225:
379:, to come to his court. The emperor probably desired to seize the prince and so secure his western flank. The Prince was determined to attend the invitation of Tsar, but his wife Theodora Kosara did not trust the murderer of her brother, and fearing for her husband's life persuaded him not to go. Ivan Vladislav however vowed not to threaten his vassal's life, and sent him a golden cross as a proof of good will. Jovan Vladimir still hesitated, saying that God was nailed to a wooden not golden cross, but Ivan Vladislav repeated his vow and gave him a guarantee of safe-conduct, also guaranteed by the Bulgarian patriarch David. Eventually Jovan Vladimir travelled to the court of the Tsar in
564:
noting that he had reasons for his acts—he had to revenge the murder of his family according to the old
Bulgarian pagan beliefs, but he only killed Gavril Radomir and his wife without harming the rest of Gavril Radomir's family. He had to cope with Jovan Vladimir who, as a husband of one of Samuel's daughters, was a threat to his position, and had also attempted a compromise with the Byzantines. According to Andreev, Ivan Vladislav's struggle to defend the Bulgarian state and his heroic death serve to mitigate his ill deeds. He cites a Byzantine historian who claimed that during Ivan Vladislav's reign the Byzantine state "hanged in the balance, because that barbarian like
518:
303:
humility and obedience, an act of submission which some in the nobility supported. After Ivan
Vladislav firmly secured his hold on the throne, however, he openly declared to be against any kind of compromise with the Byzantines and quickly began to follow the determined policy of his predecessors against the ongoing Byzantine conquest. Basil II soon understood that Ivan Vladislav's letter was a ruse and plotted a retaliatory action, bribing the
463:
535:
290:, situated to the north-west. Gavril Radomir did not have enough forces and was unable to interfere and could only watch the course of the events from the nearby Lake Ostrovo. His inability to cope with the Byzantine threat aroused discontent among the nobility and Ivan Vladislav became their chosen leader. The fall of Maglen sealed Gavril Radomir's fate—in the late summer of 1015, while hunting near Ostrovo (
440:. The Byzantine emperor immediately abandoned the siege and hurried northwards, but in the vicinity of Lake Ostrovo he learned that the Pechenegs were unwilling to risk war. Returning south, Basil II captured Setina, where Samuel used to have a palace and acquired for himself the large amount of provisions that were stored there. Ivan Vladislav, who was closely monitoring the Byzantine movements,
510:, Krakra along with the commanders of 35 castles met the emperor and surrendered, and in Strumitsa he received a message sent by the Empress-dowager Maria to negotiate the surrender of the capital and the country. Basil II richly awarded those who surrendered, allowing them to keep their lands, wealth and titles. Short-lived resistance continued under Ivan Vladislav's eldest son
187:. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the
563:
is also critical of the emperor, noting that his assassination of Gavril
Radomir unleashed a general confusion where each noble started looking out for his own personal interests, but nevertheless credits him with "a considerable ruthless energy". Jordan Andreev is more favourable to Ivan Vladislav,
309:
Theodore, who was in
Byzantine captivity, to murder the Bulgarian ruler. Theodore in turn paid a trusted man in Ivan Vladislav's employ to commit the murder, but in the event the assassin actually killed Theodore himself. In the meantime Basil II continued his march, forcing the Bulgarian emperor to
496:
reports an altogether different story: while having a meal in his camp, the emperor was attacked by an unknown soldier, in whom Ivan
Vladislav seemed to have recognized the murdered Jovan Vladimir. Terrified, he cried for help but no one rushed to his rescue and the unknown soldier mortally wounded
554:
Living more than one hundred years after Ivan
Vladislav, the historian known as the Priest of Duklja, who wrote from a Dukljan perspective, was outraged by the murder of Jovan Vladimir, and wrote that after the Tsar died, he was "forever connected with the angels of Satan". Many modern Bulgarian
302:
After assuming the throne, Ivan
Vladislav immediately sent a delegation to Basil II, which arrived five days after the fall of Maglen. In his letter, Ivan Vladislav notified Basil that he had personally murdered Gavril Radomir and had seized all the power in the country and promised Basil deep
478:
In the early 1018 Ivan
Vladislav besieged Dyrrhachium, but in February he was killed under the walls of the city. The accounts of his death are contradictory. According to some he became victim of a plot and was killed by his servants; according to others, he perished in battle. The Bulgarian
492:, on horseback, and while fighting, two Byzantine infantrymen from the audience rushed to the emperor and wounded him mortally in the belly. A later Byzantine historian claimed that the duel was fair and Pegonites stabbed Ivan Vladislav in the chest with his spear, killing him instantly. The
33:
500:
His death marked the effective end of the
Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav's sons were young and inexperienced, and even the strongest Bulgarian leaders doubted the advisability of further resistance. Upon learning of the death of the Tsar, Basil II left Constantinople. In
383:, but upon his arrival on 22 May, he was immediately beheaded, and the emperor refused to allow the burial of his body. It was not until a number of miraculous events related to the corpse of the prince were observed that Vladislav returned the body to Kosara.
