brain Science 1194:as number seven in their list of 1157:The Molecular Biology of the Gene 951:Watson's name on New York City's 773:to inactivate bacterial viruses. 477:the academic paper proposing the 15154:Scientists from New York (state) 15019:American people of Irish descent 14989:21st-century American zoologists 14984:21st-century American physicists 14979:20th-century American zoologists 14974:20th-century American physicists 14127: 14126: 6279:London: Newman-Hemisphere Press. 6210: 6191:Harmon, Amy (January 11, 2019). 6184: 6170: 6148: 6145:. Retrieved on November 4, 2007. 6066:The National Science Foundation. 6057:. Retrieved on November 4, 2007. 5990: 5971: 5949: 5921:. Retrieved on November 4, 2007. 5874: 5856: 5837: 5810:Harmon, Amy (January 11, 2019). 5803: 5773: 5751: 5695: 5679:. cshl.edu. 2013. Archived from 5515: 5476: 5410:Peck, Sally (October 17, 2007). 5307: 5288: 5262: 5233: 5201: 4658:Ian Sample (February 28, 2014). 3732:"The Rosalind Franklin question" 3233:Judson, Horace Freeland (1979). 3013:(2011). "The structure of DNA". 2573:Watson, James (March 25, 2016). 1631: 1351:Watson has repeatedly supported 1234: 1225: 833:Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' 767:Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment 557:(1965) and his bestselling book 448: 15159:Proponents of scientific racism 6164:American Academy of Achievement 5997:Nobility News: Honorary Knights 5347:Harmon, Amy (January 1, 2019). 5134: 5039: 4962: 4915:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4900: 4874: 4852: 4831: 4806: 4792: 4762: 4726: 4677: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4608: 4558: 4539: 4523: 4434: 4421: 4376: 4350: 4259: 4234: 4215: 4124: 4111: 4099:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 3934:"Franklin and the Double Helix" 3925: 3841: 3812: 3783: 3566: 3457: 3415:Maddox, Brenda (January 2003). 3336: 3283: 3257: 3226: 3167: 3118: 3039: 2973: 2823: 2789: 2737: 2649: 1802:American Academy of Achievement 1646:that he contributed $ 1,000 to 942:Laboratory of Molecular Biology 640:from whom Watson learned about 473:. In 1953, he co-authored with 301:Laboratory of Molecular Biology 186: 15144:Recipients of the Copley Medal 15074:Fellows of the Hastings Center 14318:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 14016:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis 6653:. W. W. Norton & Company. 6277:D.N.A.: Genesis of a Discovery 6272:. New York: Rockefeller Press. 5957:"Double Helix Medals Honorees" 5936:American Philosophical Society 5242:Who We Are and How We Got Here 3321:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-EC77-7 2425:"History: Fifty years of EMBO" 1968:American Philosophical Society 1888:Clarkson College of Technology 1572:In the epilogue to the memoir 13: 1: 15174:Writers from New York (state) 15104:American molecular biologists 14184:Leaders & revolutionaries 10304: 9097:Behavioral and social science 6671:Molecular Biology of the Gene 6254:. Cambridge University Press 6222:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 6055:2000 Liberty Medal Recipients 6053:National Constitution Center. 4703:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61485-9 4146:Molecular biology of the gene 3819:Cullen, Katherine E. (2006). 3790:Cullen, Katherine E. (2006). 3694:National Institutes of Health 3632:. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media 2929:DNA : the secret of life 2715:Cullen, Katherine E. (2006). 2687:"James Watson (Oral History)" 2656:Cullen, Katherine E. (2006). 2091: 1993:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1795:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1613:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1524:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1378: 1292:National Institutes of Health 1253:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1213:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1190:, listed by the board of the 1162:Molecular Biology of the Cell 747:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 565:National Institutes of Health 555:Molecular Biology of the Gene 544:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 503:Watson earned degrees at the 324:National Institutes of Health 294:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 64:James Watson (disambiguation) 15164:University of Chicago alumni 6605:Resources in other libraries 6586:Resources in other libraries 6434:McEleheny, Victor K. (2003) 5886:Humanism and Its Aspirations 5650:. Retrieved December 5, 2007 5471:International Herald Tribune 5354:. Retrieved January 1, 2019. 4862:. BBC News. December 9, 2014 4775:CNN International World News 3600:"No Nobel Prize for Whining" 3100:McElheny, Victor K. (2004). 3064:10.1128/JB.60.6.697-718.1950 2830:Friedberg, Errol C. (2005). 2489:UK public library membership 2053:History of molecular biology 2009:National Academy of Sciences 1936:Charles University in Prague 1507:James Watson (February 2003) 1244:Chemical Heritage Foundation 890:" to the scientific journal 843:Identifying the double helix 827:, and he arranged for a new 7: 15184:American white supremacists 8405:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 6378:. Oxford University Press. 5630:September 10, 2010, at the 5049:. Ballantine Books, p. 48. 4410:. Houghton Mifflin, p. 95. 4148:. New York: W. A. Benjamin. 3702:10.1093/embo-reports/kve037 3573:Olby, Robert (2009). "10". 3104:. Basic Books. p. 28. 2847:Reviewed by Lewis Wolpert, 2471:"Watson, Prof. James Dewey" 2269:The Journal of Cell Biology 2184:"James Watson EMBO profile" 2041: 2035:Russian Academy of Sciences 1389:suggesting that biological 646:controversial views on race 567:, helping to establish the 399:Other notable students 10: 15200: 15069:Harvard University faculty 15004:American former Christians 14335:Artists & entertainers 13116:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 11985:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 6893:December 12, 2011, at the 6768:James D. Watson Collection 6723:. New York: Random House. 6694:. New York: Random House. 5961:Double Helix Medals Dinner 5524:"The complex James Watson" 3910:10.1038/d41586-023-01313-5 3857:Kluwer Academic Publishers 3730:Crease, Robert P. (2003). 2114:"Dr James Watson ForMemRS" 1915:University of Stellenbosch 1800:Golden Plate Award of the 1747:Irish America Hall of Fame 1542:. Venter went on to found 1369:Baylor College of Medicine 980:DNA X-ray diffraction data 978:Watson and Crick's use of 693:was his doctoral advisor. 61: 15084:Indiana University alumni 15039:American textbook writers 14791: 14637:Scientists & thinkers 14636: 14485: 14334: 14183: 14122: 14044: 13976: 13863: 13294: 12846: 12747: 12596: 12445: 12266: 12072: 11920: 11916: 11905: 11839: 11741: 11630: 11541: 11462: 11390: 11386: 11375: 11332: 11241: 11133: 11024: 10960:William Hayward Pickering 10905: 10800: 10796: 10785: 10711: 10603: 10457: 10333: 10314: 10310: 10299: 10210: 10019: 9833: 9651: 9507: 9370: 9366: 9355: 9312: 9253: 9165: 9125: 9106: 9102: 9091: 8978: 8971:(Great Britain/Australia) 8947: 8928: 8909: 8885: 8860: 8478: 8143: 7804: 7602:Charles Scott Sherrington 7578:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 7540: 7319: 7244: 7011: 6917:"DNA: The Secret of Life" 6600:Resources in your library 6581:Resources in your library 6498:New York: HarperCollins. 6085:Science History Institute 5529:Times Literary Supplement 5460:. Retrieved May 11, 2022. 5127:October 18, 2006, at the 5070:Watson, James D. (2007). 4622:December 5, 2007, at the 4268:Rosalind Franklin and DNA 3748:10.1088/2058-7058/16/3/23 3383:Science History Institute 2980:Putnum, Frank W. (1994). 2953:Watson, James D. (2012). 2480:. Vol. 2015 (online 2435:(7508). London: 150–151. 1810:Honorary degrees received 1777:National Medal of Science 1406:In 2014, Watson sold his 1233: 1224: 1219: 1207:Rosalind Franklin and DNA 1155:Watson's first textbook, 815:(Denmark), CSHL, and the 712:Luria–Delbrück experiment 447: 442: 438: 398: 362: 350: 332: 280: 270: 263: 204: 196: 173: 152: 121: 92: 80: 73: 15034:American science writers 12940:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 12409:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. 11855:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 9486:Burrhus Frederic Skinner 8592:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 6776:Game from Nobelprize.org 6561:Selected books published 6359:Friedburg, E. C. (2005) 6275:Chomet, S., ed., (1994) 6141:August 18, 2012, at the 5704:"CSHLHistory – About Us" 4513:"The Foot-in-Mouth Gene" 2871:Schwartz, James (2008). 2423:Ferry, Georgina (2014). 2371:Ferry, Georgina (2014). 1988:Clare College, Cambridge 1832:University of Notre Dame 1203:Harvard University Press 1022:Medical Research Council 904:in the London newspaper 575:Early life and education 517:University of Copenhagen 39:latest accepted revision 15149:Scientists from Chicago 13196:Frederick Charles Frank 12908:John Edensor Littlewood 11720:Cathleen Synge Morawetz 9638:George Ledyard Stebbins 9559:James Augustine Shannon 6882:Articles and interviews 6720:DNA: The Secret of Life 6318:Crick, F. H. C. (1988) 6250:Chadarevian, S. (2002) 5246:Oxford University Press 5177:10.1136/bmj.321.7252.12 5165:British Medical Journal 5112:, January–February 2008 5106:"Chairman of the Bored" 4985:10.1126/science.aat8024 4476:San Francisco Chronicle 3052:Journal of Bacteriology 3021:. Basic Books. p. 3017:The Mathematics of Life 2482:Oxford University Press 2086:Whole genome sequencing 1929:University of Cambridge 1488:Champalimaud Foundation 1427:Notable former students 615:South Shore High School 525:University of Cambridge 319:University of Cambridge 15064:Former Roman Catholics 14999:American biophysicists 14248:Martin Luther King Jr. 14036:Spontaneous generation 13986:Germ theory of disease 13963:Zoology (through 1859) 12177:Joseph O. Hirschfelder 12164:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 11120:Harry George Drickamer 11066:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann 10740:M. Frederick Hawthorne 10614:John D. Baldeschwieler 9854:Daniel E. Koshland Jr. 9536:Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 8984:Nobel Prize recipients 8949:Physiology or Medicine 7373:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 6926:"Reversing Bad Truths" 6796:DNA from the Beginning 6774:DNA – The Double Helix 6688:Watson, J. D. (2002). 6634:Watson, J. D. (1968). 6477:(January 23): 402–405. 6404:Judson, H. F. (1996). 6289:. InterVarsity Press. 