274:
258:
242:
229:
215:
202:
189:
177:
157:
1767:
144:
957:
withheld. In order to free up the weapons, Menelik signed a second treaty with
Antonelli in early July 1888. He also made an alliance with Tekle Haymanot against Yohannes, who ravaged Gojjam in early August. The emperor was joined by Alula in September. The Italian then supplied the promised arms to Menelik in case the emperor followed through on his threat to invade Shewa. With Ethiopia on the verge of civil war, the Italians occupied Keren on 6 February 1889.
59:
764:
995:
with the new emperor, Menelik of Shewa. It was a compromise: while
Ethiopia had been successful in the field, the Italians had managed to occupy territory and retreat in an orderly way. They retained their acquisitions on the Red Sea. Menelik recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of
944:
suggests that "personal antipathy to Islam and desire to see the
Mahdist rebellion contained must ... have carried weight in his decision to give priority to the war against the Mahdists over defense against Italian encroachment." In February–March 1888 Menelik, on Yohannes' orders, marched his army
834:
during the battle of Dogali. When Alula requested permission to expel the
Italians from Massawa, the emperor is said to have castigated him for making war without permission: "Who gave you permission to go and make war there? Those soldiers are not yours but mine; I shall cut off your hand." In late
917:
on 7 December. He conveyed to the emperor his government's opinion that the attack on Saati had been "unjust" and urged that Alula be removed as governor of Mareb
Mellash. Yohannes refused to concede anything to the Italians: "If they cannot live there without Saati, let them go." He also defended
733:
opened two days later. The deal was later finalised for 8,350 thalers and with the Sultan Abd Allah Sahim as a party. On 11 March 1870, Sapeto purchased the Bay of Buya from the same brothers and sultan. Between 15 April 1870 and
December 1879, however, Assab went unused by the company. The company
873:
in Shewa to negotiate an alliance against
Yohannes. Italy requested a small piece of territory in the interior in which to garrison their troops during the summer. Antonelli also gave Menelik Italy's justifications for a punitive expedition to avenge Dogali. On 19 September, Antonelli proposed a
956:
on 23 April. Although Asmara was left undefended, the
Italians did not move on it. In May 1888, the Italian expeditionary force in the north withdrew, having never progressed far from the coast. The rifles promised to Menelik in the treaty of October arrived in Assab that same month, but were
826:
Following his victory, Alula remained in contact with the
Italians regarding prisoners. He also subjected Massawa to a landward blockade in an effort to completely cut off its trade with the hinterland. This angered the local Muslim traders, whose sympathies shifted towards the Italians.
822:
for troops to reinforce
Massawa. An Italian force was sent to garrison the interior, while Yohannes IV withdrew his forces to avoid confrontation. Disease ravaged the Italian troops and they were pulled out in March 1887, ending the first phase of the war.
689:
and treat a single conflict as occurring from 1887 until 1896. The naming of the conflict also varies. It may be called the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the war of 1895–1896 as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Otherwise it may be identified solely by date.
1031:
1170: call it the "first" Italo-Ethiopian war and classify it as an "imperial" and "extra-systemic" war because although Ethiopia was an independent power at the time, it was not part of the international system of states.
1020:
Both sides had taken large losses. Sources about the Italian casualties reported 430 killed at Dogali and 1,000 overall, while the Ethiopians suffered perhaps as little as 400 overall or as much as 730 at Dogali alone.
803:. In the ensuing skirmish, his troops were beaten back. On 26 January, an Ethiopian force of about 15,000 men ambushed an Italian battalion sent to reinforce Saati and almost annihilated it at
811:
turned out to be one of the most important in the history of modern Ethiopia. Alula did not follow up his victory, preferring to wait for permission from Yohannes to continue. He entered
918:
Ras Alula, saying that " did no wrong; the Italians came into the province under his governorship and he fought them, just as you would fight the Abyssinians if they came to England."
1040:, p. 262: "The conclusion of the war is coded as a compromise because Italy failed to defeat Ethiopia but was able to withdraw effectively while maintaining its colony in Eritrea".
