841:(Hector Hugh Munro) the following appears: ‘...Lady Bastable was roused from the world of newspaper lore by hearing a Japanese screen in the hall go down with a crash. Then the door leading from the hall flew open and her young guest tore madly through the room, shrieked at her in passing, "The jacquerie! They're on us!" and dashed like an escaping hawk out through the French window. The scared mob of servants burst in on his heels, the gardener still clutching the sickle with which he had been trimming hedges, and the impetus of their headlong haste carried them, slipping and sliding, over the smooth parquet flooring towards the chair where their mistress sat in panic-stricken amazement.’
656:. The approach of their well-armed lancers encouraged the besieged nobles in the fortress, and a general rout of the Parisian force ensued. The nobles then set fire to the suburb nearest the fortress, entrapping the burghers in the flames. The mayor of Meaux and other prominent men of the city were hanged. There was a pause, and then the force led by the nobles and gentry plundered the city and churches and set fire to Meaux, which burned for two weeks. They then overran the countryside, burning cottages and barns and slaughtering all the peasants they could find.
29:
637:, where the fortified citadel was crowded with knights and their dependents. On 9 June, a band of some 800 armed commoners (not the 10,000 Jacques of Froissart's account) came out of Paris under the leadership of Etienne Marcel to support the rising. When the band from Paris appeared before Meaux, they were taken in hospitably by the disaffected townspeople and fed. The fortress, somewhat apart from the town, remained unassailable.
578:
494:, attacking both military and civilian targets such as castles and villages (often to ransom for a profit) and engaging in frequent acts of rape, looting and murder. Their ability to do so was exacerbated by the lack of an efficient government authority in many parts of France, which left the French peasantry disillusioned with France's nobility that was perceived as failing to meet its feudal obligations.
550:, sorely pressed by the court party, accepted the Jacquerie, and the urban underclass were sympathetic. Village notables often provided leadership for some of the peasant bands, although in letters of pardon issued after the suppression of the rising, such individuals claimed that they were forced to do so.
534:
Additionally it seems that the rebellion contained some idea that it was possible to rid the world of nobles. Froissart's account portrays the rebels as mindless savages bent on destruction, which they wrought on over 150 noble houses and castles, murdering the families in horrific ways. The bourgeoisie of
695:
To this very day the word "Jacquerie" does not generally give rise to any other idea than that of a bloodthirsty, iniquitous, groundless revolt of a mass of savages. Whenever, on the
Continent, any agitation takes place, however slight and legitimate it may be, among the humbler classes, innumerable
922:
The first attestation of the word
Jacquerie for the revolt comes from a manuscript of 1360, Paris, Archives nationales JJ 88, no. 43, fol. 29v 'Chartre de Jacquerie'. The term 'Jacques' for the rebels first appears in a manuscript from October 1358, Archives nationales JJ 86, no. 430, fol. 151r. It
533:
Jean le Bel speculated that governors and tax collectors spread the word of rebellion from village to village to inspire the peasants to rebel against the nobility. When asked as to the cause of their discontent they apparently replied that they were just doing what they had witnessed others doing.
687:
The slanted but vivid account of
Froissart can be balanced by the Regent's letter of general amnesty, a document that comments as severely on the nobles' reaction as on the peasants' rising and omits the atrocities detailed by Froissart: "it represents the men of the open country assembling
518:"peasants killed a knight, put him on a spit, and roasted him with his wife and children looking on. After ten or twelve of them raped the lady, they wished to force feed them the roasted flesh of their father and husband and made them then die by a miserable death".
478:
articulates the perceived problems between the nobility and the peasants, yet some historians, such as Samuel K. Cohn, see the
Jacquerie revolts as a reaction to a combination of short- and long-term effects dating from as early as the grain crisis and
683:
says: "Like every insurrection of the century, it was smashed, as soon as the rulers recovered their nerve, by weight of steel, and the advantages of the man on horseback, and the psychological inferiority of the insurgents".
