Istanbul - Knowledge

149: 5648: 5729: 1673: 3720: 7480: 7151: 163: 7732: 1953: 24525: 6080: 5618: 77: 5122: 3137: 6838: 7434: 3199: 7167: 1487: 263: 5924: 2998: 296: 6829: 1404: 6961: 101: 230: 5520: 7590: 3709: 5251: 7448: 1555: 7807: 6701: 3534: 8074: 8027: 1129: 5043: 129: 7821: 7030: 7462: 5826: 7746: 1370: 5678: 1597: 1270: 5365: 3936: 1837: 24568: 3484: 6165: 4235: 180: 3687: 24535: 2743: 2089: 207: 303: 270: 237: 6154: 3269: 1020: 20269: 6490: 22677: 21505: 19980: 3698: 22701: 22665: 115: 6187: 4151: 4206:

Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Mirroring the executive committee at the municipal level, the Provincial Executive Committee includes a secretary-general and leaders of departments that advise the Provincial Parliament. The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation.

20260: 21555: 7135: 22713: 3994: 2791: 21493: 19968: 7779: 369: 5958: 6176: 3368: 25253: 7793: 24578: 9910:

flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of

5475: 22689: 7504: 7080:, of which 100 were private. Turkish citizens are entitled to subsidized healthcare in the nation's state-run hospitals. As public hospitals tend to be overcrowded or otherwise slow, private hospitals are preferable for those who can afford them. Their prevalence has increased significantly over the last decade, as the percentage of outpatients using private hospitals increased from 5954:), pubs and restaurants. İstiklal Avenue, originally known for its taverns, has shifted toward shopping, but the nearby Nevizade Street is still lined with winehouses and pubs. Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music. 7532: 4182:

swift decisions, often at the expense of transparency. The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own. All representatives on the committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the council, with the mayor—or someone of his or her choosing—serving as head.

5721:, opened in the 2000s to complement the exhibition spaces and auction houses that have already contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of the city. These museums have yet to attain the popularity of older museums on the historic peninsula, including the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, which ushered in the era of modern museums in Turkey, and the 5617: 9915:

including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$ 500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.

7275:, entered service on 26 August 2016. The O-7 motorway connects Istanbul Atatürk Airport with Istanbul Airport. Environmentalist groups worry that the third bridge will endanger the remaining green areas to the north of Istanbul. Apart from the three Bosphorus Bridges, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) 3483: 9914:

which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men,

7712:

Istanbul Atatürk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. After its closure to commercial flights in 2019, it was briefly used by cargo aircraft and the official state aircraft owned

7646:

forced the station to close in 2012. New stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, now the Marmaray second phase opened to the public. Private bus companies still operation to this day. Istanbul's main bus station is the largest

5289:, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. The AKP government had supported a 'Yes' vote and won the vote nationally due to high support in rural parts of the country. A major turning point for the government came in the 2019 local elections, where their candidate for Mayor, former Prime Minister 5193:

Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. Sephardic Jews settled in the

1478:

in place of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair, and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a

6997:

in 1956. Capacity declined until the power station reached the end of its economic life and shut down in 1983. The state-run Turkish Electrical Authority (TEK) briefly—between its founding in 1970 and 1984—held a monopoly on the generation and distribution of electricity, but now the authority—since

5066:

A 2019 survey study by KONDA that examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul showed that 57% of the surveyed had a religion and were trying to practise its requirements. This was followed by nonobservant people with 26% who identified with a religion but generally did not practise

4181:

is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. Since the government operates under a "powerful mayor, weak council" approach, the council's leader—the metropolitan mayor—has the authority to make

2122:

The city's summers are warm to hot and moderately dry, with an average daytime temperature of about 28 °C (82 °F), and less than 7 days of precipitation per month. Despite the generally acceptable temperature range, mid-summer in Istanbul is considered moderately uncomfortable, due to high

1930:

from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the

1929:

From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. The overall population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people

1569:

welcomed everyone–foreigners, criminals, and runaways– showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture. He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the

9909:

the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the

8156:

UEFA does not apparently keep a list of Category 4 stadiums, but regulations stipulate that only these elite stadiums are eligible to host UEFA Champions League Finals, which Atatürk Olympic Stadium did in 2005, and UEFA Europa League (formerly UEFA Cup) Finals, which Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium did in

8104:

concurs with 685 BCE as the year Chalcedon was founded, but places Byzantion's establishment in 659 BCE. Among more modern historians, Carl Roebuck proposed the 640s BCE and others have suggested even later. The foundation date of Chalcedon is itself subject to some debate; while many sources place

5673:

By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. When

5666:

Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara. The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical

4185:

District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. They each maintain their own budgets, although the metropolitan mayor reserves the right to review district decisions. One-fifth of all district council members, including the

1592:

was ignored by the rampant plague, which killed the rich and the poor alike in the 16th century. Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul. Although the Sultan lived at a safe remove from the masses, and the wealthy and poor tended to live side by side,

4173:

Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities. The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council,

3932:. The Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest cathedral in the world until it was converted into a mosque in the 15th century. The minarets date from that period. Because of its historical significance, it was reopened as a museum in 1935. However, it was re-converted into a mosque in July 2020. 3677:

that depict Theodosius I and his courtiers. The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. As a result, the current height of the obelisk is only 18.54 meters, or

1664:

period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. Bridges across the Golden Horn were constructed during this period, and Constantinople was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s. Modern facilities, such as a water supply

6232:, established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs. Due to its initial status as Turkey's only club, Beşiktaş occasionally represented the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic in international sports competitions, earning the right to place the Turkish flag inside its team logo. 4797:

Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. This growth was fueled by internal and international migration. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from

7005:

The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in 1840 and the first post office, the Imperial Post Office, opened near the courtyard of Yeni Mosque. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. Sultan

5740:

The first film screening in Turkey was at Yıldız Palace in 1896, a year after the technology publicly debuted in Paris. Movie theaters rapidly cropped up in Beyoğlu, with the greatest concentration of theaters being along the street now known as İstiklal Avenue. Istanbul also became the heart of

4205:

With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. Like the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial

3296:

and gardens. But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. Much of the Asian side of the

7686:

IST was also transferred to the new airport. Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will have six sets of runways (eight in total), 16 taxiways, and will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year. The transfer from the airport to the city is via the O-7, and it will

4034:

the previous year. Government meetings took place here until 1786, when the seat of government was moved to the Sublime Porte. After several hundred years of royal residence, it was abandoned in 1853 in favor of the baroque Dolmabahçe Palace. Topkapı Palace became public property following the

7410:, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5 km (8.4 mi) length. The Marmaray tunnel together with the suburban railways lines along the Sea of Marmara, form the intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, named officially B1, from 2061:

The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000 vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012. According to ministry statements and geologist comments made in 2023, the city's infrastructure was in reasonably good shape,

8129:

on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure, come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in

5500:

Haydarpaşa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. Since then operations were shifted to Ambarlı, with plans to convert Haydarpaşa into a tourism complex. In 2019, Ambarlı, on the western edge of the urban center, had an annual capacity of

2126:

Istanbul's precipitation is unevenly distributed, with winter months getting at least twice the level of precipitation of their summerly counterparts. The mode of precipitation also varies by season. Winter precipitation is generally light, persistent and often of mixed precipitation such as

4013:

Topkapı Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. Mehmed II built the original palace as his main residence and the seat of government. The present palace grew over the centuries as a series of additions enfolding four courtyards and blending

5007:

study, Kurds constituted around 17% of Istanbul's adult total population who were Turkish citizens. Although the initial Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period, the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey.

6988:

along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from

6015:, 15 kilometers (9 mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. Because of their restaurants, historic summer mansions, and tranquil, car-free streets, the Princes' Islands are a popular vacation destination among Istanbulites and foreign tourists. 8804:

Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history".

2135:; while summer precipitation is generally abrupt and sporadic. Cloudiness, as with precipitation, varies greatly by season. Winters are quite cloudy, with around 20 percent of days being sunny or partly cloudy. Meanwhile, summers experience 60-70 percent of possible sunshine. 5247:, winning the mayoralty of Istanbul was a huge moral victory, but for Erdoğan it had practical ramifications: His party, AKP, lost control of the $ 4.8 billion municipal budget, which had sustained patronage at the point of delivery of many public services for 25 years. 7326:

date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnels General Management (İETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of the

14294: 1593:

for the most part Istanbul was not zoned as modern cities are. Opulent houses shared the same streets and districts with tiny hovels. Those rich enough to have secluded country properties had a chance of escaping the periodic epidemics of sickness that blighted Istanbul.

6606:

Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminönü. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run

1054:

colonists around 657 BCE. Megarian colonists claimed a direct line back to the founders of the city, Byzas, the son of the god Poseidon and the nymph Ceroëssa. Modern excavations have raised the possibility that the name Byzantium might reflect the sites of native

7242:) is 353 km (219 mi) (2021), totaling 896 km (557 mi) of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets. The density of expressway network is 16.8 km/100 km. The O-1 forms the city's inner 7279:(which entered service on 20 December 2016) under the Bosphorus strait also provides road crossings for motor vehicles between the Asian and European sides of Turkey. Road transport emits significant carbon dioxide, estimated at 7 million tons in 2021. 1424:

Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named

11612:

Bu Kanunun yürürlüğe girdiği tarihte; büyükşehir belediye sınırları, İstanbul ve Kocaeli ilinde, il mülkî sınırıdır. (On the date this law goes in effect, the metropolitan city boundaries, in the provinces of İstanbul and Kocaeli, are those of the

1355:

cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.

1976:. Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. Several picturesque islands— 1168:), literally 'to the city' and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its nickname 2041:

7.0 is very likely in the 21st century, though an earthquake with a magnitude above 7.5 is thought to be impossible. Istanbul Municipality's Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Research is responsible for analysing the methods to reduce the

4801:

According to 2020 TÜİK data around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered in Istanbul, meanwhile the vast majority of the residents ultimately originate from Anatolian provinces, especially those in the

6756:

are among other public high schools in the city. Istanbul also contains high schools established by the European and American expatriates and missionaries in the 19th century that currently offer secular, foreign-language education such as

1459:, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox 1438:

The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including

8125:, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with 8121:, pp. 463–505 examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to 1914:, in which hundreds of Greek men, women and children were attacked and raped and dozens murdered, led to the emigration of most of the remaining Greeks in Istanbul. Government persecution of Greeks and religious minorities, especially 7266:

each day. The O-7 or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gişeleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139.2 km (86.5 mi), with 8 lanes (4x4), and from Odayeri-K10 to

6461:. The 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix was initially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but on 25 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 F1 Turkish Grand Prix will take place on 3 October 2021. Istanbul Park was also a venue of the 3974:, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments. 14919: 3021:) is noted to be very prevalent, with estimates ranging from a hundred thousand to over a million stray cats. The feral cats in the city have gained widespread media and public attention and are considered to be symbols of the city. 5038:

who are Turkish citizens are found to be making up less than 1% of city's total adult population. As of August 2023, there were more than 530,000 refugees of the Syrian civil war in Istanbul, the highest number in any Turkish city.