6015:Irish America magazine 5917:July 21, 2009, at the 5910:The Lasker Foundation. 5240:Reich, David. (2019). 4159:Watson, J. D. (1968). 4144:Watson, J. D. (1965). 4097:DNA from the beginning 3768:Judson, H. F. (1996). 3483:10.1098/rsbm.1979.0003 3311:10.1098/rsbm.2001.0018 3290:Holmes, K. C. (2001). 3143:10.1002/pro.5560020919 3125:Putnam, F. W. (1993). 3046:Watson, J. D. (1950). 2903:Watson, James (1951). 2599:Watson, J. D. (2003). 2522:. NobelPrize.org. 1964 2167: 2071:List of RNA biologists 2058:History of RNA biology 1978:Athenaeum Club, London 1938:, Czech Republic, 1998 1931:, United Kingdom, 1993 1881:Rockefeller University 1839:Long Island University 1675: 1527: 1508: 1283: 1184:In 1968, Watson wrote 1058: 956: 874:, the director of the 855: 853:Science Museum, London 813:Statens Serum Institut 492:were awarded the 1962 479:double helix structure 14486:Builders & titans 14290:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14057:Philosophy of biology 13491:Charles C. Richardson 13068:Robert Burns Woodward 12768:Sylvester James Gates 12154:William Alfred Fowler 12136:Robert Rathbun Wilson 11949:Robert Burns Woodward 10761:Geraldine L. Richmond 10509:Howard E. Simmons Jr. 9792:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 9721:Vernon B. Mountcastle 9577:Sterling B. Hendricks 9394:Marshall W. Nirenberg 9389:Theodosius Dobzhansky 9237:William Julius Wilson 7874:Dickinson W. Richards 7558:Julius Wagner-Jauregg 7031:Fraser John Bergersen 6780:MSN Encarta biography 6738:Watson, J.D. (2007). 6642:. New York: Atheneum. 6456:. London: MacMillan. 5744:May 31, 2010, at the 5648:The Los Angeles Times 5495:: 102. Archived from 4884:. UBI. Archived from 4552:July 5, 2008, at the 3932:Elkin, L. O. (2003). 3849:Stocklmayer, Susan M. 3201:10.1073/pnas.37.8.507 2210:Royal Society website 2131: 2128:on November 17, 2015. 2031:(ForMemRS) since 1981 1818:University of Chicago 1749:, inducted March 2011 1733:Honorary Fellow, the 1673: 1534:regarding his use of 1521: 1506: 1415:in December 2014 for 1373:personalized medicine 1326:Watson was quoted in 1281: 1124:developmental biology 1095:171, 740–741 (1953). 1053: 950: 864:King's College London 850: 829:postdoctoral research 809:X-ray crystallography 795:In 1951, the chemist 778:Copenhagen University 683:Hermann Joseph Muller 634:University of Chicago 632:, he enrolled at the 621:. Watson appeared on 548:intelligence and race 505:University of Chicago 129:University of Chicago 15169:Writers from Chicago 15009:American geneticists 14627:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 14089:Human Genome Project 14001:Great chain of being 13968:Zoology (since 1859) 13903:Evolutionary thought 13873:Agricultural science 13755:Christopher J. Chang 13731:Paul J. Hergenrother 13707:Benjamin Cravatt III 13605:Jacqueline K. Barton 13557:Christopher T. Walsh 13108:Rodney Robert Porter 12739:Warren M. Washington 12703:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove 12612:Jeremiah P. Ostriker 12557:Martin Schwarzschild 12338:Solomon J. Buchsbaum 12330:J. Robert Schrieffer 12300:E. Margaret Burbidge 12144:Nicolaas Bloembergen 12121:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit 12000:Vladimir K. Zworykin 11752:John Griggs Thompson 11675:Martin David Kruskal 11515:Kurt Otto Friedrichs 10988:Erwin Wilhelm Müller 10942:Ralph Brazelton Peck 10897:Jack St. Clair Kilby 10824:John Robinson Pierce 10791:Engineering sciences 10722:Jacqueline K. Barton 10577:George M. Whitesides 10496:Dudley R. Herschbach 10434:Richard B. Bernstein 10403:Walter H. Stockmayer 9951:Elizabeth F. Neufeld 9882:G. Evelyn Hutchinson 9772:Stanley Norman Cohen 9759:Rita Levi-Montalcini 9595:Keith Roberts Porter 9458:Alfred H. Sturtevant 9453:Michael Heidelberger 9425:Fritz Albert Lipmann 8297:Rita Levi-Montalcini 7658:Albert Szent-Györgyi 6620:Simon & Schuster 6522:Simon & Schuster 6467:Robert Olby; (2003) 6035:on December 29, 2010 5983:May 9, 2016, at the 5148:. February 22, 2006. 4950:on December 12, 2013 4747:on December 10, 2022 4338:on February 27, 2014 4266:Sayre, Anne (2000). 3271:on February 24, 2021 2961:on December 11, 2013 2807:Simon & Schuster 1984:Cambridge University 1943:University of Dublin 1922:Fairfield University 1917:, South Africa, 1993 1773:Medal of Merit, 2004 1765:Lomonosov Gold Medal 1549:In his 2007 memoir, 1342:The Sunday Telegraph 1329:The Sunday Telegraph 1288:Human Genome Project 1274:Human Genome Project 1073:Nathaniel C. Comfort 876:Cavendish Laboratory 776:Watson then went to 665:. Watson earned his 638:Louis Leon Thurstone 569:Human Genome Project 529:Cavendish Laboratory 488:. Watson, Crick and 254:Lomonosov Gold Medal 14775:Ludwig Wittgenstein 14722:John Maynard Keynes 14494:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 14094:Humboldtian science 14031:Sequence hypothesis 13938:Molecular evolution 13713:Dewey G. McCafferty 13641:Stuart L. Schreiber 13575:Harold M. Weintraub 13479:Phillips W. Robbins 13020:Nevill Francis Mott 12789:Shirley Ann Jackson 12708:Charles P. Slichter 12552:Marshall Rosenbluth 12544:Wallace S. Broecker 12497:Eugene M. Shoemaker 12258:Victor F. Weisskopf 12205:Herbert S. Gutowsky 12187:Edgar Bright Wilson 12028:George Kistiakowsky 11646:Stephen Cole Kleene 11157:George H. Heilmeier 11144:Mildred Dresselhaus 11035:Edward H. Heinemann 10965:Frederick E. Terman 10929:Richard T. Whitcomb 10850:Clarence L. Johnson 10811:Theodore von Kármán 10698:Stephen J. Benkovic 10677:Mostafa A. El-Sayed 10664:Marvin H. Caruthers 10619:Ralph F. Hirschmann 10559:Darleane C. Hoffman 10449:Harden M. McConnell 10390:Frank H. Westheimer 10202:Stanley B. Prusiner 10166:Robert J. Lefkowitz 9925:Howard Martin Temin 9782:Maurice R. Hilleman 9777:Joseph L. Goldstein 9716:Donald A. Henderson 9633:Earl Reece Stadtman 9618:Elizabeth C. Crosby 9582:Orville Alvin Vogel 9412:Donald D. Van Slyke 9361:Biological sciences 8689:William C. Campbell 8600:Elizabeth Blackburn 8437:Robert F. Furchgott 8429:Stanley B. Prusiner 8421:Rolf M. Zinkernagel 8321:George H. Hitchings 8285:Joseph L. Goldstein 8245:Bengt I. Samuelsson 8074:Earl Sutherland Jr. 7182:Autar Singh Paintal 6888:BBC Four Interviews 6864:, February 25, 2003 6419:Maddox, B. (2003). 6160:www.achievement.org 6117:on February 6, 2015 6081:"Othmer Gold Medal" 5978:The Hastings Center 5791:on January 13, 2019 5499:on October 24, 2007 5473:, October 19, 2007. 5326:on January 10, 2018 4845:Scientific American 4593:10.1038/nature06884 4584:2008Natur.452..872W 4517:The Washington Post 4307:on February 6, 2015 4132:The Harvard Crimson 4119:The Harvard Crimson 4052:1953Natur.171..740F 3994:1953Natur.171..738W 3950:2003PhT....56c..42E 3901:2023Natur.616..657C 3682:"Rosalind Franklin" 3536:1953Natur.171..737W 3442:10.1038/nature01399 3433:2003Natur.421..407M 3192:1951PNAS...37..507M 2409:on August 24, 2016. 2212:. The Royal Society 2081:Predictive medicine 2048:Behavioral genetics 2005:, member since 1985 1986:, Honorary Fellow, 1853:Brandeis University 1841:(CW Post), US, 1970 1753:John J. Carty Award 1728:Royal Irish Academy 1726:Honorary Member of 1654:Marriage and family 1574:Avoid Boring People 1513:Avoid Boring People 1486:, president of the 1457:Phillip Allen Sharp 1357:genetic engineering 1197:100 Best Nonfiction 1171:genetic engineering 697:Career and research 675:Avoid Boring People 579:Watson was born in 463:molecular biologist 417:Phillip Allen Sharp 230:John J. Carty Award 29:Page version status 14895:Emmeline Pankhurst 14814:Lady Diana Spencer 14792:Heroes & icons 14578:Charles E. Merrill 14297:Theodore Roosevelt 14104:Natural philosophy 14052:History of science 13852:History of biology 13737:Scott K. Silverman 13719:Linda Hsieh-Wilson 13701:Andreas Matouschek 13659:Gregory L. Verdine 13623:George L. McLendon 13425:Harold A. Scheraga 13335:Earl A. Evans, Jr. 13236:John Maynard Smith 12988:Tadeusz Reichstein 12661:G. Brent Dalrymple 12479:Arthur L. Schawlow 12386:James A. Van Allen 12277:Philip W. Anderson 12233:Richard P. Feynman 12159:Linus Carl Pauling 11794:Dennis P. Sullivan 11351:John B. Goodenough 11284:Edwin N. Lightfoot 11252:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 11233:Kenneth N. Stevens 11001:Raymond D. Mindlin 10924:Harold E. Edgerton 10769:A. Paul Alivisatos 10648:Stephen J. Lippard 10627:Ernest R. Davidson 10564:Harold S. Johnston 10398:William S. Johnson 10362:George C. Pimentel 10197:Susan L. Lindquist 10179:Francis S. Collins 10073:Victor A. McKusick 10048:Francisco J. Ayala 10030:Nancy C. Andreasen 9980:Robert A. Weinberg 9754:Har Gobind Khorana 9739:Michael E. DeBakey 9726:George Emil Palade 9698:Wendell L. Roelofs 9688:Howard L. Bachrach 9518:Barbara McClintock 9420:Edward F. Knipling 8749:William Kaelin Jr. 8745:Peter J. Ratcliffe 8488:Leland H. Hartwell 8377:Richard J. Roberts 8257:Barbara McClintock 8201:Godfrey Hounsfield 8102:Nikolaas Tinbergen 8034:Marshall Nirenberg 8002:Charles B. Huggins 7791:Tadeusz Reichstein 7779:António Egas Moniz 7574:Christiaan Eijkman 7105:Christopher Graham 6935:, can be found at 6915:NPR Science Friday 6902:NPR Science Friday 6872:on Nobelprize.org 6862:A Revolution at 50 6856:The New York Times 6423:Harper Perennial. 6374:Hunter, G. (2004) 6224:. January 11, 2019 6197:The New York Times 5892:on October 5, 2012 5816:The New York Times 5604:. October 25, 2007 5602:The New York Times 5352:The New York Times 5314:Crawford, Hayley. 5146:The New York Times 5045:Shreeve. J. 2005. 4121:, October 3, 1969. 3354:on August 18, 2022 2281:10.1083/jcb.1925pi 2263:Steitz, J (2011). 