747:
851:
for troops, ammunition and supplies to be sent to Massawa. During the summer, an expeditionary force of 20,000 men was assembled in Italy. It landed in Massawa during November.
697:(African War), a term which indicates the broad perceived scope of early Italian colonial ambitions. As the Italian historian Giuseppe Finaldi puts it, "The war is called the
659:. The conflict ended with a treaty of friendship, which delimited the border between Ethiopia and Italian Eritrea but contained clauses whose different interpretations led to
681:
While there is universal agreement that the war began in January 1887, historians differ about when it ended. Some limit the war to 1887, others extend it down to the
885:
On 20 October 1887, however, Menelik signed a secret treaty with Antonelli guaranteeing his neutrality in return for arms. Within six months he was to receive 5,000
391:
324:
785:
Italian moves into the hinterland of Massawa, territory claimed by Ethiopia, brought her forces into conflict with those of Ethiopia, specifically those of
1700:
870:
874:
treaty of neutrality with Shewa in exchange for munitions. A draft of this treaty survives. Nevertheless, in early October 1887, Yohannes wrote to
17:
921:
By January 1888, the Italians had moved two brigades up to Dogali. Yohannes mobilised for war. In December 1887, he had ordered Menelik to guard
1412:
384:
317:
1860:
1503:
Gabre-Selassie, Zewde (2005). "Continuity and Discontinuity in Menelik's Foreign Policy". In Paulos Milkias; Getachew Metaferia (eds.).
1377:
1937:
1693:
377:
310:
1856:
800:
991:. The Italian possession of maritime areas previously claimed by Ethiopia was formalized on 2 May 1889 with the signing of the
693:
Italian historiography tends to group together all the fighting from 1885 until 1896. The original name for the fighting was
1754:
866:. In response, Menelik sent letters to both the emperor and the Italians offering to mediate, as he had done after Dogali.
33:
1686:
862:
in early August 1887 and devastated it. The following month, he ordered Menelik to bar communications with Assab through
722:
1814:
1493:
181:
1469:
Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-Building, 1870–1900
1942:
952:
With Yohannes out of the fighting against Italy, Alula withdrew to Asmara in early April 1888 and retreated to
1512:
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (2004). "A Revised List of Wars between and within Independent States, 1816–2002".
1887:
886:
987:
occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of
1866:
480:
450:
1766:
1671:
The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope
1012:
in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition.
725:(Rubattino Shipping Company) on 15 November 1869 from the brothers Ibrahim and Hassan Ben Ahmed for 6,000
1835:
1598:
540:
734:
offered it to the Italian government, which on 5 July 1882 passed a law making it Italy's first colony.
1902:
1897:
1892:
1749:
590:
485:
425:
1656:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1734:
898:
686:
660:
515:
470:
1620:
940:
cavalry to Tigray. Facing a Mahdist invasion in the west, Yohannes abandoned his campaign in March.
830:
In his attack on Saati, Alula had acted entirely on his own initiative. The Emperor Yohannes was at
1793:
1632:
Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-State, Extra-state, Intra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816–2007
855:
600:
530:
495:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1798:
1439:
1840:
1082:
670:
in the Sudan spilled over the frontier, Ethiopia was faced with a two-front war. The Emperor
580:
262:
1564:
Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century
737:
The outbreak of the Mahdist uprising changed the political situation in the Horn of Africa.
1678:
1505:
The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism
835:
March, Yohannes summoned Alula to Makelle, where he was more conciliatory. He promised the
726:
358:
8:
1744:
1371:
575:
555:
520:
401:
50:
1739:
1529:
1406:
980:
738:
625:
585:
525:
505:
490:
465:
455:
435:
206:
818:
The response to Dogali in Italy was immediate. The Italian parliament voted 5,000,000
1783:
1603:
The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
1533:
1489:
1431:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures
992:
974:
913:, the British consul at Cairo, met Alula at Asmara. He then met Yohannes encamped by
682:
615:
112:
67:
1788:
1521:
1485:
1481:
984:
875:
839:
reinforcements against any Italian counterattack but forbade offensive operations.