526:, an aristocrat who was particularly unsympathetic to the peasants. Among the chroniclers, the one sympathetic to their plight is Jean de Venette, sometimes (but erroneously) known as the continuator of the chronicle of
473:
that were emblems of their oppression was the immediate cause of the spontaneous uprising. The law was particularly resented as many commoners already blamed the nobility for the defeat at
Poitiers. The chronicle of
561:, and the possibility of another English invasion. The Dauphin gained effective control of the realm only after the supposed surrender of the city of Paris after the murder of the leader of the Estates General
459:, another claimant to the French throne, provoked disunity amongst the nobles. Consequently, the prestige of the French nobility sank to a new low. The century had begun poorly for the nobles at Courtrai (the "
506:
river, where a group of peasants met to discuss their perception that the nobles had abandoned the King at
Poitiers. "They shamed and despoiled the realm, and it would be a good thing to destroy them all."
1515:
607:, the leader of the rebellion, was invited to truce talks by Charles. He went to the enemy camp, where he was seized by the French nobles, who considered that the conventions and standards of
857:
Froissart's date of
November 1357, is erroneous; the first incidents occurred on 28 May 1358 at Saint-Leu-d'Esserent and neighbouring villages (J. Flammermont, 'La Jacquerie en Beauvaisis',
400:
and was suppressed after over two months of violence. This rebellion became known as "the
Jacquerie" because the nobles derided peasants as "Jacques" or "Jacques Bonhomme" for their padded
490:
due to the French defeat at
Poitiers, thousands of soldiers and mercenaries on both sides of the conflict found themselves "without commanders or wages". Many of them responded by forming
1665:
553:
The
Jacquerie must be seen in the context of this period of internal instability. At a time of personal government, the absence of a charismatic king was detrimental to the still-
688:
spontaneously in various localities, in order to deliberate on the means of resisting the English, and suddenly, as with a mutual agreement, turning fiercely on the nobles".
1508:
1105:: Deals with the Jacquerie revolts and the peasants alliance with the revolutionary bourgeois of Paris..." Advertisement for "Mysteries of the People" by Eugène Sue.
502:
This combination of problems set the stage for a brief series of bloody rebellions in northern France in 1358. The uprisings began in a village of St. Leu near the
1501:
679:
issued by the Regent on 10 August 1358, such heavy fines were assessed upon the regions that had supported the Jacquerie that a general flight ensued. Historian
1131:
771:, Dr Folliott compares a local riot with the Jacquerie and expresses nostalgia for "that blessed middle period, after the Jacquerie was down and before the
599:, cousin, brother-in-law, and mortal enemy of the Regent, whose throne he was attempting to usurp. His army and the peasant force opposed each other near
60:
569:
on 31 July 1358. It is notable that churches were not generally the targets of peasant fury, with the possible exception of some clerics in Champagne.
1781:
1786:
1180:
522:
Examples of violence on this scale by the French peasants are offered throughout the medieval sources, including accounts by Jean de Venette and
923:
derives from the nickname Jacques Bonhommes given to common-born footsoldiers, attested well before the Jacquerie. See Justine Firnhaber-Baker,
1816:
101:
1428:
267:
463:"), where they fled the field and left their infantry to be hacked to pieces; they were also accused of having given up their king at the
416:, referred to the leader of the revolt as Jacque Bonhomme ("Jack Goodfellow"), though in fact the Jacquerie 'great captain' was named
721:, resulting in numerous nineteenth-century historical novels with somewhat operatic plots set against the backdrop of the Jacquerie—
230:
1735:
53:
282:
257:
1605:
1555:
377:
1377:
966:
277:
262:
1595:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1215:
802:
takes place in northern France during the Jacquerie. The revolt provided the basis for a film of the same name directed by
147:
72:
203:
1685:
1307:
1210:
1173:
1302:
880:
691:
The Jacquerie traumatized the aristocracy. In 1872 Louis Raymond de Vericour remarked to the Royal Historical Society:
118:
46:
1695:
1387:
1255:
1776:
196:
1690:
1655:
1630:
1560:
1166:
1811:
830:
480:
614:
The now leaderless army, which Froisart claimed to be 100,000 strong in his narrative heavily influenced by
1725:
1590:
1397:
1220:
557:
state. The Dauphin had to contend with roaming free companies of out-of-work mercenaries, the plotting of
1801:
707:
128:
1453:
38:
1771:
794:
758:(part of Sue's "Mysteries of the People" sequence) gives a sympathetic account of the Jacquerie rebels.
