Jagannath - Knowledge

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chieftain would leave the house every evening, and only return the following noon. At his urging, Lalita revealed to him that these were her father's visits to the shrine of Nilamadhava, whose location was held secret within the community. Vidyapati persuaded his wife to ask Vishvavasu to take him along to see the image of the deity. The chieftain agreed to take Vidyapati with him, but on the condition that he be blindfolded during the journey so that the shrine's location remained undisclosed. Lalita helped her husband devise a plan: Vidyapati brought a bag of mustard seeds with him, scattering them all along the path to the shrine present in a cave, bearing witness to the deep blue image of Nilamadhava. Returning to Avanti, he reported his discovery of the shrine to Indradyumna. After a few months, following the mustards seeds that had since germinated into plants, the king and his retinue travelled to the shrine, unable to locate the image. After praying to Vishnu for three days and nights, they heard the deity's voice thunder from the heavens, rebuking them for their scheme and informing them of his omnipresence. He announced that he would manifest as a

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unfinished; the images were without hands and feet. The king was very perturbed by this development and appealed to Brahma for help. Brahma promised the King that the images which were carved would be deified as carved and would become famous. Following this promise, Indradyumna organized a function to formally deify the images and invited all gods to be present for the occasion. Brahma presided over the religions function as the chief priest and brought life (soul) to the image and fixed (opened) its eyes. This resulted in the images becoming famous and worshipped at Jagannath Puri in the well-known Jagannath Temple as a Kshetra (pilgrimage centre). It is, however, believed that the original images are in a pond near the temple.

3691: 2841: 3682: 3395: 1370: 9959: 1983: 3764: 3721:(Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha. Jagannath temple is a pancharatha with well-developed pagas. 'Gajasimhas' (elephant lions) carved in recesses of the pagas, the 'Jhampasimhas' (Jumping lions) are also placed properly. The perfect pancharatha temple developed into a Nagara-rekha temple with unique Oriya style of subdivisions like the Pada, Kumbha, Pata, Kani and Vasanta. The Vimana or the apsidal structure consists of several sections superimposed one over other, tapering to the top where the 3407: 2425: 1959: 3225: 1875: 9379: 3439:, or the "worship of false god". Between 1856 and 1863, the British government accepted the missionary demand and handed over the Jagannath temples to the Hindus. According to Cassels and Mukherjee, the British rule documents suggest that the handing over was more motivated by the growing Hindu agitation against the Pilgrim Tax that they considered as discriminatory targeting based on religion, and rising corruption among the British officials and their Indian assistants, in the handling of collected tax. 3216: 3367:

missionaries who followed Buchanan in India for most of the 19th century. According to William Gribbin and other scholars, Buchanan's Juggernaut metaphor is a troublesome example of intercultural misunderstanding and constructed identity. Ujaan Ghosh, however, argues that these misrepresentations of "Juggernaut" and the deity's demonization were not homogeneous throughout the nineteenth century. Gradually global perception of the deity were more humanized. Several European authors, such as

3362:, published in 1811, Buchanan built on this theme and added licentiousness to it. He called hymns in language he did not know nor could read as "obscene stanzas", art works on temple walls as "indecent emblems", and described "Juggernaut" and Hinduism to his American readers as the religion of disgusting Moloch and false gods. Buchanan writings formed the "first images of Indian religions" to the American evangelical audience in early 19th-century, was promoted by American magazines such as 3527: 1560:, the Vaishnava U-shaped mark on his forehead. His dark color and other facial features are an abstraction of the cosmic form of the Hindu god Krishna, states Starza. In some contemporary Jagannath temples, two stumps pointing forward in hug-giving position represent his hands. In some exceptional medieval and modern era paintings in museums outside India, such as in Berlin states Starza, Jagannath is shown "fully anthropomorphised" but with the traditional abstract mask face. 1596:

compared to semi-circular carved heads of the other two. They are accompanied by the Sudarshana Chakra, the iconic weapon of Vishnu. It is approximately the same height as Balabhadra, is red in colour, carved from a wooden pillar and clothed, unlike its traditional representation as a chakra in other Vishnu temples. Jagannath iconography, when he is depicted without companions, shows only his face, neither arms nor torso. This form is sometimes called Patita Pavana, or

1525: 49: 9847: 2751:, when Krishna ended the purpose of his Avatar with the illusionary death by Jara and his "mortal" remains were left to decay, some pious people saw the body, collected the bones and preserved them in a box. They remained in the box till it was brought to the attention of Indradyumna by Lord Vishnu himself who directed him to create the image or a murti of Jagannath from a log and consecrate the bones of Krishna in its belly. Then King Indradyumna appointed 3309: 1588: 2606: 1516: 2297: 179: 2339: 10445: 2416: 10433: 1361:(located at a distance of nearly 3 km or 1.9 mi). They stay there for eight days, and on the 9th day they are returned to the main temple. Coinciding with the Ratha Yatra festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world. During the festive public procession of Jagannath in Puri lakhs of devotees visit Puri to see Jagganath in chariot. 2448:. This hypothesis relies on the unusual flat head, curved mouth and large eyes of Jagannath, which may be an attempt to abstract an image of a lion's head ready to attack. While the tribal Narasimha theory is attractive states Starza, a weakness of this proposal is that the abstract Narasimha representation in the form does not appear similar to the images of Narasimha in nearby 3344:– the place where Jesus Christ was crucified, but with the difference that the "Juggernaut tradition" was of endless meaningless bloodshed, fabricating allegations that children were sacrificed in the "valley of idolatrous blood shed to false gods". In his letters, states Altman, Buchanan "constructed an image of Juggernaut as the diametric opposite of Christianity". 2755:, the architect of gods and a divine carpenter, to carve the murti of the deity from a log that would eventually wash up on the shore at Puri. Indradyumna commissioned Vishwakarma, who is also said to be the divine god himself in disguise. Vishwakarma accepted the commission on the condition that he could complete the work undisturbed and in private. 2376:). They continue to have special privileges such as being the first to view the new replacement images of Jagannath carved from wood approximately every 12 years. Further, this group is traditionally accepted to have the exclusive privilege of serving the principal meals and offerings to Jagannath and his associate deities. 3194:

among the earliest to declare independence and break away. According to Starza, the Jagannath images were the targets of the invaders, and a key religious symbol that the rulers would protect and hide away in forests from the aggressors. However, the Muslims were not always destructive. For example, during the rule of

2105:. This assimilation and the consequent disingenuous interpretation or rationale for his inclusion aptly articulate the considerable ambivalence characteristic of Hindu attitudes towards Buddhism, undermining his historicity, to make him an appendage of the Vaisnava mythic hierarchy. But in the opening chapter of his 2173:, that he would be in a distant future time a Buddha under the name of Padmaprabha, and that his place of enlightenment would be Viraja. Padmasambhava and Tārā, along with other deities are invoked in an inscription of 25 lines incised in nail-headed characters of the late 8th-9th century on the back of an image of 2646:, Balabhadra and Subhadra find the earliest known mention in the Pataleshwara inscription of 1237 CE. According to the German Indologist Kulke, Anangibhima III was the originator of the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra suggesting that Balabhadra was added after Lakshmi's transformation into Subhadra. 3148:(Bimala) is worshipped as the presiding goddess of the Purushottama (Puri) Shakti Pitha by Shaktas.Jagannath, is worshipped as the Bhairava, traditionally always a form of Shiva. Jagannath-Vishnu equated with Shiva, is interpreted to convey the oneness of God. Also, in this regard, Vimala is also considered as 3201:

The local Hindu rulers evacuated and hid the images of Jagannath and other deities many times between 1509 and 1734 CE, to "protect them from Muslim zeal" for destruction. During Aurangzeb's time, an image was seized, shown to the emperor and then destroyed in Bijapur, but it is unclear if that image

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In the war between the army of Kalinga inspired by the Divine support of Jagannath and of the army of Kanchi, Purushottam Deva led his army to victory. King Purusottam brought back the Princess Padmavati of Kanchi to Puri. To avenge his humiliation, he ordered his minister to get the princess married

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of Puri. When the Kanchi King witnessed the Gajapati King sweeping the area in front of where the chariots of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were kept during Ratha yatra, he was aghast. Considering the act of sweeping unworthy of a King, the King of Kanchi declined the marriage proposal, refusing

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The Vaishnava origin theories rely on the iconographic details and the typical presence of the triad of deities, based on original scriptures of Hinduism. The colors, state the scholars of the Vaishnava origin theory, link to black-colored Krishna and white-colored Balarama. They add that the goddess

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was set up on that very spot. The stupa is believed to have contained the relics of Padmasambhava. Though the site is only partially excavated, at least one stupa has been unearthed. According to Nabin Kumar Sahu, this mass of evidence, supports the belief that Indrabhuti was the king of Odisha which

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When shown with Balabhadra and Subhadra, he is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to the oval or almond shape of the other two abstract icons. Further, his icon is dark, while Balabhadra's face is white, and Subhadra's icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon,

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Jagannath became an influential figure and icon for power and politics during the 19th-century colonialism and Christian missionary activity, states Osuri. The British government initially took over the control and management of major Jagannath temples, to collect fees and Pilgrim Tax from Hindu who

2358:, which may be an adopted grandfathered practice with tribal roots. The use of wood as a construction material for the Jagannath icons may also be a tribal practice that continued when Hindus adopted prior practices and merged them with their Vedic abstractions. The practice of using wood for making 2145:. Shakyamuni Buddha is also worshipped as Jagannath in Nepal. Abhinav Patra argues that it has not been historically ascertained whether the deity Jagannath as worshipped by Indrabhuti was just a coincidental homonym with the present Jagannath or referred to the same deity. The 10th century era text 1949:

According to Bijoy Misra, Puri natives do call Jagannatha as Purushottama, consider driftwood a savior symbol, and later Hindu texts of the region describe the Supreme Being as ever present in everything, pervasive in all animate and inanimate things. Therefore, while the Vedic connection is subject

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The English traveller William Burton visited the Jagannath temple. According to Avinash Patra, Burton made absurd observations in 1633 that are inconsistent with all historical and contemporary records, such as the image of Jagannatha being "a serpent, with seven heads". Burton described it as "the

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popularly called Shrila Prabhupada, the founder of ISKCON, selected Jagannath as one of the chosen forms of Krishna installing a deity of Jagannath in ISKCON temples around the world. ISKCON has promoted Jagannath throughout the world. Annual Ratha Yatra festival is now celebrated by ISKCON in many

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This myth has been recounted by Mohanty. J.P. Das notes that this story is mentioned in a Madala panji chronicle of the Jagannath Temple of Puri, in relation to Gajapati Purushottama. At any rate, the story was popular soon after Purushottama's reign, as a text of the first half of the 16th century

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The medieval era Odia scholars such as Ananta, Achyutananda and Chaitanya described the theology of Jagannath as the "personification of the Shunya, or the void", but not entirely in the form of Shunyata of Buddhism. They state Jagannath as "Shunya Brahma", or alternatively as "Nirguna Purusha" (or

2284:. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear. 1910:

to inaugurate the temple. With the passage of time, a king named Gala claimed to have been the temple's real architect, but with the return of Indradyumna to earth, he withdrew this claim. After Brahma had inaugurated the temple, Indradyumna returned to Brahmaloka, entrusting the upkeep of the site

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are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately 14 metres (45 ft) high and 3.3 square metres (35 sq ft) and takes about 2 months to construct. The artists and painters of Puri decorate the

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On the road, Jagannath and Balabhadra grew thirsty and chanced upon a milkmaid Manika, who gave them butter-milk/yogurt to quench their thirst. Instead of paying her dues, Balabhadra gave her a ring telling her to claim her dues from King Purushottam. Later, Purushottam Deva himself passed by with

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in Kannada language by Rudrabhatta is a mixed prose and poetry style text which is predominantly about Krishna. It includes a canto that explains that "Hari (Vishnu), Hara (Shiva) and Brahma" are aspects of the same supreme soul. Its theology, like the Odia text, centers around supreme light being

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from the capital even though there were intermediate harbors from which it would have been easier to set out on his voyage. Buddhism anciently prevailed in Odisha as appears from the Buddhist remains still existing. The idols of Jagannatha is believed to contain the bones of Krishna even though it

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era, Jagannath temples were one of the targets of the Muslim armies. Firuz Tughlaq, for example raided Odisha and desecrated the Jagannath temple according to his court historians. Odisha was one of the last eastern regions to fall into the control of Sultanates and Mughal invasion, and they were

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Everyone was anxious about the divine work, including King Indradyumna. After a fortnight of waiting, the king, anxious to see the deity, could not control his eagerness and visited the site where Vishwakarma was working. Soon enough, Vishwakarma became very upset and left the carving of the idol

2631:(1078–1147) for Vishnu and Lakshmi. These sources are silent on the existence of Balabhadra and Subhadra. Such state of affairs has led to arguments that Purushottama was the original deity and Balabhadra and Subhadra were subsequently drawn in as additions to a unitary figure and formed a triad. 1862:

region. Regional folklore states that the priest was welcomed by Vishvavasu, the chieftain of the Savara people. During the duration of his stay in the chieftain's house, the latter's daughter, Lalita, fell in love with him. Upon the chieftain's request, Vidyapati married her. He noticed that the

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The idol of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and a symmetric face, and the idol has a conspicuous absence of hands or legs. The worship procedures, sacraments and rituals associated with Jagannath are syncretic and include rites that are uncommon in Hinduism.

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and his book on "Juggernaut" attracted enough reader demand that it was republished in numerous editions. Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" influenced the American imagination of Indian religions for another 50 years, formed the initial impressions and served as a template for reports by other

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Under the rule of the Eastern Gangas, Vaishnavism became the predominant faith in Odisha. Odia Vaishnavism gradually centred on Jagannath as the principal deity. Sectarian differences were eliminated by assimilating deities of Shaivism, Shaktism, and Buddhism in the Jagannath Pantheon. The Ganga

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lake, the milkmaid Manika halted the King pleading for the unpaid cost of yogurt consumed by His army's two leading soldiers riding on black and white horses. She produced the gold ring as evidence. King Purusottam Deva identified the ring as that of Jagannath. Considering this a sign of divine

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It is certainly true that the Vaishnava Hindus in the eastern region of India worshipped the triad of Balarama, Ekanamsa and Krishna. There are many scriptural references to support the same. Further, in many Jagannath temples of central and eastern regions of India, the Shiva icons such as the

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and nearby regions), built the extant Puri temple. Kanungo states that this endeavor was an attempt by him to establish his agency, and he extrapolates this practice into late medieval and modern era developments. According to him, Muslim rulers attempted to control it for the same motivation,

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to a sweeper. The minister waited for the annual Ratha Yatra when the King ceremonially sweeps Jagannath's chariot. He offered the princess in marriage to King Purusottam, calling the King a Royal sweeper of God. The King then married the Princess. The Gajapati King also brought back images of

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before planning a second campaign to Kanchi. Moved by his prayers, Jagannath and Balabhadra, left their temple in Puri and started an expedition to Kanchi on horseback. It is said that Jagannath rode on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse. The legend has such a powerful impact on the

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According to the Jain version, the image of Jagannath (black colour) represents sunya, Subhadra symbolises creative energy and Balabhadra (white colour) represents the phenomenal universe. All these images have evolved from the Nila Madhava, the ancient Kalinga Jina. The "Sudarshana Chakra" is

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Some scholars such as Kulke and Tripathi have proposed tribal deities such as Stambhesveri or Kambhesvari to be a possible contributor to the Jagannath triad. However, according to Starza, these are not really tribal deities, but Shaiva deities adopted by tribes in eastern states of India. Yet

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consider Jagannath as Shiva-Bhairava, rather than a form of Vishnu. While Lakshmi is the traditional (orthodox tradition) consort of Jagannath, Vimala is the Tantric (heterodox) consort. Vimala is also considered the guardian goddess of the temple complex, with Jagannath as the presiding god.