6244:

titles, at 22 and 19 times, respectively. Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahçe based in the Anatolian part of the city. Istanbul has seven basketball

5466:

between the Black and the Mediterranean seas, even when tankers carry oil, natural gas, chemicals, and other flammable or explosive materials as cargo. In 2011, as a workaround solution, the then Prime Minister Erdoğan presented

2960:

compose the economically important species. Fish diversity in the waters of Istanbul has dwindled in the recent decades. From around 60 different fish species recorded in the 1970s only 20 of them still survive in the Bosporus.

16313:

The opening date has been pushed back three times, but authorities insist that the main terminal building and two runways will be fully operational by Sunday, in what critics say it is a rushed and dangerous attempt to stay on

15020: 1182:) meaning the 'Gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman Turkish. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from "Constantinople", with the first and third syllables dropped. Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as 5599:

are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with the Topkapı Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than

1292:

artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the

14298: 6611:(TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 6022:. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as 847:, the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is considered the country's economic, cultural and historic capital. The city has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey, and is the 5169:

from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. The community had more than 15,000 members during Atatürk's presidency in the 1920s and 1930s, but today is reduced to only a few hundreds, according to Italo-Levantine writer

2989:

were present in Bosporus, and Princes' Islands and Tuzla shores were seal breeding areas during summer, but they have not been observed in Istanbul since the 1960s and thought to be extinct in the region. Water pollution,

1665:

network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Constantinople over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the

4186:

district mayors, also represent their districts in the Municipal Council. All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. Representing the

1455:. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east and the advance of Islam. During most of the 7073:, which split from the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone in 1995, was privatized in 2005. Postal services remain under the purview of what is now the Post and Telegraph Organization (retaining the acronym PTT). 5450:

Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. The Bosporus, providing the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, is the world's busiest and narrowest

8075: 8028: 1130: 3989:

fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces.

8092:) is sometimes, especially in encyclopedic or other tertiary sources, placed firmly in 667 BCE. Historians have disputed the precise year the city was founded. Commonly cited is the work of 5th-century-BCE historian 1431:; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of 4143:, but they were not fully implemented until 1908 when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a 7894:*According to the size of the population and the status of megacity, the limits of the Istanbul city correspond to the limits of the province, and the province is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Istanbul. 7418:

on the Asian side. This rail line has 76.6 km (47.6 mi), and the full line opened on 12 March 2019. Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating

3548:

Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture. Despite its development as a Turkish city since 1923, it contains many ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish monuments.

1510:

began a strategy of gradually taking smaller towns and cities, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly. On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege during which the last Roman emperor,

5110:. Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. There are today 50,000 to 70,000 1876:

was signed on 24 July 1923, and the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last forces of the Allies from the city on 4 October 1923. Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by

6500:

Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. The industry has its roots in the former Ottoman capital, where the first Turkish newspaper,

5788:

Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. From this flagship festival came the

5214:

were allowed to work in any profession. Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce and came to particularly dominate the medical profession. By 1711, using the printing press, books came to be published in

4723:

Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for the

15876: 3477:, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive. 1073:, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE. Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of "Istanbul" ( 6623:

is the most popular radio station in Turkey. Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. One of the exceptions, offering both, is

5761:(2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including 6639:

TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. Istanbul-based

3567:

railway tunnel. It is the oldest known human settlement on the European side of the city. The oldest known human settlement on the Asian side is the Fikirtepe Mound near Kadıköy, with relics dating to the

8941:

On leaving the Dardanelles we come to the Bay of Casthenes, ... and the promontory of the Golden Horn, on which is the town of Byzantium, a free state, formerly called Lygos; it is 711 miles from Durazzo,

7625:

continued until the early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction but started running again in 2019 and the latter was halted due to economic problems in Greece. After Istanbul's

5631:

and the skyscrapers of Levent financial district in the background. Providing the only sea route to the Black Sea, the Bosporus is the world's busiest waterway that is used for international navigation.

3241:, a set of corridors lined with office buildings, residential towers, shopping centers, and university campuses, and over 2,000,000 m (22,000,000 sq ft) of class-A office space in total. 14610: 13646: 16843:

Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). "Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul". In Brunn, Stanley D (ed.).

23400: 19640: 4135:) across the city. Pera (now Beyoğlu) was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood. Laws enacted after the 16405: 23630: 19557: 14144: 10715:

Altay, Volkan; Ouml, Brahim Lker; zyiit; Yarci, Celal (31 January 2010). "Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): A contribution to urban ecology in Turkey".

6804:. As of 2019 Istanbul has 61 colleges and universities, with more than 1.8 million students enrolled according to official figures. Of those, fourteen are state-owned, 44 are "foundation-owned" 10324: 5805:, held every two years since 1987. Its early incarnations were aimed at showcasing Turkish visual art, and it has since opened to international artists and risen in prestige to join the elite 4098:

Since 2004, the municipal boundaries of Istanbul have been coincident with the boundaries of its province. The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the

1435:

upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the empire; during the following millennium of Roman history the state is commonly referred to as the "Byzantine Empire".

14830: 14792: 5670:

Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory.

6862:, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, dates back to 1453 and its dental, law, medical schools were founded in the 19th century.The city's largest private universities include 5693:

Beyoğlu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. Modern art museums, including

19398: 8054:

Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. Since Istanbul is a transcontinental city,

5980:

Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosporus (particularly in neighborhoods like

3297:

Bosporus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. However,

1297:

from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the

8117:

Historians disagree—sometimes substantially—on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,

16626:

Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...

3966:

Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with a vast building scheme that included the construction of towering mosques and ornate palaces. The

6945:. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 262: 19928: 19752: 15405: 7096:

than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in

24438: 15715: 7573:(Istanbul Sea Buses) runs a combination of high-speed passenger ferries and vehicle ferries within Istanbul and to destinations across the Sea of Marmara. A smaller private company, 6901:(formerly the higher education section of Robert College until 1971) provide education in English as the primary foreign language, while the primary foreign language of education at 295: 19368: 18957: 11275: 4080:

styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace.

14471: 13933: 4992:

Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. The dominant ethnic group in the city is

19373: 6481:

on the Bosporus took place on 19–21 June 2009. Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year.

229: 14219: 24262: 10590: 1451:; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the center of episodes of unrest, including the 23904: 19423: 11109: 8105:

it in 685 BC, others put it in 675 BCE or even 639 BCE (with Byzantion's establishment placed in 619 BCE). Some sources refer to Byzantium's foundation as the 7th century BCE.

5102:

form the largest Christian population in the city. While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the

13762: 1565:

Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city,

11713: 9191: 5277:

More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. In 2013 and 2014, large scale

2985:) make up the marine mammals presently found in the Bosporus and surrounding waters, though since the 1950s the number of dolphin observations has become increasingly rare. 23712: 10019: 7347:

in London. It still carries passengers between Karaköy and İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track; a more modern funicular between Taksim Square and

17359: 9849: 9440:

Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–49. p. 236

8892: 1586:), porticoes, pavilions, walkways, as well as more than a dozen new mosques. Mehmed II turned the ramshackle old town into something that looked like an imperial capital. 15768: 3355:, have faced criticism. The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new 25333: 19909: 14920:"İstanbul'daki en iyi liseler hangileri: 2022 İstanbul Anadolu Liseleri, Fen Liseleri, İmam Hatip ve Teknik Liseleri taban puanları ve yüzdelik dilimleri belli oldu mu?" 5471:, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas. While the project was still on Turkey's agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it. 21001: 12073: 6134:

government, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact due to ideological reasons.

1316:

The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE, when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. The settlers built an

14497: 10397: 5871:, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul also has an active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries, if not millennia. 4996:, which also forms the majority group in Turkey. According to survey data 78% of the voting-age Turkish citizens in Istanbul state "Turkish" as their ethnic identity. 4854:

has the highest percentage with more than 760 thousand residents in the city. A 2019 survey found that only 36% of the Istanbul's population was born in the province.

14346: 14320: 3921:

in Yenikapı, once the busiest port in Constantinople, was among the numerous archeological discoveries that took place during the excavations of the Marmaray tunnel.

23722: 15880: 10510: 6720:. The average class size was 30 for primary education institutes, 27 for vocational schools and 23 for general high schools. Of the 842 public high schools, 263 are 4129:. Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups ( 3056:

remains at a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours, and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the

17279:

Köse, Yavuz (2009). "Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)". In Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin (eds.).

1395:

in Istanbul. It is one of the few Byzantine era churches that were never converted into mosques; during the Ottoman period it served as Topkapı's principal armoury.

21238: 5892:

ushered in the age of modern shopping malls in Turkey when it opened in 1987. Since then, malls have become major shopping centers outside the historic peninsula.

848: 521: 19225: 13650: 10828: 3563:

and predates the formation of the Bosporus by approximately a millennium, when the Sea of Marmara was still a lake, was discovered during the construction of the

22557: 16438: 13284: 6266: 5460: 3678:

25.6 meters if the base is included. Between the four corners of the obelisk and the pedestal are four bronze cubes, used in its transportation and re-erection.

950:

and one of the most important cities in history. The city played a key role in the advancement of Christianity during Roman/Byzantine times, hosting four of the

2766:

has caused an increase in Istanbul's heatwaves, droughts, storms, and flooding in Istanbul. Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its

21154: 8597: 5855:

on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. Other focal points for shopping, leisure and entertainment include Nişantaşı,

4783: 3787:

in 479 BCE. The three serpent heads of the 8-meter (26 ft) high column remained intact until the end of the 17th century (one is on display at the nearby

1763: 23784: 15846: 14614: 14192: 25293: 23597: 22751: 21072: 17764:

Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül (2011). "Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey". In Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika (eds.).

16379: 15820: 15137: 15099: 7479: 15434: 10452: 6998:

split between the Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Company (TEAŞ) and the Turkish Electricity Distribution Company (TEDAŞ)—competes with private

1186:, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word 21016: 19945: 16264: 15656: 13737: 12850: 10876: 8228: 7046: 5297:

candidate Ekrem İmamoğlu. İmamoğlu won the vote with 48.77% of the vote, against Yıldırım's 48.61%, but the elections were controversially annulled by the

5285:

where the center-left opposition candidate won an impressive 40% of the vote, despite not winning. The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the

2123:

dew points and relative humidity. Winters, meanwhile, are cool, quite rainy, and relatively snow-rich for a city with above-freezing average temperatures.