1901:Rutgers University 1874:Harvard University 1867:Hofstra University 1846:Adelphi University 1825:Indiana University 1676: 1640:. Watson wrote in 1638:Humanist Manifesto 1528: 1509: 1471:Other affiliations 1465:Richard J. Roberts 1336:wrote a letter to 1284: 1105:Harvard University 1099:Harvard University 957: 872:Sir Lawrence Bragg 856: 679:Indiana University 605:and his father an 537:Harvard University 513:Indiana University 459:James Dewey Watson 423:Richard J. Roberts 385:David Schlessinger 307:Harvard University 288:Indiana University 139:Indiana University 97:James Dewey Watson 35: 14994:American atheists 14946: 14945: 14874:Charles Lindbergh 14807:The American G.I. 14701:Robert H. Goddard 14687:Alexander Fleming 14311:Margaret Thatcher 14283:Eleanor Roosevelt 14241:Ruhollah Khomeini 14234:Pope John Paul II 14213:Mikhail Gorbachev 14199:Winston Churchill 14140: 14139: 14006:Hierarchy of life 13953:Plant systematics 13933:Molecular biology 13818: 13817: 13791:Bradley Pentelute 13761:Matthew D. Disney 13569:Roger D. Kornberg 13551:Charles R. Cantor 13527:James E. Dahlberg 13497:Mario R. Capecchi 13473:Gerald M. Edelman 13461:William P. Jencks 13419:Robert A. Alberty 13413:William F. Neuman 13341:Herbert E. Carter 13254: 13253: 13092:Peter D. Mitchell 13004:Alexander R. Todd 12916:Macfarlane Burnet 12839:Copley Medallists 12805: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12734:Esther M. Conwell 12674:Robert N. Clayton 12666:Riccardo Giacconi 12630:Raymond Davis Jr. 12518:Albert Overhauser 12461:Edwin M. McMillan 12422:Arnold O. Beckman 12399:Paul Ching-Wu Chu 12376:Paul C. Lauterbur 12353:Robert Hofstadter 12305:Maurice Goldhaber 12292:Charles H. Townes 12243:Edward M. Purcell 12210:Frederick Rossini 12064:Wolfgang Panofsky 11995:John H. Van Vleck 11911:Physical sciences 11901: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11863:Solomon W. Golomb 11823:Andrew J. Viterbi 11818:Leonard Kleinrock 11765:Calyampudi R. Rao 11733:Ronald R. Coifman 11641:George F. Carrier 11622:Donald C. Spencer 11617:Saunders Mac Lane 11552:Marshall H. Stone 11502:Shiing-Shen Chern 11409:Solomon Lefschetz 11371: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11308:David J. Wineland 11276:John M. Prausnitz 11217:C. Kumar N. Patel 11212:James L. Flanagan 11180:John Roy Whinnery 11167:H. Guyford Stever 11149:Nick Holonyak Jr. 11112:George W. Housner 11107:Willis M. Hawkins 11102:Daniel C. Drucker 11084:Robert Byron Bird 11076:Bernard M. Oliver 10983:Peter C. Goldmark 10970:Wernher von Braun 10916:George E. Mueller 10889:Nathan M. Newmark 10884:J. Presper Eckert 10863:Claude E. Shannon 10832:Charles S. Draper 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10748:Judith P. Klinman 10632:Gábor A. Somorjai 10543:Isabella L. Karle 10530:George S. Hammond 10491:Gertrude B. Elion 10444:Rudolph A. Marcus 10295: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10221:Ralph L. Brinster 10140:Torsten N. Wiesel 10117:Norman E. Borlaug 10104:Solomon H. Snyder 10099:J. Michael Bishop 10058:Mario R. Capecchi 9938:Salome G. Waelsch 9869:E. Donnall Thomas 9744:Theodor O. Diener 9643:Paul Alfred Weiss 9471:Bernard B. Brodie 9407:George G. Simpson 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9296:Michael I. Posner 9197:Eleanor J. Gibson 9149:George J. Stigler 9117:Neal Elgar Miller 9048: 9047: 8818: 8817: 8783:Ardem Patapoutian 8632:Ralph M. Steinman 8628:Jules A. Hoffmann 8616:Robert G. Edwards 8584:Harald zur Hausen 8508:H. Robert Horvitz 8409:Eric F. Wieschaus 8345:E. Donnall Thomas 8329:J. Michael Bishop 8317:Gertrude B. Elion 8189:Hamilton O. Smith 8114:Christian de Duve 7850:Frederick Robbins 7727:Alexander Fleming 7666:Corneille Heymans 7512:Frederick Banting 7417:Allvar Gullstrand 7275: 7274: 7138:Robert Honeycombe 7118:Herbert Gutfreund 6948:at Web of Stories 6753:978-0-375-41284-4 6628:978-1-4767-1549-0 6614:James D. Watson, 6567:Library resources 6530:978-1-4767-1549-0 6515:978-0-393-32044-2 6486:978-0-87969-798-3 6399:978-0-87969-698-6 6339:978-1-84046-940-0 6313:978-1-4165-4274-2 6295:978-0-8308-2742-8 5967:on April 1, 2012. 5882:"Notable Signers" 5536:on June 15, 2011. 5255:978-0-19-882125-0 5131:December 14, 2005 5083:978-0-19-280273-6 4919:on March 24, 2007 4888:on March 28, 2012 4882:"Management Team" 4578:(7189): 872–876. 4490:Bhattacharya, S. 4277:978-0-393-32044-2 4252:978-1-476715-49-0 4134:, August 5, 1975. 4046:(4356): 740–741. 3988:(4356): 738–740. 3959:10.1063/1.1570771 3895:(7958): 657–660. 3584:978-0-87969-798-3 3530:(4356): 737–738. 3427:(6921): 407–408. 3389:on March 21, 2018 3032:978-0-465-02238-0 2841:978-0-87969-700-6 2816:978-1-9821-1585-2 2777:on March 15, 2018 2610:978-0-375-72715-3 2487:(Subscription or 2391:978-3-00-046271-9 2014:Oxford University 1789:Othmer Gold Medal 1666:Awards and honors 1526:on April 30, 2007 1408:Nobel Prize medal 1365:454 Life Sciences 1353:genetic screening 1249: 1248: 1116:molecular biology 1112:classical biology 992:Rosalind Franklin 984:Rosalind Franklin 934:Oxford University 880:Solvay conference 868:Rosalind Franklin 821:X-ray diffraction 653:Erwin Schrödinger 456: 455: 363:Doctoral students 265:Scientific career 165:Molecular biology 114:Chicago, Illinois 47:13 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 15191: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14911: 14904: 14897: 14890: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14848: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14759: 14752: 14750:William Shockley 14745: 14738: 14731: 14724: 14717: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14689: 14682: 14675: 14673:Philo Farnsworth 14668: 14661: 14654: 14647: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14601: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14545: 14538: 14531: 14524: 14517: 14510: 14503: 14496: 14478: 14471: 14464: 14462:Steven Spielberg 14457: 14450: 14443: 14436: 14429: 14422: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14394: 14387: 14380: 14373: 14366: 14359: 14352: 14345: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14285: 14278: 14271: 14264: 14257: 14250: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14192:David Ben-Gurion 14167: 14160: 14153: 14144: 14143: 14130: 14129: 14109:Natural theology 13845: 13838: 13831: 13822: 13821: 13665:Alanna Schepartz 13629:Peter G. Schultz 13599:James E. Rothman 13587:David V. Goeddel 13563:Phillip A. Sharp 13545:Robert G. Roeder 13515:Bruce M. Alberts 13485:Gordon G. Hammes 13401:Nathan O. Kaplan 13389:John M. Buchanan 13371:Dilworth Woodley 13347:Joseph S. Fruton 13329:David Rittenberg 13305:Harold S. Alcott 13299:William M. Allen 13281: 13274: 13267: 13258: 13257: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13223: 13215: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13159: 13151: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13119: 13111: 13103: 13095: 13087: 13079: 13071: 13063: 13060:Frederick Sanger 13055: 13047: 13039: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999: 12991: 12983: 12975: 12967: 12959: 12951: 12943: 12935: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12903: 12895: 12892:Patrick Blackett 12887: 12879: 12871: 12863: 12855: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12809: 12808: 12617:Gilbert F. White 12562:George Wetherill 12456:Allan M. Cormack 12414:Jack Steinberger 12394:D. Allan Bromley 12343:H. Richard Crane 12320:Frederick Reines 12310:Helmut Landsberg 12225:George Uhlenbeck 12126:Vladimir Haensel 12088:Allan R. Sandage 12059:Herbert C. Brown 12041:Herbert Friedman 11967:Leon M. Lederman 11939:Julian Schwinger 11918: 11917: 11907: 11906: 11876:Alexandre Chorin 11850:Richard A. Tapia 11831:David B. Mumford 11659:Alberto Calderón 11604:Joseph B. Keller 11591:Michael Freedman 11560:Herman Goldstine 11414:H. Marston Morse 11388: 11387: 11377: 11376: 11316:Rudolf E. Kálmán 11300:Robert S. Langer 11292:Jan D. Achenbach 11125:Herbert E. Grier 10876:Igor I. Sikorsky 10837:Othmar H. Ammann 10798: 10797: 10787: 10786: 10753:Jerrold Meinwald 10522:Norman Hackerman 10501:Glenn T. Seaborg 10416:William O. Baker 10344:F. Albert Cotton 10312: 10311: 10301: 10300: 10278:Mary-Claire King 10171:Bert W. O'Malley 10127:Thomas E. Starzl 10122:Phillip A. Sharp 10109:Charles Yanofsky 10091:Evelyn M. Witkin 10086:James E. Darnell 9912:Paul C. Zamecnik 9877:Mary Ellen Avery 9849:Herbert W. Boyer 9844:Baruj Benacerraf 9815:Joshua Lederberg 9805:Viktor Hamburger 9767:Michael S. Brown 9613:Robert H. Burris 9368: 9367: 9357: 9356: 9304:Mortimer Mishkin 9229:William K. Estes 9213:Roger N. Shepard 9205:Robert K. Merton 9189:George A. Miller 9136:Herbert A. Simon 9104: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9052: 9051: 8986: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8811: 8796: 8785: 8770: 8764:Michael Houghton 8751: 8741:Gregg L. Semenza 8735: 8729:James P. Allison 8723: 8721:Michael W. Young 8707: 8705:Yoshinori Ohsumi 8699: 8683: 8667: 8665:Thomas C. Südhof 8651: 8639: 8618: 8610: 8604:Carol W. Greider 8594: 8578: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8526: 8514: 8498: 8471: 8455: 8447: 8431: 8423: 8417:Peter C. Doherty 8411: 8395: 8389:Alfred G. Gilman 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8333:Harold E. Varmus 8323: 8307: 8299: 8287: 8275: 8259: 8251: 8235: 8219: 8209:Baruj Benacerraf 8203: 8191: 8175: 8159: 8136: 8120: 8104: 8088: 8076: 8068: 8052: 8036: 8026:Robert W. Holley 8020: 8004: 7992: 7976: 7964: 7948: 7932: 7930:Georg von Békésy 7924: 7912: 7900: 7898:Joshua Lederberg 7884: 7876: 7870:Werner Forssmann 7860: 7852: 7836: 7824: 7816: 7797: 7781: 7769: 7761: 7759:Bernardo Houssay 7745: 7737: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7640: 7632: 7616: 7608: 7596: 7588: 7586:Karl Landsteiner 7580: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7550:Johannes Fibiger 7533: 7532: 7526: 7524:Willem Einthoven 7518: 7506: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7411: 7403: 7395: 7389:Élie Metchnikoff 7383: 7381:Alphonse Laveran 7375: 7363: 7355: 7347: 7339: 7331: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7278: 7257:Igor Shafarevich 7197:Walter Plowright 7153:Robert Langlands 6990: 6983: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6933:Esther Lederberg 6877: 6847: 6832: 6757: 6745: 6734: 6713: 6684: 6664: 6643: 6301:Collins, Francis 6283:Collins, Francis 6270:Heraclitean Fire 6238: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6019: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5963:. 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Modern Library 4171: 4165: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4089: 4080: 4079: 4060:10.1038/171740a0 4037: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4002:10.1038/171738a0 3979: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3787: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3727: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3630:11 December 1962 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3544:10.1038/171737a0 3521: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3385:. Archived from 3375: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350:. Archived from 3340: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3313: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267:. Archived from 3261: 3255: 3254: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3203: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3137:(9): 1536–1542. 