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Another circumstantial evidence supporting the Jain origins proposal is the discovery of Jain images inside as well as near the massive Puri temple complex, including those carved into the walls. However, this could also be a later addition, or suggestive of tolerance, mutual support or close

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and the Natamandapa and Bhogamandapa were constructed subsequently during the reign of Gajapati Purushottama Deva (1462–1491) and Prataprudra Deva (1495–1532) respectively. According to Madala Panji, the outer prakara was built by Gajapati Kapilendradeva (1435–1497). The inner

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Some scholars argue that evidences of Jagannatha's Buddhist nature are found from Medieval Odia Literature. Many medieval Odia poets suggest to their readers, that they wrote their books on the commands of a formless god-like personality, identifying the Buddhist principles of

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forms no part of the Brahmanical religion to collect and adore dead men's bones while it is a most meritorious act among the Buddhists to collect and preserve the relics of departed saints, and the places that contain them are esteemed peculiarly holy. In Buddhism, preserving

3584:(Sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati king has been considered the most exalted person in the 2113:

claims that Vishnu reincarnated as the Buddha to condemn the animal sacrifices prevalent in Vedic times. In the Jagannath cult, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha, when it could have been substituted for any other avatar.

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thereafter the Marathas, then East India Company and then the British crown over the colonial era sought to legitimize its influence and hegemonic control in the region by appropriating control over the Jagannath temple and affiliating themselves with the deities.

3104:. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu emphasised bhakti and encouraged the identification of Jagannath with Krishna. He spent the last 20 years of his life in Puri dedicating it to the ecstatic worship of Jagannath, whom he considered a form of Krishna. Mahaprabhu propagated the 5624: 6233: 2073:

There is no distinction of caste inside the Jagganath temple, many day-to-day services (Vidhis) of Lord Jagannatha owe their origin either to Jainism or to Buddhism or the combination of both, the local legends link the idols with aborginal tribes and the

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dynasty on the site of the present shrine. However, the historians question the veracity and historicity of the Madala Panji. As per historians, the Deula and the Mukhashala were built in the 12th century by Ganga King Anangabheemadeva, the grandson of

1886:, by the time Vidyapati returned to inform the king of the site of the shrine, a great storm had buried the image of Nilamadhava under the sand. Despite his best attempts, the king was unable to locate the image. Upon the counsel of the sage divinity 3137:

cities in the West where they are popular attractions. ISKCON devotees worship Jagannath and take part in the Ratha Yatra in memory of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu spending 18 years in Puri worshipping Jagannath and taking an active part in the Ratha Yatra.

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cars and paint flower petals etc. on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne. The huge chariot of Jagannath pulled during Ratha Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word

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relationship between the Jains and the Hindus. According to Starza, the Jain influence on the Jagannath tradition is difficult to assess given the sketchy uncertain evidence, but nothing establishes that the Jagannath tradition has a Jain origin.

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The tribal origin theories rely on circumstantial evidence and inferences such as the Jagannath icon is non-anthropomorphic and non-zoomorphic. The hereditary priests in the Jagannath tradition of Hinduism include non-Brahmin servitors, called

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are reverentially incorporated, since Lord Shiva is a Vaishnav according to the conclusion of Srimad Bhagavatam, he protects Sri Jagannath Temple from external calamities, just like he does so in his form of Hanuman for the palace of Sri Ram.

1623:. The idol of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana is re-painted every week in the Jagannatha Temple, Puri. It is replaced with a newly carved image every 12 or 19 years approximately, or more precisely according to the luni-solar 3328:, was through Buchanan's letters the initial introduction in America of Hinduism, which he spelled as "Hindoo". According to Michael J. Altman, a professor of Religious Studies, Buchanan presented Hinduism to the American audience, through 2541:

mentions Jagannatha as one of the 108 names of Shiva. The Tantric literary texts identify Jagannath with Mahabhairava. Another evidence that supports syncretism thesis is the fact that Jagannath sits on the abstract tantric symbols of the

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worship associated with Jagannatha, a concept integral to Buddhism but alien to Hinduism. For example, there exists an unexamined relic in the Jagannath shrine in Puri, and the local legends state that the shrine relic contains a tooth of

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The observance of the Ratha Yatra of Jagannath dates back to the period of the Puranas. Vivid descriptions of this festival are found in Brahma Purana, Padma Purana and Skanda Purana. Kapila Samhita also refers to Ratha Yatra. During the

1674:(Jagannath) manifest from him and after their cosmic play dissolute (bilaya) in him (Jagannath). According to them Jagannath is Sunnya Purusa, Nirakar and Niranjan who is ever present in Nilachala to do cosmic play ... The five 1563:

The typical icon of Jagannath is unlike other deities found in Hinduism who are predominantly anthropomorphic. However, aniconic forms of Hindu deities are not uncommon. For example, Shiva is often represented in the form of a Shiva

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To colonial era Hindu nationalists in the late 19th-century and 20th-century, Jagannath became a unifying symbol which combined their religion, social and cultural heritage into a political cause of self-rule and freedom movement.

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observes that Nila Madhava transformed into Jagannath and was worshipped alone as a unitary figure, not as the part of a triad. It is significant to note that the early epigraphic and literary sources refer only to a unitary deity

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was of Jagannath. Muslim rulers did not destroy the Jagannath temple complex because it was a source of substantial treasury revenue through the collection of pilgrim tax collected from Hindus visiting it on their pilgrimage.

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kingdom, still he renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign, the Gajapati king, and the most humble devotee.

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to marry his daughter to a 'Sweeper'. Gajapati Purushottam Deva, felt deeply insulted at this and attacked the Kingdom of Kanchin to avenge his honour. His attack was unsuccessful and his army defeated by the Kanchi Army.

2959:, the great Vaishnav reformer, visited Puri between 1107 and 1111 converting the King Ananatavarman Chodaganga from Shaivism to Vaishnavism. At Puri he founded the Ramanuja Math for propagating Vaishnavism in Odisha. The 1700:

In the Jagannath tradition, he has the attributes of all the avatars of Krishna/Vishnu. This belief is celebrated by dressing him and worshipping him as different avatars on special occasions. The Puranas relate that the

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wood log being an inspiration for Jagannath, thus placing the origin of Jagannath in 2nd millennium BCE. Other scholars refute this interpretation stating that the correct context of the hymn is "Alaxmi Stava" of Arayi.

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In the Ratha Yatra, the three deities are taken from the Jagannath Temple in the chariots to the Gundicha Temple, where they stay for seven days. Thereafter, the deities again ride the chariots back to Shri Mandir in

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with no references to Blabhadra and Subhadra. The Dasgoba copper plated inscription dating to 1198 also mentions only Purushottama Jagannath in the context that the Puri temple had been originally built by Ganga king

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or skeletal parts such as "Buddha's tooth" or relics of dead saints is a thriving tradition. The existence of these legends, state some scholars such as Stevenson, suggests that Jagannath may have a Buddhist origin.

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by Dina Krushna opens with a praise to Jagannath, then recites the story of Krishna with an embedded theology urging the pursuit of knowledge, love and devotion to realize the divine in everything. The 13th-century

2206:(The formless one) with Jagannath himself. The idols of Jagannath triad are not anthropomorphic like hindu idols, but instead are stumps of wood with crude symbolic facial features and stumpy obtrusions for limbs. 2066:(c. 400 CE), the ancient Chinese pilgrim and visitor to India wrote about a Buddhist procession in his memoir, and this has very close resemblances with the Jagannath festivities. Further the season in which the 1545:

wood. The image consists of a square flat head, a pillar that represents his face merging with the chest. The icon lacks a neck, ears, and limbs, is identified by a large circular face symbolizing someone who is

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arrived from all over the Indian subcontinent to visit. In contrast, Christian missionaries strongly opposed the British government association with Jagannath temple because its connected the government with

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Claudius Buchanan mentions the Pilgrim Tax was collected from Hindus after they had walked very long distances, for many weeks, to visit the Puri temple. Anyone refusing to pay would be denied entry to the

2522:-centric) tradition of Hinduism. The conglomerate of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, and Sudarshana Chakra worshipped together on a common platform are called the Chaturdhamurti or the "four-fold form". 8360:

This falls in the month of Chaitra. On this day, the deities pay a visit to the garden of the celebrated Jagannath Vallabha Matha where they pick-up the tender leaves of the Dayanaa unnoticed by anybody.

7345:"All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Lord Shri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead." Bhagavat Purana 1:3:28 1554:(without end). Within this face are two big symmetric circular eyes with no eyelids, one eye symbolizing the sun and the other the moon, features traceable in 17th-century paintings. He is shown with an 3782:

temple architecture where all the chambers like Jagamohana, Bhogamandapa and Natyamandapa were built along with the main temple. There are miniature shrines on the three outer sides of the main temple.

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or Sankarsana bears testimony to the influence of Shaivism on the cult of Jagannath. The third deity, Devi Subhadra, who represents the Sakti element is still worshipped with the Bhuvaneshvari Mantra.

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originally was Ekanamsa (Durga of Shaiva-Shakti tradition, sister of Krishna through his foster family). She was later renamed to Shubhadra (Lakshmi) per Vaishnava terminology for the divine feminine.

8419: 1494:(Savaras). This hypothesis states that the Vedic people as they settled into tribal regions adopted the tribal words and called the deity Jagannath. According to O.M. Starza, this is unlikely because 3198:, the Jagannath tradition flourished. However, states Starza, "Muslim attacks on the Puri temple became serious after the death of Akbar, continued intermittently throughout the reign of Jahangir". 1333:

celebrated in June or July every year in eastern states of India is dedicated to Jagannath. His image, along with the other two associated deities, is ceremoniously brought out of the sacrosanctum (

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At another part in Adi Parva he also says: Glory be to Rama Krsna Brahmaa as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha ... Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.

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only after it is re-offered to goddess Vimala. Similarly, different Tantric features of yantras have been engraved on the Ratna vedi, where Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra are set up. The

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Claudius Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" were the first introduction of Indian religions to the American audience, and one that originated and constructed intercultural misunderstanding.

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movement which laid great emphasis on chanting God's name in Puri. He converted noted scholars like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya to his philosophy. He left a great influence on the then king of

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by Shaktas. When Jagannath has his divine slumber (Sayana Yatra) he is believed to assume the aspect of Durga. According to the "Niladri Mahodaya" Idol of Jagannath is placed on the Chakra

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Jagannatha, according to them is a generic term, not unique, as much as Lokanatha or Avalokiteswara. ln fact, the name Jagannatha could be applied to any Deity which is considered supreme.

2031:

by a disciple, which eventually gave rise to dissensions between the kings of Kalinga and Pataliputra in 3rd century CE, and the tooth relic was shifted to Sri Lanka by weighing anchor in

1978:

also believes the idol triad to be the wooden transformation of the Buddhist Triratna. But Starza argues that these Buddhist symbols bear little resemblance to the modern Jagannath triad.

1894:

at the site. Receiving guidance in the form of a divine dream, a great tree floating in the sea was felled and used to create the three wooden images of the temple, those of Jagannatha,

9068: 1842:, the deity Yama requested Vishnu to disappear from the region of Purushottama Kshetra, dissatisfied with the direct salvation of those who lived in the region. Vishnu agreed to do so. 2804:

Sarala Dasa, the great Odia poet of the 15th century while praising Jagannath as the saviour of mankind considered him both as a form of Buddha as well as a manifestation of Krishna.

5958: 2525:

O.M. Starza states that the Jagannath Ratha Yatra may have evolved from the syncretism of procession rituals for Shiva lingas, Vaishnava pillars, and tribal folk festivities. The

2715:

became a devotee of Jagannatha in 1481, and wrote love and compassion inspired plays about Jagannatha-Krishna that influenced the region and remain popular in Assam and Manipur.

2121:, the absence of caste rules in the temple and the identification of Jagannath with Buddha avatar are not sufficient to establish a Buddhist origin of the worship of Jagannath. 9295: 8050: 3641:

instituted the Ratha Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early.

1654:/Shunya Purusha, wherein he then is the Avatarī, i.e., the cause and equivalence of all avatars and the infinite existence in space and time. According to author Dipti Ray in 2996:

was introduced into the liturgy. This idea soon became popular. Sarala Dasa in his adaptation of the Mahabharat thought of Jagannath as the universal being equating him with

8000:

Nancy Gardner Cassels (1972), The Compact and the Pilgrim Tax: The Genesis of East India Company Social Policy, Canadian Journal of History, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 45-48

2638:

Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. Oil painting by a painter of Puri, Orissa, ca. 1880/1910.

1736:

Sometimes one regards him as one of the avatars (incarnations) of Krishna (i.e., Buddha-Jagannath) or Vishnu (i.e., Vamana). His name does not appear in the traditional

7572: 9455: 3794:). A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, guarded by two guardian deities 2694:(knowledge). According to Salabega, the Jagannath tradition assimilates the theologies found in Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Buddhism, Yoga and Tantra traditions. 3426:

According to Kanungo, states Goldie Osuri, the Jagannath tradition has been a means of legitimizing royalty. Codaganga, a benevolent ruler of the Kalinga region (now

3112:, Prataprudra Deva, and the people of Odisha. According to tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to have merged with the idol of Jagannath in Puri after his death. 8427: 5004:

Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia

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stands testimony to his stay in Odisha. Since the 12th century, under the influence of Ramanuja, Jagannath culture was increasingly identified with Vaishnavism.

2070:

festival is observed is about the same time when the historic public processions welcomed Buddhist monks for their temporary, annual monsoon-season retirement.

1854:, made of sapphire. He is described to have sent the younger brother of his royal priest, or sometimes a minister, Vidyapati, to locate the site of the deity's 4226: 2573:

priests in Jagannath tradition, who co-exist and work together with Brahmin priests suggests that there was a synthesis of tribal and Brahmanical traditions.

9578: 3452: 3415:

mirror of all wickedness and idolatry" to the Europeans, an introduction of Hinduism as "monstrous paganism" to early travellers to the Indian subcontinent.

6903: 2383:, a convert to Hinduism, Jagannatha in a local legend was a tribal deity who was coopted by a Brahmin priest. The original tribal deity, states Elwin, was 3332:, as a "bloody, violent, superstitious and backward religious system" that needs to be eliminated and substituted with the Christian gospel. He described 5748: 1255:

was the rendition into English of "Jagannath" by early British in India, and came to mean a very large and unstoppable force from accounts of the famous

3423:

mentioned the Puri chariot festival, in his 1667 memoir, but did not describe the icon of Jagannath raising the question whether he was able to see it.

2491:

sampradayas, as example, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, have identified him strongly with Krishna. In Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, Balabhadra is the elder brother

1568:. In most Jagannath temples in the eastern states of India, and all his major temples such as the Puri, Odisha, Jagannath is included with his brother 9081: 1783:

sects. The priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri belong to the Shakta sect, although the Vaishnava sect's influence predominates. As part of the triad,

3542:, usually falling on the month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (Puri's main high street) and travel 3 km to the Shri 2907: 2137:. This is the oldest known direct mention of the deity. This is not unique to the coastal state of Odisha, but possibly also influenced Buddhism in 5968: 9832: 4971: 4322: 2933:

started during 1476 with Govinda Bhanjha as commander-in-chief. According to J. P. Das, the historicity of Kanchi conquest event is not certain.

957: 2391:

deity is produced by burning a piece of wood and too different in its specifics to be the origin of Jagannath. According to another proposal by

2387:

which too is made from wood. According to the Polish Indologist Olgierd M. Starza, this is an interesting parallel but a flawed one because the

9062: 2133: 7523: 3606:, disgruntled devotees hold a right to offer kicks, slaps and make derogatory remarks to the images, and Jagannath behaves like a commoner. 3457:

A large number of traditional festivals are observed by the devotees of Jagannath. Out of those numerous festivals, thirteen are important.