460:
1493:
1088:
These "non-historical" literary aspects of the chronicles were examined by Marie-Thérèse de Medeiros,
1745:
1710:
1700:
1650:
1610:
789:
of the title rescue French nobility from peasants of the Jacquerie - portrayed as savage and brutish.
696:
voices, in higher, privileged, wealthy classes, proclaim that society is threatened with a Jacquerie.
645:
245:
19:
This article is about a specific 14th century French peasant uprising. For the general concept, see
1806:
1796:
1791:
1600:
445:
1750:
1730:
1640:
1615:
1524:
1287:
1090:
Jacques et Chroniqueurs: Une Étude comparée de récits contemporains relaxant la Jacquerie de 1358
346:
341:
154:
138:
111:
20:
834:
partially takes place in France in 1358 with the Jacquerie being an important part of the story.
1705:
1645:
1463:
1240:
817:
186:
1715:
1545:
1343:
1282:
1225:
1189:
596:
558:
487:
456:
455:
The Estates-General were too divided to provide effective government and their alliance with
389:
181:
351:
321:
106:
1418:
1338:
1011:
744:
225:
133:
96:
8:
1675:
1575:
1478:
1438:
1402:
1333:
1323:
1230:
762:
653:
527:
449:
326:
309:
215:
164:
958:
Routiers et mercenaires pendant la guerre de Cent ans : Hommage à Jonathan Sumption
336:
1635:
1550:
1473:
1458:
1433:
1297:
1041:
956:
811:
778:
772:
668:
464:
441:
287:
171:
159:
1625:
1443:
1423:
191:
1720:
1448:
1328:
1045:
962:
937:
876:
782:
664:
615:
433:
272:
235:
91:
562:
176:
1585:
1031:
1023:
908:
672:
641:
240:
220:
1468:
955:"Soldiers, Villagers and Politics: Military Violence and the Jacquerie of 1358".
903:
767:
739:
680:
619:
590:
475:
372:
331:
123:
732:
1148:
706:
The contemporary literary chronicles were influenced by other medieval genres:
604:
523:
417:
409:
304:
33:
1158:
1765:
1570:
1292:
595:
The revolt was suppressed by French nobles and gentry led by the Dauphin and
424:
became a synonym of peasant uprisings in general in both English and French.
1382:
961:. Scripta Mediævalia. Ausonius Éditions. 9 February 2024. pp. 101–114.
751:
786:
727:
539:
491:
393:
809:
A somewhat fictionalized version of the Jacquerie is featured in the 1962
1620:
1348:
1073:
Emperor of the Cossacks: Pugachev and the Frontier Jacquerie of 1773–1775
837:
In the satirical short story ‘The Stampeding of Lady Bastable’ c.1911 by
825:
803:
799:
718:
600:
511:
413:
68:
1069:
The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt of 1907. Origins of a Modern Jacquerie
1740:
1680:
1523:
1121:
1036:
626:, knights, squires, men-at-arms and mercenaries roamed the countryside
28:
469:
1670:
1540:
486:
In addition, as a result of the temporary lull in hostilities of the
1660:
1535:
1027:
981:
Remarked on by de Vericour, Louis Raymond (1872). "The Jacquerie".
627:
623:
608:
535:
405:
401:
618:, was ridden down by divisions of mounted knights. In the ensuing
577:
444:
in September 1356, power in France devolved fruitlessly among the
1580:
1075:(Lawrence, Kansas, 1973); Serge Aberdam and Marcel Dorigny, eds.