234:. After 1001 Basil II launched annual campaigns on Bulgarian territory, reversing the odds of war into the Byzantines' favour. Many Bulgarian fortresses had been conquered by force or treason by the time Ivan Vladislav came to the throne.
559:, also criticize the emperor, claiming that his actions hastened the fall of Bulgaria and that instead of raising the morale of the nation he turned into a murderer and was unable to cope with the intrigues and the corruption in court.
398:, who remained loyal to the Bulgarian cause. As all the previous attempts against Pernik, the 88-day siege was a failure, costing the Byzantines many casualties before they were forced to retreat south and regroup at Mosynopolis.
206:
and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the
Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor
358:
Meanwhile, Ivan Vladislav consolidated his positions in the mountains of Albania and Macedonia. As early as October 1015 he began the reconstruction of many strongholds destroyed during the war, including the fortress at
505:
he was met by the brother of Krakra who acknowledged Byzantine authority. His example was followed by the larger part of the Bulgarian nobility who pledged loyalty to Basil II, giving up their fortresses. In
179:, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the
172:
from approximately August or September 1015 until February 1018. The precise year of his birth remains elusive; he was born at least ten years prior to 987, but likely not much earlier than that.
202:
Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the
294:), he was murdered by his cousin, perhaps at the behest of Byzantine agents. Ivan Vladislav then seized the Bulgarian throne and took steps to ensure his position against potential rivals.
466:
The capture of Nikulitsa by the Byzantines. The death of Ivan Vladislav was a blow for the Bulgarian resistance. Only a few nobles continued the struggle with the Byzantines such as
1758:История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство, Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852—1018)
2329:
1763:
History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part 2.From the Slavicization of the state to the fall of the First Empire (852—1018)
2339:
278:. However, from the outset Radomir's position was insecure: Ivan Vladislav, as a son of the elder of the Cometopouli brothers, could lay claim on the throne based on
2314:
195:, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the
489:
251:
2319:
1841:
444:
the troops who were under the command of Constantine Diogenes, who would have perished had not Basil II come to relieve him. According to
546:
during the Ivan Vladislav's reign. He is titled "autocrat of the Bulgarians", "born Bulgarian" and notes that he renewed the fortress of
282:. During that time the Byzantine Emperor Basil II campaigned deep into Bulgarian territory. He retook the previously lost town of Voden (
1515:
1097:
677:
448:, the Emperor charged alone in front of his army to Diogenes' rescue. When the Bulgarians saw him, they shouted "Run, the Emperor" ("
1465:
1169:
572:
also writes with sympathy for the last ruler of the First Empire, in light of the fact that Ivan Vladislav managed to sustain a
583:
2309:
203:
454:") and retreated in panic. Contented with their victory, the Byzantines moved on to Voden and returned to Constantinople.