3122: 3116: 3115: 3097: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3020: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2868: 2857: 2845: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2802:The Code Breaker 2797:Isaacson, Walter 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2689:. Web of Stories 2682: 2676: 2675: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2543:"Watson retires" 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2473: 2466: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2402:. Archived from 2379: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2349:on March 4, 2016 2345:. Archived from 2334: 2325: 2324: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2179: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2129: 2124:. Archived from 2118:royalsociety.org 2109: 1584:Comments on race 1578:Lawrence Summers 1560:Harvard Magazine 1418: 1304:US Supreme Court 1238: 1237: 1229: 1217: 1216: 1187:The Double Helix 1179:The Double Helix 1065:Jeremy Bernstein 1061:Robert P. Crease 1037:The Double Helix 1031:The Double Helix 996:Robert P. Crease 986:and her student 599:County Tipperary 588: 560:The Double Helix 452: 352:Doctoral advisor 346: 190: 188: 110: 106: 104: 85: 71: 70: 21: 15199: 15198: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15189: 15188: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14942: 14935: 14928: 14923:Andrei Sakharov 14921: 14916:Jackie Robinson 14914: 14907: 14900: 14893: 14886: 14879: 14872: 14865: 14858: 14851: 14840: 14833: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14798: 14787: 14782:Wright brothers 14780: 14773: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14671: 14666:Albert Einstein 14664: 14657: 14652:Tim Berners-Lee 14650: 14643: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14611: 14604: 14597: 14590: 14583: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14541: 14536:Amadeo Giannini 14534: 14527: 14520: 14513: 14506: 14499: 14492: 14481: 14474: 14469:Igor Stravinsky 14467: 14460: 14453: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14418: 14411: 14406:Aretha Franklin 14404: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14378:Charlie Chaplin 14376: 14369: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14343:Louis Armstrong 14341: 14330: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14304:Margaret Sanger 14302: 14295: 14288: 14281: 14274: 14267: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14197: 14190: 14179: 14171: 14141: 14136: 14118: 14099:Natural history 14040: 13978: 13972: 13928:Model organisms 13865: 13859: 13849: 13819: 13814: 13809:Jordan L. Meier 13797:Neal K. Devaraj 13779:Elizabeth Nolan 13695:Kevan M. Shokat 13689:Jennifer Doudna 13635:William DeGrado 13593:Gerald M. Rubin 13509:David F. Wilson 13449:Frederick Crane 13395:David M. Bonner 13377:Irving M. Klotz 13365:Sidney Colowick 13290: 13285: 13255: 13250: 13242: 13234: 13228:James Lighthill 13226: 13218: 13210: 13202: 13194: 13188:James D. Watson 13186: 13178: 13170: 13162: 13154: 13146: 13138: 13130: 13122: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13066: 13058: 13052:Dorothy Hodgkin 13050: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12970: 12962: 12954: 12946: 12938: 12930: 12924:Harold Jeffreys 12922: 12914: 12906: 12898: 12890: 12882: 12876:E. T. Whittaker 12874: 12866: 12858: 12850: 12842: 12836: 12806: 12793: 12781:Sean C. Solomon 12743: 12695:Daniel Kleppner 12687:Lonnie Thompson 12682:Ralph A. Alpher 12648:W. Jason Morgan 12635:Charles Keeling 12625:Marvin L. Cohen 12592: 12575:John N. Bahcall 12570:Don L. Anderson 12536:Peter Goldreich 12489:Steven Weinberg 12441: 12371:Walter Elsasser 12348:Herman Feshbach 12262: 12200:Samuel Goudsmit 12192:Chien-Shiung Wu 12131:Frederick Seitz 12098:John A. Wheeler 12083:Robert H. Dicke 12068: 11931:Luis W. Alvarez 11912: 11893: 11881:David Blackwell 11835: 11786:Carl R. de Boor 11757:Karen Uhlenbeck 11737: 11691:Louis Nirenberg 11626: 11599:Ralph E. Gomory 11537: 11533:Donald E. Knuth 11520:Hassler Whitney 11458: 11382: 11363: 11328: 11260:Andreas Acrivos 11237: 11225:Eli Ruckenstein 11204:Hermann A. Haus 11175:Calvin F. Quate 11162:Luna B. Leopold 11129: 11020: 11006:Robert N. Noyce 10996:Emmett N. Leith 10955:Manson Benedict 10937:Rudolf Kompfner 10901: 10855:Warren K. Lewis 10792: 10773: 10707: 10669:Peter B. Dervan 10640:John I. Brauman 10599: 10551:Norman Davidson 10478:John D. Roberts 10453: 10421:Konrad E. Bloch 10367:Richard N. Zare 10329: 10306: 10287: 10244:Sallie Chisholm 10226:Rudolf Jaenisch 10206: 10189:J. Craig Venter 10148:Rita R. Colwell 10015: 10001:David Baltimore 9892:Robert W. Kates 9864:David G. Nathan 9859:Edward B. Lewis 9829: 9825:Harland G. Wood 9820:Roger W. Sperry 9675:Glenn W. Burton 9647: 9623:Arthur Kornberg 9590:Roger Guillemin 9567:Hallowell Davis 9531:Daniel I. Arnon 9523:Albert B. Sabin 9503: 9476:Detlev W. Bronk 9448:Harry F. Harlow 9443:Kenneth S. Cole 9430:William C. Rose 9402:Francis P. Rous 9362: 9343: 9308: 9288:Gordon H. Bower 9249: 9245:Robert M. Solow 9161: 9157:Milton Friedman 9121: 9098: 9087: 9079: 9049: 9044: 8982: 8974: 8969:Maurice Wilkins 8965:(United States) 8963:James D. Watson 8959:(Great Britain) 8943: 8924: 8921:(United States) 8905: 8902:(United States) 8881: 8878:(Great Britain) 8872:(Great Britain) 8856: 8849: 8819: 8814: 8799: 8788: 8773: 8768:Charles M. Rice 8760:Harvey J. Alter 8754: 8738: 8726: 8717:Michael Rosbash 8713:Jeffrey C. Hall 8710: 8702: 8686: 8677:May-Britt Moser 8670: 8654: 8649:Shinya Yamanaka 8642: 8621: 8613: 8608:Jack W. Szostak 8597: 8581: 8576:Oliver Smithies 8565: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8524:Peter Mansfield 8517: 8512:John E. Sulston 8501: 8485: 8474: 8458: 8450: 8434: 8426: 8414: 8401:Edward B. Lewis 8398: 8386: 8374: 8362: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8310: 8305:Susumu Tonegawa 8302: 8290: 8278: 8262: 8254: 8238: 8222: 8206: 8194: 8178: 8165:Roger Guillemin 8162: 8157:Daniel Gajdusek 8153:Baruch Blumberg 8150: 8139: 8130:Renato Dulbecco 8126:David Baltimore 8123: 8107: 8094:Karl von Frisch 8091: 8079: 8071: 8055: 8039: 8023: 8014:Haldan Hartline 8007: 7995: 7979: 7967: 7951: 7946:Maurice Wilkins 7935: 7927: 7915: 7910:Arthur Kornberg 7903: 7887: 7879: 7863: 7855: 7839: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7800: 7784: 7772: 7764: 7748: 7740: 7724: 7715:Joseph Erlanger 7712: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7643: 7635: 7619: 7611: 7599: 7591: 7583: 7571: 7566:Charles Nicolle 7563: 7555: 7547: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7422: 7414: 7409:Albrecht Kossel 7406: 7398: 7386: 7378: 7366: 7358: 7350: 7342: 7334: 7326: 7315: 7306: 7276: 7271: 7267:Steven Weinberg 7240: 7192:Edward Roy Pike 7054:Ian Butterworth 7007: 6994: 6895:Wayback Machine 6851:James D. Watson 6790:DNA Interactive 6764: 6754: 6731: 6702: 6681: 6661: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6594:By James Watson 6591: 6590: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6247: 6245:Further reading 6242: 6241: 6227: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6189: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6143:Wayback Machine 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6008:O'Dowd, Niall. 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5985:Wayback Machine 5976: 5972: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5919:Wayback Machine 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5864:Kitcher, Philip 5861: 5857: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5746:Wayback Machine 5737: 5733: 5725: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5683:on May 24, 2013 5675: 5674: 5670: 5658: 5654: 5641: 5637: 5632:Wayback Machine 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5578: 5574: 5568:The Independent 5561: 5557: 5545: 5541: 5520: 5516: 5502: 5500: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5451: 5447: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5389:The Independent 5381: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5346: 5342: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5308: 5301:The Independent 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5248:. p. 263. 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5157: 5153: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5129:Wayback Machine 5120: 5116: 5104:Steven Shapin, 5103: 5099: 5084: 5068: 5061: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4996: 4992: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4780: 4778: 4767: 4763: 4750: 4748: 4739:Financial Times 4731: 4727: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4624:Wayback Machine 4613: 4609: 4563: 4559: 4554:Wayback Machine 4544: 4540: 4536:, June 1, 2007. 4528: 4524: 4509: 4502: 4489: 4482: 4469: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4447:The Independent 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4297: 4293: 4278: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4239: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4157: 4153: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4035: 4029: 4025: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3930: 3926: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3827:. p. 140. 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798:. p. 136. 3788: 3784: 3767: 3763: 3728: 3719: 3678: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624:Watson, James. 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3571: 3567: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3462: 3458: 3413: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3231: 3227: 3172: 3168: 3131:Protein Science 3123: 3119: 3112: 3098: 3089: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2869: 2860: 2842: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2809:. p. 392. 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2746:"The Quiz Kids" 2744:Samuels, Rich. 2742: 2738: 2731: 2713: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2685:Watson, James. 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664:. p. 133. 2654: 2650: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2611: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2571: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2496: 2486: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2442:10.1038/511150a 2421: 2414: 2406: 2392: 2384:. p. 145. 