676:
649:
514:
includes a description of horrifying violence. According to him,
381:
1067:
Vericour 1872:296; see, for example Philippe Gabriel Eidelberg,
467:. The passage of a law that required the peasants to defend the
723:
The Jacquerie, or, The Lady and the Page: An Historical Romance
711:
660:
554:
543:
385:
1077:
Paysans en Révolution: Terre, Pouvoir, et Jacquerie, 1789–1794
634:
582:
547:
397:
1126:
The Cambridge Medieval History: Decline of Empire and Papacy
838:
503:
725:
by G. P. R James (1842) and the like— and even an opera,
510:
The account of the rising by the contemporary chronicler
611:
did not apply to him; he was tortured and decapitated.
1012:"'The Social Constituency of the Jacquerie of 1358'"
675:
joined in the carnage. Following the declaration of
1525:
Peasant revolts in medieval and early modern Europe
912:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York (1978). p. 155ff.
659:The reprisals continued through July and August.
1763:
1143:The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants' Revolt
873:The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants' Revolt
748:, the revolutionaries call themselves "Jacques".
1188:
1009:
925:The Jacquerie of 1358: A French Peasants Revolt
870:
1128:, Vol. VII. New York: Macmillan Company, 1932.
392:. The revolt was centred in the valley of the
1509:
1174:
996:
994:
54:
983:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
640:Two captain adventurers, returning from the
440:"good king John") by the English during the
902:
1516:
1502:
1181:
1167:
991:
61:
47:
32:Prisoners in an illuminated manuscript by
1035:
936:
898:
896:
894:
892:
717:The subject of the Jacquerie engaged the
1145:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
1138:Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1136:Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe.
1048:– via University of Chicago Press.
930:
927:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
576:
27:
1429:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
1016:Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies
785:" includes a chapter where the English
622:and in a campaign of terror throughout
388:in the early summer of 1358 during the
1787:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
1764:
889:
432:After the capture of the French king (
1497:
1162:
371:
42:
1596:Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions
1782:Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War
1606:John and William Merfold's uprising
1546:Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand
1308:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
1211:Second War of Scottish Independence
1071:(Leiden, 1974); John T. Alexander,
875:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
633:Another major battle transpired at
448:and John's son, the Dauphin, later
13:
1736:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
1556:Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28
1303:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
14:
1828:
1010:Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2020).
871:Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2021).
412:and his source, the chronicle of
283:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
258:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
1686:Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt
1666:Peasants' Rebellion in Telemark
1095:
1082:
1061:
1052:
719:Romantic historical imagination
408:". The aristocratic chronicler
16:French peasant uprising in 1358
1696:Peasants' War in Upper Austria
1631:Slovene peasant revolt of 1515
1109:magazine, April 1915 (p. 245).
1003:
975:
948:
916:
864:
851:
700:
572:
263:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
1817:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360
1115:
824:German progressive rock band
427:
204:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
1726:Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)
1591:Transylvanian peasant revolt
1398:War of the Breton Succession
1256:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
1221:War of the Breton Succession
1155:London: Penguin Books, 1978.
663:defended itself. Knights of
384:that took place in northern
7:
1691:Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion
1656:Skipper Clement's Rebellion
1576:Peasants' Revolt in England
1561:St. George's Night Uprising
581:Defeat of the Jacquerie in
497:
10:
1833:
795:A Walk with Love and Death
588:
461:Battle of the Golden Spurs
457:King Charles II of Navarre
268:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
18:
1711:Swiss peasant war of 1653
1701:Kostka-Napierski Uprising
1611:Carinthian Peasant Revolt
1531:
1411:
1388:Armagnacs and Burgundians
1370:
1361:
1316:
1275:
1268:
1203:
1196:
1141:Justine Firnhaber-Baker,
646:Gaston III, Count of Foix
82:
1454:Battle of La Brossinière
845:
1777:14th-century rebellions
1616:Friulian Revolt of 1511
1288:Edward the Black Prince
21:List of peasant revolts
1746:Saxon Peasants' Revolt
1706:Morning Star Rebellion
1651:Palatine Peasants' War
1646:Dalecarlian Rebellions
1464:Battle of the Herrings
698:
603:on 10 June 1358, when
586:
520:
36:
1716:Stenka Razin Uprising
1601:Jack Cade's Rebellion
1226:War of the Two Peters
831:Power and the Passion
781:'s historical novel "
693:
580:
516:
278:Loire campaign (1356)
31:
1812:Rebellions in France
1751:Peasants' War (1798)
1731:Pugachev's Rebellion
1641:German Peasants' War
1419:Battle of Saint-Omer
944:. Paris: F. Maspero.