13545: 12505: 9720: 25298: 24255: 23407: 18866: 15529: 15168: 13441:"Panoramic view of the modern skyline of Istanbul's European side, with the skyscrapers of Levent at the center and the Bosphorus Bridge (1973) at right" 10916: 9905:

The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the

6509:

street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn.

23697: 23651: 18028: 10971: 24468: 24460: 23897: 23682: 23672: 12341: 6882:. Istanbul's first private university, Koç University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were not allowed in Turkey before the 6447: 6289: 5624: 708: 23737: 19278: 14544: 14269: 16413: 14166: 7751: 6636:, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, and English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM). 3359:, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5 million people. 1574:. Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. There was a 21057: 20991: 18831: 16186: 16097: 14834: 14796: 10191: 5223:, Yiddish, and Hebrew. In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950 to 15,000 in 2021. 23692: 21026: 7722: 6048:

Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the

5497:, the Port of Ambarlı, and the Port of Zeytinburnu – as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. 2914:, a total of 576 plant taxa were recorded; of those 477 were natural and 99 were exotic and cultivated. The most prominent native taxa were in the 21067: 21062: 21031: 15319: 12171: 11767: 7697:, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009; the airport handled 7088:

between 2005 and 2009. Many of these private hospitals, as well as some of the public hospitals, are equipped with high-tech equipment, including

4062:, all of which were built at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the following centuries, and especially after the 23702: 21683: 19215: 13984: 10492: 7764: 5565:

and Turkey are the 352 m (1,154 ft 10 in) tall Turkish Central Bank Tower in the Ataşehir district on the Asian side of the city;

21077: 11975: 8147:

Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inherited from the family. A married women is also registered to her husband's province.

24248: 23687: 21113: 18018: 15268: 14395: 6512:

Istanbul now has a wide variety of periodicals. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions.

6395:, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. Despite the construction boom, five bids for the Summer Olympics—in 5342:

to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into

1541:, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully. Mehmed declared himself as the new 939: 13191: 11225: 3817:

There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the

25338: 23890: 22220: 21476: 21052: 20031: 19443: 18947: 17921: 14070: 14010: 12315: 8508: 2770:

has been intensifying the effects of climate change. If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example

617: 18023: 14637: 13377: 10943: 6391:, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat 22383: 21762: 21231: 20996: 20960: 18076: 16296: 15719: 2047: 1413:(532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian I was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the 11279: 10278: 6949:

each day. In later years, in response to increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to public fountains, like the

6478: 5745:, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s. Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film 1926:

took place in 1964-1965. As a result of these policies, the Greek population of Istanbul decreased from 110,000 in 1919 to 2,500 today.

1479:

million during the 8th century. After the reconquest of 1261, however, some of the city's monuments were restored, and some, like the two

25328: 18096: 17610:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites

15794: 10803: 4043: 2877: 1910:

assessed mainly on non-Muslims led to the transfer or liquidation of many businesses owned by religious minorities. The state-sanctioned

1895:

On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital.

331: 15230: 15197: 10725: 7461: 5647: 5003:

form one of the largest ethnic minorities in Istanbul and are the biggest group after Turks among Turkish citizens. According to a 2019

3928:. The Hagia Sophia, topped by a dome 31 meters (102 ft) in diameter over a square space defined by four arches, is the pinnacle of 22356: 21757: 20798: 19916: 18008: 12583: 12389: 11064: 7667:

Istanbul has had three large international airports, two of which currently serve commercial passenger flights. The largest is the new

6794: 5031: 5018:

form the city's other largest ethnic minority, with an estimated population of more than 2 million. Following Turkey's support for the

4745: 836: 18652: 17912: 12555: 10048: 5694: 4744:

for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the

23590: 22744: 18143: 14244: 10379: 10074: 5897: 4725: 2003:, there are, in fact, more than 50 hills within the city limits. Istanbul's tallest hill, Aydos, is 537 meters (1,762 ft) high. 17937: 13389: 11117: 10219: 7638:; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by 6493: 1447:

and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the

148: 25343: 22154: 18119: 16219:[Istanbul Bus Station] (in Turkish). Avrasya Terminal İşletmeleri A.Ş. (Eurasian Terminal Management, Inc.). Archived from 16216: 13766: 8287: 7844: 7690: 6608: 6250: 5452: 5301:

due to AKP's claim of electoral fraud. In the re-run İmamoğlu gathered 54.22% of the total vote and widened his margin of victory.

5126: 3163:), corresponds to what was the whole of Constantinople until the Ottoman conquest; today it is the capital district and called the 1688: 986: 18962: 17986: 16001: 14372: 11724: 9199: 7693:, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk. Dominated by 7057:

became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.

25283: 21543: 21224: 20855: 20748: 18608: 18003: 15686: 15492: 14515: 14118: 11392: 10692: 3673:

of the Hippodrome there. When re-erected at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the obelisk was mounted on a decorative base, with

3260:-style business, residential and shopping corridor with over 900,000 m (9,700,000 sq ft) of class-A office space. 15771:[F1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Funicular Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 10738: 9839: 8896: 7433: 2138:

Snowfall is sporadic, but accumulates virtually every winter; and when it does, it is highly disruptive to city infrastructure.

24514: 24504: 24499: 24489: 24453: 22646: 21788: 21735: 21247: 18337: 18213: 15772: 14046: 7731: 7718: 6262: 6131: 5674:

additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in.

5558: 5286: 4211: 3490: 3451: 2881: 1704: 1506:, such as the reduction of military forces, weakened the empire and left it vulnerable to attack. In the mid-14th-century, the 18972: 17387: 16156: 5728: 5026:, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including 3970:(Blue Mosque), another landmark of the city, faces the Hagia Sophia at Sultanahmet Square (Hippodrome of Constantinople). The 1305:), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym 25323: 24271: 20927: 20581: 19572: 18129: 17876: 17857: 17838: 17819: 17792: 17773: 17754: 17735: 17716: 17697: 17674: 17655: 17636: 17617: 17598: 17579: 17560: 17541: 17522: 17503: 17485: 17466: 17447: 17428: 17376: 17345: 17326: 17307: 17288: 17269: 17250: 17231: 17210: 17191: 17172: 17151: 17132: 17113: 17094: 17075: 17056: 17037: 17018: 16999: 16951: 16932: 16913: 16894: 16875: 16856: 16833: 16814: 16795: 16774: 16755: 16736: 16717: 16698: 16679: 16660: 16641: 16612: 16591: 16572: 16553: 16534: 16515: 16496: 16477: 16382:[Passenger Traffic (Incoming-Outgoing)] (in Turkish). General Directorate of State Airports Authority. Archived from 15080: 14959: 13959: 13827: 13161: 12977: 12748: 12723: 12698: 12670: 12618: 12298: 12259: 12081: 11551: 11526: 11422: 11150: 10854: 10528: 9972: 9938: 9892: 9705: 9582: 9540: 9502: 9474: 8605: 8572: 8402: 8375: 8347: 6092: 5798: 5562: 2798: 1992:, and five smaller islands—are part of the city. Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Large sections of 1724: 594: 504: 58: 18851: 12208: 7682:

to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights. The

1881:(3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the "Liberation Day of Istanbul" ( 24833: 24203: 23583: 22737: 21666: 21521: 19562: 19552: 19491: 18289: 18013: 17667:

Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert"

15718:[T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tram Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 14762: 14613:[2012 Race Schedule and General Sailing Instructions] (in Turkish). The Istanbul Sailing Club. 2012. Archived from 14350: 14324: 12528: 11805: 11369:"Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu, 6820:

as well as four foundation-owned vocational universities of higher education which are not affiliated with any university.

6766: 6753: 6368: 6143: 6096: 5790: 5236: 4771: 3237:, luxurious chalet mansions built by Ottoman aristocrats and elites as summer homes. Inland, north of Taksim Square is the 1793:

on 13 November 1918. The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by

21328: 16470:

The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline

14096: 13789: 13684: 12001: 8936: 5595:

foreign tourists visited the city in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city in that year. Istanbul and

5347: 3187:) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes 3179:

on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the

3096:

were reported in the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus (especially in Golden Horn), and regularly happen in urban lakes such as

1324:

on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experienced a brief period of

25308: 22113: 21828: 21654: 20701: 20636: 18091: 18061: 15625: 14893: 13259: 11849: 11022: 5266: 5166: 4767: 4199: 18527: 16282: 16045: 12103: 11823: 11591: 8181: 6439: 24524: 24078: 23393: 22604: 22144: 22134: 20518: 20486: 20291: 19809: 19733: 19240: 19198: 18856: 17969: 15928: 15902: 15741: 12902: 12364: 10898: 10253: 9803:

Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey".

7643: 7092:

machines, or associated with medical research centers. Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the United States–based

5917: 5868: 5305: 5298: 4786:. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second and third fastest-growing 4099: 4093: 3238: 1779: 1711:. The civil strife and political uncertainties in the Ottoman Empire during the months after the revolution encouraged 18484: 16442: 13414: 13292: 11174: 10152: 5530:

In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on

3730: 2062:

however, due to very high costs, buildings were not: over half a million flats were still vulnerable to collapse, and

24446: 22149: 22096: 22034: 21722: 21705: 20320: 20024: 19840: 18757: 18717: 15582: 13895: 10474: 9291: 9266: 8465: 8000: 7945: 6325: 6208: 3126: 1923: 1818: 1809: 19887: 19804: 19701: 19330: 15607: 12459: 9664: 7447: 6258: 5343: 1996:

sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).

1631:'s reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect 25353: 22582: 22267: 22066: 21990: 21778: 20953: 19940: 19852: 19774: 19413: 18881: 18861: 18826: 18682: 18593: 18124: 15854: 15001: 13711: 6887: 6309: 6305: 6297: 5698: 4073: 3329:

As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of

1570:

Ottoman period. Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to

1474:

was diverted from its purpose in 1204, and the city was sacked and pillaged by the crusaders. They established the

17: 19904: 19816: 19723: 18846: 17802:

Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.).