2334:
1745:
1719:
1666:
1642:
1623:
1599:
1518:
620:
of Ivan Vladislav entered Byzantine service, becoming part of the Byzantine nobility and forming close ties with the
493:
224:
1834:
1730:
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle
411:
2007:
1006:
643:
511:
103:
2154:
1811:
1657:
267:
1234:
981:
898:
666:
603:
192:
91:
2299:
2164:
188:
254:. Ivan Vladislav was the only survivor, being spared through the intercession of his cousin, Samuel's son
250:. In 976 or 987 Samuel ordered his brother Aron executed for treason together with his entire family near
2324:
2179:
2090:
1827:
883:
517:
376:
183:, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor
2204:
2189:
2174:
1982:
1850:
1802:
1795:
874:
255:
176:
65:
47:
1512:
2194:
2129:
2021:
1609:
334:
leaving a small garrison in Ohrid, which was swiftly retaken by the Bulgarians. Back in his base at
2278:
2249:
2184:
2169:
1208:
633:
479:
additions to the Skylitzes Chronicle are more detailed, saying that Ivan Vladislav dueled with the
149:
1615:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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2263:
2238:
2199:
2060:
2046:
628:
and an unnamed (possibly Anna) granddaughter married (future) Byzantine emperors. His second son
327:
1784:
2101:
2095:
1858:
812:
587:
380:
314:
mountains, and advanced into the heart of the Bulgarian state. The Byzantines took the capital
196:
169:
568:
resisted the Romans and they were all despaired by that invincible foe." The Polish historian
318:
and burned the imperial palaces; news, however, arrived that Ivan Vladislav had laid siege to
2273:
2159:
2080:
1694:
992:
888:
683:
625:
471:
115:
2304:
2134:
2055:
1967:
1957:
1952:
607:
579:
569:
274:, and Gavril Radomir had succeeded Samuel, who died on 6 October 1014 after the disastrous
8:
2254:
2144:
2139:
2065:
2028:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1867:
1459:
1262: Andreev does not specify in the book the name the Byzantine historian he has cited.
1078:
973:
745:
652:
629:
543:
467:
323:
109:
422:. Under the walls of the town Basil II received messages from Tzitzikios, the Byzantine
2124:
1977:
1922:
1892:
1872:
1228:
1177:
803:
539:
364:
275:
247:
243:
157:
127:
2149:
2070:
2035:
1972:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1766:
1741:
1715:
1698:
1662:
1652:
1638:
1619:
1595:
1087:
793:
788:
673:
573:
279:
98:
2231:
1998:
1902:
998:
798:
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441:
395:
271:
239:
230:
208:
180:
137:
38:
1575:
2113:
2085:
1676:
1613:
1469:
818:
560:
556:
407:
305:
2215:
2107:
1684:
1680:
1196:
612:
522:
445:
406:
In the early days of 1017 the Byzantine emperor renewed his campaigns. He sent
387:
368:
347:
283:
1756:
2293:
737:
258:. His life during the subsequent decades and until his accession is unknown.
1770:
418:
and captured the castle of Longos. After that he marched south and besieged
2075:
2014:
331:
1702:
2119:
335:
432:), that Ivan Vladislav had sent Krakra to negotiate assistance from the
591:
1882:
1819:
610:
and a Byzantine noblewoman, by whom he left progeny. Maria was named
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433:
424:
339:
636:
against Byzantine rule but eventually betrayed the Bulgarian cause.
462:
319:
81:
621:
617:
429:
419:
184:
663:
of Theodosiopolis in Anatolia, briefly emperor of Bulgaria in 1041
534:
2224:
1917:
565:
311:
291:
287:
122:
32:
1690:
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and his brothers, but they also surrendered by the end of 1018.
507:
502:
437:
415:
391:
372:
360:
330:. With his supply routes cut, Basil II had to retreat back to
449:
343:
315:
1927:
165:
639:
Maria and Ivan Vladislav had several children, including:
338:, Basil divided the Byzantine army to harass the areas of
228:
A victory of the Byzantines over the Bulgarians, from the
1637:(in Polish) (Polish ed.). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
394:. The fort's defence was headed by the capable commander
386:
In the spring of 1016 Basil II led his armies along the
1458:
Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, ch. XXXVI, p. 341.
1618:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1589:
346:. In January 1016 the Byzantine emperor returned to
16:
Tsar of the First Bulgarian Empire from 1015 to 1018
2340:
Burials at the Church of St Achillios (Lake Prespa)
1395:
1393:
550:for "a salvation and sanctuary of the Bulgarians".