2377: 2369: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2335: 2328: 2313: 2306: 2261: 2254: 2235:Capecchi, Mario 2232: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2188:People.embo.org 2180: 2171: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2110: 2099: 2094: 2044: 2039: 1997:Oliver R. Grace 1953: 1948: 1945:, Ireland, 2001 1812: 1807: 1735:Hastings Center 1715:EMBO Membership 1668: 1656: 1634: 1602:English Patient 1586: 1516: 1473: 1453:Ronald W. Davis 1429: 1421:Alisher Usmanov 1417:US$ 4.1 million 1416: 1395:type 2 diabetes 1381: 1338:The Independent 1334:Richard Dawkins 1321:Francis Collins 1300:Bernadine Healy 1276: 1235: 1220:External videos 1215: 1182: 1167:Recombinant DNA 1101: 988:Raymond Gosling 976: 922:Dorothy Hodgkin 845: 790:Maurice Wilkins 704: 699: 642:factor analysis 630:Robert Hutchins 577: 490:Maurice Wilkins 434: 411:Ronald W. Davis 394: 344: 328: 315: 303: 296: 259: 242:EMBO Membership 192: 189: 1968) 184: 180: 179:Elizabeth Lewis 169: 148: 122:Alma mater 117: 111: 108: 102: 100: 99: 98: 88: 76: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 18:James D. Watson 15: 12: 11: 5: 15197: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14898: 14891: 14888:Marilyn Monroe 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14860:Kennedy family 14856: 14849: 14846:Tenzing Norgay 14842:Edmund Hillary 14838: 14831: 14824: 14817: 14810: 14803: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14690: 14683: 14676: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14648: 14640: 14638: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14609: 14602: 14595: 14592:Walter Reuther 14588: 14581: 14574: 14571:Louis B. Mayer 14567: 14560: 14557:William Levitt 14553: 14546: 14539: 14532: 14525: 14518: 14511: 14508:Willis Carrier 14504: 14497: 14489: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14472: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14430: 14423: 14416: 14409: 14402: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14374: 14367: 14360: 14353: 14346: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14307: 14300: 14293: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14265: 14262:Nelson Mandela 14258: 14255:Vladimir Lenin 14251: 14244: 14237: 14230: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14206:Mahatma Gandhi 14202: 14195: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14170: 14169: 14162: 14155: 14147: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13982: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13869: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13848: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13825: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13806: 13800: 13794: 13788: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13749:Nathanael Gray 13746: 13740: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13677:Chaitan Khosla 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13653:Jeremy M. Berg 13650: 13644: 13638: 13632: 13626: 13620: 13617:Michael M. Cox 13614: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13539:Joan A. Steitz 13536: 13530: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13455:Jerard Hurwitz 13452: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13431:Lester J. Reed 13428: 13422: 13416: 13410: 13404: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13356: 13353:Max A. Lauffer 13350: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13326: 13320: 13314: 13308: 13302: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13284: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13261: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13244:Alan Battersby 13240: 13232: 13224: 13216: 13208: 13200: 13192: 13184: 13176: 13172:Sydney Brenner 13168: 13160: 13156:César Milstein 13152: 13148:Michael Atiyah 13144: 13136: 13132:Rudolf Peierls 13128: 13120: 13112: 13104: 13100:John Cornforth 13096: 13088: 13080: 13072: 13064: 13056: 13048: 13040: 13036:W. V. D. Hodge 13032: 13024: 13016: 13008: 13000: 12992: 12984: 12976: 12972:Lawrence Bragg 12968: 12960: 12956:Sydney Chapman 12952: 12944: 12936: 12928: 12920: 12912: 12904: 12896: 12888: 12880: 12872: 12868:Albert Kluyver 12864: 12856: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12835: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12812: 12803: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12783: 12778: 12776:Burton Richter 12773: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12729:Yakir Aharonov 12726: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12697: 12692: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12676: 12671: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12643:Richard Garwin 12640: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12607:Willis E. Lamb 12604: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12546: 12541: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12499: 12494: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12366:Philip Abelson 12363: 12360: 12358:Chen-Ning Yang 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12332: 12327: 12325:Bruno B. Rossi 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12282:Yoichiro Nambu 12279: 12274: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12093:John C. Slater 12090: 12085: 12080: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11980:Jacob Bjerknes 11977: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11933: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11914: 11913: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11812: 11807: 11804: 11799: 11796: 11791: 11788: 11783: 11780: 11778:James G. Glimm 11775: 11772: 11770:Elias M. Stein 11767: 11762: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11717: 11714: 11712:Shing-Tung Yau 11709: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11693: 11688: 11685: 11680: 11677: 11672: 11669: 11664: 11661: 11656: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11580: 11578:Antoni Zygmund 11575: 11570: 11567: 11565:Isadore Singer 11562: 11557: 11554: 11549: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11528:Joseph L. Doob 11525: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11509: 11507:George Dantzig 11504: 11499: 11497:John W. Backus 11494: 11491: 11486: 11483: 11478: 11475: 11473:Richard Brauer 11470: 11466: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11454:William Feller 11451: 11448: 11443: 11440: 11435: 11432: 11427: 11424: 11419: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11403: 11401:Norbert Wiener 11398: 11394: 11392: 11384: 11383: 11373: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11359:Thomas Kailath 11356: 11353: 11348: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11318: 11313: 11310: 11305: 11302: 11297: 11294: 11289: 11286: 11281: 11278: 11273: 11270: 11265: 11262: 11257: 11254: 11249: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11227: 11222: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11206: 11201: 11198: 11193: 11190: 11185: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11096: 11091: 11089:H. Bolton Seed 11086: 11081: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11042: 11040:Donald L. Katz 11037: 11032: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11013: 11011:Earl R. Parker 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10918: 10913: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10865: 10860: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10845:Hugh L. Dryden 10842: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10813: 10808: 10804: 10802: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10763: 10758: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10729: 10727:Peter J. Stang 10724: 10719: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10705: 10703:Marye Anne Fox 10700: 10695: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10679: 10674: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10658: 10656:Tobin J. Marks 10653: 10650: 10645: 10642: 10637: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10585:Stuart A. Rice 10582: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10553: 10548: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10532: 10527: 10524: 10519: 10517:Donald J. Cram 10514: 10511: 10506: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10486:Ronald Breslow 10483: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10459: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10428: 10426:Elias J. Corey 10423: 10418: 10413: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10392: 10387: 10385:Carl S. Marvel 10382: 10377: 10372: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10357:Roald Hoffmann 10354: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10273:Stanley Falkow 10270: 10267: 10265:Rakesh K. Jain 10262: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10068:Gene E. Likens 10065: 10060: 10055: 10053:George F. Bass 10050: 10045: 10042: 10037: 10035:Peter H. Raven 10032: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9969: 9964: 9961: 9959:Alexander Rich 9956: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9940: 9935: 9933:Daniel Nathans 9930: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9914: 9909: 9907:Folke K. Skoog 9904: 9899: 9897:Salvador Luria 9894: 9889: 9887:Elvin A. Kabat 9884: 9879: 9874: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9800:Katherine Esau 9797: 9794: 9789: 9787:Eric R. Kandel 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9733: 9731:Joan A. Steitz 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9705: 9703:Berta Scharrer 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9670:Seymour Benzer 9667: 9664: 9662:Philip Handler 9659: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9549:Erwin Chargaff 9546: 9544:Britton Chance 9541: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9494:Robert Huebner 9491: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9381:C. B. van Niel 9378: 9374: 9372: 9364: 9363: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9339:Albert Bandura 9336: 9333: 9331:Robert Axelrod 9328: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9298: 9293: 9290: 9285: 9282: 9277: 9274: 9272:R. Duncan Luce 9269: 9266: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9239: 9234: 9231: 9226: 9223: 9221:Paul Samuelson 9218: 9215: 9210: 9207: 9202: 9199: 9194: 9191: 9186: 9183: 9181:Patrick Suppes 9178: 9176:Leonid Hurwicz 9173: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9100: 9099: 9089: 9088: 9078: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8940:(Soviet Union) 8934: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8900:John Steinbeck 8896: 8894: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8873: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8848: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8805:Katalin