1591:

Jagannath icons are produced from wood. They are replaced every 8 or 12 or 19 years. Above: logs in transport to prepare the Jagannath icon.

3626:

period, King Ramsingh of Jaipur, Rajasthan, has also been described as organizing the Ratha Yatra in the 18th century. In Odisha, kings of

2028: 5232: 3375:

went to great lengths to revise Buchanan's perception and presented a more humane version of Jagannatha to British and American audience.

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worship. The symmetry in iconography, the use of mandalas and geometric patterns in its rites support the tantric connection proposal.

905: 3959:

The pilgrim tax was not a British invention, and was a religious tax on Hindus introduced by the Muslim rulers during the Mughal era.

9006: 4837: 3292:

the famous 19th-century Sikh ruler of Punjab held great respect in Jagannath, and allegedly willed his most prized possession, the

3237:, claimed by some to have revered Jagannath. He allegedly bequeathed the Koh-i-noor diamond (left) to the Jagannath temple in Puri. 910: 6349: 9094: 4806: 3895:

The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.

3011:, associated with Jagannath, had already flourished in Odisha. Thus the raja Languliya Narasimha Deva installed the image called 2634: 8703: 6287: 5420: 5366: 5339: 2222:

Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.

3320:

in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, Jagannath was the "core of idolatry" and the target of "an all-out attack". Jagannath, called

2727:

Although Jagannath has been identified with other traditions in the past, He is now identified more with Vaishnava tradition.

1249:

as a possible origin, but others disagree and state that it is a syncretic/synthetic deity with tribal roots. The English word

7233: 5735: 103: 9159: 9051: 8826: 8802: 8753: 8719: 8589: 8568: 8295: 8268: 8241: 8145: 7889: 7800: 7715: 7688: 7639: 7369: 7183: 7156: 7047: 7020: 6993: 6929: 6744: 6580: 6476: 6332: 5691: 5500: 5473: 5448:

Urmi: The Journal of the Odisha Society of Americas 49th Convention: For Annual Convention Held in 2017 at Dearborn, Michigan

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According to H.S. Patnaik and others, Jagannath is a syncretic/synthetic deity that combined aspects of major faiths like

1807:

are one. Jagannath in his Hathi Besha or Gaja Besha (elephant form) has been venerated by devotees like Ganapati Bappa of

1326:, namely Odisha art and architecture. It has been one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE. 9948: 9332: 8072: 2682:(time) in Vaishnava thought. He is abstraction which can be inferred and felt but not seen, just like time. Jagannath is 2569:

depicts Jagannath as a Tantric deity. According to Avinash Patra, the rituals and special place accepted for non-Brahmin

8311: 7386: 7037: 7010: 5463: 5019: 4554: 4223: 3120: 3058:) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of the monotheistic Deity or Supreme Personality of Godhead, often addressed as 2658:

and rituals associated with the Jagannatha tradition combine Vedic, Puranic and tantric themes. He is the Vedic-Puranic

10118: 9241: 9103: 7069: 6550: 6195: 6054: 6013: 5996: 5877: 5828: 5718: 5708: 5615: 5584: 5277: 4402: 2837:

that the simple mention of white horse-black horse evokes the imagery of Kanchi conquest of the God in devotees minds.

2622:

Jagannath. The Sanskrit play "Anargharaghava" composed by Murari mentioned only Purushottama Jagannath and his consort

2459:

In contemporary Odisha, there are many Dadhivaman temples with a wooden pillar god, and this may be same as Jagannath.

1994:. Apart from the three wooden Jagannath triad idols, the minor fourth image of Sudarshana Chakra is believed to be the 8497: 7440: 6570: 6152: 5758: 5446: 4464: 3419:

never saw the Puri temple icon and its decorations, but described the jewelry worn by the idol from hearsay accounts.

2820:"), also termed as "Kanchi-Kaveri". According to the legends, the daughter of the King of Kanchi was betrothed to the 2674:(ca. 4th century), Krishna is worshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha). He is same as the metaphysical 2407:

features a bird or snake like attached head along with other details that make the tribal deity unlike the Jagannath.

9883: 9285: 9206: 9131: 9034: 9016: 8931: 8910: 8774: 8658: 7854: 7831: 7785: 7612: 7602: 7477: 7467: 7450: 7423: 7413: 7396: 7288: 7243: 6956: 6596: 6212: 6027: 4274: 3666: 3634:

also organized the Ratha Yatra, though the most grand festival in terms of scale and popularity takes place at Puri.

3355:. However, she counters them not so much with hostility, as with the Christian doctrine of 'Faith, Hope, and Love'. 2261:

or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition. Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the

1690:, Krishna, etc., took their birth for lilas in this universe and at the end would merge in the self of Purna Brahman. 9305: 6243: 5982: 5637: 4586: 3672:

Besides the only temple described below, there are many temples in India, three more in Bangladesh and one in Nepal.

8012:"Chariots of the Gods: The Many Histories of Jagannath, "Juggernaut," and the Rathayatra in the Nineteenth Century" 7173: 2719:"abstract personified cosmos"). Vishnu avatars are descend from this Shunya Brahma into human form to keep dharma. 8764: 7146: 7115: 3828:

The temple's historical records Madala panji maintains that the temple was originally built by King Yayati of the

3000:

and Krishna. He considered Buddha-Jagannath as one of the avatars of Krishna. Sometimes Jagannath is venerated as

1705:

Avatar of Vishnu appeared from a wooden pillar. It is therefore believed that Jagannath is worshipped as a wooden

10290: 10177: 9827: 7733: 2866:(Bhanda Ganesh or Kamada Ganesh) and enshrined them in the Kanchi Ganesh shrine at the Jagannath Temple in Puri. 9183: 2117:

According to Starza, these manifestation of the Jagannath cult, such as the supposed tooth relic of Buddha, the

1635:

In the Jagannath tradition (Odia Vaishnavism), Jagannath is most frequently identified with an abstract form of

8974: 8233:

Pilgrim Tax and Temple Scandals: A Critical Study of the Important Jagannath Temple Records During British Rule

7494: 3599:

and again on the last day of the festival, when the deities are ceremoniously brought back to the Shri Mandir.

2894:, the Kanchi conquest (Kanchi Kaveri) has significant bearing, in medieval literature romanticized as the epic 2596:

in all ages have tended to gravitate towards and finally merged into the Jagannath worship, at least in theory.

6734: 1970:

examined a sketch of these three symbols and believed the modern Jagannath and his siblings are based on this

10470: 10015: 9802: 9258: 6623: 2788:

is the same as the area in which the Gundicha temple is situated in Puri, according to Suryanarayan Das. The

2268:

According to Annirudh Das, the original Jagannath deity was influenced by Jainism and is none other than the

2082:

Tantras which are the refined versions of Mahayana Tantras as well as Shabari Tantras which are evolved from

2036: 7761: 6493: 3595:

is held on two days, on the first day of the Ratha Yatra, when the deities are taken to the garden house at

10475: 8096: 7957: 7948: 7327: 5772: 4867: 2313: 1991: 1744:, Jagannath has been treated as the avatar of Krishna, as a substitute for or the equivalent of the avatar 7748: 6768: 6670: 4353: 3657:" on chariots, and the king and queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music. 3251:

made a pilgrimage to Puri to visit to Jagannath. during his journey (called "udaasi") to east India. The

1709:

or Daru Brahma with the Shri Narasimha hymn dedicated to the Narasimha Avatar. Every year in the month of

9718: 9513: 9486: 9476: 9445: 7305: 5845: 3779: 3714: 3585: 3372: 2829: 2453: 2399:

deity is found in central Indian tribes and they have used it to represent features of the Hindu goddess

2213:

of 15th century in his Mahabharata describes Jagannatha as Buddha but not as any other avatar of Vishnu:

8523: 8344: 10423: 10410: 10356: 10260: 10034: 10020: 9559: 9425: 9410: 5324:

Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas

3829: 3534:

The Jagannatha triad are usually worshipped in the sanctum of the temple, but once during the month of

2997: 1745: 1243:

The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship is unclear. Some scholars interpret hymn 10.155.3 of the

1128: 276: 31: 17: 9266: 4979: 4330: 3394: 2967:

Kings respected all the ten avatars of Vishnu, considering Jagannath as the cause of all the avatars.

2870:

mentions a Kanchi Avijana scene in the Jagannath temple. There is currently a prominent relief in the

10485: 10310: 9900: 9564: 9523: 9491: 9471: 9420: 9415: 4207: 4205: 4203: 2828:

Upon defeat, the Gajapati King Purushottam Deva returned and prayed to Jagannath, the God of land of

2347: 1319: 1314:

pilgrimage sites in India. The Jagannath temple is massive, over 61 metres (200 ft) high in the

1010: 670: 3096:, and the day also marks the beginning of preparations for Bengal's biggest religious festival, the 2840: 2557:

The Tantric texts claim Jagannath to their own, to be Bhairava, and his companion to be the same as

2502:

Balabhadra considered the elder brother of Jagannath is sometimes identified with and worshipped as

2101:

was accomplished so that the wicked and demonic could be only further misled away from the truth in

1962:

Three Buddhist symbols in the upper panel, east face, of the left pillar of the southern gateway at

1266:

Jagannath is considered a non-sectarian deity. He is significant regionally in the Indian states of

10480: 10092: 9776: 9544: 9518: 9508: 8766:

Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia

8078:"Dear Non-Hindus, you wished to know why you aren't allowed in Jagannath Temple? Here's the Answer" 3690: 3348: 2015:– a feature common to many cherished Theravada Buddhist shrines in and outside India. According to 608: 5098: 4780: 4200: 2697:

The Jagannath theology overlaps with those of Krishna. For example, the 17th-century Odia classic

2364:

is unusual, as Hindu texts on the design and construction of images recommend stone or metal. The

10028: 9554: 9501: 9496: 9481: 9325: 8068: 7534: 5184:

Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 3. Indian culture and education

4427: 3834: 3728: 3416: 3352: 2628: 2281: 1710: 623: 7975:

Researches in Asia with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages

6468: 5236: 2506:. Subhadra now considered Jagannath's sister has also been considered as a deity who used to be 2217:

He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discuss in the form of Buddha.

10282: 10265: 10205: 10194: 9549: 9430: 9400: 3710: 3681: 3614:. On the way back, the three chariots stop at the Mausi Maa Temple and the deities are offered 3262: 2989: 2877: 2845: 2265:, have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism. 2058:) at the top of the spire. The major annual procession festival has many features found in the 1868: 1847: 1307: 8558: 7821: 7775: 7629: 7359: 7272: 5681: 5601: 5570: 5140: 5002: 4897: 4540: 4392: 3602:

As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the chariots in

2178: 10300: 9876: 8792: 8743: 8285: 8258: 8135: 6983: 6946: 6181: 5865: 5818: 5784: 5773:"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the Religion of the Hindus of the Dekkan" 5308: 5182: 4924: 3904:

Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam. Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.

3638: 3368: 3172:, the idol of Balabhadra on the Shankha Yantra and the idol of Subhadra on the Padma Yantra. 2086:

and tribal believes respectively. According to Starza, these practices are also connected to

915: 578: 8197: 8161:

Ingham, Kenneth (1952). "The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim Tax in India, 1800–1862".

5309:

Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)

5259: 4841: 3316:

For Christian missionaries who arrived through the ports of eastern states of India such as

10270: 9743: 9528: 8640: 6244:

CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence -

6109: 5741: 5638:

CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence -

3822: 3101: 3041: 2863: 2643: 2249:. He felt Jagannath meant the 'World personified' in the Jain context and was derived from 2054:

festival for Jagannath, the stupa-like shape of the temple and a dharmachakra-like discus (

1967: 1369: 1323: 1003: 655: 161: 9027:

Sacred Geography of Puri: Structure and Organisation and Cultural Role of a Pilgrim Centre

6094: 4643: 3265:. This arti is sung (not performed with platter and lamps etc.) daily after recitation of 2550:'klim', which is also the bijamantra of Kali or Shakti. The representation of Balarama as 1310:

in Puri, Odisha is particularly significant in Vaishnavism, and is regarded as one of the

556: 8: 10490: 10155: 10129: 9623: 9188: 8959:, Studies in History, 12, 2, n.s., pp. 204–221, Sage Publications, New Delhi (1996). 5820:

Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion

5269: 3627: 3149: 3033: 2930: 2922: 2309: 2078:(servitors) claim to be descendants of the aboriginals. Majority of rituals are based on 1975: 1315: 1228:

Odia Vaishnavism) — the particular sector of Jagannath as a major deity — emerged in the

1158: 952: 785: 9938: 5092: 3420: 2437:(right, man-lion avatar of Vishnu who fights evil demon and ends religious persecution). 2097:

as a divinely incarnated purveyor of illusion. It states that Vishnu's "descent" as the

10465: 10000: 9958: 9850: 9748: 9613: 9318: 8687: 8668:

Guy, John (1992). "New evidence for the Jagannatha sect in seventeenth century Nepal".

8396: 8178: 8011: 6461: 5788: 4420: 3521: 3378:

Due to persistent attacks from non-Indic religions, even to this day, devotees of only

3124:

Shrila Prabhupada in Golden Gate Park with Jagannath deity to his right: February, 1967

3022: 2926: 2165: 1982: 1611: 935: 800: 795: 755: 705: 628: 7991:, Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Volume 30, Number 1-2, pages 51-53 4814: 4570:

Sri Jagannath is being worshipped throughout Orissa over thirty districts in 64 names.

3763: 2978:

was a follower of Nimbaraka, with a focus on Radha and Krishna. Jayadev's composition

2953:(ca. 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha). 1580:

and sometimes under the umbrella cover of multiheaded Sesha Naga, both linking him to

1240:

Unusually, the icon is made of wood and replaced with a new one at regular intervals.

10295: 9606: 9435: 9368: 9237: 9202: 9155: 9127: 9047: 9030: 9012: 8970: 8927: 8906: 8851: 8822: 8798: 8770: 8749: 8715: 8691: 8654: 8585: 8564: 8540:

The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul

8291: 8264: 8237: 8182: 8141: 8031: 7885: 7850: 7827: 7781: 7711: 7684: 7635: 7608: 7473: 7446: 7419: 7392: 7365: 7284: 7239: 7179: 7152: 7043: 7016: 6989: 6952: 6925: 6897: 6740: 6576: 6546: 6472: 6328: 6268: 6222: 6191: 6162: 6050: 6023: 5992: 5873: 5824: 5714: 5687: 5611: 5580: 5496: 5469: 5426: 5399: 5372: 5345: 5273: 5188: 5146: 5119: 4930: 4903: 4719: 4674: 4647: 4431: 4398: 3931:

Also in Madhya Parva: There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind ...

3818: 3787: 3778:

and other temples belonging to this type. This is the first temple in the history of

3740: 3379: 3325: 2960: 2946: 2899: 2059: 1796: 1577: 1229: 1058: 989: 790: 780: 760: 750: 740: 735: 603: 566: 96: 8957:

Ways of 'Belonging': The Kanchi Kaveri Legend and the Construction of Oriya Identity

7820:

S.S. Johar, University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for South Asian Studies (1975).

6158:

Utkal University History Of Orissa: Volume I - From the Earliest Time Up to 500 A.D.

3580:

wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the

2174: 10329: 10250: 10082: 9869: 9647: 9450: 9123:

Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540)

8725: 8679: 8170: 8023: 7917: 6881: 6116: 4494: 3775: 3596: 3577: 3285: 3258: 2821: 2515: 2392: 2146: 2083: 2035:. According to Ganguly, it is absurd to imagine that the prince chose the farthest 1958: 1616: 1411: 1072: 660: 593: 546: 496: 417: 8842:, Berger Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisted, Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010). 5113: 3406: 3224: 2424: 1874: 1502:

tribal deity is produced from burnt wood and looks very different from Jagannath.