808:
780:
752:
652:
648:
620:
595:
545:
445:
353:
302:
273:
257:
241:
228:
219:
214:
201:
193:
188:
176:
162:
149:
94:
1830:
1648:
988:
949:
to defend it from the Mahdists. He did not arrive in time and Gondar was sacked.
930:
902:
718:
656:
565:
550:
278:
125:
1476:
Finaldi, Giuseppe Maria (2011). "Italo-Abyssinian Wars (1887–1896, 1935–1936)".
889:. In the treaty, Italy renounced any intention of annexing Ethiopian territory.
1710:
1664:. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
909:
away, the Tigrayan chiefs made contact with the Italians. On 11 November 1887,
858:
entered into an alliance against him. In retaliation, the emperor crossed into
768:
644:
475:
420:
415:
348:
27:
1887–1889 conflict with Ethiopia during the Italian colonization of East Africa
1525:
1881:
1550:
1455:
1366:
910:
610:
560:
535:
500:
440:
1669:
Tripodi, Paolo (1999). "An Historical Perspective on Italian Colonialism".
1652:
1462:(PhD thesis). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
1005:
937:
914:
879:
819:
510:
90:
1381:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94.
1729:
1422:"Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896
962:
793:
713:
The first Italian colony in what was to become the colony of Eritrea was
671:
667:
570:
430:
233:
941:
869:
Already in late August 1887, Menelik had received the Italian diplomat
730:
675:
1658:
Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816–1992
369:
786:
763:
714:
674:
also had to face internal resistance from his powerful vassals. King
605:
246:
58:
1001:
926:
847:
On 2 June 1887, the Italian parliament voted a further 200,000,000
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
842:
831:
742:
99:
1370:
1127:
1125:
1311:
1309:
1043:
946:
863:
859:
812:
804:
678:
even signed a treaty of neutrality with Italy in October 1887.
1122:
1009:
997:
922:
799:
On 24 or 25 January 1887, Alula attacked the Italian fort at
1708:
1306:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1238:
979:
In the vacuum that followed the death of Yohannes IV in the
965:, occupied Asmara on 9 February 1889 on his own initiative.
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
953:
848:
1209:
1173:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1296:
1294:
1250:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1070:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1221:
1161:
1630:
Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010).
1591:
The Life and Times of Menelik II, Ethiopia, 1844–1913
1291:
1197:
1099:
882:, that he was determined to go to war against Italy.
1344:
878:, bishop of Shewa, who was with the Shewan court at
332:
1321:
1096:, p. 202, calls it the Italian–Abyssinian War.
1673:. Macmillan and St. Martin's Press. pp. 9–48.
1149:
1137:
983:against the Mahdists on 10/11 March 1889, General
854:With Yohannes weakened, Menelik of Shewa and King
1185:
751:(Special Corps for Africa), commanded by Colonel
1879:
1609:
1131:
32:For other wars between Italy and Ethiopia, see
1618:
1502:
1315:
1179:
843:Italian reinforcements and alliance with Shewa
1694:
1639:Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013).
1638:
1629:
1566:. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1244:
1064:
1037:
807:, 10 miles (16 km) west of Massawa. The
385:
318:
1460:A Political Biography of Ras Alula 1875–1897
1647:
1167:
1701:
1687:
1444:Bollettino della Società Africana d'Italia
1428:
1411:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1093:
392:
378:
325:
311:
1610:Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005).
1511:
1396:
1361:
1359:
1203:
1076:
1597:
1575:(3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File.
1365:
892:
762:
685:in 1889, and others combine it with the
1857:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia
1668:
1579:
1475:
1466:
1232:
1215:
745:and, with British approval, an Italian
741:was unable to maintain its garrison in
399:
14:
1880:
1588:
1561:
1454:
1356:
1300:
1155:
1682:
1555:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1549:
1540:
1437:
1419:
1350:
1338:
1285:
1191:
1116:
373:
306:
1570:
1143:
968:
34:Italo-Ethiopian war (disambiguation)
1593:. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
24:
774:
755:, occupied it on 5 February 1885.