Karikó 8797: 8786: 8771: 8752: 8736: 8724: 8708: 8700: 8684: 8668: 8661:Randy Schekman 8652: 8640: 8619: 8611: 8595: 8588:Luc Montagnier 8579: 8568:Mario Capecchi 8563: 8551: 8544:Barry Marshall 8539: 8527: 8520:Paul Lauterbur 8515: 8504:Sydney Brenner 8499: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8465:Paul Greengard 8461:Arvid Carlsson 8456: 8448: 8432: 8424: 8412: 8396: 8393:Martin Rodbell 8384: 8372: 8369:Edwin G. Krebs 8365:Edmond Fischer 8360: 8348: 8336: 8324: 8313:James W. Black 8308: 8300: 8288: 8276: 8273:César Milstein 8269:Georges Köhler 8260: 8252: 8241:Sune Bergström 8236: 8233:Torsten Wiesel 8229:David H. Hubel 8220: 8204: 8192: 8185:Daniel Nathans 8176: 8169:Andrew Schally 8160: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8121: 8105: 8089: 8082:Gerald Edelman 8077: 8069: 8066:Julius Axelrod 8053: 8050:Salvador Luria 8046:Alfred Hershey 8037: 8021: 8005: 7993: 7982:François Jacob 7977: 7965: 7949: 7933: 7925: 7913: 7901: 7885: 7877: 7866:André Cournand 7861: 7853: 7837: 7825: 7822:Selman Waksman 7817: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7787:Edward Kendall 7782: 7770: 7762: 7746: 7743:Hermann Muller 7738: 7722: 7719:Herbert Gasser 7710: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7674:Gerhard Domagk 7669: 7661: 7653: 7641: 7633: 7630:William Murphy 7622:George Whipple 7617: 7609: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7507: 7500:Archibald Hill 7495: 7488: 7480: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7436: 7433:Charles Richet 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7384: 7376: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7252:Britton Chance 7248: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7159:Simon Maddrell 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7133:Kenneth Holmes 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7070:Robert Clayton 7067: 7065:Malcolm Clarke 7062: 7060:Brandon Carter 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7036:Peter Bradshaw 7033: 7028: 7023: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7008: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6949: 6943: 6929: 6920: 6911: 6898: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6848: 6833: 6819: 6808: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6777: 6771: 6763: 6762:External links 6760: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6735: 6729: 6714: 6700: 6685: 6679: 6666: 6659: 6644: 6631: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6533: 6518: 6507: 6489: 6488:, August 2009. 6478: 6465: 6447: 6432: 6417: 6402: 6387: 6372: 6357: 6348:October 2010, 6342: 6331: 6316: 6298: 6280: 6273: 6263: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6209: 6183: 6169: 6147: 6128: 6098: 6087:. May 31, 2016 6072: 6059: 6046: 6020: 6001: 5989: 5970: 5948: 5923: 5903: 5873: 5855: 5836: 5802: 5772: 5750: 5731: 5716: 5694: 5668: 5652: 5635: 5615: 5589: 5579:van Marsh, A. 5572: 5562:Watson, J. D. 5555: 5539: 5514: 5493:02138 Magazine 5475: 5462: 5445: 5429: 5402: 5375: 5356: 5340: 5306: 5287: 5261: 5254: 5232: 5200: 5151: 5133: 5114: 5097: 5082: 5059: 5038: 5016: 4990: 4961: 4930: 4899: 4873: 4851: 4830: 4805: 4791: 4761: 4725: 4676: 4650: 4639: 4628: 4607: 4557: 4538: 4534:New York Times 4522: 4500: 4480: 4460: 4433: 4420: 4396: 4375: 4349: 4318: 4291: 4276: 4258: 4251: 4233: 4214: 4188: 4166: 4151: 4136: 4123: 4110: 4081: 4023: 3965: 3924: 3872: 3865: 3859:. p. 79. 3840: 3833: 3811: 3804: 3782: 3761: 3717: 3669: 3643: 3616: 3604:New York Times 3590: 3583: 3565: 3504: 3456: 3400: 3365: 3335: 3282: 3256: 3249: 3225: 3186:(8): 507–513. 3166: 3117: 3110: 3087: 3058:(6): 697–718. 3038: 3031: 3002: 2992: 2972: 2945: 2939:978-0375415463 2938: 2918: 2892: 2885: 2858: 2840: 2822: 2815: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2729: 2700: 2677: 2670: 2648: 2624: 2609: 2591: 2560: 2533: 2494: 2456: 2412: 2390: 2380:. Heidelberg: 2360: 2343:nobelprize.org 2326: 2304: 2275:(5): 708–709. 2252: 2223: 2206:"Copley Medal" 2197: 2190:. Heidelberg: 2169: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1667: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1633: 1630: 1585: 1582: 1515: 1510: 1472: 1469: 1463:(postdoc) and 1441:Peter B. Moore 1433:Mario Capecchi 1428: 1425: 1380: 1377: 1282:Watson in 1992 1275: 1272: 1261:Bruce Stillman 1247: 1246: 1231: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1192:Modern Library 1181: 1175: 1100: 1097: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 975: 972: 953:Nobel Monument 914:Sydney Brenner 907:News Chronicle 902:Ritchie Calder 898:Guy's Hospital 844: 841: 782:Herman Kalckar 728:bacteriophages 708:Salvador Luria 703: 700: 698: 695: 691:Salvador Luria 651:After reading 576: 573: 521:Herman Kalckar 454: 453: 445: 444: 440: 439: 436: 435: 433: 432: 426: 420: 414: 408: 402: 400: 396: 395: 393: 392: 387: 382: 380:Peter B. Moore 377: 372: 370:Mario Capecchi 366: 364: 360: 359: 357:Salvador Luria 354: 348: 347: 336: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 309: 304: 299: 297: 292: 290: 284: 282: 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 261: 260: 258: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 227: 221: 215: 208: 206: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 182: 178: 177: 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 162: 156: 154: 153:Known for 150: 149: 147: 146: 136: 125: 123: 119: 118: 112: 96: 94: 90: 89: 87:Watson in 2012 86: 78: 77: 74: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15196: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15129:Phage workers 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14969:Living people 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14938: 14934: 14931: 14930:Mother Teresa 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14910: 14906: 14903: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14801: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14764:Francis Crick 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14729:Leakey family 14726: 14723: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14698: 14695: 14694:Sigmund Freud 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14677: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14659:Rachel Carson 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14645:Leo Baekeland 14642: 14641: 14639: 14635: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14606:David Sarnoff 14603: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14564:Lucky Luciano 14561: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14519: 14516: 14512: 14509: 14505: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14477: 14476:Oprah Winfrey 14473: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14459: 14456: 14455:Frank Sinatra 14452: 14449: 14445: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14434:Pablo Picasso 14431: 14428: 14424: 14421: 14417: 14414: 14413:Martha Graham 14410: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14389: 14386: 14382: 14379: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14364:Marlon Brando 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14287: 14284: 14280: 14277: 14276:Ronald Reagan 14273: 14270: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14256: 14252: 14249: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14176: 14168: 14163: 14161: 14156: 14154: 14149: 14148: 14145: 14133: 14125: 14124: 14121: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14047: 14043: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13975: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13888:Biotechnology 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13862: 13857: 13853: 13846: 13841: 13839: 13834: 13832: 13827: 13826: 13823: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13743:Alice Y. Ting 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13683:Xiaodong Wang 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13504: 13503:Lubert Stryer 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13453: 13450: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13438: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13423: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13387: 13384: 13383:William Shive 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13359:John D. Ferry 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13311:Abraham White 13309: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13282: 13277: 13275: 13270: 13268: 13263: 13262: 13259: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13212:Alan Cottrell 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13180:George Porter 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13044:Francis Crick 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13028:Andrew Huxley 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12996:Peter Medawar 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12900:Howard Florey 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12884:Ronald Fisher 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12840: 12833: 12828: 12826: 12821: 12819: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12721:James E. Gunn 12719: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12653:Edward Witten 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12471:Roger Revelle 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12437:Henry Stommel 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12427:Eugene Parker 12425: 12423: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12287:Edward Teller 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12253:Lyman Spitzer 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12172:Hans A. Bethe 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12116:Maurice Ewing 12114: 12112: 12111:Carl Djerassi 12109: 12106: 12104: 12103:Saul Winstein 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12051:Eugene Wigner 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12036:Paul Bartlett 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12023:Louis Hammett 12021: 12019: 12018:Gregory Breit 12016: 12014: 12013:Francis Birch 12011: 12009: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11972:William Rubey 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11908: 11904: 11890: 11889:Michael Artin 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11802:Bradley Efron 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11728:Felix