10437: 10388: 10182: 9753: 9405: 9270: 9231: 9196: 9149: 9121: 9041: 8964: 8921: 8900: 8816: 8699: 8648: 8623: 8579: 8231: 8214: 7879: 7705: 7678: 7280: 6216: 6156: 6044: 6017: 5986: 5605: 5574: 5263: 4713: 4668: 4636: 4498: 4230: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3703:. It is a major historic Hindu pilgrimage site. Left: An artist's sketch in 1915. 3543: 3383: 3274: 3186: 3081: 3008: 2891: 2585: 2277: 1741: 1682:

during Prataparudradeva's time expounded in their works the idea that Jagannath (

1358: 865: 730: 540: 501: 472: 357: 9378: 5422:

Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions

3842:

called the Kurma bedha (Tortoise encompassment) was built by Purushottama Deva.

3550:(i.e., holy view). This festival is known as Ratha Yatra, meaning the festival ( 2444:

another proposal for tribal origins is through the medieval era cult of Lakshmi-

10364: 10215: 9913: 9822: 9768: 9763: 9723: 9224:

Vedic View of Jagannath: Series of Centre of Excellence in Traditional Shastras

8501: 4541:"The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - March 2008" 3618:, a kind of baked cake which are generally consumed by the poor sections only. 3013: 2971: 2170: 2156: 2151: 2012: 1624: 1443:(କାଳିଆ) ("The Black-coloured Lord", but which can also mean "the Timely One"), 1338: 840: 805: 745: 536: 404: 298: 8683: 8174: 8077: 7921: 7777:

A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume

7734:

http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf

7235:

A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume

6226: 6166: 5517: 4005: 3351:'s posthumous poetical illustration to The Temple of Juggernaut, a picture by 3215: 2529:

element in the tradition of Jagannath overlap with the rites and doctrines of

1539:

The icon of Jagannath in his temples is a brightly painted, rough-hewn log of

1486:

According to Dina Krishna Joshi, the word may have origins in the tribal word

10459: 10350: 10160: 9928: 9817: 9758: 9713: 9677: 9667: 9654: 9586: 8835: 8812: 8707: 8644: 8319: 8035: 7388:

The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant

4895: 4511: 4301: 4299: 3851: 3802:

monolithic columnar pillar known as the Aruna Stambha (Solar Pillar) bearing

3631: 3623: 3526: 3506: 3363: 3266: 3190: 3145: 2911: 2903: 2848:

with the statue of Jagannath on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse

2834: 2796:'s Ashvamedh Yajna and the advent of the four deities of the Jagannath cult. 2736: 2578: 2566: 2558: 2380: 2160: 1987: 1851: 1838: 1772: 1556: 1420: 1140: 1114: 855: 550: 506: 491: 447: 333: 318: 6884:(The Statesman Group). p. 4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023 4027: 4025: 3653:

prison. In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "

2925:. As per historical records, Gajapati Purushottam Deva's expedition towards 2547: 1642:

Jagannath is considered as equivalent to the Hindu metaphysical concepts of

1439:. Further, on the basis of the physical appearance of the deity, names like 1232:

and later became an independent state regional temple-centered tradition of

10449: 10371: 10336: 10225: 9908: 9792: 9733: 9672: 9661: 9601: 9440: 8821:. Studies in Orissan society, culture, and history, 1. New Delhi: Manohar. 8763:

Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S., eds. (2012).

6876:[Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup']. 3810:, faces the Lion Gate. This column was brought here from the Sun temple of 3642: 3289: 3234: 3046: 2980: 2884: 2708: 2675: 2659: 2619: 2614: 2538: 2106: 1995: 1683: 1651: 1647: 1271: 1201: 1195: 870: 815: 700: 680: 560: 511: 477: 66: 8229: 6600: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6408: 6406: 6393: 6391: 6389: 4296: 2974:

visited Puri, establishing the Radhavallav Matha in 1268. The famous poet

2902:

in the 17th century and a work by the same name by Maguni Dasa. The first

2186: 2128: 2079: 1867:(wooden image) floating by the sea. He instructed them to construct a new 1035: 10398: 10343: 10320: 10230: 10145: 9980: 9812: 9797: 9728: 9708: 9698: 9682: 9618: 7908:

Gribbin, William (1973). "The juggernaut metaphor in American rhetoric".

7762:

http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm

5663: 5661: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4022: 3913:

Original: ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |

3876: 3795: 3791: 3749: 3743:) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls); 3718: 3469: 3464: 3093: 3037: 2817: 2793: 2789: 2752: 2740: 2543: 2514:

symbolizes the wheel of the sun's chariot, a syncretic absorption of the

2476: 2210: 2050: 2017: 1843: 1808: 1737: 1675: 1663: 1576:. Apart from the principal companion deities, the Jagannath icon shows a 1491: 1374: 1334: 1330: 1275: 1256: 1206: 979: 900: 895: 890: 860: 850: 820: 685: 598: 516: 454: 441: 293: 224: 169: 108: 62: 8818:

Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa

8260:

The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830-1960

8097:

http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf

7415:

Diaspora of the Gods:Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World

6696: 5792: 3978: 3976: 3922:

Original: ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |

2858:

support for his campaign, the king enthusiastically led the expedition.

48: 10140: 10010: 9990: 9933: 9628: 9090:

Inscriptions of Jagannath Temple and Origin of Sri Purusottam Jagannath

7631:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)

7123: 6433: 6403: 6386: 6129:

Kar. Dr. Karunakar. Ascharja Charjachaya. Orissa Sahitya Akademy (1969)

5737:

Oldest Jagannath Temple of Puri: The Buddhist and Somavamsi Connections

3753: 3713:

is one of the major Hindu temples in India. The temple is built in the

3654: 3646: 3565: 3493: 3293: 3244: 3097: 3055: 2872: 2488: 2301: 2246: 2124: 2032: 1903: 1891: 1800: 1784: 1354: 1303: 1251: 1233: 1210: 1165: 984: 947: 920: 675: 665: 570: 436: 431: 328: 256: 9275: 6272: 5658: 5602:"F-OBJECTS OF WORSHIP: II.Uddesika or Monuments - 3. Tri-Ratna Symbol" 4608: 3547: 3308: 2739:

have attributed the creation of the Jagannathpuri during the reign of

10255: 10220: 10087: 10052: 10005: 9995: 9201:. Studies in South Asian culture, 15. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. 8923:

Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art

5946: 3973: 3803: 3768: 3105: 2812:

One of the most popular legends associated with Jagannath is that of

2748: 2445: 2434: 2343: 2023: 1776: 1702: 1619:

declares it to be the most auspicious wood from which to make Vishnu

1609:

of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana Chakra are made of

1587: 1524: 1311: 1279: 974: 964: 845: 810: 765: 720: 715: 695: 467: 303: 246: 9310: 8785:

The Vicissitudes of an Indian Province under Native and British Rule

7881:

Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893

4444: 4142: 4140: 2776:

mentions Jagannath. Some believe that the mythical place where King

1756:

Outside Vaishnava tradition, Jagannath is considered the epitome of

10305: 10235: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10062: 9807: 9738: 9703: 9596: 9363: 9358: 8745:

The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture

8735:

The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture

8027: 6739:. Evolution of tantra in Orissa: Kalpaz Publications. p. 145. 6289:

Sri Krsna - Jagannath Consciousness: Vyasa - Jayadeva - Sarala Dasa

5525: 3861: 3572:

The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra is the

3436: 3341: 3317: 3278: 3063: 2992:

became a place where for the first time the famous Krishnaite poem

2975: 2956: 2772: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2296: 2254: 2110: 2003: 1971: 1925:, there is mention of a Daru (wooden log) floating in the ocean as 1921: 1899: 1895: 1859: 1788: 1764: 1722: 1573: 1569: 1385: 1186: 1182: 1170: 1044: 930: 835: 830: 770: 725: 618: 613: 461: 266: 139: 135: 76: 9306:

Mahaprabhu Sri Jagannatha The Lord of Universe (Paperback Edition)

9107:, Centre for Advanced Studies in History and Culture, Bhubaneswar. 3270: 2605: 1515: 10112: 9985: 9943: 9918: 9892: 8082: 7928: 5847:

Unity in Diversity: The Uniqueness of Jagannath Culture of Odisha

5777:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

4137: 3871: 3799: 3722: 3248: 3160:

Jagannath is considered the combination of 5 Gods Vishnu, Shiva,

3059: 2854: 2768: 2623: 2496: 2492: 2480: 2403:

with it. However, states Starza, this theory is weak because the

2338: 2273: 1890:, Indradyumna constructed a new temple, and performed a thousand 1643: 1636: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1245: 1214: 1178: 1100: 825: 775: 646: 633: 484: 394: 377: 372: 352: 338: 271: 200: 149: 8216:

Pilgrim Tax in India: The Great Temple in Orissa, Second edition

7989:

Essentialising the Jagannath cult: a discourse on self and other

5052:"Lord Jagannath in the form of Lord Raghunath and Lord Jadunath" 4633: 4483:

The term Jagannath etymologically means the Lord of the Universe

1871:

upon a mountain that stood beside the seashore for his worship.

1414:, Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture 10403: 10393: 10240: 10067: 10057: 9263: 8947:

Mohanty, B.C.; Buhler, Alfred (1980). "Patachitras of Orissa".

5571:"CHAPTER XXVII: Symbols of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha - Part 10" 5164: 5162: 3866: 3856: 3811: 3736: 3700: 3539: 3535: 3512:

Ratha Yatra is most significant of all festivals of Jagannath.

3427: 3399: 3337: 3169: 3153: 3129: 3109: 3089: 3075: 3067: 3051: 3028: 3001: 2942: 2777: 2744: 2687: 2593: 2551: 2546:. Further, his Shri Chakra ("holy wheel") is worshipped in the 2511: 2507: 2449: 2326: 2305: 2258: 2087: 2063: 2048:

Another evidence that links Jagannath deity to Buddhism is the

2041: 1963: 1930: 1907: 1887: 1812: 1780: 1757: 1714: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1581: 1267: 1218: 1190: 969: 710: 574: 399: 389: 345: 323: 313: 251: 241: 231: 196: 120: 115: 83: 9061:

Patra, Avinash (2011). Maria Joseph (Vishnupriya Dasi) (ed.).

7849:; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, 6645: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 3100:. The popularity of Jagannath among Bengalis is attributed to 2237:

Pandit Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of

10210: 10172: 10077: 10072: 9975: 9198:

The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult

8332:

By large 13 festivals are celebrated at Lord Jagannath Temple

8287:

Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion

8137:

Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion

7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7533:. Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri. Archived from 5260:"The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31" 4950: 4948: 4946: 3807: 3650: 3645:

of Pordenone visited India in 1316–1318, some 20 years after

3569:. The Ratha Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha Yatra. 3398:

The Jagannath symbol is a part of the Krishna iconography in

3255: 3195: 3165: 3161: 2985: 2781: 2712: 2707:

same as "love in the heart". The 15th-century Bhakti scholar

2691: 2519: 2503: 2415: 2360: 2142: 2138: 2007: 1855: 1836:, a later 12th century addition to the Skanda Purana) of the 1804: 1792: 1768: 1605: 1565: 1435:(ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ) ("Friend of the Universe"). Both names derive from 1291: 1283: 1174: 1086: 690: 426: 367: 281: 236: 6769:"A Reassessment of the origin of the Jagannath cult of Puri" 5159: 3774:

The temple is built on an elevated platform, as compared to

3073:

The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (

2762: 2600: 10165: 9591: 9290: 9226::10, Rashtriya Sanskrita Vidyapeetha, Tirupati-517507, AP. 7947:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration".

7315: 7084: 5138: 4762: 4555:"64 Names of Lord Jagannath Around Odisha | PURIWAVES" 4084: 3498: 3336:

with Biblical terminology for his audience, called him the

3297: 3252: 3018: 2785: 2400: 2238: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1687: 1541: 1260: 940: 362: 261: 204: 9861: 8650:

The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa

7648: 6805: 4943: 4896:

Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

4692: 4690: 4499:

Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture

4112: 4110: 4108: 4074: 4072: 4070: 2368:

are Hindu, but believed to have been the ancient tribe of

2159:) as the goddess of Oddiyana, with which Indrabhuti's son 9286:

Detailed description of Ratha Yatra festival of Jagannath

7336:, vol 2, part 2.18. The Cult of Gopal Krsna or gopinatha. 6841: 6515: 5922: 5629: 5627: 5213: 5000: 4512:"::: LordJagannath.Co.in ::: Lord Jagannath (Names)" 4057: 4055: 3786:

The Deula consists of a tall shikhara (dome) housing the

2921:

The Kanchi Kingdom has been identified as the historical

1666:'s idea and expressed in their literary works as all the 9296:

136th Jagannath Temple Ratha Yatra in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

8108: 8106: 8104: 8051:"SC urges Jagannath temple to allow entry of non-Hindus" 6795: 6793: 6213:"IX. Tantric Buddhism in Orissa: (A) The Uddiyana Pitha" 6183:

Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa Volume 1

5981:

Klaproth, Julius Von; Rémusat, Abel (11 October 2018) .

5817:

Skykes, Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry (March 2009) .

5686:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 148–149. 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4224:"Synthetic Character of Jagannath Culture", Pp. 1–4 4127: 4125: 3410:

Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra in Kalighat Painting

1713:, Jagannath is dressed and decorated in the form of the 1627:

when its month of Asadha occurs twice in the same year.

9280: 7227: 7225: 7192: 6714: 6599:. Jagannath temple, Puri administration. Archived from 5934: 5646: 5111: 5045: 5043: 4687: 4105: 4067: 2537:. According to the Shaivas, Jagannath is Bhairava. The 2316:

started worshipping this deity in mid-14th century AD.

9104:

Tribals of Orissa: The changing Socio-Economic Profile

8714:. Vol. 8. New York: MacMillan. pp. 387–392. 8630: 8466: 8442: 7209: 7207: 7148:

Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850

6153:"CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - Capital of Utkala" 5952: 5910: 5872:. Consortium of Collective Consciousness. p. 91. 5683:

Colors of the Robe: Religion, Identity, and Difference

4052: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3288:

also visited Jagannath Puri. It is said that Maharaja

2747:. According to the second legend, associated with the 2686:(consciousness), and his companion Subhadra represent 2280:. The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain 2194:, of which the main deities are Jagganath and Viraja. 10421: 8639: 8454: 8365: 8230:

Nancy Gardner Cassels; Sri Prabhat Mukherjee (2000).

8101: 7676: 7573:"Vimala Temple at the Jagannath Temple Complex, Puri" 7552: 6853: 6829: 6817: 6790: 6110:"History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D)" 5898: 5073: 5020:"Place of Chakratirtha in the cult of Lord Jagannath" 4450: 4391:

Misra, Bijoy M. (2007). Bryant, Edwin Francis (ed.).