25:
1954:
1938:African resistance to colonialism
1641:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1619:Piccinini, Giuseppe (1887–1888).
1440:"La guerra in Africa, all'Asmara"
1424:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
897:In September 1887, Alula invaded
1765:
1467:Finaldi, Giuseppe Maria (2009).
723:Società di Navigazione Rubattino
687:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–1896
641:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889
336:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889
272:
256:
240:
227:
213:
200:
187:
175:
155:
142:
57:
44:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889
18:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887-1889
657:Italian colonization of Eritrea
1750:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36
1735:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96
1486:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow311
13:
1:
1815:Italian Blockade of Venezuela
1634:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
1571:Kohn, George Childs (2007) .
1132:Phillips & Axelrod (2005)
1024:
1015:
708:
1867:Occupation of Constantinople
1836:Italian Invasion of Anatolia
1429:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1420:Caulk, Richard Alan (2002).
81:24 January 1887 – 2 May 1889
7:
1725:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887
1397:Battaglia, Roberto (1958).
1245:Shinn & Ofcansky (2013)
1065:Sarkees & Wayman (2010)
1038:Sarkees & Wayman (2010)
758:
748:Corpo Speciale per l'Africa
661:another Italo-Ethiopian war
10:
1959:
1709:Colonial conflicts in the
1614:. New York: Facts on File.
1589:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
1514:International Interactions
1433:(4th ed.). McFarland.
1389:
972:
961:Dabbab Araya, governor of
778:
31:
1849:
1823:
1807:
1776:
1761:
1717:
1526:10.1080/03050620490492150
1168:Singer & Small (1994)
411:
344:
288:
168:
135:
73:
56:
48:
43:
1794:Second Italo-Senussi War
1580:Labanca, Nicola (1993).
1399:La prima guerra d'Africa
856:Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam
1625:. 4 vols. Rome: Perino.
1478:The Encyclopedia of War
1378:Encyclopædia Britannica
1541:Gorra, Oreste (1895).
771:
169:Commanders and leaders
1943:Invasions of Ethiopia
1841:Siberian intervention
1799:World War II campaign
1755:World War II Campaign
1562:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1557:. New York: Palgrave.
1543:Guerra d'Africa, 1895
1438:Cucca, Carlo (1887).
1316:Gabre-Selassie (2005)
1180:Piccinini (1887–1888)
893:Campaign of Ras Alula
766:
727:Maria Theresa thalers
655:occurring during the
289:Casualties and losses
1888:Italo-Ethiopian Wars
1730:Mahdist War in Sudan
1612:Encyclopedia of Wars
1582:In marcia verso Adua
815:on 31 January 1887.
767:Illustration of the
182:A. A. di San Marzano
64:The battle of Dogali
1745:Somaliland campaign
1507:. New York: Algora.
1471:. Bern: Peter Lang.
1288:, pp. 157–159.
1218:, pp. 297–298.
1067:, pp. 261–262.
621:South Africa (1914)
586:South Africa (1906)
551:South Africa (1899)
521:Matabeleland (1896)
511:South Africa (1895)
491:Matabeleland (1893)
456:Somalia (1888–1924)
451:Equatoria (1886–89)
421:South Africa (1880)
416:South Africa (1879)
403:Scramble for Africa
51:Scramble for Africa
1740:Banadir Resistance
1643:. Scarecrow Press.
1573:Dictionary of Wars
981:Battle of Gallabat
936:brought up 25,000
772:
476:Mashonaland (1890)
207:Antonio Baldissera
1903:Conflicts in 1889
1898:Conflicts in 1887
1893:Conflicts in 1888
1875:
1874:
1784:Italo-Turkish War
1584:. Giulio Einaudi.
1372:"Abyssinia"
1119:, pp. 77–79.