2330:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
2291:
1661:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1390:
375:, who was married to Gabriel Radomir's sister
2315:Bulgarian military personnel killed in action
1835:
1709:
525:and Ivan Vladislav in Agios Achilios, Greece.
164:; died February 1018) served as the emperor (
1189:conspired against Alexios I Komnenos in 1107
322:and that to the south the Bulgarian general
286:) and laid siege to the massive fortress of
686:, who married the future Byzantine Emperor
594:is named after Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria.
542:is a medieval stone inscription written in
390:valley and besieged the strong fortress of
1842:
1828:
1735:
1362:
1360:
1358:
521:The sarcophagi of Bulgarian Tsars Samuil,
326:had defeated the Byzantine rear army in a
31:
1754:
1422:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, p. 266
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1675:
1632:
576:which he skilfully ran until his death.
533:
516:
461:
367:). In 1016 he invited his vassal Prince
297:
266:By 1015, Bulgaria had been embroiled in
223:
1686:A History of the First Bulgarian Empire
1651:
1590:Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996).
1537:
1535:
1355:
2292:
1849:
1550:
1273:
624:clan in particular. Both his daughter
261:
1823:
1565:Runciman, pp. 226, 232–233, 250
1409:
1407:
1405:
1383:
1381:
2320:Bulgarian people of Armenian descent
1608:
1532:
1330:
1328:
191:in 1018. After his death his widow,
401:
13:
1740:(in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum.
1714:(in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum.
1658:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1402:
1378:
14:
2351:
1785:Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers
1778:
1519:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
1462:Chronicle of the priest of Duklja
1325:
494:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja
1765:]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo.
436:and that they were crossing the
353:
1568:
1559:
1544:
1523:
1505:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1369:
175:Saved from death by his cousin
1812:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
1346:
1337:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
694:Family tree of Ivan Vladislav
238:Ivan Vladislav was the son of
1:
1728:Settipani, Christian (2006),
1710:Stawowy-Kawka, Irena (2000).
1592:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars
1267:
692:
672:Trayan / Troianus, father of
219:
2310:11th-century Bulgarian tsars
1736:Wasilewski, Tadeusz (1988).
1529:Settipani 2006, pp. 282-283.
1440:Zlatarski, pp. 736–737
1254:
1174:husband of Theodora Komnene,
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
214:
57:August 1015 – February 1018
7:
1635:The Middle Ages in Bulgaria
1431:Runciman, pp. 248–249
1366:Runciman, pp. 245–248
1313:Runciman, pp. 242–244
606:, possibly the daughter of
414:to pillage along the River
10:
2356:
1755:Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) .
1583:
1489:Andreev, pp. 134–135
1201:wife of Alexios I Komnenos
450:
268:almost thirty years of war
66:Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria
2335:Monarchs killed in action
2248:
2213:
2045:
1996:
1857:
1800:
1792:
1555:(in Polish). p. 290.
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879:(† 1015, reign 1014–1015)
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608:Tsar Boris II of Bulgaria
597:
529:
242:, the brother of Emperor
161:
153:
133:
121:
97:
87:
75:
71:
61:
53:
46:
30:
23:
1633:Gyuzelev, Vasil (1986).
1594:(in Bulgarian). Abagar.
1248:
634:Uprising of Petar Delyan
457:
602:Ivan Vladislav married
1695:George Bell & Sons
1681:"The End of an Empire"
588:South Shetland Islands
555:historians, including
551:
526:
475:
235:
197:First Bulgarian Empire
170:First Bulgarian Empire
37:Ivan Vladislav in the
2252:(1878–1908) and
684:Catherine (Ekaterina)
616:by Basil II, and the
537:
520:
497:the Bulgarian ruler.
465:
363:(as testified in the
298:First months of reign
246:(r. 997–1014) of the
227:
189:Battle of Dyrrhachium
1732:, Paris: De Boccard.