4235: 4162: 4146: 4122: 3982: 3453:

List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri

2941:

Vaishnavism is considered a more recent tradition in

2883:

In modern culture, Kanchi Vijaya is a major motif in

2181:

at Udaygiri not far from Jajpur, which states that a

9064:

Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath

8872:

Antiquity of Jagannath Puri as a place of pilgrimage

7222: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6304: 6302: 6221:. Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University. pp. 141–155. 6075: 6063: 6014:"Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath" 5886: 5798: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5201: 5040: 4732: 4254: 4042: 4040: 1717:

avatar of Vishnu. Jagannath appeared in the form of

9236:. Sheridan, Wyoming: Creative Media Partners, LLC. 7767: 7594: 7277:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti

7252: 7204: 7175:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti

7096: 6938: 6589: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6132: 5991:. Sheridan, Wyoming: Creative Media Partners, LLC. 5866:"India and the Sub-Continent: Holy Cities of India" 5451:. Odisha Society of the Americas. pp. 129–132. 5235:. Markandeya. 2009. pp. 18, 19. Archived from 4711: 4580: 4578: 3988: 3649:had dictated the account of his travels while in a 2093:Buddha was assimilated as Vishnu's ninth avatar in 1950:to interpretation, the overlap in the ideas exist. 1357:which is then pulled by numerous volunteers to the 8902:Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha 8899:Miśra, Narayan (2005). Durga Nandan Mishra (ed.). 8762: 8478: 8377: 7353: 7351: 6460: 6161:Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University. pp. 107–110. 4635: 4419: 4351: 4214:, chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis. 2799: 2561:is the Shakti. The offerings of Jagannath becomes 1348: 1163:'Lord of the Universe'; formerly English: 1151: 8195: 7877: 6915: 6913: 6753: 6694: 6429:. Oxford University Press (Reprint). p. 597. 6299: 5679: 5539: 5180: 4840:. Bhakti Vedanta Memorial Library. Archived from 4638:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 4037: 3731:has four distinct sectional structures, namely - 2662:(lit.: the Upper Person), as well as the Puranic 1686:) is Purna Brahman from whom other Avataras like 10457: 8943:, Utkal University reprinted, Bhubaneswar, 2001. 8874:, OHRJ, Vol. III, No.1, April, 1954, p. 17. 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 6902:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6527: 5870:Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations 4575: 3546:, in huge chariots, allowing the public to have 3175: 3092:. The event of the Ratha Yatra is celebrated in 3085:or the Original Supreme Personality of Godhead. 2988:and Krishna in East Indian Vaishnavism. And the 2722: 2678:, the form of Krishna that prevades as abstract 2027:, Buddha's left canine tooth was handed over to 7348: 6977: 6975: 6564: 6562: 5980: 5823:. London: Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 59. 5461: 5085: 4707: 4705: 4465:"Lord Jagannath Symbol of National Integration" 1878:2007 Jagannath Chariot Festival in Puri, Odisha 1662:In Prataparudradeva's time Odia poets accepted 9101:Ray, B. C., Aioswarjya Kumar Das, ed. (2010). 8951:. Ahmedabad, India: Calico Museum of Textiles. 8653:. South Asian Studies, 8. New Delhi: Manohar. 7903: 7901: 7755: 7680:Religion and Pilgrim Tax Under the Company Raj 7627: 7571:Mahapatra, Ratnakar (September–October 2005). 7306:"Jagannath—The Epitome of Supreme Lord Vishnu" 6910: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6458: 6341: 6049:. The Victoria and Albert Museum. p. 22. 5710:Orissa And Her Remains - Ancient And Mediaeval 5489:Silva, Jose Carlos Gomes da (1 January 2010). 5097:. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. pp. 4916: 2253:. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of 1063: 1049: 9877: 9326: 9217:The Jagannatha temple at Puri and its Deities 8966:The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa 8949:Study of Contemporary Textile Crafts of India 8946: 8811: 8256: 8118: 7956:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "picture". 7934: 7743: 7741: 7703: 7672: 7670: 7391:. Columbia University Press. pp. 68–71. 7090: 6019:The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa 5515: 5398:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 204. 5392:Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (August 1999). 5132: 4666: 4422:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduikm: N-Z 4397:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–141. 4190: 3303: 3044:in the 16th century. "Gaudiya" refers to the 2936: 2743:, a pious king and an ascetic who ruled from 2169:records a prophecy in which the Lord assures 2131:, describes Jagannath as a Buddhist deity in 1729:and called him Raghunath during his visit to 1322:, and one of the best surviving specimens of 1105: 1077: 1011: 9067:. Oxford: Oxford University weekly Journal. 8865:Jagannath in History and Religious Tradition 8283: 8202:. T. Cadell & W. Davies. pp. 20–21. 8133: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7801:गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग 7773: 7432: 6972: 6874:"পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত" 6559: 5713:. Puri: Gyan Publishing House. p. 400. 5265:Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus 5187:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 19. 4702: 3029:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Gaudiya Vaishnavism 3025:festival, Jagannath is regarded as Krishna. 1914: 8985:Sri Jagannath Parbaparbani Sebapuja (Oriya) 8888:, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1971. 8616:Sidelights on History and Culture of Orissa 8608:Puri Paintings: the Chitrakara and his Work 8212: 8199:Christian Researches in Asia, Ninth edition 7898: 7884:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–33. 7840: 7710:. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. 7707:Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel 6871: 6657: 6350:"Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath culture" 6267:. Cuttack: ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ. p. 91. 5174: 4634:Wendy Doniger; Merriam-Webster, In (1999). 4019:, pp. 72–77, Cult Purusottama at Puri. 1740:(ten avatars) of Vishnu, though in certain 1091: 9884: 9870: 9333: 9319: 9259:Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana 9151:White Whispers: Selected Poems of Salabega 9115:. New Delhi: Classical Publishing Company. 9043:Śūnya Puruṣa: Bauddha Vaiṣṇavism of Orissa 7819: 7738: 7667: 7564: 7472:. Bucknell University Press. p. 161. 7264: 6624:"The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha" 6188:Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts 5964: 5928: 5599: 5568: 5219: 4994: 4922: 4417: 4316: 4314: 1850:, grew interested in venerating the deity 1478: 1468: 1458: 1452: 1342: 1302:. He is also significant to the Hindus of 1119: 1018: 1004: 178: 47: 9230:Mansinha, Mayadhar (10 September 2021) . 9008:Jagannath: His Temple, Cult and Festivals 8969:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 8962: 8791:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). 8790: 7860: 7729: 7727: 7634:. Mushilal Manoharlal. pp. 216–217. 7600: 7570: 7516: 7321: 7213: 7144: 6919: 6732: 6521: 6418: 6179: 6011: 5940: 5857: 5770: 5569:Cunningham, Alexander (September 2021) . 5536:। तदा रभस्व दुर्हणो तेन गच्छ परस्तरम् ॥३॥ 5492:The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals 5391: 5371:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 210. 4965: 4963: 4861: 4859: 4835: 4738: 4158: 4131: 4099: 4061: 3798:. A 16-sided, 11-metre-high (36 ft) 3752:/Natamandapa, which is also known as the 2763:Stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata 2601:Transformation from unitary icon to triad 1803:declared that Purushottama Jagannath and 1447:(ଦାରୁବ୍ରହ୍ମ) ("The Sacred Wood-Riddle"), 9229: 9147: 9086: 9011:. New Delhi: Aryan Books International. 8600:Domain of Jagannath - A Historical Study 8500:. Jagannath temple, Puri. Archived from 8345:"Damanaka Chaturdasi - Jagannath Temple" 7972: 7492: 7411: 7333: 7303: 6811: 6766: 6545:. Oxford University Press. p. 142. 6239: 6097:. Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon. 2019. 5633: 5509: 4170: 3999: 3762: 3525: 3405: 3393: 3307: 3205: 3140: 3119: 2839: 2633: 2604: 2337: 2295: 2185:with a relic inside and dwelt in by the 1981: 1957: 1873: 1586: 1483:"with round pupils") are also in vogue. 1368: 27:Regional form of the Hindu deity Krishna 9095:Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya 9039: 9004: 8647:; Tripathi, Gaya Charan, eds. (1978) . 8556: 7907: 7486: 7465: 7442:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena 7418:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 7231: 7116:"Guruji's Compositions:Dance and Drama" 6951:. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 110–111. 6945:Nanda, Prabhat Kumar (June–July 2007). 6924:. Crest Publishing House. p. 203. 6872:Chakraborty, Yogabrata (28 June 2023). 6668: 6491: 6320: 5916: 5843: 5754: 5706: 5344:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 217. 5105: 5049: 4954: 4320: 4311: 4272: 4211: 4186: 2510:. Finally the fourth deity, Sudarshana 2499:, and Subhadra is the youngest sister. 14: 10458: 9194: 8919: 8845: 8633:The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology 8472: 8460: 8448: 8371: 8263:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 58–67. 8160: 7959:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840 7955: 7950:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840 7946: 7724: 7661: 7558: 7493:Tripathy, Shrinibas (September 2009). 7438: 7384: 6799: 6651: 6621: 6540: 6467:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6446: 6412: 6397: 6081: 6069: 6042: 5892: 5816: 5667: 5652: 5304: 5257: 5207: 4969: 4960: 4856: 4696: 4621: 4585:Joshi, Dina Krishna (June–July 2007). 4501:, p. 93. Orissa Sahitya Academy (1982) 4308:, p. 97, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 4260: 4178: 4116: 4034:, p. 99, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 4016: 3637:In fact, Starza notes that the ruling 3180: 3132:started founding temples in the West. 3115: 2945:, being historically traceable to the 2730: 2609:Jagannath with Balabhadra and Subhadra 2577:contended to be the Hindu name of the 1986:Dharmachakra relief with 32 spokes in 1615:wood. Neem wood is chosen because the 9865: 9340: 9314: 9060: 8898: 8698: 8577: 8524:"Jagannath Temple, India - 7 wonders" 8417: 8163:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 8112: 8009: 7826:. Abhinav Publications. p. 149. 7357: 7270: 7171: 6944: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6733:Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda (2001). 6720: 6669:Behuria, Rabindra Kumar (June 2012). 6622:Behera, Prajna Paramita (June 2004). 6424: 6347: 6138: 6108:Nayak, Dr. Ganeswar (11 March 2014). 6107: 5863: 5804: 5733: 5556: 5488: 5418: 5364: 5337: 5320: 5168: 5079: 4929:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. 4902:. Taylor & Francis. p. 515. 4899:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 4865: 4584: 4390: 4352:Tripathy, B; Singh P.K. (June 2012). 4305: 4248: 4194: 4166: 4078: 4031: 2984:put a new emphasis on the concept of 2690:(energy) while Balabhadra represents 2006:origins of Jagannatha stems from the 1974:symbol of Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. 1533:Two versions of Jagannath iconography 1225: 8741: 8732: 8671:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8420:"Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon" 8397:"Juggernaut, definition and meaning" 7780:. Mittal Publications. p. 167. 7238:. Mittal Publications. p. 166. 6295:, Bhubaneshwar: Government of Odisha 6210: 6150: 5904: 5853:, Bhubaneshwar: Government of Odisha 5495:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 129. 5139:Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba (2001). 5017: 4739:Pattanaik, Shibasundar (July 2002). 4354:"Jagannath Cult in North-east India" 3821:in West Bengal, which is famous for 3152:, the consort of Shiva. Conversely, 3134:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 3007:In the 16th century, the worship of 2462: 2291: 1169:) is a deity worshipped in regional 9301:Street View around Jagannath Temple 9119: 9110: 8848:Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India 8815:; Schnepel, Burkhard, eds. (2001). 8667: 8605: 8484: 8383: 8048: 7258: 7198: 7102: 7068:. Amar Chitra Katha. Archived from 7035: 7008: 6981: 6568: 6308: 6285: 6258: 6046:Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India 6012:Mukherjee, Prabhat (August 1986) . 5465:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas 4804: 4718:. DK Printworld. pp. 779–780. 4462: 4451:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4273:Pradhan, Atul Chandra (June 2004). 4182: 4174: 4163:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4147:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 4046: 3983:Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978 3756:, (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and 2495:, Jagannath is the younger brother 2433:Jagannath (left) may have roots in 2241:origin because of the appending of 1953: 1787:is also considered to be Shiva and 1498:is phonetically unrelated, and the 1177:as part of a triad along with his ( 24: 9957: 8850:, The Victoria and Albert Museum, 8631:Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1988), 8584:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. 8498:"Architecture of Jagannath temple" 5771:Stevenson, J. (21 November 1840), 5365:Rosen, Steven (30 November 1994). 5321:Books, Kausiki (24 October 2021). 5286:from the original on 14 April 2021 5115:Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic 5001:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1825). 4587:"Lord Jagannath: the tribal deity" 4528:Different names of Shree Jagannath 4323:"My friend, philosopher and guide" 3261:was recited by him at the revered 2807: 1427:is linked to other names, such as 1396:meaning "Master" or "Lord". Thus, 25: 10502: 9252: 9071:from the original on 23 June 2011 8557:Coulter, Charles Russell (2013). 8312:"Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath" 7531:Official site of Jagannath temple 7178:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1091. 5468:. Sarup & Sons. p. 322. 5338:Knapp, Stephen (1 January 2009). 4805:Das, Madhavananda (8 June 2004). 3667:Jagannath Temple (disambiguation) 3300:, while on his deathbed in 1839. 2880:of Puri that depicts this scene. 2333: 1658:, the Suryavamsi King of Odisha: 10443: 10431: 10029:Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives 9846: 9845: 9377: 8516: 8490: 8411: 8389: 8337: 8304: 8277: 8250: 8223: 8206: 8189: 8154: 8090: 8061: 8042: 8003: 7994: 7981: 7966: 7940: 7813: 7794: 7697: 7621: 7459: 7445:. Jagannath: Visible Ink Press. 7405: 7378: 7339: 7297: 7273:"Gitagovinda (Influence: Oriya)" 7165: 7138: 7108: 7056: 7029: 7002: 6865: 6767:Tripathy, Manorama (June 2012). 6726: 6688: 6615: 6485: 6452: 6449:, pp. 67–70 with footnotes. 6415:, pp. 63–64 with footnotes. 6400:, pp. 62–63 with footnotes. 6371: 6314: 6279: 6252: 6204: 6173: 6144: 5670:, pp. 58–59 with footnotes. 5579:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 5112:Wilkins, William Joseph (1900). 5050:Mohanty, Tarakanta (July 2005). 4624:, pp. 65–67 with footnotes. 4321:Patnaik, Bibhuti (3 July 2011). 