16383: 16072: 15824: 15141: 15103: 13106: 12811: 6536:, the country's top four papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 275,000 weekly sales each. 5194:

city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. Sympathetic to the plight of Sephardic Jews,

2158: 25303: 23944: 22262: 21710: 19779: 19358: 19343: 18752: 18033: 14196: 9733: 7061:

cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. Today,

6672:

has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel

6474: 6443: 5722: 5607:

Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise port, also known as

5323:, Ekrem İmamoğlu was re-elected by a 12-point margin. İmamoğlu won 51.15% of the vote, while the AKP's candidate 5071:

who did not believe the rules and requirements of a religion. 24% of the surveyed also identified themselves as "

3719: 1340:, before gaining independence in 355 BCE. Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the 951: 19630: 12823: 12031: 10405: 10177: 7745: 7406:) and extensions under construction. The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the 6770: 6628:(94.9 FM). Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's 4072:. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, 1707:, closed since 14 February 1878, was reopened 30 years later on 23 July 1908, which marked the beginning of the 1001:, and the city hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of 25348: 22404: 22101: 22056: 21970: 21948: 21861: 19897: 19625: 15467: 13549: 10102: 8456: 7702: 6801: 6619:

is based in Istanbul. Offering a range of content from educational programming to coverage of sporting events,

6462: 6280:

Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the

6049: 5320: 5282: 5270: 5240: 5004: 4759:

estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting

2063: 1579: 381: 24188: 19665: 18942: 18466: 18438: 17913:

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013

15537: 15172: 14121:[League Table: 2015–16 Season, Round 30] (in Turkish). Turkish Basketball Super League. Archived from 10667: 6957:

system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi, İSKİ).

6644:

was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and

6270: 5797:

in the early 1980s. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the

3924:

However, it is the Hagia Sophia that fully conveys the period of Constantinople as a city without parallel in

1744: 24472: 24213: 24198: 22493: 22210: 21931: 20300: 19892: 19879: 19862: 19660: 18871: 18428: 16119: 15290: 13078: 10565: 10543: 8295: 8266: 8236: 7112:

surgery is particularly common among medical tourists, as Turkey is known for specializing in the procedure.

6894: 6850: 6790: 6786: 6470: 5211: 5095: 4756: 4178: 4111: 4089: 3870: 3806:

was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god

2771: 1878: 1672: 1666: 1535:. Hours after the fall of the city, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the 444: 419: 19784: 19711: 19706: 18841: 18762: 16354: 15323: 14975: 14868: 13572: 11909: 9960: 9761: 6797:

for admission, with Galatasaray and Robert College only accepting the top 0.1% to 0.01% of the exam takers.

1301:

period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE, On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (

779: 24160: 22705: 22577: 22272: 21903: 21883: 21438: 21416: 20017: 19716: 19418: 19403: 19338: 18712: 18677: 18413: 18114: 14548: 7849: 7254:. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and the O-4 continues east to Ankara. The O-2, O-3, and O-4 are part of 7182: 6920: 6648:(also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. 6364: 6072:

was the biggest open-air rock festival in Turkey, sponsored by Coca-Cola. It was traditionally held at the

5879: 5763: 5682: 5309: 5294: 5258: 5232: 5107: 4763:

of the country's population. 64.4% of the residents live on the European side and 35.6% on the Asian side.

4187: 4136: 3788: 2994:

and destruction of coastal habitats caused by urbanization are main threats to Istanbul's marine ecology.

2806: 2012: 1790: 1448: 1263: 461: 434: 162: 17438:

Necipoğlu, Gülru (2010). "From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye". In ölcer, Nazan (ed.).

15823:[Network Maps] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 15797:[Rail Systems] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from 13814:

Hensel, Michael; Sungurogl, Defne; Ertaş, Hülya, eds. (January–February 2010). "Turkey at the Threshold".

12032:"File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950–2035" 8591: 7602: 7427:, a form of bus rapid transit, crosses the Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini. 6981: 6965: 6875: 6559:

in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like

3339:

areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds. Moreover, large scale

24021: 23606: 22760: 22532: 22159: 22139: 22061: 21985: 21730: 21536: 20946: 20362: 19821: 19534: 19521: 19071: 19010: 19001: 18927: 18598: 18540: 18457: 18038: 16327: 16194: 10641: 10591:"Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert" 8874: 6713: 6469:

in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. It also hosted the

6427: 5969: 5509: 5502: 3101: 2970: 1805: 974: 963: 138: 18667: 8207: 7613:

International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's

7268: 6079: 5801:

since 1994. The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the

2116: 24218: 24006: 23958: 23752: 23625: 22255: 22230: 22108: 21958: 21795: 21783: 21649: 21392: 20969: 18937: 18707: 18355: 17929: 17897: 13135: 12920: 11771: 7251: 7156: 7150: 7089: 6774: 5281:

began in İstanbul and spread throughout the nation. This trend first became evident electorally in the

5114:

down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian

4195: 3866: 3810:

on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor

3405: 3335:(literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. At present, some 3122: 2070:

were built to a low seismic standard in the 20th century, and residents think the city is not properly

1512: 1226:. In English the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable ( 998: 994: 912:) after himself. In 1930, the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, the Turkish rendering of 772: 687: 20719: 19605: 19486: 16031: 14731: 11470: 8856: 8432: 7411: 6285: 6198: 5931: 5231:

Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. In the run-up to

5121: 3397:—but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic. Another park, 3136: 76: 24223: 24140: 23996: 23939: 23717: 22433: 22071: 22051: 21698: 19433: 19393: 19158: 18742: 14421: 13314: 8513: 7272: 7172: 7034: 6973: 6813: 5710: 5554: 5091: 4068:

reforms, Ottoman architecture was supplanted by European styles. An example of which is the imperial

4031: 4015: 2962: 1708: 1503: 31: 24367: 20558: 19597: 19525: 19178: 18350: 16602: 16004:[Port Services] (in Turkish). Turkey Maritime Organization. 10 February 2011. Archived from 10610:"Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey" 6837: 6345: 5814: 5535: 3097: 24826: 24509: 24494: 24031: 22631: 22297: 21995: 21924: 21693: 20268: 18904: 18899: 18385: 14074: 14014: 13440: 7834: 7709:

rise in passenger traffic between 2011 and 2012 was the highest among the world's top 30 airports.

7594: 7467: 7200: 6985: 6898: 6762: 6118:

became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country. Since 2015, all types of parades at

5746: 5659: 5047: 4775: 4223: 4140: 3520: 3459: 3401:, is on a hillside adjacent to the Bosphorus Bridge in Anatolia, opposite Yıldız Palace in Europe. 2758: 2034: 2030: 1720: 1628: 1193: 1175: 1111: 1088: 803: 658: 526: 21011: 20654: 20064: 19693: 19106: 18474: 18276: 17995: 17917: 13339: 12876: 12130: 9961:

Whitman, L.; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992).

7672: 6897:(the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering, established in 1773), and 6431: 6254: 5339: 4155: 3746: 2940:

and semipelagic fish species and more than 130 different taxa have been documented in the strait.

1896: 206: 25313: 24412: 24145: 22693: 21980: 21953: 21898: 21893: 21745: 21401: 21352: 21315: 20905: 20601: 20370: 19408: 19388: 19348: 19291: 18987: 18982: 18798: 18580: 18375: 18203: 14596: 7439: 7328: 6809: 6741: 6466: 6353: 5836: 5775: 5667:

institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital.

5566: 5408: 5072: 4811: 4807: 4131: 3910: 3898: 3041: 2997: 2986: 2814: 2071: 2000: 1654:

A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan

1388: 1282: 697: 23882: 21740: 21338: 21185: 19620: 19121: 19061: 18737: 18327: 17419:

Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

11140: 8130:

population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the

7705:

named it the world's fastest-growing airport. Atatürk had also experienced rapid growth, as its

6886:

to the constitution. Istanbul is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including

6745: 6274: 5950:('Flower Passage'), a 19th-century shopping gallery which is today home to winehouses (known as 5431:

of the economic output in the city. In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth

5313: 5290: 3321:", i.e. corridors and nodes of business and shopping centers and of tall residential buildings. 1571: 24178: 24130: 23914: 22959: 22488: 22428: 22416: 22309: 22166: 21659: 21582: 21529: 21190: 20606: 20184: 19833: 19577: 19220: 19207: 19145: 18967: 18952: 18299: 17962: 17811: 15955: 12764: 12290:

Methodological Approaches in Kurdish Studies: Theoretical and Practical Insights from the Field

11852:[Organization] (in Turkish). Istanbul Special Provincial Administration. Archived from 10829:"İstanbul'da istilacı yeşil papağan uyarısı: Sayıları 5-6 bini geçti, kent faunası bozulabilir" 10178:"Turkey's earthquake is a warning for Istanbul, which would face even more deaths from a quake" 7639: 7593:

Originally opened in 1873 with a smaller terminal building as the main terminus at the Ottoman

7312: 7271:

has 30.4 km (18.9 mi). The completed section of highway crosses the Bosporus via the

7259: 7166: 6934: 6902: 6883: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6104: 6065: 5923: 5875: 5794: 5508:

Istanbul has been an international banking hub since the 1980s, and is home to the only active

5404: 4368: 4229: 4039:

in 1922. After extensive renovation, it became one of Turkey's first national museums in 1924.

3929: 3918: 3528: 3416:('Cypress Forest') during the Byzantine period. In the Ottoman period, it was first granted to 3219:

district on the European shore of the Bosporus, to the north of Beyoğlu. The former village of

3010: 2895: 2891: 2142:

with more than 30 centimetres (1 ft) of snowfall happen almost annually, most recently in

2038: 1915: 1583: 1520: 1486: 1460: 1337: 955: 882: 852: 582: 189: 24567: 24317: 22483: 21446: 20874: 20345: 19655: 19023: 18977: 18919: 18891: 18818: 18692: 18644: 18635: 15798: 15552: 15046: 14767: 13008: 10079: 7675:

district to the northwest of the city center, on the European side, near the Black Sea coast.

7627: 6953:, by means of supply lines. Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a 6828: 6545: 5927: 4850:

provinces represent the biggest population groups in Istanbul, meanwhile people registered in

3738: 3393:

were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palaces — Topkapı Palace and

3379: 946:(1453–1922) empires. The city grew in size and influence, eventually becoming a beacon of the 22636: 22421: 22411: 22378: 22118: 21941: 19438: 19383: 19086: 18909: 18403: 18370: 18284: 18256: 18226: 18198: 18160: 15234: 12441: 8708: 7589: 7300: 6950: 6924: 6914: 6817: 6725: 5993: 5519: 5463: 5388: 5327:

received 39.59%. Additionally, the CHP won the mayoralties in 26 of İstanbul's 39 districts.

5111: 5099: 5087: 4059: 4036: 4026:

architectural forms. In 1639, Murad IV made some of the most lavish additions, including the

3959: 3894: 3862: 3826: 3803: 3595: 3074: 2778:

of green spaces has been suggested, and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan, but not a

2108: 2099:

are two seaside resorts on the Black Sea, the body of water which tempers Istanbul's climate.