861:, 9 (1879): 123–43.)
745:A Tale of Two Cities
567:prevôt des marchands
1479:Battle of Castillon
1439:Battle of Agincourt
1403:Castilian Civil War
1241:Despenser's Crusade
1231:Castilian Civil War
1132:Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
1058:Vericourt 1872:309.
828:1975 concept album
763:Thomas Love Peacock
654:Jean III de Grailly
644:, were at Châlons:
528:Guillaume de Nangis
316:Treaties and truces
231:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
129:Tournaisis campaign
1802:Protests in France
1636:Arumer Zwarte Hoop
1551:Uprising of Ivaylo
1474:Battle of Formigny
1459:Battle of Verneuil
1434:Battle of Poitiers
1190:Hundred Years' War
1079:(Paris, 1996) etc.
1000:Vericour 1872:304.
938:Dommanget, Maurice
812:Blake and Mortimer
800:Hans Koningsberger
779:Arthur Conan Doyle
669:County of Flanders
597:Charles of Navarre
587:
488:Hundred Years' War
465:Battle of Poitiers
442:Battle of Poitiers
390:Hundred Years' War
197:Calais (1346–1347)
107:Thiérache campaign
70:Hundred Years' War
37:
1772:Conflicts in 1358
1759:
1758:
1721:Bulavin Rebellion
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1449:Battle of Cravant
1357:
1356:
1264:
1263:
1251:Lancastrian phase
968:978-2-35613-574-2
783:The White Company
665:County of Hainaut
616:chivalric romance
360:
359:
119:Scheldt campaigns
1824:
1676:Kett's Rebellion
1586:Cabochien Revolt
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1368:
1367:
1273:
1272:
1246:1383–1385 Crisis
1201:
1200:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1007:
1001:
998:
989:
979:
973:
972:
952:
946:
945:
934:
928:
920:
914:
913:
909:A Distant Mirror
900:
887:
886:
868:
862:
859:Revue historique
855:
714:, and complaint.
673:Duchy of Brabant
642:Prussian Crusade
375:
370:
77:
63:
56:
49:
40:
39:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1807:Peasant revolts
1797:1350s in France
1792:1358 in England
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1626:Dózsa rebellion
1527:
1522:
1492:
1483:
1469:Battle of Patay
1444:Battle of Baugé
1424:Battle of Crécy
1407:
1363:
1353:
1312:
1260:
1216:Edwardian phase
1192:
1187:
1118:
1113:
1103:The Iron Trevet
1100:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1008:
1004:
999:
992:
980:
976:
969:
954:
953:
949:
935:
931:
921:
917:
904:Barbara Tuchman
901:
890:
883:
869:
865:
856:
852:
848:
792:The 1961 novel
768:Crotchet Castle
756:The Iron Trevet
740:Charles Dickens
703:
681:Barbara Tuchman
620:Battle of Mello
593:
591:Battle of Mello
575:
559:Charles the Bad
500:
476:Jean de Venette
446:Estates-General
430:
373:[ʒakʁi]
368:
361:
356:
102:English Channel
78:
74:
73:Edwardian phase
71:
69:
67:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1804:
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1673:
1668:
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1608:
1603:
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1593:
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1578:
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1568:
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1553:
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1520:
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1506:
1498:
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1471:
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1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
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1415:
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1409:
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1405:
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1380:
1374:
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1365:
1359:
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1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
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1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:Caroline phase
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:Jean Froissart
1146:
1139:
1129:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:The New Review
1094:
1092:(Paris, 1979).
