229:
neighboring city of Portus Albus, but nevertheless there were potteries in
Traducta judging by some findings around the beach of Chorruelo next to the factories and nearby lands south of the factories. These kilns for making the amphorae have been dated to the first century AD. They may have replaced kilns located in Portus Albus that had been abandoned at that time. From this it would seem that there was an increase in the economic importance of the city at the expense of nearby Carteia, whose amphorae production depended on manufactures of Portus Albus.
53:
179:
265:, including a cemetery dating from the sixth century. There have also been found the remains of amphora production and even a Byzantine chalice near the later Muslim mosque. From this is can be said that the city was not completely abandoned at any time, and even when the Arab invasion occurred the resident population of town was probably the most important in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar.
22:
194:(Old Town) of Algeciras. It dates from the first century until probably late fifth or early sixth centuries. Many millstones were found in five fish-processing factories, and many traces of fish, but very few bones. This suggests that the factories were involved in grinding down the bones to manufacture flours of fish. The salting factory stretched across much of the
102:
places the mansion of
Transducta between Gartegia (Carteia) and Cetraria (Caetaria), identified as being respectively in the north and south of Algeciras Bay, but does not name Portus Albus. The hypothesis most widely accepted today is that Portus Albus stood within the present town of Algeciras,
260:
boarded their vessels when they invaded Africa in the year 429. After that date there are no more classical sources, implying that Iulia
Traducta was abandoned until the Muslim invasion of Spain in the year 711. However, in recent years structures from the Byzantine period have been found in the
228:
It is possible that part of the population also undertook the manufacture of wine, since many amphorae intended for this purpose have been found. The production of amphora in
Traducta Iulia has been considered minor due to the existence of a major complex for manufacturing amphorae in the
79:
However, the latest research and the discovery of several important archaeological sites in the neighboring city of
Algeciras have caused investigators to reconsider the matter. One of the most important sources for determining the location of various cities of Hispania was the
170:(Andalusia) that had overwhelmingly supported Pompey during the Civil War. For this purpose, he moved the population of Zilis to the peninsula. Iulia Traducta was inhabited by veterans as well as by the people from Zilis.
217:(dupondios, asses, semisses and quadrants), clearly showing the importance of the fishing and industry of the town, issued between the years 12 and 10 BC. Creation of this mint was part of the propaganda drive by
103:
north of the city of Iulia
Traducta in the old town. However, we must not dismiss the possibility that Portus Albus was a vernacular name of the city, or the name given to its port.
281:
The name "Iulia
Traducta" ("transferred Iulia"), refers to the fact that part of the population had been moved from Iulia Constantia Zilitanorum. Another name for the new town was
298:
Iulia
Traducta was at the southern point of Spain. Gregory of Tours may have just meant that the Vandals were driven "right out of Spain, from north to south" by the
221:
to show the divine character of the emperor. The coins minted in the city showed the image of the emperor, his sons Gaius and Lucius and the priestly attributes of
60:
The location of the city of Iulia
Traducta has been widely debated by historians. The traditional hypothesis identified the city of Iulia Traducta with the town of
681:
583:
624:"Fish-Based Subproducts in Late Antiquity. Archaeometric and Archaeological Evidence from the Fish Factories at Traducta (Algeciras, Cadiz, Spain)"
84:, a description of the Roman municipalities along the various roads of the time. This document does not name the city of Iulia Traducta in the
147:
was born in
Tingentera, which he said was founded after the transfer of the populations of Zilis and Tingis to the peninsula. Coins issued in
190:
The city's economy included fishing and preparing salt fish, as shown by the industrial complex located in today's San Nicolas street of the
605:
Bravo Jiménez, Salvador (2005). "La ceca de Iulia Traducta y la implantación de la politica de Octavio Augusto en el Campo de Gibraltar".
442:
858:
1035:
737:
712:
328:
971:
912:
884:
840:
772:
663:
635:
131:(Zilis) was moved to the Iberian peninsula and settled at Iulia Traducta. Strabo also notes that some people were moved from
990:
800:
655:
Rome and Baetica : Urbanization in Southern Spain c.50 BC-AD 150: Urbanization in Southern Spain c.50 BC-AD 150
594:
700:
1003:
959:
123:. However Pliny, in an obscure or inaccurate passage, places the city in Mauritania. According to
628:
Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy
68:, on the African coast. Strabo, calling it Iulia Ioza, says it was on the Mediterranean coast of
436:
427:
202:. The remains of the salting vats have been located at the foot of the medieval towers of the
902:
874:
830:
811:
762:
653:
623:
244:. The river's estuary, now silted up by alluvial deposits, served as a port for landing fish.