3953: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3767:The Jagganath temple in Ranchi, 3717:style of architecture, with the 3689: 3680: 3223: 3214: 2767:According to Prabhat Nanda, the 2423: 2414: 1823: 1751: 1523: 1514: 10202:Associated with Krishna's life 10178:48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra 9828:Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 9264:Shri Jaganath, Official website 9215:Starza-Majewski, Olgierd M. L: 8926:, University of Chicago Press, 8905:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 8627:, Sanbun Publishers, New Delhi. 8581:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 8560:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities 8549: 7361:A History of India, 4th edition 7151:. Orient Longman. p. 163. 6676:. Orissa Review. pp. 42–43 6427:The Religion of an Indian Tribe 6377: 6265:ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ 6261:"ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ" 6123: 6101: 6087: 6036: 6005: 5974: 5837: 5810: 5764: 5727: 5700: 5673: 5600:Cunningham, Alexander (2021) . 5593: 5562: 5482: 5462:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). 5455: 5439: 5412: 5385: 5358: 5331: 5314: 5251: 5225: 5018:Dash, Durgamadhab (June 2007). 5011: 4889: 4829: 4798: 4660: 4627: 4547: 4533: 4504: 4488: 4456: 4411: 4384: 4375: 4345: 4266: 4217: 3898: 3889: 3759:Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall). 3088:Jagannath is widely revered in 2800:Sarala Dasa Mahabharata version 2232: 2127:, the ancient Buddhist king of 1721:, another avatar of Vishnu, to 1457:"The wooden god"), Chakā ākhi ( 1329:The annual festival called the 9168:Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda: 8219:. London: Seely, Fleet-Street. 7677:Nancy Gardner Cassels (1988). 7385:Bryant, Edwin Francis (2004). 5844:Kanungo, Archana (July 2013), 5419:Knapp, Stephen (29 May 2008). 5395:Best Loved Folk Tales of India 4779:. Sri Gopaljiu. Archived from 4715:Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa 3817:There is a temple situated in 3699:The Jagannath temple in Puri, 3515: 3281:and at most Gurudwara sahibs. 3040:religious movement founded by 2584:In the words of the historian 1505: 1400:means "lord of the universe". 1193:Hinduism, is the supreme god, 13: 1: 9005:Patnaik, Himanshu S. (1994). 8610:, New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann 8418:Karan, Jajati (4 July 2008). 8290:. Routledge. pp. 56–57. 8140:. Routledge. pp. 55–56. 7683:. Riverdale. pp. 17–22. 7469:Krishna Consciousness in West 7065:Purushottam Dev and Padmavati 6948:Shree Jagannath and Shree Ram 6494:"Jagannath temples of Ganjam" 6327:. Deep& Deep. p. 5. 6286:Das, Satyabrata (July 2008), 6180:Donaldson, Thomas E. (2001). 5864:Olsen, Brad (February 2004). 5707:Ganguly, Mano Mohan (1986) . 4770:"The origin of Patita Pavana" 4418:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). 4275:"Evolution of Jagannath Cult" 3966: 3347:These views are picked up in 3176:Jagannath and other religions 2792:, states Das, describes King 2723:In Hindu texts and traditions 1830:Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya 1771:, the consort of the goddess 1630: 9276:Shri Jaganath Temple at Puri 8963:Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981) . 8787:, Vol. I, Chapter-III, 1872. 8742:Holt, John Clifford (2008). 8737:. Columbia University Press. 8733:Holt, John Clifford (2004). 8712:The Encyclopedia of Religion 8602:, BR Publishing Corporation. 8399:. Merriam Webster Dictionary 8010:Ghosh, Ujaan (August 2018). 7042:. Sanbun. pp. 163–165. 6324:Indian Culture and Education 5118:. London: Elibron Classics. 4972:"He is the infinite Brahman" 4970:Mishra, Kabi (3 July 2011). 4741:"Sudarsan of Lord Jagannath" 4712:Thomas E. Donaldson (2002). 4426:. Rosen Publishing. p. 4381:See: Chakravarti 1994, p 140 3446: 3389: 3360:Christian Researches in Asia 3324:by the Christian missionary 2949:. Already, according to the 2931:Kanchi (Vijayanagar) Kingdom 2190:is same as Oddiyana or Odra- 1364: 7: 9891: 9233:History of Oriya Literature 8846:Leyden, Rudolf von (1982), 8635:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 8236:. Orchid. pp. 96–108. 7973:Buchanan, Claudius (1811). 7910:Quarterly Journal of Speech 7607:. Gyan Books. p. 133. 7218:. Kitab Mahal. p. 320. 6922:India: A Divine Destination 6492:Mohanty, P.C. (June 2012). 6463:An Introduction to Hinduism 6321:Mohanty, Jagannath (2009). 6259:Das, Suryanarayan (2015) . 6043:Leyden, Rudolf von (1982). 5327:. Kausiki Books. p. 4. 5145:. Gyan Books. p. 146. 4642:. Merriam-Webster. p. 4463:Das, Basanta Kumar (2009). 3845: 3746:Mukhashala (Frontal porch); 3729:Temple of Jagannath at Puri 3711:Temple of Jagannath at Puri 3576:. During the festival, the 2649: 2300:An old Dadhivaman deity in 1349: 1152: 1036: 10: 10507: 9113:Studies in Jagannatha Cult 8840:The Anthropology of Values 8624:Jagannath Through the Ages 8621:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 8196:Claudius Buchanan (1812). 7878:Michael J. Altman (2017). 7524:"THE TEMPLE OF JAGANNATHA" 7364:. Routledge. p. 150. 7279:. Vol. 2. New Delhi: 7275:. In Amaresh Datta (ed.). 7036:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 7009:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 6982:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 6569:Das, Suryanarayan (2010). 6211:Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1958). 6151:Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1964). 5680:Ananda Abeysekara (2002). 5425:. iUniverse. p. 250. 5181:Jagannath Mohanty (2009). 4868:"Iconography of Jagannath" 4673:. Punthi. pp. 58–59. 4197:, chapter 9, Jagannāthism. 3664: 3660: 3530:Rath Yatra in Puri (2007). 3519: 3450: 3304:Jagannath and Christianity 2937:Early Vaishnava traditions 2784:and tilled land to obtain 2310:Shrila Bhakti Vinod Thakur 1818: 1763:Jagannath is venerated as 1129:Glossary of Hinduism terms 32:Jagannath (disambiguation) 29: 10381: 10319: 10281: 10193: 10128: 10045: 9968: 9955: 9899: 9841: 9785: 9691: 9639: 9577: 9537: 9464: 9393: 9386: 9375: 9346: 9281:Shri Jagannath Dham, Puri 9176:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 9144:, Utkal University, 1958. 9111:Ray, Bidyut Lata (1993). 8879:Jaina Monuments of Orissa 8684:10.1017/S135618630000239X 8175:10.1017/s0022046900028426 7935:Kulke & Schnepel 2001 7922:10.1080/00335637309383178 7145:Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). 7091:Mohanty & Buhler 1980 6920:Deshpande, Aruna (2005). 5988:The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian 5983:"CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3)" 5734:Patel, C.B. (July 2003), 5610:. Gyan Publishing House. 4191:Kulke & Schnepel 2001 3382:are allowed entry in the 3296:diamond, to Jagannath in 3128:Soon after its founding, 2853:his army. At Adipur near 2592:The diverse religions of 1915:Vedic origin of Jagannath 1479: 1469: 1459: 1453: 1343: 1337:) of his chief temple in 1320:Hindu temple architecture 1213:, Jagannath is a form of 1209:Hindus, particularly the 1164: 1144: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1032: 145: 131: 126: 114: 102: 92: 82: 72: 58: 46: 41: 9777:Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka 9126:. Northern Book Centre. 9040:Patnaik, Tandra (2005). 8983:Nayak, Ashutosh (1999). 8794:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 7601:Simhadeba, J.P. (2001). 7495:"Goddess Bimala at Puri" 7214:Panigrahi, K.C. (1995). 6541:Bryant, Edwin F (2007). 6348:Barik, P M (July 2005). 6022:. Manohar Publications. 5341:Spiritual India Handbook 5258:Bakker, Hans T. (2004). 4807:"The Story of Gopal Jiu" 3882: 3402:events around the world. 3349:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 3004:, the avatar of Vishnu. 2163:is associated with. The 1902:. The king travelled to 1725:, who worshipped him as 1550:(without beginning) and 1373:Statue of Jagannatha at 1353:). They are placed in a 9719:Atibadi Jagannatha Dasa 9093:. Vol. 1–2. Puri: 9087:Rajaguru, S.N. (1992). 8748:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8614:Das, M.N., ed. (1977). 8349:jagannathtemplepuri.com 7962:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7953:. Fisher, Son & Co. 7628:Satish Chandra (2004). 7466:Bromley, David (1989). 7439:Melton, Gordon (2007). 7412:Waghorne, J.P. (2004). 7172:Datta, Amaresh (1988). 7122:. Srjan. Archived from 7120:of Kelucharan Mohapatra 6880:(in Bengali). Kolkata: 6878:dainikstatesmannews.com 6671:"The Cult of Jagannath" 6654:, pp. 70, 97, 105. 6459:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 6425:Elwin, Verrier (1955). 5953:Doniger O'Flaherty 1988 5171:, pp. 8–10, 17–18. 3835:Anantavarman Chodaganga 3725:and Kalasa are placed. 3417:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 3353:Alfred Gomersal Vickers 2629:Anantavarman Chodaganga 2282:Hathigumpha inscription 1990:bearing resemblance to 1392:meaning "universe" and 53:Jagannatha idol in 2011 10411:Guru–shishya tradition 9962: 9222:Upadhyay, Arun Kumar: 9195:Starza, O. M. (1993). 8939:Mohanty, A. B. (Ed.): 8578:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 8318:. 2010. Archived from 8257:N. Chatterjee (2011). 7805:www.livehindusthan.com 7704:Isabel Burton (2012). 7358:Kulke, Herman (2004). 7283:. pp. 1419–1421. 7232:Kusuman, K.K. (1990). 7015:. Sanbun. p. 26. 6988:. Sanbun. p. 13. 6575:. Sanbun. p. 89. 6246:The Metaphysical Poets 5640:The Metaphysical Poets 4976:The Telegraph, Kolkata 4777:Sri Krishna Kathamrita 4667:Santilata Dei (1988). 3771: 3531: 3472:or Shri Gundicha Yatra 3411: 3403: 3313: 3284:Later Sikh gurus like 3263:Jagannath Temple, Puri 3125: 3017:with eight figures of 2990:Jagannath Temple, Puri 2849: 2735:The Skanda Purana and 2639: 2610: 2598: 2350: 2346:or Nrusingha Besha in 2317: 2230: 2219: 1999: 1979: 1919:In hymn 10.155 of the 1879: 1698: 1639:as the supreme deity. 1592: 1407: 1378: 9961: 9181:Sircar, D.C. (1965). 9170:Tāntric art of Orissa 8955:Mohapatra, Bishnu N. 8893:The Cult of Jagannath 8886:The Cult of Jagannath 8783:Hunter, W.W. Orissa: 8641:Eschmann, Anncharlott 8284:Goldie Osuri (2013). 8134:Goldie Osuri (2013). 7857:, 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed. 7847:The Real Ranjit Singh 7774:K.K. Kusuman (1990). 7604:Tantric Art of Orissa 6736:Tāntric Art of Orissa 6543:Krishna: A Sourcebook 5941:Jones & Ryan 2006 5785:Royal Asiatic Society 5142:Tāntric Art of Orissa 4866:Chowdhury, Janmejay. 4559:puriwaves.nirmalya.in 4394:Krishna: A Sourcebook 3766: 3529: 3409: 3397: 3384:Jagannath puri temple 3311: 3206:Jagannath and Sikhism 3141:Jagannath in Shaktism 3123: 2876:(prayer hall) of the 2843: 2637: 2608: 2590: 2395:, log as a symbol of 2341: 2299: 2220: 2215: 2202:(The great void) and 1985: 1961: 1933:interpreted the term 1877: 1791:, a manifestation of 1733:in the 16th century. 1660: 1590: 1403: 1372: 88:Om Jagannāthāya Namah 10471:Deities of Jagannath 9744:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 9269:19 June 2009 at the 9025:Patnaik, N. (2006). 8213:James Peggs (1830). 8049:Rautray, Samanwaya. 8016:History of Religions 7271:Sahoo, K.C. (1988). 6697:"Shiva Shahasranama" 6597:"History of deities" 5742:Government of Odisha 5607:The Stupa of Bharhut 5532:प्लवते सिन्धोः पारे 5233:"Index of 16 Purans" 4926:Hinduism For Dummies 4817:on 13 September 2010 4786:on 18 September 2017 4670:Vaiṣṇavism in Orissa 4177:, pp. 213–230; 4169:, pp. 387–392; 3823:Rathayatra of Mahesh 3806:, the charioteer of 3340:, and his shrine as 3102:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 3042:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 2970:The Vaishnava saint 2312:'s great forefather 2272:of Kalinga taken to 2155:(ancient capital of 2002:Theories suggesting 1968:Alexander Cunningham 1473:"With round eyes"), 1388:word, compounded of 1324:Kalinga architecture 1189:. Jagannath, within 1121:ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ (Jagannātha) 1051:जगन्नाथ (Jagannātha) 1037:जगन्नाथ (Jagannātha) 30:For other uses, see 10476:Regional Hindu gods 10173:Pilgrimage circuits 10156:Krishna Janmashtami 9189:Motilal Banarsidass 9154:. Sahitya Akademi. 9120:Ray, Dipti (2007). 8992:Daru Devata (Oriya) 8920:Mitter, P. (1977), 8700:Hardy, Friedhelm E. 8606:Das, J. P. (1982), 8504:on 20 November 2012 7937:, pp. 159–160. 7751:. 13 November 2013. 7664:, pp. 146–147. 6850:, pp. 373–374. 6380:Jagannath and Nepal 5759:CHAPTER II: HISTORY 5516:Ralph TH Griffith. 5270:Motilal Banarsidass 5239:on 1 September 2014 4957:, pp. 111–119. 4923:Srinivasan (2011). 4516:lordjagannath.co.in 4229:8 July 2011 at the 4102:, pp. 155–156. 4081:, pp. 387–392. 3554:) of the chariots ( 3503:Damanaka Chaturdasi 3181:Jagannath and Islam 3116:The ISKCON Movement 3034:Gaudiya Vaishnavism 2951:Vishnudharma Purana 2923:Vijayanagar Kingdom 2731:Vaishnavite version 2672:Vishnudharma Purana 2670:. According to the 2642:During the rule of 1976:Harekrushna Mahatab 1316:Nagara architecture 1217:, sometimes as the 1107:ಜಗನ್ನಾಥ(Jagannātha) 1093:जगन्नाथ (Jagannāth) 1079:জগন্নাথ (Jôgônnāth) 1065:জগন্নাথ (Zôgônnāth) 786:Satyabhinava Tirtha 10291:Hathibada Ghosundi 9963: 9749:Madhavi Pattanayak 9219:, Amsterdam, 1983. 9142:Buddhism in Orissa 9001:, New Delhi, 1985. 8881:, New Delhi, 1984. 8322:on 22 October 2012 8055:The Economic Times 7987:S. Behera (2007), 7201:, p. 120-121. 7126:on 29 October 2012 6218:Buddhism in Orissa 5757:, pp. 10–11, 4844:on 14 October 2012 4119:, pp. 73, 76. 3772: 3532: 3522:Ratha Yatra (Puri) 3484:Dakhyinayana Yatra 3481:Parswa Paribartana 3412: 3404: 3314: 3126: 2927:Virupaksha Raya II 2864:Uchchhishta Ganesh 2850: 2844:The Ashwadwara at 2640: 2611: 2351: 2318: 2166:Saddharmapundarika 2021:, as mentioned in 2000: 1980: 1880: 1748:from Dashavatara. 1593: 1379: 1224:The Jagannathism ( 884:Related traditions 801:Satyadhyana Tirtha 796:Satyadharma Tirtha 756:Raghavendra Tirtha 706:Manavala Mamunigal 629:Vaishnava-Sahajiya 10419: 10418: 10296:Heliodorus pillar 9859: 9858: 9573: 9572: 9369:Sudarshana Chakra 9341:Jagannath worship 9161:978-81-260-0483-6 9148:Sālabega (1998). 9053:978-81-246-0345-1 9046:. DK Printworld. 8999:Saivism in Orissa 8895:, Calcutta, 1971. 8877:Mahapatra, R.P.: 8870:Mahapatra, K.N.: 8867:, Calcutta, 1982. 8863:Mahapatra, G.N.: 8828:978-81-7304-386-4 8804:978-0-8160-7564-5 8755:978-81-208-3269-5 8721:978-0-02897-135-3 8591:978-0-14-341421-6 8570:978-1-135-96390-3 8297:978-0-415-66557-5 8270:978-0-230-29808-8 8243:978-974-8304-72-4 8147:978-0-415-66557-5 7891:978-0-19-065492-4 7823:Guru Tegh Bahadur 7717:978-1-108-04642-8 7690:978-0-913215-26-5 7641:978-81-241-1064-5 7371:978-0-415-32920-0 7324:, pp. 66–67. 7216:History of Orissa 7185:978-81-260-1194-0 7158:978-81-250-1453-9 7049:978-93-80213-22-4 7022:978-93-80213-22-4 6995:978-93-80213-22-4 6931:978-81-242-0556-3 6814:, pp. 13–14. 6746:978-81-7835-041-7 6723:, pp. 17–18. 6582:978-93-80213-22-4 6478:978-0-521-43878-0 6334:978-81-8450-150-6 5693:978-1-57003-467-1 5655:, pp. 55–56. 5502:978-81-208-3462-0 5475:978-81-7625-226-3 5432:978-0-595-61452-3 5405:978-81-207-1660-5 5378:978-81-208-1235-2 5351:978-81-8495-024-3 5194:978-81-8450-150-6 5152:978-81-7835-041-7 5125:978-81-7120-226-3 4936:978-1-118-11077-5 4909:978-0-415-93919-5 4838:"Jagannatha Puri" 4725:978-81-246-0198-3 4699:, pp. 48–52. 4680:978-81-85094-14-4 4653:978-0-87779-044-0 4495:Mohanty, Surendra 4437:978-0-8239-3180-4 3985:, pp. 31–98. 3819:Mahesh, Serampore 3788:sanctum sanctorum 3741:Sanctum sanctorum 3538:(rainy season of 3380:Dharmic religions 3326:Claudius Buchanan 3233:The Sikh emperor 3079:) of Krishna, as 2947:Early Middle Ages 2914:drama in 1880 is 2906:drama written by 2900:Purushottama Dasa 2816:(or "Conquest of 2704:Jagannatha vijaya 2581:of Jaina symbol. 2463:Syncretic origins 2456:temple artworks. 