1712:History of Macedonia
1610:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
1513:Ivan Vladislav Point
1500:History of Byzantium
1170:Constantine Diogenes
1117:commander in Armenia
580:Ivan Vladislav Point
570:Kazimierz Zakrzewski
483:of Dyrrhachium, the
412:Constantine Diogenes
2300:10th-century births
2214:Rebels against the
1997:Rebels against the
1803:Emperor of Bulgaria
1738:History of Bulgaria
1553:History of Bulgaria
1079:Romanos IV Diogenes
695:
669:, Byzantine general
544:Old Church Slavonic
262:Assumption of power
162:Иван/Йоан Владислав
2325:Cometopuli dynasty
2155:Theodore Svetoslav
1851:Bulgarian monarchs
1653:Kazhdan, Alexander
1468:2012-04-18 at the
1229:George Palaiologos
1178:Alexios I Komnenos
693:
646:, later Byzantine
552:
540:Bitola inscription
527:
476:
365:Bitola inscription
328:battle near Bitola
276:Battle of Kleidion
248:Cometopuli dynasty
236:
204:Byzantine nobility
2287:
2286:
2257:(1908–1946)
2108:Constantine I Tih
2049:(1185–1422)
2036:Constantine Bodin
1818:
1817:
1480:Zlatarski, p. 718
1460:Paul Stephenson,
1352:Zlatarski, p. 717
1343:Zlatarski, p. 709
1322:Zlatarski, p. 713
1304:Zlatarski, p. 705
1295:Wasilewski, p. 71
1246:
1245:
1242:
1231:
1216:
1202:
1190:
1180:
1118:
1100:
1098:Andronikos Doukas
1081:
1001:
911:
910:(reign 1015–1018)
880:
821:
809:
678:Andronikos Doukas
674:Maria of Bulgaria
632:took part in the
490:Niketas Pegonites
154:Їѡаннъ Владиславъ
143:
142:
2347:
2232:Ivan Shishman II
2165:Michael Asen III
2160:George Terter II
1861:(680–1018)
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1793:Preceded by
1790:
1789:
1774:
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1677:Runciman, Steven
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1399:Runciman, p. 245
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1286:Kazhdan, p. 1071
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1226:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1173:
1116:
1095:
1075:
999:Isaac I Komnenos
996:
909:
878:
816:
808:(reign 997–1014)
807:
696:
688:Isaac I Komnenos
453:
452:
402:Fighting in 1017
272:Byzantine Empire
231:Madrid Skylitzes
209:John II Komnenos
181:Byzantine Empire
163:
155:
48:Tsar of Bulgaria
39:Madrid Skylitzes
35:
21:
20:
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2346:
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2344:
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2253:
2244:
2209:
2180:Michael Asen IV
2135:George Terter I
2120:Michael Asen II
2114:Jacob Svetoslav
2091:Kaliman Asen II
2041:
1992:
1853:
1848:
1806:
1798:
1796:Gabriel Radomir
1781:
1748:
1722:
1669:
1645:
1626:
1602:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1551:Wasilewski, T.
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460:
451:Βεγεῖτε Τσαῖσαρ
428:of Dorostolon (
408:David Arianites
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310:retreat to the
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2018:
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1988:Ivan Vladislav
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24:Ivan Vladislav
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1541:Kazhdan, p. 1
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1511:L.L. Ivanov.
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738:Comita Nikola
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584:Rugged Island
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354:Consolidation
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193:Empress Maria
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79:February 1018
78:
74:
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67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2250:Principality
2239:Rostislav II
2237:
2230:
2223:
2185:Ivan Asen IV
2170:Ivan Stephen
2112:
2100:
2076:Ivan Asen II
2034:
2027:
2020:
2015:Petar Delyan
2013:
2006:
1987:
1859:First Empire
1810:
1801:
1762:
1757:
1737:
1729:
1711:
1685:
1656:
1634:
1614:
1591:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1525:
1507:
1499:
1498:Zakrzewski,
1494:
1485:
1476:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1371:
1348:
1339:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1240:protostrator
1239:
1213:
1020:Unknown son
904:
817:daughter of
660:
656:
655:, Byzantine
647:
638:
611:
601:
578:
574:guerilla war
553:
499:
484:
480:
477:
423:
405:
385:
357:
332:Thessalonica
304:
301:
265:
252:Razmetanitsa
237:
229:
201:
174:
145:
144:
18:
2305:1018 deaths
2269:Ferdinand I
2264:Alexander I
2200:Ivan Asen V
2102:Rostislav I
2061:Ivan Asen I
1576:Appendix 19
1574:Zlatarski,
1209:John Doukas
618:descendants
336:Mosynopolis
320:Dyrrhachium
82:Dyrrhachium
62:Predecessor
2294:Categories
2096:Mitso Asen
2008:Presian II
1999:Byzantines
1807:1015–1018
1268:References
1214:megas doux
1025:daughters
592:Antarctica
503:Adrianople
220:Early life
128:Cometopuli
2279:Simeon II
2274:Boris III
1943:Presian I
1883:Kormisosh
1612:(1994) .