1094:Clodfelter (2017)
993:Treaty of Wuchale
975:Treaty of Wuchale
969:Treaty of Wuchale
905:army. With their
721:on behalf of the
683:Treaty of Wuchale
634:
633:
591:Morocco (1907–34)
581:Morocco (1905–06)
576:Tanganyika (1905)
556:Somaliland (1900)
496:Morocco (1893–94)
481:Katanga (1891−92)
446:Madagascar (1883)
367:
366:
301:
300:
131:
130:
124:Establishment of
113:Treaty of Wuchale
68:Michele Cammarano
16:(Redirected from
1950:
1933:1889 in Ethiopia
1928:1888 in Ethiopia
1923:1887 in Ethiopia
1789:Senussi campaign
1769:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1649:Singer, J. David
1644:
1635:
1626:
1615:
1606:
1599:Pakenham, Thomas
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1546:
1537:
1508:
1499:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1204:Battaglia (1958)
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1077:Gleditsch (2004)
1074:
1068:
1062:
1041:
1035:
985:Oreste Baratieri
887:Remington rifles
871:Pietro Antonelli
809:battle of Dogali
781:Battle of Dogali
753:Tancredi Saletta
703:Guerra d'Eritrea
676:Menelik of Shewa
668:Mahdist uprising
653:Ethiopian Empire
649:Kingdom of Italy
536:Wassoulou (1898)
501:Wassoulou (1894)
441:Wassoulou (1883)
406:
404:
394:
387:
380:
371:
370:
339:
337:
327:
320:
313:
304:
303:
284:
277:
276:
268:
261:
260:
252:
245:
244:
236:
232:
231:
222:
220:Oreste Baratieri
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
196:
194:Tancredi Saletta
192:
191:
180:
179:
163:Ethiopian Empire
161:
159:
158:
150:Kingdom of Italy
148:
146:
145:
95:Ethiopian Empire
75:
74:
61:
41:
40:
21:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1845:
1831:Boxer Rebellion
1819:
1803:
1772:
1759:
1713:
1707:
1677:
1661:
1622:Guerra d'Africa
1605:. Random House.
1545:. Rome: Perino.
1496:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:, pp. 15–.
1231:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1018:
989:Italian Eritrea
977:
971:
895:
845:
783:
777:
775:Dogali campaign
761:
719:Giuseppe Sapeto
717:, purchased by
711:
705:or such like."
699:Guerra d'Africa
695:Guerra d'Africa
637:
636:
635:
630:
616:Libya (1911–12)
526:Zanzibar (1896)
516:Ethiopia (1896)
407:
402:
400:
398:
368:
363:
340:
335:
333:
331:
271:
270:
269:
255:
254:
253:
239:
238:
237:
226:
225:
212:
211:
210:
199:
198:
197:
186:
185:
184:
174:
156:
154:
143:
141:
126:Italian Eritrea
120:
103:
97:
62:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:Italian Empire
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1616:
1607:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1551:Henze, Paul B.
1547:
1538:
1520:(3): 231–262.
1509:
1500:
1494:
1473:
1464:
1456:Erlich, Haggai
1452:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1369:, ed. (1911).
1367:Chisholm, Hugh
1355:
1353:, p. 159.
1343:
1320:
1305:
1303:, p. 191.
1290:
1249:
1247:, p. 361.
1237:
1233:Tripodi (1999)
1220:
1216:Finaldi (2009)
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 263.
1136:
1134:, p. 619.
1121:
1098:
1081:
1079:, p. 238.
1069:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
973:Main article:
970:
967:
894:
891:
844:
841:
792:, governor of
779:Main article:
776:
773:
769:Siege of Saati
760:
757:
710:
707:
645:undeclared war
632:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Morocco (1911)
608:
606:Ouaddai (1909)
603:
601:Morocco (1909)
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Namibia (1904)
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:Fashoda (1898)
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Ashanti (1895)
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Dahomey (1892)
483:
478:
473:
471:Dahomey (1890)
468:
463:
461:Eritrea (1889)
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:Tunisia (1881)
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
397:
396:
389:
382:
374:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:
351:
345:
342:
341:
330:
329:
322:
315:
307:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:
223:
171:
170:
166:
165:
152:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
89:
87:
83:
82:
79:
71:
70:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1955:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:1889 in Italy
1916:
1914:
1913:1888 in Italy
1911:
1909:
1908:1887 in Italy
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:South America
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:Small, Melvin
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1495:9781405190374
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 33.