Browder 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11704:Stephen Smale 11702: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11651:John McCarthy 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11612:Samuel Karlin 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11461: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11422:Oscar Zariski 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11374: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11196:Ray W. Clough 11194: 11191: 11189: 11188:Alfred Y. Cho 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11058:John G. Trump 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10871:Edwin H. Land 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819:Vannevar Bush 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10784: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10735:Allen J. Bard 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10690:JoAnne Stubbe 10688: 10686: 10685:Joanna Fowler 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10595:Susan Solomon 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10439:Melvin Calvin 10437: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10380:Yuan Tseh Lee 10378: 10376: 10375:Harry B. Gray 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10349:Gilbert Stork 10347: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10298: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257:Bruce Alberts 10255: 10253: 10252:May Berenbaum 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10158:Lubert Stryer 10156: 10154: 10153:Nina Fedoroff 10151: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10135:Anthony Fauci 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10078:Harold Varmus 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10011:Lynn Margulis 10009: 10007: 10006:Jared Diamond 10004: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9946:Thomas Eisner 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9920:Maxine Singer 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9902:Paul A. Marks 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:Stanley Cohen 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9600:Efraim Racker 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9554:James V. Neel 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9466:Horace Barker 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Sewall Wright 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Anne Treisman 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9280:Kenneth Arrow 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Anne Anastasi 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9069: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8957:Francis Crick 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8919:Linus Pauling 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8834: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8810: 8809:Drew Weissman 8806: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8706: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8693:Satoshi Ōmura 8690: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8657:James Rothman 8653: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624:Bruce Beutler 8620: 8617: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8537: 8536:Linda B. Buck 8533: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8453:Günter Blobel 8449: 8446: 8442: 8441:Louis Ignarro 8438: 8433: 8430: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8382: 8381:Phillip Sharp 8378: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8341:Joseph Murray 8337: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8306: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8293:Stanley Cohen 8289: 8286: 8282: 8281:Michael Brown 8277: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8258: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8197:Allan Cormack 8193: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8174: 8173:Rosalyn Yalow 8170: 8166: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8119: 8118:George Palade 8115: 8111: 8110:Albert Claude 8106: 8103: 8099: 8098:Konrad Lorenz 8095: 8090: 8087: 8086:Rodney Porter 8083: 8078: 8075: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8062:Ulf von Euler 8059: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8010:Ragnar Granit 8006: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7991: 7990:Jacques Monod 7987: 7983: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7962:Andrew Huxley 7959: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7938:Francis Crick 7934: 7931: 7926: 7923: 7922:Peter Medawar 7919: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890:George Beadle 7886: 7883: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7859: 7858:Hugo Theorell 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846:Thomas Weller 7843: 7838: 7835: 7834:Fritz Lipmann 7831: 7826: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7744: 7739: 7736: 7735:Howard Florey 7732: 7728: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7675: 7670: 7667: 7662: 7659: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7615: 7614:Thomas Morgan 7610: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7595: 7590: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7562: 7559: 7554: 7551: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7528: 7525: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7504:Otto Meyerhof 7501: 7496: 7489: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7442: 7441:Róbert Bárány 7437: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7425:Alexis Carrel 7421: 7418: 7413: 7410: 7405: 7402: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7369:Camillo Golgi 7365: 7362: 7357: 7354: 7349: 7346: 7341: 7338: 7333: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7236:David Wheeler 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:John Phillips 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Michael Horne 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 7001:Royal Society 6998: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6730:0-375-41546-7 6726: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6701:0-375-41283-2 6697: 6693: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6680:0-8053-4635-X 6676: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6660:0-393-95075-1 6656: 6652: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6548:0-19-860665-6 6545: 6541: 6537: 6534: 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3983: 3976: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938:Physics Today 3935: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3866:1-4020-0131-2 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3834:0-8160-5461-4 3830: 3826: 3825:Chelsea House 3822: 3815: 3807: 3805:0-8160-5461-4 3801: 3797: 3796:Chelsea House 3793: 3786: 3779: 3778:0-87969-478-5 3775: 3771: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736:Physics World 3733: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3250:0-671-22540-5 3246: 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July 2003. 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337:Anon (1993). 2333: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2317:The Scientist 2311: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182:Anon (1985). 2178: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2122:Royal Society 2119: 2115: 2112:Anon (1981). 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076:Nobel disease 2074: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025:Royal Society 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759:Liberty Medal 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700:Royal Society 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1660:schizophrenia 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1632:Personal life 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484:Leonor Beleza 1480: 1478: 1477:Chang Yi Wang 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1245: 1241: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043:Brenda Maddox 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:collected by 981: 971: 969: 964: 963: 954: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 909: 908: 903: 899: 895: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 854: 849: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Linus Pauling 793: 791: 785: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 750: 748: 743: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659: 658:What Is Life? 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 625: 620: 616: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 582: 572: 570: 566: 562: 561: 556: 551: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 533:Francis Crick 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 498:nucleic acids 495: 491: 487: 484: 480: 476: 475:Francis Crick 472: 468: 464: 460: 451: 446: 441: 437: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 401: 397: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 365: 361: 358: 355: 353: 349: 342: 341: 337: 335: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 314: 310: 308: 305: 302: 298: 295: 291: 289: 286: 285: 283: 279: 276: 273: 269: 266: 262: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 176: 172: 166: 163: 161: 160:DNA structure 158: 157: 155: 151: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 115: 109:(age 96) 107:April 6, 1928 95: 91: 84: 79: 72: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 14959:James Watson 14853:Helen Keller 14828:Billy Graham 14800:Muhammad Ali 14768:James Watson 14767: 14715:Edwin Hubble 14680:Enrico Fermi 14599:Pete Rozelle 14550:Estée Lauder 14448:Bart Simpson 14385:Le Corbusier 14350:Lucille Ball 14220:Adolf Hitler 14174: 13943:Paleontology 13883:Biochemistry 13725:Anna K. Mapp 13671:John Kuriyan 13647:Peter S. Kim 13611:Peter Walter 13581:Richard Axel 13533:Mark Ptashne 13443:James Watson 13442: 13407:Harvey Itano 13323:Eric G. Ball 13204:Frank Fenner 13187: 13084:Derek Barton 13012:Norman Pirie 12980:Bernard Katz 12964:Alan Hodgkin 12852:David Keilin 12763:Sandra Faber 12758:Sidney Drell 12588:Leo Kadanoff 12583:James Cronin 12531:Hans Dehmelt 12466:Robert Pound 12432:Robert Sharp 12248:John Sinfelt 12215:Verner Suomi 12182:Lewis Sarett 12046:Lars Onsager 11990:Henry Eyring 11957:John Bardeen 11699:Richard Karp 11667:Allen Newell 11446:Jerzy Neyman 11071:Tung-Yen Lin 11048:Bill Hewlett 10978:Morris Cohen 10572:John W. Cahn 10473:Karl Folkers 10234:Lucy Shapiro 10184:Elaine Fuchs 10063:Ann Graybiel 9993:Janet Rowley 9975:James Watson 9974: 9967:Ruth Patrick 9810:Philip Leder 9680:Mildred Cohn 9628:Severo Ochoa 9605:E. O. Wilson 9014: 8962: 8876:John Kendrew 8794:Svante Pääbo 8779:David Julius 8733:Tasuku Honjo 8681:Edvard Moser 8673:John O'Keefe 8636:posthumously 8635: 8572:Martin Evans 8548:Robin Warren 8532:Richard Axel 8479:2001–present 8357:Bert Sakmann 8225:Roger Sperry 8217:George Snell 8213:Jean Dausset 8181:Werner Arber 8134:Howard Temin 8058:Bernard Katz 8042:Max Delbrück 7998:Francis Rous 7974:Feodor Lynen 7970:Konrad Bloch 7958:Alan Hodgkin 7942:James Watson 7941: 7918:Frank Burnet 7906:Severo Ochoa 7894:Edward Tatum 7882:Daniel Bovet 7795:Philip Hench 7707:Edward Doisy 7638:Hans Spemann 7626:George Minot 7606:Edgar Adrian 7594:Otto Warburg 7516:John Macleod 7485:August Krogh 7477:Jules Bordet 7393:Paul Ehrlich 7345:Niels Finsen 7329:Emil Behring 7262:James Watson 7261: 7220:Edward Reich 7218: 7211: 7174: 7165:Ian McGregor 7157: 7148:Yuet Wai Kan 7112:Norman Green 7110: 7103: 7098:Ned Franklin 7096: 7092:Frank Farmer 7087:Dennis Evans 7079: 7052: 7040: 7026:Eric Barnard 7018: 6923: 6914: 6910:. 