2067: 2018: 1787: 1700: 1589: 1070: 1023: 874: 100: 86: 24327: 24302: 21551: 20456: 20335: 20329: 18570: 18550: 17803: 16844: 11200: 8288:"GDP by Provinces, 2022 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)" 8158: 6863: 6392: 6333: 5494: 5051: 4350: 3971: 2746: 25318: 24041: 22572: 22567: 22552: 22498: 22443: 22327: 22186: 22171: 22019: 21936: 21750: 20911: 20816: 19684: 19481: 19448: 19363: 19353: 19316: 19263: 19091: 18657: 18565: 18418: 18106: 18086: 11923: 10427: 10354: 8814: 7453: 7403: 7399: 7383: 7344: 7332: 7319: 7015: 6805: 6778: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6337: 6281: 5985: 5905: 5860: 5757: 5304:

Following the 2019 election, a trend towards the CHP has persisted across the city. In the

5171: 5068: 5059: 4863: 4023: 3978: 3878: 3834: 3799: 3708: 3646: 3618: 3524: 3057: 3022: 1566: 1554: 1294: 1278: 24417: 24001: 20863: 20611: 20351: 20124: 20074: 20009: 19511: 19501: 19458: 19306: 19028: 18783: 18497: 17593:. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. 10917:"Major cities blighted by nitrogen dioxide pollution, research finds | Air pollution" 10325:"Analysis of Climate in the Megacity of Istanbul Based on Human Bioclimatic Comfort Index" 7348: 7053:

A nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual

6729: 5947: 5628: 5250: 5206:

to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. In marked contrast to

5067:

its requirements. 11% stated they were fully devoted to their religion, meanwhile 6% were

5012:

are also present in the city and constitute around 1% of the total voting-age population.

3734: 3506: 3398: 3212: 1403: 8: 24819: 24534: 24054: 23983: 23963: 23791: 23707: 22448: 22399: 22332: 22282: 22181: 22091: 22039: 21852: 21833: 21619: 21205: 20783: 20425: 20287: 20059: 19767: 19378: 19101: 19076: 19066: 18560: 18555: 18545: 18246: 18241: 18165: 18081: 17933: 15201: 12156: 7854: 7577:

also operates services across the Bosphorus. The city's main cruise ship terminal is the

7564: 7552: 7515: 7424: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7308: 7190: 6859: 6705: 6695: 6587: 6349: 6329: 6012: 6008:

along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants.

5642: 5359: 5331: 5254: 5244: 4893: 4885: 4869: 4191: 4163: 4069: 4006: 3967: 3939: 3850: 3830: 3533: 3498: 3317:, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space, are now important " 2885: 2860: 2851: 2128: 2083: 2051: 1943: 1900: 1783: 1651:

flourished. The population of Constantinople was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century.

1644: 1559: 1257: 761: 598: 508: 457: 393: 62: 24240: 21387: 21103: 20821: 20664: 20396: 18517: 18322: 17810:. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 16712:. Vol. 1. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. 16220: 16048:[Regional Passenger Trains] (in Turkish). Turkish State Railways. Archived from 15976: 12786: 11079: 11077: 8818: 7713:

by the Turkish government, until the demolition of its runway began in 2020. It handled

5570: 5042: 1798: 24332: 23973: 23934: 23757: 22619: 22562: 22542: 22455: 22344: 22287: 22083: 22005: 21671: 21592: 21587: 20881: 20756: 20691: 20669: 19728: 19496: 19131: 19038: 18932: 18697: 18672: 18535: 18443: 18393: 18221: 18193: 17650:. Experimental Futures (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. 17417: 17243:

Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning

17223:

Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies

17221: 17162: 17108:. Vol. 1A (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16978: 16005: 13234: 12983: 11887: 9820: 9572: 8838: 7605:

building was constructed between 1888 and 1890, and became the eastern terminus of the

7556: 7520: 7255: 7204: 7054: 6999: 6782: 6477:, with the last race on the Bosporus strait on 12–13 August 2000. The last race of the 6458: 6229: 6127: 5908:

won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006.

5825: 5714: 5312:, received 48.56% of the city's vote, while the incumbent president and AKP candidate, 5278: 5162: 5158: 4877: 4815: 4055: 3902: 3890: 3842: 3795: 3776: 3467: 3440: 3394: 3375: 2903: 2779: 2043: 1873: 1329: 128: 23646: 21323: 20806: 20649: 19301: 18687: 18170: 17475: 14446: 14122: 12663:

The Ottoman Jewish communities and their role in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

11874: 11387: 10699: 10511:"Lightning electrifies Istanbul, northwestern Turkey skies as thunderstorms take over" 9721:

Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul

8134:). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the 7679: 6846: 6668:—both based in the city—are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. The 6237: 6123: 5943: 5889: 5829: 5702: 5130: 3208:

residences along the Bosporus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods.

3188: 2932:

and other marine animals between Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea. Bosporus hosts

1680: 1676: 1269: 134: 25288: 24475:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 24068: 22717: 22664: 22626: 22589: 22475: 22460: 22277: 22215: 22202: 22176: 22044: 21975: 21919: 21838: 21631: 21606: 21567: 21006: 20771: 20571: 20189: 20041: 19984: 19867: 19740: 19615: 19567: 19547: 19018: 18876: 18803: 18492: 18423: 18365: 18236: 17955: 17872: 17853: 17834: 17815: 17804: 17788: 17769: 17750: 17731: 17712: 17693: 17686: 17670: 17651: 17632: 17613: 17594: 17575: 17556: 17537: 17518: 17499: 17481: 17462: 17443: 17424: 17372: 17341: 17322: 17303: 17284: 17265: 17246: 17227: 17206: 17187: 17168: 17147: 17128: 17109: 17090: 17087:

World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings

17071: 17052: 17033: 17014: 16995: 16947: 16928: 16909: 16890: 16871: 16852: 16845: 16829: 16810: 16791: 16770: 16751: 16732: 16713: 16694: 16675: 16656: 16637: 16608: 16587: 16568: 16549: 16530: 16511: 16492: 16473: 16113: 15284: 15076: 14955: 13823: 12987: 12973: 12744: 12719: 12694: 12666: 12614: 12294: 12255: 12248: 11547: 11522: 11418: 11146: 11074: 10897:[Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Health Effects] (Report) (in Turkish). 10746: 10336: 10227: 9968: 9934: 9884: 9824: 9701: 9578: 9536: 9498: 9470: 9287: 9262: 8842: 8830: 8601: 8568: 8461: 8451: 8398: 8371: 8343: 7323: 7304: 7124: 6737: 6721: 6684: 6629: 6582: 6526: 6520: 6388: 6321: 6246: 6100: 6073: 5802: 5781: 5582: 5546:, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks. 5364: 5335: 5262: 5143: 5000: 4931: 4873: 4167: 3854: 3784: 3742: 3466:

in 1921, before being demolished in 1940 for building Gezi Park) sparked a series of

3443:

in the 19th century. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual

3420: 3172: 3053: 3049: 2871: 2767: 2684: 2637: 2589: 2104: 2055: 2026: 1969: 1952: 1947: 1931: 1794: 1767: 1736: 1732: 1648: 1624: 1414: 1369: 1352: 1325: 1014: 1002: 959: 106: 24392: 24347: 24297: 21180: 20659: 20616: 20450: 20409: 20390: 20376: 19286: 19033: 18621: 18512: 10777: 6893:

Public universities with a major presence in the city, such as Istanbul University,

6871: 6858:

Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul.

6435: 6084: 5878:, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. 5840: 5175: 3998: 3502: 3292:

were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside

3224: 1907: 1575: 1392: 193: 154: 25099: 24784: 24422: 24402: 24372: 24357: 24352: 24322: 24312: 24292: 23279: 22547: 22515: 22337: 22292: 22235: 21888: 21811: 21626: 21292: 20838: 20827: 20777: 20766: 20761: 20737: 20714: 20595: 20589: 20552: 20534: 20501: 20470: 20463: 20433: 20383: 19796: 19745: 19610: 19476: 19453: 19428: 19253: 19188: 19183: 19096: 18732: 18616: 18502: 18433: 18304: 18188: 18048: 17396: 16970: 16160: 15550: 14706: 13037: 12965: 12232:

Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization

10621: 9812: 8822: 8068: 8041: 8021: 8009: 7965: 7959: 7907: 7737: 7694: 7668: 7614: 7578: 7247: 7140: 7093: 6954: 6641: 6360: 6233: 6018:

Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the

5901: 5742: 5531: 5524: 5216: 4881: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4803: 4103: 3935: 3906: 3886: 3874: 3455: 3436: 3390: 3371: 3356: 3198: 3156: 3030: 3014: 2978: 2957: 2856: 2139: 1841: 1836: 1812:

in Ankara abolished the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan,

1775: 1491: 1348: 1215: 1205: 1142: 1123: 1074: 931: 569: 23656: 23199: 21144: 21021: 20415: 20159: 19296: 18836: 18778: 18345: 18180: 16027: 5896:

was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the

5852: 5749:. The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with 5569:(70 floors / 301 metres including its twin spires) also in the Ataşehir district; 5557:(IFC), where the new headquarters of the state-owned Turkish banks, including the 5493:

of imports in 2018 executed by sea. Istanbul has three major shipping ports – the

5427:

higher than the national average. Trade is economically important, accounting for

3982: 1636: 1596: 1375:

Originally built by Constantine the Great in the 4th century and later rebuilt by

1183: 24407: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24287: 23862: 23059: 22879: 22681: 22614: 22594: 22525: 22520: 22465: 22438: 22349: 22322: 22000: 21965: 21509: 21216: 21175: 20893: 20868: 20811: 20709: 20675: 20644: 20626: 20565: 20540: 20495: 20476: 20402: 20340: 20234: 20114: 20094: 19506: 19116: 18747: 18294: 17941: 17925: 17901: 17245:. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing. 12613:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, ND: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 211. 12415: 12365:"Arab Exiles Sound Off Freely in Istanbul Even as Turkey Muffles Its Own Critics" 12288: 12230: 12172:"İstanbul'da en çok nereli var: İstanbul'da en çok hangi ilden vatandaş yaşıyor?" 11396: 9962: 9928: 9872: 9844: 9695: 8392: 7820: 7631: 7407: 7196: 7109: 7097: 6969: 6938: 6867: 6749: 6625: 6384: 6293: 6019: 5810: 5718: 5686: 5115: 5103: 5035: 5027: 4961: 4831: 3811: 3779:

in Delphi that was erected to commemorate the Greeks who fought and defeated the

3655: 3428: 3417: 3228: 3105: 2925: 2112: 1961: 1911: 1712: 1616: 1328:

rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the

1310: 844: 82: 23677: 21455: 21200: 21195: 20833: 20084: 19258: 19168: 18793: 17551:

Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Mango, Cyril (ed.).