1081:
1060:
1051:
1028:10.1086/709361
1022:(3): 689–715.
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648:and his noble
605:Guillaume Cale
589:Main article:
585:on 9 June 1358
574:
571:
563:Étienne Marcel
524:Jean Froissart
499:
496:
492:free companies
481:famine of 1315
436:, Froissart's
429:
426:
418:Guillaume Cale
410:Jean Froissart
378:popular revolt
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1571:Ciompi Revolt
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818:The Time Trap
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773:March of Mind
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1019:
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942:La Jacquerie
941:
932:
924:
918:
907:
872:
866:
858:
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829:
816:
815:comic album
810:
793:
787:free company
766:
755:
752:Eugène Sue's
743:
733:Édouard Lalo
728:La jacquerie
726:
722:
694:
690:
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566:
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521:
517:
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485:
468:
454:
438:bon roi Jean
437:
431:
421:
404:, called a "
364:
362:
342:First London
299:
187:Blanchetaque
25:
1621:Poor Conrad
1383:Chevauchées
1349:Joan of Arc
1344:Charles VII
1153:Chronicles.
1037:10023/23458
804:John Huston
701:In the arts
573:Suppression
512:Jean le Bel
420:. The word
414:Jean le Bel
75:(1337–1360)
1766:Categories
1741:Great Fear
1681:Cudgel War
1339:Charles VI
1283:Edward III
1122:J. B. Bury
1116:References
630:peasants.
428:Background
327:Malestroit
226:Winchelsea
134:Saint-Omer
97:Arnemuiden
1671:Dacke War
1566:Jacquerie
1541:Stellinga
1393:Jacquerie
1334:Charles V
1324:Philip VI
1046:225085698
542:, Paris,
450:Charles V
422:jacquerie
396:north of
365:Jacquerie
322:Espléchin
300:Jacquerie
294:1358–1360
252:1355–1356
216:Lunalonge
210:1349–1352
172:Aiguillon
165:Auberoche
148:1345–1347
86:1337–1340
1661:Opryshky
1536:Bagaudae
940:(1971).
806:in 1969.
775:was up".
652:cousin,
628:lynching
624:Beauvais
609:chivalry
536:Beauvais
498:Uprising
470:châteaux
402:surplice
382:peasants
376:) was a
352:Brétigny
310:Chartres
288:Poitiers
273:Breteuil
160:Bergerac
1581:Harelle
1412:Battles
1378:Battles
1371:General
1329:John II
1298:Henry V
1276:English
1269:Leaders
1204:General
708:romance
677:amnesty
434:John II
369:French:
236:Saintes
155:Gascony
139:Tournai
112:Cambrai
92:Cadzand
1364:events
1317:French
1197:Phases
1044:
988:: 302.
965:
879:
826:Eloy's
754:novel
712:satire
671:, and
661:Senlis
650:Gascon
555:feudal
546:, and
544:Amiens
540:Senlis
406:jacque
386:France
337:Guînes
332:Calais
246:Guînes
241:Ardres
1362:Major
1042:S2CID
846:Notes
731:, by
635:Meaux
601:Mello
583:Meaux
548:Meaux
398:Paris
192:Crécy
124:Sluys
963:ISBN
877:ISBN
839:Saki
504:Oise
394:Oise
363:The
182:Caen
1032:hdl
1024:doi
798:by
765:'s
761:In
738:In
380:by
1768::
1151:.
1134:,
1124:,
1040:.
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1018:.
1014:.
993:^
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891:^
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483:.
452:.
1517:e
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1101:"
1034::
1026::
986:1
971:.
885:.
821:.
735:.
367:(
62:e
55:t
48:v
23:.
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