2002-06-02 6907: 6901: 6870:James Watson 6854: 6836:James Watson 6822:James Watson 6816:Charlie Rose 6815: 6811:James Watson 6741: 6719: 6690: 6670: 6649: 6639: 6636: 6615: 6593: 6572:James Watson 6571: 6553: 6539: 6517:, 1975/2000. 6495: 6474: 6471: 6453: 6435: 6420: 6405: 6390: 6375: 6360: 6319: 6307:Free Press. 6304: 6286: 6276: 6269: 6266:Chargaff, E. 6251: 6233: 6226:. 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Wilson 1558: 1555:Steve Shapin 1550: 1548: 1532:Craig Venter 1529: 1512: 1495: 1492: 1481: 1474: 1430: 1405: 1399: 1384: 1382: 1362: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1314: 1307: 1285: 1265: 1257: 1250: 1206: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1143: 1140: 1136:biochemistry 1109: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1069:Matthew Cobb 1059: 1054: 1046: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1009: 1005:antiparallel 977: 967: 960: 958: 926:Leslie Orgel 912: 905: 891: 860:double helix 857: 825:John Kendrew 794: 786: 775: 751: 739: 732:Max Delbrück 722:that infect 705: 674: 656: 650: 622: 612: 607:Episcopalian 578: 558: 554: 552: 541: 511:, 1947) and 502: 458: 457: 338: 281:Institutions 264: 248:Copley Medal 75:James Watson 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 14964:1928 births 14881:Harvey Milk 14835:Che Guevara 14757:Alan Turing 14736:Jean Piaget 14613:Juan Trippe 14585:Akio Morita 14515:Walt Disney 14501:Leo Burnett 14427:James Joyce 14399:T. S. Eliot 14371:Coco Chanel 14357:The Beatles 14325:Lech Wałęsa 14227:Ho Chi Minh 14069:Ethnobotany 13958:RNA biology 13866:disciplines 13785:Howard Hang 13521:C. Fred Fox 13317:George Wald 13220:Hugh Huxley 13164:Abdus Salam 12948:Paul Fildes 12841:(1951–2000) 12716:Berni Alder 12523:Frank Press 12404:Walter Kohn 12381:George Pake 12315:Walter Munk 12238:Herman Mark 12220:Henry Taube 12008:Jesse Beams 11962:Peter Debye 11944:Harold Urey 11868:Barry Mazur 11430:John Milnor 11324:Amnon Yariv 11268:Leo Beranek 11094:Ernst Weber 10947:Abel Wolman 10538:Thomas Cech 10468:Elkan Blout 10408:Max Tishler 10325:Roger Adams 10283:Simon Levin 9749:Harry Eagle 9572:Paul Gyorgy 9264:Gary Becker 8853:Nobel Prize 8645:John Gurdon 8560:Craig Mello 8556:Andrew Fire 8469:Eric Kandel 8445:Ferid Murad 8353:Erwin Neher 8265:Niels Jerne 8030:Har Khorana 8018:George Wald 7986:André Lwoff 7954:John Eccles 7842:John Enders 7814:Max Theiler 7775:Walter Hess 7767:Paul Müller 7731:Ernst Chain 7401:Emil Kocher 7361:Robert Koch 7353:Ivan Pavlov 7337:Ronald Ross 7231:John Taylor 7226:Wal Sargent 7213:Colin Reese 7176:Mike O'Hara 7170:John Nelder 7075:John Conway 7042:David Brink 7020:John Barker 6802:Appearances 6786:2009-10-31) 6536:Wilkins, M. 6450:Robert Olby 6438:, Perseus. 6228:January 12, 6202:January 12, 5829:January 12, 5795:January 13, 5765:January 13, 5608:December 5, 5422:December 5, 5031:December 6, 5009:December 6, 4954:December 6, 4751:December 1, 4453:October 24, 4404:Pollack, R. 4311:December 5, 4207:October 10, 4181:December 6, 4103:December 6, 3662:December 6, 3636:December 5, 3304:: 311–332. 2965:December 5, 2693:December 5, 1743:(KBE), 2002 1467:(postdoc). 1459:(postdoc), 1449:Ewan Birney 1445:Joan Steitz 1437:Bob Horvitz 1177:Publishing 1150:Gerald Ford 1146:Vietnam War 1001:space group 918:Jack Dunitz 866:—mainly by 805:alpha helix 763:chromosomes 736:Phage Group 619:ornithology 593:, was from 406:Ewan Birney 390:Joan Steitz 375:Bob Horvitz 14953:Categories 14902:Rosa Parks 14821:Anne Frank 14743:Jonas Salk 14708:Kurt Gödel 14620:Sam Walton 14529:Bill Gates 14522:Henry Ford 14420:Jim Henson 14269:Mao Zedong 14011:Lamarckism 13918:Immunology 13773:Minkui Luo 13467:Bruce Ames 13140:Robin Hill 13124:Aaron Klug 13076:Max Perutz 12932:Hans Krebs 12860:Paul Dirac 12510:Vera Rubin 12149:Paul Flory 11810:Hyman Bass 11683:John Cocke 11586:Raoul Bott 11489:Kurt Gödel 11481:John Tukey 11438:Paul Cohen 11053:George Low 11016:Simon Ramo 10239:Leroy Hood 10040:Carl Woese 9988:Bruce Ames 9499:Ernst Mayr 8938:Lev Landau 8887:Literature 8870:Max Perutz 8496:Paul Nurse 7830:Hans Krebs 7755:Gerty Cori 7703:Henrik Dam 7650:Otto Loewi 7646:Henry Dale 7202:Ken Pounds 7081:Rex Dawson 7048:Fred Brown 6492:Ridley, M. 6346:CSHL Press 5896:October 4, 5244:. Oxford: 4823:August 21, 4470:Abate, T. 4342:August 31, 3477:: 74–143. 2491:required.) 2120:. 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London 2526:June 12, 2451:25013879 2299:21383073 2243:ProQuest 2237:(1967). 2156:cite web 2146:March 9, 2042:See also 1980:, member 1391:oxidants 1360:great." 1242:, 2012, 1128:taxonomy 884:proteins 759:proteins 749:(CSHL). 724:bacteria 663:genetics 603:Catholic 486:molecule 275:Genetics 197:Children 43:reviewed 14937:Bill W. 14045:Related 13913:Geology 13898:Ecology 13878:Anatomy 13864:Fields, 13767:Yi Tang 8930:Physics 7311:of the 7245:Foreign 7012:Fellows 7005:in 1981 6999:of the 6997:Fellows 6538:(2003) 6494:(2006) 6452:; 1974 6268:(1978) 5395:July 9, 5225:May 28, 5186:1127681 4976:Science 4913:Público 4580:Bibcode 4363:Esquire 4076:4268222 4048:Bibcode 4018:4280080 3990:Bibcode 3946:Bibcode 3897:Bibcode 3711:1083834 3696:: 181. 3560:4253007 3532:Bibcode 3429:Bibcode 3211:1063410 3188:Bibcode 3161:8401238 3152:2142464 2290:3051824 1717:in 1985 1698:of the 1594:melanin 1590:libidos 1290:at the 1120:ecology 962:Varsity 720:viruses 671:zoology 595:Glasgow 581:Chicago 481:of the 191: 183: 14844:& 14766:& 13893:Botany 13811:(2021) 13805:(2020) 13799:(2019) 13793:(2018) 13787:(2017) 13781:(2016) 13775:(2015) 13769:(2014) 13763:(2013) 13757:(2012) 13751:(2011) 13745:(2010) 13739:(2009) 13733:(2008) 13727:(2007) 13721:(2006) 13715:(2005) 13709:(2004) 13703:(2003) 13697:(2002) 13691:(2001) 13685:(2000) 13679:(1999) 13673:(1998) 13667:(1997) 13661:(1996) 13655:(1995) 13649:(1994) 13643:(1993) 13637:(1992) 13631:(1991) 13625:(1990) 13619:(1989) 13613:(1988) 13607:(1987) 13601:(1986) 13595:(1985) 13589:(1984) 13583:(1983) 13577:(1982) 13571:(1981) 13565:(1980) 13559:(1979) 13553:(1978) 13547:(1977) 13541:(1976) 13535:(1975) 13529:(1974) 13523:(1973) 13517:(1972) 13511:(1971) 13505:(1970) 13499:(1969) 13493:(1968) 13487:(1967) 13481:(1966) 13475:(1965) 13469:(1964) 13463:(1963) 13457:(1962) 13451:(1961) 13445:(1960) 13439:(1959) 13433:(1958) 13427:(1957) 13421:(1956) 13415:(1955) 13409:(1954) 13403:(1953) 13397:(1952) 13391:(1951) 13385:(1950) 13379:(1949) 13373:(1948) 13367:(1947) 13361:(1946) 13355:(1945) 13349:(1944) 13343:(1943) 13337:(1942) 13331:(1941) 13325:(1940) 13319:(1939) 13313:(1938) 13307:(1937) 13301:(1935) 13246:(2000) 13238:(1999) 13230:(1998) 13222:(1997) 13214:(1996) 13206:(1995) 13198:(1994) 13190:(1993) 13182:(1992) 13174:(1991) 13166:(1990) 13158:(1989) 13150:(1988) 13142:(1987) 13134:(1986) 13126:(1985) 13118:(1984) 13110:(1983) 13102:(1982) 13094:(1981) 13086:(1980) 13078:(1979) 13070:(1978) 13062:(1977) 13054:(1976) 13046:(1975) 13038:(1974) 13030:(1973) 13022:(1972) 13014:(1971) 13006:(1970) 12998:(1969) 12990:(1968) 12982:(1967) 12974:(1966) 12966:(1965) 12958:(1964) 12950:(1963) 12942:(1962) 12934:(1961) 12926:(1960) 12918:(1959) 12910:(1958) 12902:(1957) 12894:(1956) 12886:(1955) 12878:(1954) 12870:(1953) 12862:(1952) 12854:(1951) 8739:2019: 8727:2018: 8711:2017: 8703:2016: 8687:2015: 8671:2014: 8655:2013: 8643:2012: 8622:2011: 8614:2010: 8598:2009: 8582:2008: 8566:2007: 8554:2006: 8542:2005: 8530:2004: 8518:2003: 8502:2002: 8486:2001: 8459:2000: 8451:1999: 8435:1998: 8427:1997: 8415:1996: 8399:1995: 8387:1994: 8375:1993: 8363:1992: 8351:1991: 8339:1990: 8327:1989: 8311:1988: 8303:1987: 8291:1986: 8279:1985: 8263:1984: 8255:1983: 8239:1982: 8223:1981: 8207:1980: 8195:1979: 8179:1978: 8163:1977: 8151:1976: 8124:1975: 8108:1974: 8092:1973: 8080:1972: 8072:1971: 8056:1970: 8040:1969: 8024:1968: 8008:1967: 7996:1966: 7980:1965: 7968:1964: 7952:1963: 7936:1962: 7928:1961: 7916:1960: 7904:1959: 7888:1958: 7880:1957: 7864:1956: 7856:1955: 7840:1954: 7828:1953: 7820:1952: 7812:1951: 7785:1950: 7773:1949: 7765:1948: 7749:1947: 7741:1946: 7725:1945: 7713:1944: 7701:1943: 7672:1939: 7664:1938: 7656:1937: 7644:1936: 7636:1935: 7620:1934: 7612:1933: 7600:1932: 7592:1931: 7584:1930: 7572:1929: 7564:1928: 7556:1927: 7548:1926: 7522:1924: 7510:1923: 7498:1922: 7483:1920: 7475:1919: 7439:1914: 7431:1913: 7423:1912: 7415:1911: 7407:1910: 7399:1909: 7387:1908: 7379:1907: 7367:1906: 7359:1905: 7351:1904: 7343:1903: 7335:1902: 7327:1901: 6842: 6806:C-SPAN 6750: 6727: 6708: 6698: 6677: 6657: 6626: 6569:about 6546: 6528: 6513: 6502: 6484: 6472:Nature 6460: 6442: 6427: 6412: 6397: 6382: 6367: 6352: 6337: 6326: 6311: 6293: 6258: 5822: 5551:Nature 5252: 5193: 5183: 5090: 5080: 5053: 5004:Forbes 4718: 4710: 4690:Lancet 4600: 4572:Nature 4414: 4406:1994. 4284: 4274: 4249: 4074: 4066: 4040:Nature 4016: 4008: 3982:Nature 3917: 3889:Nature 3863: 3831: 3802: 3776: 3754: 3708: 3581: 3558: 3550: 3524:Nature 3497: 3491:769842 3489: 3449: 3421:Nature 3328: 3247: 3218: 3208: 3159: 3149: 3108: 3080: 3073:385941 3070: 3029: 2990: 2936: 2911: 2883: 2849:Nature 2838: 2813: 2727: 2668: 2617: 2607: 2449: 2429:Nature 2398: 2388: 2297: 2287: 2245: 1934:DrHC, 1804:, 1986 1797:, 1977 1791:(2005) 1785:, 1962 1779:, 1997 1767:, 1994 1761:, 2000 1730:, 2005 1723:, 2002 1711:, 1960 1702:, 1993 1692:(2001) 1686:, 1960 1617:Nature 1544:Celera 1306:; 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