2342:Jagannath in the 2292:Vaishnava origins 2147:Kubjikāmatatantra 2060:Mahayana Buddhism 2018:Datha-dhatu-vamsa 1892:ashvamedha yajnas 1828:According to the 1797:Markandeya Purana 1656:Prataparudra Deva 1578:Sudarshana Chakra 1230:Early Middle Ages 1162: 1150: 1134: 1133: 1028: 1027: 791:Satyabodha Tirtha 781:Satyanatha Tirtha 751:Raghuttama Tirtha 741:Pillai Lokacharya 736:Padmanabha Tirtha 648:Teachers—acharyas 579:Acintyabhedabheda 218:Important deities 155: 154: 97:Sudarshana Chakra 16:(Redirected from 10498: 10486:Forms of Krishna 10448: 10447: 10446: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10427: 10330:Bhagavata Purana 9939:Vāsudeva-Krishna 9886: 9879: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9849: 9848: 9648:Bhagavata Purana 9451:Patali Srikhetra 9391: 9390: 9381: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9247: 9212: 9184:Indian Epigraphy 9165: 9137: 9116: 9098: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9057: 9022: 8994:, Cuttack, 1964. 8980: 8952: 8936: 8916: 8860: 8857:978-09052-0-9173 8832: 8808: 8780: 8759: 8738: 8729: 8726:Encyclopedia.com 8695: 8664: 8636: 8611: 8595: 8574: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8494: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8426:. 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Bhubaneshwar: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5978: 5972: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907:, p. 18–21. 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5768: 5762: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5576:The Bhilsa Topes 5566: 5560: 5554: 5537: 5524:verse 10.155.3; 5523: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5082:, pp. 4–18. 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4978:. 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Archived from 4318: 4309: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4251:, pp. 5–16. 4246: 4233: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4198: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3776:Lingaraja temple 3693: 3684: 3597:Mausi Maa Temple 3475:Shri Hari Sayana 3461:Niladri Mahodaya 3421:François Bernier 3286:Guru Teg Bahadur 3227: 3218: 2961:Alarnatha Temple 2910:, the father of 2878:Jagannath temple 2666:and the tantric 2427: 2418: 2393:Stella Kramrisch 2228: 2084:Tantric Buddhism 1954:Buddhist origins 1696: 1617:Bhavishya Purana 1527: 1518: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1415: 1412:Surendra Mohanty 1352: 1346: 1345: 1308:Jagannath temple 1227: 1171:Hindu traditions 1168: 1157: 1155: 1149:romanized: 1148: 1146: 1123: 1122: 1109: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1081: 1080: 1067: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1006: 885: 649: 594:Ekasarana Dharma 531: 420: 219: 191: 182: 172: 157: 156: 51: 39: 38: 21: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10481:Forms of Vishnu 10456: 10455: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10422: 10420: 10415: 10389:Svayam Bhagavan 10377: 10315: 10277: 10189: 10183:Vraja Parikrama 10124: 10046:Other relatives 10041: 9964: 9953: 9895: 9890: 9860: 9855: 9837: 9781: 9754:Dinakrushna Das 9687: 9635: 9569: 9533: 9460: 9382: 9373: 9342: 9339: 9271:Wayback Machine 9255: 9250: 9244: 9209: 9162: 9134: 9074: 9072: 9054: 9019: 8977: 8934: 8913: 8858: 8829: 8805: 8777: 8756: 8722: 8661: 8592: 8571: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8533: 8531: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8430:on 29 June 2013 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8353: 8351: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8325: 8323: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8271: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8211: 8207: 8194: 8190: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8132: 8119: 8115:, pp. 5–9. 8111: 8102: 8095: 8091: 8076: 8073:Wayback Machine 8066: 8062: 8047: 8043: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7971: 7967: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7876: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7281:Sahitya Akademi 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7230: 7223: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6980: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6918: 6911: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6771: 6765: 6754: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6603:on 2 April 2013 6595: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6539: 6528: 6524:, pp. 1–2. 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6434: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6387: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6257: 6253: 6238: 6234: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6178: 6174: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5979: 5975: 5967:, p. 128, 5965:Lochtefeld 2002 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5929:Srinivasan 2011 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5769: 5765: 5753: 5749: 5740:, Bhubaneswar: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5540: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5319: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5280: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5220:Lochtefeld 2002 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5094:Asiatic Journal 5091: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5012: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4944: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836:Vaishnava. Cz. 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4333:on 15 July 2013 4319: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4236: 4231:Wayback Machine 4222: 4218: 4210: 4201: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4098: 4085: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4006: 3998: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3848: 3796:Jaya and Vijaya 3707: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3669: 3663: 3544:Gundicha Temple 3524: 3518: 3487:Prarabana Yatra 3478:Utthapana Yatra 3455: 3449: 3392: 3373:James Fergusson 3306: 3275:Harmandir Sahib 3259:Gagan mai thaal 3247:the founder of 3243:In 1506 or 1508 3241: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3219: 3208: 3187:Delhi Sultanate 3183: 3178: 3143: 3118: 3082:Svayam Bhagavan 3031: 3009:Gopal (Krishna) 2939: 2908:Ramashankar Ray 2892:Odia literature 2810: 2808:Kanchi conquest 2802: 2765: 2733: 2725: 2652: 2644:Anangabhima III 2603: 2586:Jadunath Sarkar 2465: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2336: 2294: 2278:Mahapadma Nanda 2235: 2229: 2226: 1956: 1917: 1834:Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa 1826: 1821: 1754: 1742:Odia literature 1697: 1694: 1633: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1508: 1417: 1409: 1367: 1359:Gundicha Temple 1259:processions in 1034: 1033:Translations of 1024: 995: 994: 886: 883: 876: 875: 866:Vadiraja Tirtha 731:Srinivasacharya 651: 647: 639: 638: 541:Vishishtadvaita 532: 529: 522: 521: 473:Divya Prabandha 422: 419:Holy scriptures 418: 410: 409: 220: 217: 210: 209: 192: 189: 170: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10504: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10453: 10452: 10440: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10368: 10365:Brahma Samhita 10361: 10360: 10359: 10357:Krishna's role 10354: 10340: 10333: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10287: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10216:Govardhan Hill 10213: 10208: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10049: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9978: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9914:Gopala-Krishna 9911: 9905: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9866: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9823:Samkha Kshetra 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9772:Baladeba Ratha 9766: 9764:Upendra Bhanja 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9724:Jasobanta Dasa 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9261: 9254: 9253:External links 9251: 9249: 9248: 9243:978-1015025486 9242: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9207: 9192: 9179: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9145: 9138: 9132: 9117: 9108: 9099: 9084: 9058: 9052: 9037: 9023: 9017: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8975: 8960: 8953: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8917: 8911: 8896: 8891:Mishra, K.C.: 8889: 8884:Mishra, K.C.: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8856: 8843: 8836:Kulke, Hermann 8833: 8827: 8813:Kulke, Hermann 8809: 8803: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8769:. SUNY Press. 8760: 8754: 8739: 8730: 8720: 8696: 8678:(2): 213–230. 8665: 8659: 8645:Kulke, Hermann 8637: 8628: 8619: 8612: 8603: 8596: 8590: 8575: 8569: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8515: 8489: 8477: 8475:, p. 129. 8465: 8453: 8451:, p. 133. 8441: 8410: 8388: 8376: 8364: 8336: 8316:nilachakra.org 8303: 8296: 8276: 8269: 8249: 8242: 8222: 8205: 8188: 8169:(2): 191–200. 8153: 8146: 8117: 8100: 8089: 8086:. 6 June 2019. 8060: 8041: 8028:10.1086/697934 8002: 7993: 7980: 7965: 7939: 7927: 7916:(3): 297–303. 7897: 7890: 7859: 7839: 7832: 7812: 7793: 7786: 7766: 7754: 7737: 7723: 7716: 7696: 7689: 7666: 7647: 7640: 7620: 7613: 7593: 7563: 7551: 7540:on 30 May 2013 7515: 7485: 7478: 7458: 7451: 7431: 7424: 7404: 7397: 7377: 7370: 7347: 7338: 7326: 7322:Mukherjee 1981 7314: 7304:Jayanti Rath. 7296: 7289: 7263: 7261:, p. 149. 7251: 7244: 7221: 7203: 7191: 7184: 7164: 7157: 7137: 7107: 7105:, p. 120. 7095: 7083: 7055: 7048: 7039:Lord Jagannath 7028: 7021: 7012:Lord Jagannath 7001: 6994: 6985:Lord Jagannath 6971: 6957: 6937: 6930: 6909: 6864: 6862:, p. 388. 6852: 6840: 6838:, p. 347. 6828: 6826:, p. 341. 6816: 6804: 6789: 6752: 6745: 6725: 6713: 6695:Shiva Purana. 6687: 6656: 6644: 6614: 6588: 6581: 6572:Lord Jagannath 6558: 6552:978-0195148916 6551: 6526: 6522:Mukherjee 1981 6514: 6484: 6477: 6451: 6432: 6417: 6402: 6385: 6370: 6340: 6333: 6313: 6298: 6278: 6251: 6232: 6203: 6197:978-8170173755 6196: 6190:. p. 11. 6172: 6143: 6131: 6122: 6119:. p. 107. 6100: 6086: 6074: 6072:, pp. 55. 6062: 6056:978-0905209173 6055: 6035: 6028: 6004: 5998:978-0342257140 5997: 5973: 5957: 5955:, p. 188. 5945: 5933: 5931:, p. 182. 5921: 5919:, p. 109. 5909: 5897: 5895:, pp. 59. 5885: 5879:978-1888729108 5878: 5856: 5836: 5830:978-1104197568 5829: 5809: 5807:, p. 141. 5797: 5763: 5747: 5726: 5720:978-8121200646 5719: 5699: 5692: 5672: 5657: 5645: 5636:, p. 72, 5623: 5617:978-8121226509 5616: 5592: 5586:978-1013407505 5585: 5561: 5538: 5508: 5501: 5481: 5474: 5454: 5438: 5431: 5411: 5404: 5384: 5377: 5357: 5350: 5330: 5313: 5297: 5279:978-8120820494 5278: 5250: 5224: 5222:, p. 665. 5212: 5210:, pp. 64. 5200: 5193: 5173: 5158: 5151: 5131: 5124: 5104: 5084: 5072: 5039: 5010: 5007:. p. 319. 4993: 4982:on 28 May 2015 4959: 4942: 4935: 4915: 4908: 4888: 4855: 4828: 4797: 4761: 4731: 4724: 4701: 4686: 4679: 4659: 4652: 4626: 4607: 4574: 4546: 4532: 4503: 4487: 4455: 4453:, p. 537. 4443: 4436: 4410: 4404:978-0195148923 4403: 4383: 4374: 4344: 4310: 4295: 4265: 4253: 4234: 4216: 4199: 4159:Mukherjee 1981 4151: 4136: 4132:Mukherjee 1981 4121: 4104: 4100:Mukherjee 1981 4083: 4066: 4062:Mukherjee 1981 4051: 4049:, p. 151. 4036: 4021: 4004: 3987: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3952: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3747: 3744: 3698: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3665:Main article: 3662: 3659: 3520:Main article: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3491: 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10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10161:Gita Mahotsav 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9929:Radha Krishna 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9880: 9875: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9852: 9844: 9843: 9840: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9818:Neela Madhava 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Banamali Dasa 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9714:Balarama Dasa 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9678:Skanda Purana 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668:Kapila Purana 9666: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9655:Brahma Purana 9652: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:Chandan Yatra 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465:Rest of India 9463: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9336: 9331: 9329: 9324: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9245: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9208:90-04-09673-6 9204: 9200: 9199: 9193: 9190: 9187:, New Delhi: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9177: 9174:Singh, N.K.: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9133:9788172111953 9129: 9125: 9124: 9118: 9114: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9035:81-7835-477-2 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9018:81-7305-051-1 9014: 9010: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8997:Panda, L.K.: 8996: 8993: 8990:Padhi, B.M.: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933:9780226532394 8929: 8925: 8924: 8918: 8914: 8912:81-7625-747-8 8908: 8904: 8903: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8776:9780791487051 8772: 8768: 8767: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8708:Mircea Eliade 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8660:9788173046179 8656: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8604: 8601: 8598:Das, Bikram. 8597: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8563:. Routledge. 8562: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8541: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8487:, p. 48. 8486: 8481: 8474: 8469: 8463:, p. 10. 8462: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8414: 8398: 8392: 8386:, p. 40. 8385: 8380: 8374:, p. 16. 8373: 8368: 8361: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8333: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8299: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8006: 7997: 7990: 7984: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7951: 7943: 7936: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7902: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855:81-7380-778-7 7852: 7848: 7843: 7835: 7833:9788170170303 7829: 7825: 7824: 7816: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7789: 7787:9788170992141 7783: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7614:9788178350417 7610: 7606: 7605: 7597: 7581: 7580:Orissa Review 7574: 7567: 7561:, p. 20. 7560: 7555: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7503: 7502:Orissa Review 7496: 7489: 7481: 7479:9780838751442 7475: 7471: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7452:9781578592593 7448: 7444: 7443: 7435: 7427: 7425:9780198035572 7421: 7417: 7416: 7408: 7400: 7398:9780231508438 7394: 7390: 7389: 7381: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7352: 7342: 7335: 7334:Rajaguru 1992 7330: 7323: 7318: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7290:81-260-1194-7 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7245:9788170992141 7241: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7195: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7072:on 4 May 2012 7071: 7067: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6978: 6976: 6960: 6958:9789380213224 6954: 6950: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6914: 6905: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6812:Sālabega 1998 6808: 6802:, p. 76. 