1205:Theodora
1023:5 unknown
993:Catherine
889:Miroslava
661:strategos
659:in 1019,
657:patrikios
648:magistros
626:Catherine
486:patrikios
481:strategos
472:Nikulitsa
434:Pechenegs
425:strategos
340:Strumitsa
280:seniority
270:with the
215:Biography
168:) of the
158:Bulgarian
116:Catherine
2216:Ottomans
2056:Peter II
1968:Boris II
1958:Simeon I
1953:Vladimir
1771:67080314
1679:(1930).
1502:, p. 229
1466:Archived
1227:wife of
1121:Radomir
1096:wife of
1088:Theodore
997:wife of
989:Radomir
746:Ripsimia
622:Komnenos
442:ambushed
430:Silistra
420:Kastoria
312:Albanian
185:Basil II
2255:Kingdom
2225:Fruzhin
2145:Ivan II
2140:Smilets
2066:Kaloyan
2029:Alusian
2022:Tihomir
1963:Peter I
1948:Boris I
1938:Malamir
1933:Omurtag
1918:Telerig
1868:Asparuh
1584:Sources
1221:
1193:
1183:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1103:Manuel
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1017:Trayan
1014:
1011:
1007:Presian
986:
978:
974:Alusian
970:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
936:
933:
930:
927:
922:
919:
916:
895:
871:
868:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
846:
843:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
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777:
774:
769:
766:
763:
758:
755:
752:
742:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
653:Alusian
644:Presian
630:Alusian
586:in the
566:Goliath
512:Presian
468:Ibatzes
324:Ibatzes
306:kavkhan
292:Arnissa
123:Dynasty
110:Alusian
104:Presian
88:Spouses
2125:Ivaylo
1978:Samuel
1923:Kardam
1893:Telets
1873:Tervel
1769:
1744:
1718:
1703:832687
1701:
1691:London
1665:
1641:
1622:
1598:
1258:
1114:Samuel
1106:Maria
1084:Basil
813:Agatha
804:Samuel
598:Family
548:Bitola
530:Legacy
508:Serres
438:Danube
416:Vardar
396:Krakra
392:Pernik
388:Struma
381:Prespa
373:Doclea
361:Bitola
288:Maglen
284:Edessa
244:Samuel
134:Father
113:Troian
2150:Chaka
2071:Boril
1973:Roman
1913:Pagan
1908:Toktu
1898:Sabin
1888:Vineh
1878:Sevar
1761:[
1249:Notes
1093:Maria
982:Aaron
899:Maria
794:Moses
789:David
667:Aaron
604:Maria
458:Death
344:Sofia
316:Ohrid
99:Issue
92:Maria
54:Reign
1928:Krum
1903:Umor
1767:OCLC
1742:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1699:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1516:SCAR
1224:Anna
1073:Anna
799:Aron
538:The
470:and
410:and
342:and
240:Aron
166:tsar
138:Aron
107:Aron
76:Died
582:on
371:of
2296::
1697:.
1693::
1689:.
1683:.
1534:^
1404:^
1392:^
1380:^
1357:^
1327:^
1275:^
1260:a:
590:,
350:.
211:.
199:.
160::
156:;
152::
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1773:.
1750:.
1724:.
1705:.
1671:.
1647:.
1628:.
1604:.
680:.
474:.
148:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