792:
La producción de salsas y conservas de pescado en la Hispania Romana, II a. C. - VI, Parte 3
199:
25:
Coin from Iulia Traducta showing civic crown motif very popular during the first century AD
8:
116:
98:
162:
According to modern historians the foundation of the city was an attempt by the emperor
1030:
1012:
81:
236:
of Algeciras. The area where material has been found extends to the lower part of the
232:
The extent of Iulia Traducta is unknown, although it is supposed to have occupied the
986:
967:
938:
908:
880:
836:
796:
768:
692:
659:
631:
610:
329:"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, IULIA TRADUCTA (Tarifa) Cádiz, Spain"
745:
720:
682:"Aspectos de la crisis del Bajo Imperio romano en la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar"
241:
253:
85:
69:
52:
790:
431:
225:
of Rome. It also showed symbols related to the economy of the city such as tuna.
112:
929:
Tomassetti Guerra, José María (2009). "Hornos de Ivlia Traducta (Algeciras): la
286:
214:
144:
120:
462:
64:, or a location within that municipality. According to Pliny the town was in
1024:
942:
696:
614:
73:
127:, between 33 and 25 BC part of the population of the North African city of
210:
72:. Some historians have even identified Iulia Traducta with the town of
65:
435:
41:
33:
218:
163:
93:
257:
136:
89:
21:
546:
498:
178:
167:
148:
124:
61:
621:
522:
486:
468:
450:
558:
510:
379:
367:
299:
139:), so the town was also called Tingentera, a contraction of
37:
964:
Algeciras, pasado y presente de la ciudad de la bella bahía
622:
Dominguez-Bella, S.; Bernal Casasola, D. (1 January 2011).
474:
391:
907:(in French). Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 191.
88:, but in the place that it should occupy, halfway between
534:
410:
408:
406:
166:
to create a strong city of his supporters in an area of
198:, from San Nicolas street probably to the south of the
182:
Pedestal dedicated to the Goddess Diana located in the
904:
In Africa et in Hispania: études sur l'huile africaine
403:
873:
Merrills, Andrew; Miles, Richard (23 December 2009).
813:
Le Grand Dictionnaire Geographique et Critique: Vol.6
901:Mrabet, Abellatif; Rodriguez, José Remesal (2007).
738:"La supuesta ubicación de Iulia Traducta en Tarifa"
1011:, published by the Mancomunidad de Municipios del
866:Centro Universitario de Derecho de Algeciras (UCA)
735:
710:
385:
373:
346:
155:("Greater Tingis"), suggesting the existence of a
928:
788:
679:
564:
516:
504:
56:Location of Iulia Traducta and neighboring places
1022:
856:
528:
900:
581:
480:
456:
111:The city is named by classical sources such as
980:
795:(in Spanish). Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
584:"Las factorías de salazones de Iulia Traducta"
426:
958:
872:
809:
604:
552:
492:
397:
209:In the first century BC Iulia Traducta had a
302:, rather than that they left from that port.
446:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). p. 87.
760:
540:
469:Dominguez-Bella & Bernal Casasola 2011
933:Garavilla y su entorno paleogeográfico".
828:
761:Kulikowski, Michael (29 December 2010).
658:. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
414:
206:, confirming the extent of the complex.
186:of Algeciras, dated to the first century
177:
143:, or "the other Tangier". The historian
51:
20:
1023:
256:says that Iulia Traducta is where the
966:(in Spanish). Algeciras: Gráficasal.
859:"Sociedad política campogibraltareña"
736:Gozalbes Cravioto, Enrique (2001a).
711:Gozalbes Cravioto, Enrique (2001b).
651:
352:
129:Colonia Iulia Constantia Zilitanorum
985:(in Spanish). Diputación de Cádiz.
857:Martín Gutiérrez, Diego J. (1997).
835:. Peeters Publishers. p. 451.
680:Gozalbes Cravioto, Enrique (1995).