1340:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1318:, p. 96.
1317:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:Erlich (1973)
1297:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1156:Jaques (2007)
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
966:
964:
960:
955:
950:
948:
943:
939:
935:
933:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
911:Gerald Portal
908:
904:
900:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
840:
838:
833:
828:
824:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
794:Mareb Mellash
791:
789:
782:
770:
765:
756:
754:
750:
749:
744:
740:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
627:
626:Darfur (1916)
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Mufilo (1907)
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
566:Angola (1902)
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
405:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
375:
372:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
338:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
308:
305:
296:
293:
292:
287:
283:
281:
275:
267:
265:
259:
251:
249:
243:
235:
230:
224:
221:
216:
208:
203:
195:
190:
183:
178:
173:
172:
167:
164:
153:
151:
140:
139:
134:
127:
123:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
1777:North Africa
1724:
1670:
1657:
1640:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1542:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1421:
1398:
1376:
1351:Henze (2000)
1346:
1339:Caulk (2002)
1286:Henze (2000)
1240:
1211:
1199:
1192:Gorra (1895)
1187:
1175:
1163:
1158:, p. l.
1151:
1139:
1117:Caulk (2002)
1072:
1033:
1019:
1006:Akkele Guzay
978:
958:
951:
931:
920:
915:Lake Ashangi
906:
896:
884:
880:Mount Entoto
868:
853:
846:
836:
829:
825:
817:
798:
787:
784:
746:
736:
712:
702:
698:
694:
692:
680:
665:
647:between the
640:
638:
531:Benin (1897)
466:Congo (1895)
460:
436:Egypt (1882)
431:Sudan (1881)
334:
279:
263:
247:
136:Belligerents
111:Compromise;
91:Mereb Melash
63:
49:Part of the
29:
1718:East Africa
1144:Kohn (2007)
963:Akele Guzay
672:Yohannes IV
541:Chad (1898)
294:1,000+ dead
234:Yohannes IV
119:Territorial
1882:Categories
1450:: 252–258.
1025:References
1016:Casualties
942:Paul Henze
731:Suez Canal
709:Background
701:, not the
561:Aro (1901)
359:Segheneyti
1534:145015824
1480:. Wiley.
1407:cite book
959:Dejazmach
715:Assab Bay
297:400+ dead
1655:(1994).
1601:(1991).
1553:(2000).
1458:(1973).
1401:. Milan.
1002:Hamasien
945:west to
929:, while
927:Begemder
903:Tigrayan
759:Campaign
651:and the
266:Mengesha
86:Location
1390:Sources
901:with a
876:Matewos
832:Makelle
743:Massawa
666:As the
643:was an
121:changes
100:Eritrea
1850:Europe
1532:
1492:
947:Gondar
934:Mikael
860:Gojjam
813:Asmara
805:Dogali
729:. The
354:Dogali
282:Mikael
160:
147:
108:Result
1662:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1010:Serae
998:Bogos
938:Oromo
923:Wollo
899:Damot
864:Aussa
801:Saati
790:Alula
739:Egypt
349:Saati
250:Alula
98:(now
1824:Asia
1490:ISBN
1413:link
1008:and
954:Adwa
925:and
849:lire
820:lire
639:The
78:Date
1522:doi
1482:doi
932:Ras
907:ras
837:ras
788:Ras
280:Ras
264:Ras
248:Ras
66:by
1884::
1861:it
1651:;
1528:.
1518:30
1516:.
1488:.
1446:.
1442:.
1409:}}
1405:{{
1375:.
1358:^
1323:^
1308:^
1293:^
1252:^
1223:^
1124:^
1101:^
1084:^
1045:^
1004:,
1000:,
796:.
663:.
93:,
1863:)
1859:(
1702:e
1695:t
1688:v
1536:.
1524::
1498:.
1484::
1448:6
1415:)
1206:.
1194:.
1182:.
393:e
386:t
379:v
326:e
319:t
312:v
102:)
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