6801: 6796: 6794: 6777: 6776:Orissa Review 6770: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6653: 6648: 6632: 6631:Orissa Review 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6518: 6502: 6501:Odisha Review 6495: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6358: 6357:Orissa Review 6351: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6291: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6240:Mansinha 2021 6236: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6126: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6095:"JÑĀNASIDDHI" 6090: 6084:, p. 57. 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6029:9780836417548 6025: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5969:Buddha Avatar 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5943:, p. 96. 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5783:(1), London: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5730: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5634:Mansinha 2021 5630: 5628: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522:. Wikisource. 5521: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272:. p. 2. 5271: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5060: 5059:Orissa Review 5053: 5046: 5044: 5028: 5027:Orissa Review 5021: 5014: 5006: 5005: 4997: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4860: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4811:Vaishnav News 4808: 4801: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4748:Orissa Review 4742: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4595: 4594:Orissa Review 4588: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4529: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4473: 4472:Orissa Review 4466: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4378: 4362: 4361:Orissa Review 4355: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4327:The Telegraph 4324: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4283: 4282:Orissa Review 4276: 4269: 4263:, p. 72. 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:Rajaguru 1992 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4064:, p. 67. 4063: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4001: 4000:Rajaguru 1992 3996: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3956: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Hindu deities 3850: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:Ganga dynasty 3635: 3633: 3632:Parlakhemundi 3629: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3604:Pahandi vijay 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578:Gajapati king 3575: 3574:chhera pahara 3570: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3507:Chandan Yatra 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490:Pusyabhisheka 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364:The Panoplist 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:Rehraas Sahib 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3226: 3217: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191:Mughal Empire 3188: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164:, Ganesh and 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050:(present day 3049: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3023:Hera-Panchami 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2916:Kanchi Kaveri 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:Kanchi Kaveri 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2835:Oriya culture 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:Brahma Purana 2728: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2579:Dharma Chakra 2574: 2572: 2568: 2567:Kalika Purana 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2436: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Verrier Elwin 2379:According to 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2263:Baisi Pahacha 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245:to many Jain 2244: 2240: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161:Padmasambhava 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:Kanaganahalli 1984: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:Skanda Purana 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1839:Skanda Purana 1835: 1831: 1824:Skanda Purana 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1752:Tantric deity 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1557:Urdhva Pundra 1553: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1526: 1517: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1466: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Odia language 1416: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 856:Viṭṭhalanātha 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 643: 642: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 588: 585: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 562: 558: 555: 552: 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 526: 525: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 448:Bhagavad Gita 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 421: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 335: 334:Venkateshvara 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 319:Nara-Narayana 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 214: 213: 206: 202: 198: 195: 194: 190:Supreme deity 186: 185: 181: 177: 176: 173: 168: 167: 163: 159: 158: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10372:Uddhava Gita 10370: 10363: 10349: 10342: 10337:Gita Govinda 10335: 10328: 10117: 10027: 9923: 9909:Bala Krishna 9793:Odissi music 9769: 9734:Achyutananda 9673:Madala Panji 9662:Gita Govinda 9660: 9653: 9646: 9602:Nabakalebara 9560:South Africa 9502: 9441:Chhatia Bata 9353: 9232: 9223: 9216: 9197: 9182: 9175: 9169: 9150: 9141: 9140:Sahu, N.K.: 9122: 9112: 9102: 9089: 9073:. 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Retrieved 4281: 4268: 4256: 4219: 4212:Patnaik 1994 4187:Patnaik 1994 4154: 3955: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3839: 3827: 3816: 3785: 3773: 3727: 3723:Amalakashila 3708: 3671: 3670: 3643:Friar Odoric 3636: 3620: 3615: 3612:bahuda yatra 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3593:Chera pahara 3592: 3591: 3582:Chera Pahara 3581: 3573: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3533: 3511: 3456: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3413: 3377: 3359: 3358:In his book 3357: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3290:Ranjit Singh 3283: 3242: 3235:Ranjit Singh 3200: 3184: 3159: 3144: 3127: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3047:Gauda region 3045: 3032: 3012: 3006: 2994:Gita Govinda 2993: 2981:Gita Govinda 2979: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2950: 2940: 2920: 2915: 2895: 2889: 2885:Odissi dance 2882: 2871: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2827: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2780:performed a 2771: 2766: 2757: 2734: 2726: 2717: 2709:Shankaradeva 2703: 2699:Rasa kallola 2698: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2676:Para Brahman 2671: 2660:Purushottama 2653: 2641: 2620:Purushottama 2615:Madala Panji 2612: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2539:Shiva Purana 2524: 2501: 2466: 2458: 2442: 2404: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2323: 2319: 2286: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2233:Jain origins 2221: 2216: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2182: 2164: 2150: 2132: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2107:Gita Govinda 2102: 2099:Buddhavatara 2098: 2095:Vishnu Puran 2094: 2092: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2062:traditions. 2055: 2049: 2047: 2022: 2016: 2001: 1996:Dharmachakra 1948: 1942: 1939:Purushottama 1938: 1934: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1883: 1881: 1864: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1762: 1755: 1735: 1706: 1699: 1684:Purushottama 1661: 1655: 1652:Purushottama 1648:Para Brahman 1641: 1634: 1620: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1474: 1464: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1328: 1272:Chhattisgarh 1265: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1223: 1202:Para Brahman 1200: 1196:Purushottama 1194: 1181:'s) brother 1136: 1135: 926:Jagannathism 925: 871:Yamunacharya 816:Swaminarayan 701:Madhvacharya 681:Jiva Goswami 624:Swaminarayan 586: 561:Dvaitadvaita 551:Śuddhādvaita 478:Gita Govinda 460: 453: 446: 308: 67:Para Brahman 36: 10399:Dashavatara 10344:Mahabharata 10231:Kurukshetra 10146:Vaishnavism 9981:Ashtabharya 9949:Other names 9813:Nila Chakra 9798:Gahana Vije 9729:Ananta Dasa 9709:Sarala Dasa 9699:Indradyumna 9683:Dahuka boli 9619:Snana Yatra 9431:Bhubaneswar 9291:Ratha Yatra 9178:, Volume 1. 9075:20 February 8674:. 3rd Ser. 8508:28 November 8473:Starza 1993 8461:Mitter 1977 8449:Starza 1993 8434:28 November 8403:28 November 8372:Starza 1993 8354:21 December 7662:Starza 1993 7586:23 November 7559:Starza 1993 7544:25 November 7508:23 November 7130:30 November 7076:17 February 6964:28 November 6800:Starza 1993 6652:Starza 1993 6507:29 November 6447:Starza 1993 6413:Starza 1993 6398:Starza 1993 6363:29 November 6082:Starza 1993 6070:Starza 1993 5893:Starza 1993 5744:, p. 2 5668:Starza 1993 5653:Starza 1993 5305:Bakker 2004 5290:21 November 5243:17 February 5208:Starza 1993 5065:28 November 5032:27 November 4881:27 November 4848:27 November 4821:27 November 4790:30 November 4754:27 November 4697:Starza 1993 4622:Starza 1993 4564:11 December 4522:10 December 4477:10 December 4261:Starza 1993 4179:Starza 1993 4117:Starza 1993 4017:Starza 1993 3877:Ratha Yatra 3792:garbhagriha 3750:Nata mandir 3719:Pancharatha 3516:Ratha Yatra 3470:Ratha Yatra 3465:Snana Yatra 3369:W.W. Hunter 3185:During the 3094:West Bengal 2794:Indradyumna 2790:Mahabharata 2753:Vishwakarma 2741:Indradyumna 2544:Shri Yantra 2477:Vaishnavism 2314:Krishnanada 2247:Tirthankars 2227:Sarala Dasa 2211:Sarala Dasa 2149:, mentions 2134:Jñānasiddhi 2119:Ratha-Yatra 2109:, the poet 2090:practices. 2068:Ratha-Yatra 2051:Ratha-Yatra 2029:Brahmadatta 1937:as same as 1852:Nilamadhava 1844:Indradyumna 1809:Maharashtra 1738:Dashavatara 1678:Sakhas of 1676:Vaishnavite 1664:Sarala Dasa 1598:Dadhi Vaman 1572:and sister 1506:Iconography 1492:Sora people 1449:Dāruēdebatā 1445:Darubrahman 1375:Bhubaneswar 1350:Śrī Mandira 1344:ଶ୍ରୀ ମନ୍ଦିର 1335:Garbhagruha 1331:Ratha yatra 1276:West Bengal 1257:Ratha Yatra 1221:of Vishnu. 1211:Krishnaites 980:Kabir panth 901:Pancharatra 896:Vaikhanasas 891:Bhagavatism 861:Vyasatirtha 851:Vishnuswami 821:Sripadaraja 661:Chakradhara 599:Mahanubhava 530:Sampradayas 455:Mahabharata 442:Pancharatra 294:Dhanvantari 288:Other forms 225:Dashavatara 171:Vaishnavism 150:Mahalakshmi 109:Panchajanya 63:Vaishnavism 59:Affiliation 10491:Hindu gods 10460:Categories 10261:Pandharpur 10195:Holy sites 10152:Festivals 10141:Krishnaism 10011:Mitravinda 9991:Satyabhama 9934:Shrinathji 9803:Mahaprasad 9770:Kabisurjya 9629:Suna Besha 9614:Rath Yatra 9592:Dola Yatra 9436:Kendrapara 9359:Balabhadra 8987:, Cuttack. 8976:8120602293 8704:"Kṛṣṇaism" 8618:. Cuttack. 8113:Patra 2011 7808:(in Hindi) 6860:Dalal 2010 6848:Dalal 2010 6836:Dalal 2010 6824:Dalal 2010 6782:4 December 6721:Patra 2011 6637:2 December 6607:2 December 6273:B08SBVZDYK 6227:1391872675 6186:. London: 6167:1179182033 6139:Patra 2011 5805:Misra 2007 5557:Misra 2007 5368:Vaisnavism 5169:Patra 2011 5080:Patra 2011 4986:1 December 4600:21 October 4337:1 December 4306:Miśra 2005 4288:21 October 4249:Patra 2011 4195:Miśra 2005 4167:Hardy 1987 4079:Hardy 1987 4032:Miśra 2005 3967:References 3754:Jaga mohan 3647:Marco Polo 3628:Mayurbhanj 3616:poda pitha 3566:juggernaut 3499:Dola Yatra 3494:Uttarayana 3334:Juggernaut 3330:Juggernaut 3322:Juggernaut 3294:Koh-i-Noor 3245:Guru Nanak 3098:Durga Puja 3056:Bangladesh 2873:jaga mohan 2749:Vaishnavas 2563:mahaprasad 2552:Sheshanaga 2548:bijamantra 2489:Krishnaite 2327:Linga-yoni 2302:Kendrapara 2209:Odia poet 2179:Mahākaruṇā 2125:Indrabhuti 2076:daitapatis 2033:Tamralipta 1992:Nilachakra 1929:. Acharya 1906:to invite 1904:Brahmaloka 1801:Markandeya 1785:Balabhadra 1631:Attributes 1570:Balabhadra 1465:Chakānayan 1454:ଦାରୁ ଦେବତା 1433:Jagabandhu 1355:temple car 1304:Bangladesh 1252:juggernaut 1234:Krishnaism 1205:. To most 1199:, and the 1183:Balabhadra 1166:Juggernaut 1153:Jagannātha 1137:Jagannatha 985:Dadu panth 948:Pushtimarg 921:Krishnaism 761:Ram Charan 686:Jñāneśvara 676:Jayatirtha 666:Dadu Dayal 571:Tattvavada 437:Vaikhanasa 432:Upanishads 329:Shrinathji 257:Parasurama 136:Balabhadra 42:Jagannatha 18:Jagannatha 10466:Jagannath 10301:Mora Well 10283:Epigraphy 10256:Nathdwara 10251:Guruvayur 10221:Vrindavan 10088:Pradyumna 10053:Aniruddha 10016:Lakshmana 10006:Nagnajiti 9996:Jambavati 9924:Jagannath 9579:Festivals 9524:Medinipur 9514:Hyderabad 9487:Bangalore 9477:Ahmedabad 9446:Dharakote 9354:Jagannath 8692:162316166 8183:163518878 8036:0018-2710 6503:: 113–118 5905:Holt 2008 5061:: 109–110 4875:Srimandir 3830:Somavamsi 3780:Kalingaan 3769:Jharkhand 3735:Deula or 3447:Festivals 3390:Influence 3150:Annapurna 3106:Sankirtan 3038:Vaishnava 3021:. During 2684:chaitanya 2446:Narasimha 2435:Narasimha 2344:Narasimha 2187:Tathāgata 2175:Lokeśvara 2171:Śāriputra 2103:kali yuga 2024:Culavamsa 1941:and this 1935:apurusham 1927:apurusham 1911:to Gala. 1832:(part of 1799:the sage 1795:. In the 1777:Shaivites 1703:Narasimha 1695:Dipti Ray 1437:Jagannath 1431:(ଜଗା) or 1425:Jagannath 1398:Jagannath 1382:Jagannath 1365:Etymology 1318:style of 1312:Char Dham 1280:Jharkhand 1207:Vaishnava 965:Ramanandi 916:Munitraya 911:Vadakalai 846:Vidyapati 811:Sankardev 766:Ramananda 721:Nathamuni 716:Nammalvar 696:Madhavdev 671:Harivansh 656:Chaitanya 497:Bhagavata 468:Harivamsa 309:Jagannath 304:Hayagriva 247:Narasimha 127:Genealogy 10438:Hinduism 10382:See also 10306:Naneghat 10236:Jyotisar 10108:Vasudeva 10103:Ugrasena 10098:Subhadra 10063:Balarama 9969:Consorts 9851:Category 9808:Nilachal 9786:See also 9739:Salabega 9704:Jayadeva 9692:Devotees 9597:Panchaka 9472:Agartala 9426:Nayagarh 9411:Baripada 9406:Gundicha 9364:Subhadra 9267:Archived 9069:Archived 8702:(1987). 8485:Das 1982 8424:IBN Live 8384:Das 1982 8071:and the 7259:Ray 2007 7199:Das 1982 7103:Das 1982 6898:cite web 6706:27 March 6680:28 April 6309:Das 2008 5793:25207562 5534:अपूरुषम् 5519:Rig Veda 5284:Archived 4367:10 March 4227:Archived 4183:Ray 1993 4175:Guy 1992 4047:Ray 2007 3862:Ideogram 3846:See also 3651:Genovese 3586:Kalingan 3437:idolatry 3342:Golgatha 3318:Calcutta 3279:Amritsar 3154:Tantrics 3064:Narayana 3014:Gopinath 2976:Jayadeva 2957:Ramanuja 2822:Gajapati 2773:Ramayana 2668:Bhairava 2664:Narayana 2656:theology 2650:Theology 2535:Shaktism 2531:Tantrism 2493:Balarama 2485:Buddhism 2473:Shaktism 2469:Shaivism 2405:Anga pen 2397:Anga pen 2255:Kaivalya 2251:Jinanath 2225:— 2129:Oddiyana 2111:Jayadeva 2080:Oddiyana 2004:Buddhist 1972:Triratna 1900:Subhadra 1896:Balarama 1860:Nilagiri 1789:Subhadra 1765:Bhairava 1723:Tulsidas 1693:— 1668:Avataras 1574:Subhadra 1480:ଚକା ଡୋଳା 1475:Cakāḍōḷā 1386:Sanskrit 1187:Subhadra 1059:Assamese 1045:Sanskrit 936:Sahajiya 931:Haridasa 906:Tenkalai 836:Vallabha 831:Tulsidas 771:Ramanuja 726:Nimbarka 711:Namadeva 619:Sant Mat 614:Ramsnehi 502:Naradiya 462:Ramayana 346:Consorts 267:Balarama 162:a series 160:Part of 140:Subhadra 132:Siblings 77:Nilachal 10424:Portals 10226:Dvaraka 10206:Mathura 10130:Worship 10113:Yashoda 10001:Kalindi 9986:Rukmini 9944:Vithoba 9919:Govinda 9893:Krishna 9565:Sialkot 9550:Dhamrai 9545:Comilla 9492:Chennai 9421:Koraput 9416:Gunupur 9387:Temples 9347:Deities 9082:Alt URL 8710:(ed.). 8083:YouTube 7764: 7504:: 66–69 6888:28 June 5787:: 1–8, 5530:यद्दारु 4877:: 21–23 4750:: 58–60 4596:: 80–84 4363:: 24–27 4284:: 74–77 3840:prakara 3800:granite 3715:Kalinga 3661:Temples 3558:). 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