13:
951:
789:Lagóstena Barrios, Lázaro (2001).
14:
1047:
983:Historia de Algeciras (3 volumes)
744:(in Spanish) (21). Archived from
719:(in Spanish) (41). Archived from
593:(in Spanish) (29). Archived from
47:
713:"Tarifa en el mundo antiguo (1)"
247:
1036:Roman towns and cities in Spain
764:Late Roman Spain and Its Cities
582:Bernal Casasola, Darío (2003).
292:
285:, meaning "getting out" in the
96:, it places Portus Albus. The
810:la Martiniere, Bruzen (1737).
420:
358:
321:
275:
16:Roman city in Andalusia, Spain
1:
1004:Municipal Museum of Algeciras
652:Fear, A. T. (25 April 1996).
309:
252:The History of the Franks by
106:
314:
40:, on the site of the modern
7:
457:Mrabet & Rodriguez 2007
10:
1052:
574:
364:Common worldwide knowledge
173:
879:. John Wiley & Sons.
829:Lipiński, Edward (2004).
630:. Springer. p. 458.
553:Merrills & Miles 2009
960:Delgado Gómez, Cristóbal
432:Beazley, Charles Raymond
268:
213:which has left abundant
981:Varios autores (2001).
443:Encyclopædia Britannica
437:"Mela, Pomponius"
428:Bunbury, Edward Herbert
386:Gozalbes Cravioto 2001a
374:Gozalbes Cravioto 2001b
565:Gozalbes Cravioto 1995
517:Tomassetti Guerra 2009
505:Lagóstena Barrios 2001
187:
57:
26:
600:on 29 September 2010.
529:Martín Gutiérrez 1997
333:www.perseus.tufts.edu
181:
151:have the inscription
55:
24:
937:(in Spanish) (6–7).
832:Itineraria Phoenicia
609:(in Spanish) (4–5).
481:Bernal Casasola 2003
200:Hotel Reina Cristina
32:was a Roman city in
1002:, published by the
706:on 19 January 2012.
691:(in Spanish) (13).
240:on land beside the
117:Marcian of Heraclea
99:Ravenna Cosmography
1013:Campo de Gibraltar
555:, p. 265-266.
493:Bravo Jiménez 2005
398:la Martiniere 1737
188:
159:or Tingis Altera.
82:Antonine Itinerary
58:
27:
1009:Revista Almoraima
973:978-84-400-2196-0
914:978-84-475-3257-5
886:978-1-4443-1808-1
842:978-90-429-1344-8
774:978-0-8018-9949-2
665:978-0-19-159164-8
637:978-3-642-14678-7
1043:
1000:Revista Caetaria
996:
977:
946:
925:
923:
921:
897:
895:
893:
869:
863:
853:
851:
849:
825:
823:
821:
806:
785:
783:
781:
757:
755:
753:
732:
730:
728:
707:
705:
699:. Archived from
686:
676:
674:
672:
648:
646:
644:
618:
601:
599:
588:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
495:, p. 83-96.
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
447:
439:
424:
418:
412:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
362:
356:
350:
344:
343:
341:
339:
325:
303:
296:
290:
279:
254:Gregory of Tours
86:Bay of Gibraltar
70:Hispania Baetica
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1021:
1020:
1017:
993:
974:
954:
952:Further reading
949:
919:
917:
915:
891:
889:
887:
861:
847:
845:
843:
819:
817:
803:
779:
777:
775:
751:
749:
748:on 10 June 2009
726:
724:
703:
684:
670:
668:
666:
642:
640:
638:
597:
586:
577:
572:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
541:Kulikowski 2010
539:
535:
527:
523:
515:
511:
503:
499:
491:
487:
479:
475:
471:, p. 2011.
467:
463:
455:
451:
425:
421:
413:
404:
396:
392:
384:
380:
372:
368:
363:
359:
351:
347:
337:
335:
327:
326:
322:
317:
312:
307:
306:
297:
293:
280:
276:
271:
250:
176:
113:Pliny the Elder
109:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1016:
1015:
1006:
997:
991:
978:
972:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:
926:
913:
898:
885:
870:
854:
841:
826:
807:
801:
786:
773:
758:
733:
723:on 1 July 2010
708:
677:
664:
649:
636:
619:
602:
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
557:
545:
543:, p. 372.