12532: 11809: 10894: 10877:"Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It?" 10307: 8826: 8778: 7070: 7007: 6164: 5913: 4782:

ranks as one of the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the

3986: 3726: 3386: 1543: 25177: 24736: 24362: 24337: 24307: 24282: 24120: 22729: 22537: 22317: 22240: 21873: 21641: 21602: 21450: 21375: 20899: 20887: 20686: 20681: 20621: 20546: 20527: 20507: 20444: 20174: 19921: 19857: 19828: 19582: 19153: 18266: 18261: 17515:

The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism

16691:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

16242: 15611: 14036: 13688: 13195: 12644: 12633: 12009: 9651:

The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century

9355: 8946: 8317: 7618: 7606: 7471: 7355: 7276: 7186: 6781:

are allowed to establish and attend their respective schools as granted in the

6758: 6717: 6506: 6420: 6416: 6115: 6103:

is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially since 1987. The

6069: 6057: 6001: 5769: 5513: 5468: 5220: 5207: 5179: 4993: 4916: 4889: 4843: 4051: 3780: 3773: 3761: 3651: 3622: 3494: 3474: 3463: 3348: 3340: 3298: 3144: 3086:. However a trial of congestion pricing is planned for the historic peninsula. 3069: 2953: 2929: 2865: 2842: 2794: 2763: 2022: 1989: 1973: 1853: 1759: 1728: 1716: 1605: 1548: 1532: 1471: 1274: 1164: 1147: 1060: 1036: 943: 924: 903: 895: 863: 638: 408: 386: 23732: 23575: 23329: 21118: 21082: 16785: 15633: 15435:"Lengths of State Highways according to surface types by Provinces (Km)(2024)" 14592: 14472:"2021 F1 calendar reshuffled as Turkey drops off and extra Austria race added" 11853: 9816: 7343:

opened in 1875 as the world's second-oldest subterranean rail line, after the

6111:

is an annual festival of aviation, aerospace and technology, held since 2018.

5732:

The restored Paket Postanesi (Parcel Post Office) building is now a symbol of

5239:

carried deep political, economic and symbolic significance for Erdoğan, whose

4234: 3947: 3768:

in 324 CE, during the reign of Constantine the Great, and also erected at the

3065: 25277: 25257: 25203: 24397: 24016: 23978: 23385: 23184: 22669: 22609: 22510: 22250: 22245: 21878: 21823: 21614: 21497: 21255: 21123: 20788: 20731: 20725: 20438: 20164: 20134: 20104: 20089: 20079: 19972: 19311: 19081: 18507: 18408: 18231: 18152: 17871:. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, CA: Mansell. 17629:

A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566

17354: 16049: 15931:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15905:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 15692:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management. Archived from 14662: 12716:

Jewish journalism and printing houses in the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey

11827: 11599: 11466: 11276:"Water Supply Systems, Reservoirs, Charity and Free Fountains, Turkish Baths" 10340: 10231: 10192:"600,000 flats would collapse in major earthquake in Istanbul, says minister" 9888: 9873:"The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law" 8918: 8834: 8335: 8185: 7812: 7798: 7784: 7635: 7359: 7288: 7029: 6960: 6454: 6341: 6213: 6119: 6034: 5330:

Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other

5076: 4847: 4819: 4166:

to the southeast of Istanbul, which collectively form the Adalar district of

4159: 4027: 3858: 3838: 3750: 3385:

Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas.

3344: 3231:. Lining both the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus are the historic 3216: 3192: 2937: 2810: 2421: 1977: 1919: 1771: 1640: 1507: 1345: 1333: 871: 346: 333: 24603: 24577: 23727: 20149: 20099: 19996: 19173: 17319:

Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople

17068:

The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City

16468:ʻAner, Nadav (2005). Pergola, Sergio Della; Gilboa, Amos; Ṭal, Rami (eds.). 15932: 15906: 15745: 12287:

Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari; Zorlu, Begum; Duman, Yasin (6 November 2018).

9653:. Berkeley. Los Angeles. London: University of California Press. p. 37. 8626: 8427: 6700: 5989: 3846: 3686: 2154: 2088: 179: 25224: 25109: 24861: 24427: 24059: 23747: 23742: 23364: 22899: 22641: 22599: 22225: 21676: 21460: 20844: 20244: 20169: 19845: 19645: 19268: 19230: 19163: 18808: 18722: 18662: 18360: 18071: 18056: 16636:. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 16297:"Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport – all in 45 hours" 15693: 10948: 10921: 10912: 10626: 10609: 10196: 7622: 7315: 7062: 7018:

in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph line—between Istanbul and

7011: 6930: 6793:

are highly selective and demand high scores from the national standardized

6712:

As of 2019, excluding universities more than 3.1 million students attended

6665: 6657: 6653: 6288:, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an 6042: 5961: 5909: 5883: 5864: 5199: 4126: 4047: 3955: 3822: 3591: 3569: 3537: 3409: 3289: 3285: 3180: 3026: 3006: 2933: 2907: 2750: 1849: 1748: 1731:

was deposed in 1909, following the counter-revolution attempt known as the

1609: 1475: 1466:

Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of

1440: 1432: 1410: 1341: 935: 603: 120: 90: 25182: 24723: 23299: 23144: 22929: 18702: 18398: 14195:. The Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2009. Archived from 10428:"Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 8509:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 6577: 6430:

is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as

6241: 5516:, which was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866. 4207: 3586:

There are numerous ancient monuments in the city. The most ancient is the

3268: 1019: 25234: 25198: 24795: 24107: 23767: 23762: 23340: 23039: 22806: 22505: 21816: 21263: 21149: 21108: 20249: 20224: 19635: 19587: 19542: 19126: 19111: 18788: 18727: 18588: 18066: 16134: 12903:"Istanbul election rerun set to be won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan" 12467: 11201:"Forced gentrification plan spells end for old Roma district in Istanbul" 10493:"Gov't forced to take measures amid below average rainfall across Turkey" 10279:"Istanbulites concerned over impending earthquake: Survey - Türkiye News" 8447: 8363: 7839: 7826: 7105: 7023: 6551: 6489: 6225: 6203: 6153: 5965: 5935: 5706: 5574: 5505:, making it the third-largest cargo terminal in the Mediterranean basin. 5324: 5055: 5019: 4733: 4077: 4002: 3925: 3914: 3818: 3318: 3168: 3089: 3025:

colonies are present in urban areas, similar to other European cities as

2991: 2775: 2143: 2115:

of the northwestern coasts of the country. Much divergence exists in the

1993: 1755: 1740: 1632: 1601: 1495: 1456: 1444: 1384: 1376: 1321: 970:

replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey.

930:

The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the

646: 24747: 23294: 20239: 20069: 17766:

Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation

17747:

Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne

14147:. The International Association of Athletics Federations. 1 January 2013 12969: 7563:

ferries on 891 daily trips between 53 piers across the Bosporus and the

6744:

was established in 1481 and is the oldest public high school in Turkey.

6677: 6514: 5550: 5380: 5235:, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. The 4814:

regions due to internal migration since the 1950s. People registered in

3598:). Built of red granite, 31 m (100 ft) high, it came from the 3553: 3314: 3302: 2742: 927:

speakers used since the 11th century to colloquially refer to the city.

792: 25042: 24083: 23456: 23234: 22889: 21342: 21305: 21273: 20229: 20219: 20199: 17089:(illustrated ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 16634:

Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance

16604:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque

16546:

Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique

16525:

Baynes, Norman H. (1949). Baynes, Norman H.; Moss, Henry S.L.B (eds.).

12959: 11371:

Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism

11360:, The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926, reprinted 1990, p.160-165. 10127: 9765: 6879: 6562: 6532: 6053: 6038: 5997: 5844: 5733: 5608: 5376: 5203: 5195: 5023: 3882: 3644:

or 20 years on the throne in 357. The other obelisk was erected on the

3637: 3306: 3061: 3044:

is acute in İstanbul with cars, buses and taxis causing frequent urban

2915: 2899: 1981: 1823: 1782:

population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927. The

1452: 1380: 1302: 1298: 535: 23374: 23204: 20204: 20129: 20119: 19468: 16982: 15021:"İstanbul'un en iyi liseleri açıklandı! İşte 2023 lise taban puanları" 13461: 10726:

Inventory of Existing Species and Their Habitats in the Bosphorus Area

6812:

of higher education. There are also military academies, including the

6379:

Final Fours. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010,

6068:

has been held every year since 1994. Organized between 2003 and 2013,

6030: 6029:

Restaurants featuring foreign cuisines are mainly concentrated in the

6005: 5981: 5856: 5848: 5578: 5543: 5134: 5086:

Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either

3697: 3277: 3220: 3184: 1857: 1684: 24990: 24975: 24959: 24919: 24909: 24760: 24150: 24125: 23949: 23552: 23522: 23462: 23450: 23432: 23322: 23159: 23079: 23074: 22999: 22979: 22909: 22796: 21277: 20938: 20259: 19670: 19650: 17828: 17167:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 16963:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

16826:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

16489:

Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law

15758:(Note: It is apparent this is a machine translation of the original.) 15533: 15362: 15350: 14570: 13790:"A Big Night Out in Istanbul – And a Big Breakfast the Morning After" 13055: 12851:"A Turkish Opposition Leader Is Fighting Erdoğan With 'Radical Love'" 11083: 11040: 8895:. Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 8097: 8093: 8089: 7683: 7656: 7296: 7243: 7235: 7042: 6363:, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 6108: 5973: 5677: 5125:

There are 234 active churches and chapels in the city, including the

4728:. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as 4150: 4139:

aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty

3331: 3257: 2846: 1985: 1965: 1813: 1743:(1912–1913), plagued the ailing empire's capital and resulted in the 1655: 1635:

designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of

1620: 1516: 1317: 1289: 1223: 1101:

were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule.

1031: 947: 859: 724: 629: 114: 25219: 23540: 23154: 22954: 17646:

Sanal, Aslihan (2011). Fischer, Michael M.J.; Dumit, Joseph (eds.).

15551:

ERM Group (Germany and UK) and ELC-Group (Istanbul) (January 2011).

13548:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 13192:"Istanbul Finance Center opens with inauguration of banking section" 11278:. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from 7238:

is 543 km (337 mi) (2023) and the state highways network (

6656:

are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series;

6186: 5174:. They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaköy, Beyoğlu and 5165:) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the 4903:

Ethnic groups among Turkish citizens in Istanbul (2019 KONDA survey)

3993: 2918:

family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was

2790: 1692: 452: 25026: 24954: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24914: 24899: 24866: 24842: 24208: 24165: 24135: 24103: 24063: 24036: 23968: 23534: 23486: 23444: 23349: 23304: 23284: 23229: 22944: 22939: 22786: 21688: 21282: 20144: 19248: 19048: 18314: 16974: 16653:

Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911

13364: 12743:(Third ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11976:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2019" 10972:"'Sea snot' outbreak off Turkish coast poses threat to marine life" 10944:"Istanbul Municipality launches sustainable transportation program" 9930:

Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century

9532: 8229:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8101: 7485: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7134: 7066: 6570: 5957: 5904:

has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; and

5893: 5806: 5655: 4064: 3865:, etc.; to palaces like the Great Palace of Constantinople and its 3564: 3493:

Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosporus and

3424: 3352: 3215:, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is in the 3108:

wave allegedly caused by water pollution spread to Sea of Marmara.