533:
521:
509:
507:, p. 128.
497:
485:
473:
461:
459:, p. 191.
449:
419:
417:, p. 451.
402:
400:, p. 259.
390:
378:
366:
357:
355:, p. 114.
345:
319:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
305:
304:
291:
287:Punic language
273:
272:
270:
267:
249:
246:
242:Río de la Miel
175:
172:
145:Pomponius Mela
121:Pomponius Mela
108:
105:
49:
48:Identification
46:
30:Iulia Traducta
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
992:84-95388-34-0
988:
984:
979:
975:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
916:
910:
906:
905:
899:
888:
882:
878:
877:
871:
868:(in Spanish).
867:
860:
855:
844:
838:
834:
833:
827:
815:
814:
808:
804:
802:9788447526246
798:
794:
793:
787:
776:
770:
767:. JHU Press.
766:
765:
759:
747:
743:
739:
734:
722:
718:
714:
709:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
678:
667:
661:
657:
656:
650:
639:
633:
629:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
596:
592:
585:
580:
579:
566:
561:
554:
549:
542:
537:
531:, p. 49.
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
494:
489:
482:
477:
470:
465:
458:
453:
445:
444:
438:
433:
429:
423:
416:
415:Lipiński 2004
411:
409:
407:
399:
394:
387:
382:
375:
370:
361:
354:
349:
334:
330:
324:
320:
301:
295:
288:
284:
278:
274:
266:
264:
259:
255:
248:Later history
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
180:
171:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Tingis Altera
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
77:
75:
74:Baelo Claudia
71:
67:
63:
54:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
1018:
1008:
999:
982:
963:
934:
930:
918:. Retrieved
903:
890:. Retrieved
875:
865:
846:. Retrieved
831:
818:. Retrieved
812:
791:
778:. Retrieved
763:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
741:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
716:
701:the original
688:
669:. Retrieved
654:
641:. Retrieved
627:
606:
595:the original
590:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
452:
441:
422:
393:
381:
369:
360:
348:
336:. Retrieved
332:
323:
294:
282:
277:
262:
251:
237:
233:
231:
227:
222:
208:
203:
195:
191:
189:
183:
161:
157:Tingis Minor
156:
153:Tingis Maior
152:
140:
132:
128:
110:
97:
78:
76:in Baetica.
59:
29:
28:
18:
876:The Vandals
816:(in French)
263:Villa Vieja
238:Villa Nueva
234:Villa Vieja
204:Villa Vieja
196:Villa Vieja
192:Villa Vieja
184:Villa Nueva
1025:Categories
310:References
107:Foundation
66:Mauretania
1031:Algeciras
943:1695-2200
742:Aljaranda
717:Aljaranda
697:1133-5319
689:Almoraima
615:1695-2200
591:Almoraima
353:Fear 1996
315:Citations
42:Algeciras
34:Andalusia
962:(1971).
935:Caetaria
920:19 March
892:19 March
848:19 March
820:19 March
780:19 March
752:19 March
727:19 March
671:19 March
643:19 March
607:Caetaria
434:(1911).
223:princeps
219:Octavius
164:Octavian
135:(modern
94:Mellaria
931:figlina
575:Sources
258:Vandals
174:Economy
137:Tangier
90:Carteia
989:
970:
941:
911:
883:
839:
799:
771:
695:
662:
634:
613:
168:Betica
149:Tingis
125:Strabo
62:Tarifa
862:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
338:9 May
300:Suebi
269:Notes
215:coins
133:Tingi
38:Spain
987:ISBN
968:ISBN
939:ISSN
922:2013
909:ISBN
894:2013
881:ISBN
850:2013
837:ISBN
822:2013
797:ISBN
782:2013
769:ISBN
754:2013
729:2013
693:ISSN
673:2013
660:ISBN
645:2013
632:ISBN
611:ISSN
340:2018
283:Ioza
211:mint
119:and
92:and
1027::
864:.
740:.
715:.
687:.
626:.
589:.
440:.
430:;
405:^
331:.
115:,
44:.
36:,
995:.
976:.
945:.
924:.
896:.
852:.
824:.
805:.
784:.
756:.
731:.
675:.
647:.
617:.
567:.
519:.
483:.
388:.
376:.
342:.
289:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