3093: 2949: 2941: 2919: 2834: 2818: 2157:(normals 1991–2020, precipitation days and sunshine 1981–2010; see 1660: 1467: 1427: 1201: 1056: 1051: 878: 677: 185: 24771: 24616: 24572: 23189: 22371: 19933: 15583:"Plan for New Bosphorus Bridge Sparks Row Over Future of Istanbul" 15075:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Preess. pp. 183–85. 12877:"Erdoğan's defeat in Istanbul shows opposition's changing tactics" 8460:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 508–512. 7340: 6496:(369 m (1,211 ft)) is the tallest structure in the city. 6240:

have fared better in international competitions and have won more

5154: 4791: 4001:, the inner core of which was built in 1459–1465, from across the 25089: 25068: 25021: 25016: 24995: 24980: 24939: 24904: 24894: 24675: 24664: 24193: 24073: 24026: 24011: 23912: 23558: 23504: 23498: 23438: 23344: 23244: 23139: 23129: 23094: 23014: 22969: 22964: 22859: 22829: 21424: 21333: 21300: 21268: 20214: 20139: 19762: 17831:

Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective

17572:

Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision

16961:

Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople".

14954:(Fourth ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 155–57. 14894:"Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İstanbul Eğitim İstatistikleri Açıklandı" 14739: 13934:"Managing the Difficult Balance Between Tourism and Authenticity" 12787:"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet" 10453:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020" 7678:

All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from

7262:. In 2011, the first and second bridges on the Bosphorus carried 7038: 6942: 6649: 6645: 6593: 6383:

was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of

6175: 5882:

is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the

5596: 5539: 5479: 5371:

is one of the main business districts in Istanbul, together with

5183: 5080: 4737: 4729: 4058:, Süleymaniye Mosque, Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the Blue Mosque), and 3951: 3881:; and other public places and buildings like the Hippodrome, the 3749:

palaces on the Bosporus were designed by members of the Armenian

3607: 3587: 3367: 3250: 2838: 2132: 1830: 1537: 1187: 1082: 954:

before its transformation to an Islamic stronghold following the

561: 23169: 23114: 20209: 19056: 17728:

Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change

17104:

Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).

15200:. Turkish Electricity Transmission Company. 2001. Archived from 14712:. The Library of Congress Federal Research Division. August 2008 14522: 14422:"Turkey Grand Prix Heads for the Scrapyard Over $ 26m Price Tag" 14245:"Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12" 14220:"Aşçıoğlu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land" 13209: 10380:"İstanbul'da bazı ilçelerde kar kalınlığı 85 santimetreyi buldu" 7617:, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the 6779:

Turkish citizens of Jewish, Armenian, Greek and Assyrian descent

6473:

between 2005 and 2007. Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the

5651: 5423:

of the economic output respectively. Istanbul's productivity is

3233: 3204: 2092: 25149: 25144: 25119: 25073: 25047: 25000: 24949: 24699: 24651: 24592: 24558: 24539: 24155: 24098: 23953: 23546: 23516: 23480: 23468: 23426: 23274: 23264: 23259: 23249: 23219: 23214: 23049: 22994: 22949: 22934: 22919: 22869: 22849: 22839: 22809: 22776: 22366: 21559: 21554: 21428: 20194: 20179: 20109: 20045: 18251: 17848:

Wedel, Heidi (2000). Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan (eds.).

17476:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008).

17144:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

16707: 16441:. Airports Council International. 17 March 2014. Archived from 11325: 8055: 7598: 7574: 7019: 6313: 6061: 5586: 5534:, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, and later at the 5474: 5372: 5368: 4749: 4019: 3807: 3765: 3674: 3599: 3541: 3310: 3273: 3246: 3242: 3183:, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata ( 3176: 2945: 2911: 2813:, reflecting the city's transitional, Mediterranean-influenced 2096: 1865: 1861: 1551:

of Rome, and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire.

1480: 978: 967: 867: 840: 715: 634: 374: 168: 14833:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 14795:. The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. Archived from 13687:. The Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts. Archived from 12442:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 12316:"How Istanbul won back its crown as heart of the Muslim world" 11982:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 4 February 2020 11924:"Address Based Population Registration System Results of 2010" 10645: 9964:

Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey

9422: 8925:. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10ff. 7570: 7538: 7287:

Istanbul's local public transportation system is a network of

5976:, the city's largest performing arts theatre and concert hall. 5391:

among the world's urban areas in 2018, and is responsible for

2111:

typical of the western and southern coasts of Turkey, and the

25154: 25114: 25094: 25052: 24985: 24944: 24871: 24856: 24811: 24712: 24688: 24640: 24627: 24582: 24183: 24088: 23564: 23528: 23510: 23474: 23315: 23124: 23104: 23064: 23029: 23024: 22984: 22819: 21383: 21365: 20154: 17907: 17125:

The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest

14167:"Istanbul to host 2020 Champions League final, Uefa confirms" 14099:. The Union of European Football Associations. 8 October 2011 14041: 12900: 12765:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library" 11544:

The age of Sinan: architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire

11142:

Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism

10608:Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). 9926: 8368:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

7415: 6661: 6317: 6023: 5015: 5009: 4946: 4851: 3802:

in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the

3603: 3444: 3152: 3140: 2830: 2029:

just south of the city. This fault caused the earthquakes in

1531:

Sultan Mehmed declared Constantinople the new capital of the

1154: 1151: 1045: 1040: 982: 918: 913: 907: 889: 745: 17893: 16693:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 15140:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 15102:. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration. Archived from 11438: 10075:"64 pct chance of Istanbul quake to hit before 2030: Expert" 9700:(1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. pp. 21–22. 8737: 6708:, the city's oldest Turkish institution, established in 1453 5920:

which include the stores of the world's top fashion brands.

5585:(54 floors / 238 metres; 261 metres including its spire) in 4147:(municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957. 3654:

in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the

3435:. The 47-hectare (120-acre) park was later owned by Khedive 1558:

Map of Istanbul in the 16th century by the Ottoman polymath

25229: 23359: 23174: 23089: 23009: 21406: 20039: 19757: 17947: 17009:

Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek, eds. (2010).

14593:"Powerboat P1 – 2009 World Championship – Istanbul, Turkey" 13136:"The Imperial Ottoman Bank Patrimoines Partagés تراث مشترك" 13079:"Istanbul's new Bosphorus canal 'to surpass Suez or Panama" 12928: 12416:"Syrian migrants in Turkey face deadline to leave Istanbul" 11875:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2008

11175:"Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification" 11065:

Istanbul Office Market General Overview: Third Quarter 2021

10607: 8258: 7581:

in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour.

7503: 7292: 6976:, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952 6733: 6599: 6581:

are also based in Istanbul. Istanbul also has long-running

6301: 5886:, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. 5751: 5485:

Shipping is a significant part of the city's economy, with

5187: 5034:

residing in Istanbul was estimated to be around 1 million.

5022:, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the 4787: 4741: 4122: 3633: 3045: 3005:

Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable

2841:

comprise the most prominent temperate forest genera, while

1623:

in 1517, with Constantinople remaining the capital of this

720: 608: 17283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–114. 16847:

Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects

16265:"Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports" 15877:"GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR" 15744:. Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel. Archived from 14976:"Türkiye'de kaç yabancı lise var? Yasaktan neden muaflar?" 14521:. FIA World Touring Car Championship. 2012. Archived from 13285:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Campus Phase I-II" 10128:"Directorate of Earthquake and Geotechnical Investigation" 9398: 9374: 9336: 9312: 8663: 7989: 7934: 7250:, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the 5157:

are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian

1918:, intensified through the 1960s as part of the process of 1735:. A series of wars in the early 20th century, such as the 1219: 738: 24270: 21360: 17203:

Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul

16887:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

16729:

Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census

15560:

Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

14275:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 17 14250:. The Union of European Football Associations. p. 14 13788:

Tomasetti, Kathryn; Rutherford, Tristan (23 March 2012).

13462:"A view of the skyscrapers in Levent from Sporcular Park" 12824:"Erdoğan: 'İstanbul'da teklersek, Türkiye'de tökezleriz'" 12693:. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. pp. 75–104. 12584:"Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey" 12228: 10323:

Abbasnia, Mohsen; Toros, Hüseyin; Memarian, Hadi (2019).

10049:"Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more" 9756: 9754: 9300: 9105: 8725: 7980: 7971: 7922: 7913: 7687:

eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro.

7630:

opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the

7058: 6673: 6669: 3669:) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the 2826: 2822: 1766:

was among the major events which marked the start of the

1695:

advertisement is visible on a building in the background.

39:

Metropolitan municipality and province in Marmara, Turkey

17612:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 16784:

De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. (ed.).

16100:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 15879:(in Turkish). Marmaray. 18 November 2018. Archived from 14373:"Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens" 12110:. Istanbul, Turkey: Türk İstatistik Kurumu. 17 July 2020 10566:"Climatologie globale à Istanbul / Ataturk - Infoclimat" 10220:"Earthquake fears loom large in Istanbul's mayoral race" 9495:

Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World

8803: 8675: 8096:, which says the city was founded seventeen years after 6549:, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language 6114:

When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual

5415:

in 2018, with manufacturing and services accounting for

1727:

in a jointly coordinated move on 5 October 1908. Sultan

17648:

New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy

15406:"YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR (2023)" 12286: 8995: 8993: 8961: 8693:

Necdet Sakaoğlu (1993/94a): "İstanbul'un adları" . In:

8621: 8619: 8617: 7531: 7258:(the Trans-European Motorway) between Portugal and the 6453:

Between the 2005–2011 seasons, and in the 2020 season,

17806:

Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability

17692:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16925:

The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara

16355:"Sabiha Gökçen: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget" 15271:. Emporis. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 14763:"Young editor to take helm of Turkish-Armenian weekly" 14498:"Turkish Grand Prix to rejoin 2021 Formula 1 calendar" 14097:"UEFA Champions League 2007/08 – History – Fenerbahçe" 13454: 13016:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

12506:"Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments" 11344:, American University in Cairo Press, 1985, p.145-151. 10804:"How the street cats of Istanbul landed on their feet" 9927:

Roudometof, V.; Agadjanian, A.; Pankhurst, J. (2005).

9751: 9324: 9057: 8598:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8567:(4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8223: 8221: 5553:

district on the Asian side of the city is home to the

5030:), Syria, and Yemen. As of August 2019, the number of 4784:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

4748:

in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by

3917:(Golden Gate), among numerous others. The 4th century 1960:

Istanbul is in north-western Turkey and straddles the

1764:

deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

17706: 17494: 17360:

Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924

16994:. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. 16851:. London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. 16527:

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization

16439:"Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings" 16406:"Sabiha Gökçen Named World's Fastest Growing Airport" 15853:. Oxford Business Group. 7 March 2012. Archived from 15368: 15356: 15233:. The Post and Telegraph Organization. Archived from 13985:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 13712:"10 of the Best Exhibitions at the Istanbul Biennial" 13061: 12757: 12342:"Istanbul: An Unlikely Refuge for Exiled Journalists" 12250:

Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade

11046: 10322: 9093: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8001: 7983: 7974: 7946: 7925: 7916: 7910: 7234:. The total length of Istanbul Province's network of 6056:, Paraf Kuruçeşme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in 4117:

The current city structure can be traced back to the

3662:

remained in Alexandria until 390, when Theodosius I (

2910:

to Istanbul. In a study that examined urban flora in

2805:

The natural vegetation of the province is made up of

2107:, and is often described as transitional between the 1502:

Various economic and military policies instituted by

1409:

Originally a church, later a mosque, the 6th-century

958:

in 1453 CE—especially after becoming the seat of the

17480:. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. 16283:"Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport" 16073:"How Your Greek Summer Holiday Can Help Save Greece" 15608:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 14396:"2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games" 13813: 13433: 12556:"Armenian Labor Migrants in Istanbul: Reality Check" 11910:"Population of Istanbul in Turkey from 2007 to 2019" 11826:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11808:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11770:. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from 11461: 11459: 9386: 9081: 9069: 9033: 9021: 8990: 8749: 8614: 8318:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 8161:

is noted as an elite UEFA stadium by its architects.

7992: 7986: 7977: 7937: 7931: 7919: 7774: 6933:

systems date back to the city's early history, when

6683:

Further information on the monthly publication:

6107:

is an annual shopping festival held since 2011, and

3423:

in the 16th century, before being granted by Sultan

3347:

projects have been taking place, such as the one in

3048:, as it is one of the few European cities without a 1829:

on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in

1200:) on coinage was in 1730 during the reign of Sultan 17709:

Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia

17459:

Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform

17395:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from 17240: 17008: 16710:

Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula

16243:"Eurolines Germany–Deutsche Touring GmbH–Europabus" 13919: 13787: 13632: 13620: 13608: 13596: 13529: 13517: 13505: 13481: 12209:"23 Haziran 2019 Sandık Analizi ve Seçmen Kümeleri" 12157:"Doğum yerlerine göre İstanbul nüfusu ve iç göçler" 11132: 11110:"Gov't launches plan to fight illegal construction" 9410: 9045: 8474: 8411: 8394:

Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire

8261:[National Accounts - GDP per capita ($ )]. 8218: 7968: 7928: 4121:period of reform in the 19th century, before which 3632:) had it and another obelisk transported along the 1770:during WWI. Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of 877:made it his imperial capital, renaming it first as 25334:Populated places established in the 7th century BC 21246: 17685: 17416: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14760: 14635: 13009:"Regions and Cities in Turkey at a Glance in 2018" 12280: 12247: 12008:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012. Archived from 10895:Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri 10529:"Istanbul flood result of Turkey's climate change" 8761: 6505:(Calendar of Affairs), was published in 1831. The 3556:quarter on the European side, which dates back to 3431:emir Gûne Han in the 17th century, hence the name 1483:mosaics in Hagia Sophia and Kariye, were created. 1059:settlements that preceded the fully-fledged town. 17894:Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 17146:. USAK Publications. Vol. 17. Ankara: USAK. 17070:(Revised Paperback ed.). London: IB.Tauris. 16824:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). 13072: 13070: 12074:"Starting Up in Turkey: Expats Getting Organized" 11456: 11084:WCTR Society & Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004 10455:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10020:"Locked and creeping fault segments off Istanbul" 9192:"Blue Versus Green: Rocking the Byzantine Empire" 4125:and imams led the city under the auspices of the 25275: 22759: 17829:WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō (2004). 17574:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. 17103: 16562: 15681: 15679: 15677: 15657:"Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change" 11929:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 28 January 2011 11059: 11057: 11055: 9555: 9449: 9428: 8362: 8184:. Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Archived from 7765:List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul 7069:service is provided by private companies, after 5054:(1550–1557) was designed by his chief architect 3772:of the Hippodrome. It was originally part of an 3473:Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is 1344:in 73 CE. Byzantium's decision to side with the 23605: 20284: 17852:. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 181–93. 17782: 17763: 17688:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 17164:The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization 17141: 17011:Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe? 16491:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 15124: 15100:"Istanbul and the History of Water in Istanbul" 15094: 15092: 14938: 14817: 14547:. European Le Mans Series. 2012. Archived from 14447:"Turkish Grand Prix 2020 (12-15 November 2020)" 14321:"2010 FIBA World Championship Istanbul: Arenas" 14270:"Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2010/11" 12531:. Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians. Archived from 12039:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2018 Revision 12006:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision 11792: 11751: 11699: 11648: 11358:Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks 11300: 9284:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7311:. Fares across modes are integrated, using the 6130:took place) have been denied permission by the 2117:terminology used to classify the city's climate 23415: 17366: 17219: 16989: 16731:. Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. 16565:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 16187:"2012 Sees End of Line for Haydarpaşa Station" 15462: 15460: 15458: 15255: 15198:"Short History of Electrical Energy in Turkey" 14738:(in Turkish). 25 December 2016. Archived from 13067: 12684: 12682: 12382: 12274: 12222: 11916: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11342:The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past 11226:"New city construction to begin in six months" 11138: 9723:. Marc Baer, University of California, Irvine. 9177: 8875:"Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı" 8743: 8495: 8150: 8113: 8111: 5930:is situated on the Asian side of Istanbul and 5736:. The district is also home to Museums Square. 5293:, was defeated by a very narrow margin by the 4857: 3116: 1582:, a new covered market (still standing as the 1313:as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. 24827: 24454: 24256: 23898: 23591: 23401: 22745: 21537: 21477:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia 21232: 20954: 20025: 20001: 17963: 17512: 17281:Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History 16823: 16783: 16486: 15977:"İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri - Online Bilet Al" 15674: 15392: 14787: 14785: 14611:"2012 Yarış Programı ve Genel Yarış Talimatı" 13390:"Top city destinations by overnight visitors" 13382: 12333: 12307: 11052: 10739:"Deniz Kirliliğini Önlemeye İlişkin Hedefler" 10404:. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from 9967:. Helsinki Watch report. Human Rights Watch. 9790: 9657: 9488: 9486: 9460: 9458: 9198:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 8984: 7621:from Paris. Regular service to Bucharest and 7398:on the Asian side) with several other lines ( 7022:—finished in time to announce the end of the 6941:) deposited the water in the city's numerous 6716:in Istanbul, about half of the schools being 6568: 6560: 6387:. Several other indoor arenas, including the 6026:taking an important place in the food scene. 5148: 4451: 3256:The Atatürk Airport corridor is another such 3223:is within Beşiktaş and gives its name to the 2753:is the first climate change museum in Turkey. 2046:, whereas the national government-controlled 1887:), and has been commemorated annually since. 1882: 1860:, while numerous Turkish banks have moved to 1273:This large keystone might have belonged to a 1239: 1233: 1227: 1209: 1169: 1105: 1096: 1050:), the name given to it at its foundation by 25294:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey 17869:Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe 17707:Tarasov, Oleg; Milner-Gulland, R.R. (2004). 17367:Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). 15089: 14065: 14063: 14011:"Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus" 13763:"Shopping in Singapore is Better than Paris" 13738:"Abdi İpekçi Avenue to be new Champs Elysee" 13415:"Turkey expects cruise tourism boom in 2022" 13162:"nBorsa Istanbul: A Story of Transformation" 13113:. Lloyd's Insurance Services. 24 August 2020 12954: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12842: 11695: 11693: 10254:"Is Istanbul prepared for a big earthquake?" 10043: 10041: 8100:, which came into existence around 685 BCE. 6224:Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest 6087:, one of Istanbul's premier shopping streets 5820: 5689:in 1891, form Turkey's oldest modern museum. 4999:With estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million, 2884:distribution. Apart from the natural flora, 2048:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 1937: 1848:) in the late 1920s. Completed in 1892, the 17730:. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. 17461:. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. 17241:Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank (2009). 16870:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16790:. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. 16769:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. 16631: 16510:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 16159:. Turkish National Railways. Archived from 15455: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14695: 13957: 13841: 13839: 13511: 13307: 12679: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12563:Migration Research Center at Koç University 12239: 11970: 11968: 11762: 11760: 11747: 11745: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11431: 11401: 9570: 8713:. Vol. 1. Roberts Brothers. p. 69 8501: 8491: 8489: 8108: 8058:is the largest city entirely within Europe. 7642:, but the construction of Marmaray and the 7273:Yavuz Sultan Selim (Third Bosphorus) Bridge 6095:has been held annually since 1973, and the 5523:Ottoman Central Bank Head Office (1892) on 5350:, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively. 5161:of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and 5075:". Around 90% of Istanbul's population are 4174:with members drawn from district councils. 3155:district, which was named after Mehmed II ( 1964:, which provides the only passage from the 1956:Satellite view of Istanbul and the Bosporus 1064: 485:5,343.22 km (2,063.03 sq mi) 25299:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region 24834: 24820: 24461: 24447: 24263: 24249: 23905: 23891: 23598: 23584: 23408: 23394: 22752: 22738: 21544: 21530: 21239: 21225: 20961: 20947: 20032: 20018: 17970: 17956: 17928:); Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The 17220:Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). 17184:Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local 16842: 16601:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). 16600: 16581: 15516: 14782: 13540: 13538: 13189: 13101: 13099: 12868: 12688: 12602: 12390:"Why dissidents are gathering in Istanbul" 12104:"International Migration Statistics, 2019" 11598:(in Turkish). 10 July 2004. Archived from 11535: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11250: 10329:Journal of Research in Atmospheric Science 10006: 9802: 9483: 9455: 8967: 8593:OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8384: 7758: 7544:(seabus) high-speed ferry departs Istanbul 5658:are among the frequently used settings in 5459:tons of oil passing through it each year. 5083:forms the second biggest religious group. 5032:refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey 3404:Along the European side, and close to the 3351:; some of these projects, like the one in 1852:headquarters is seen at left. In 1995 the 1332:. Byzantium then continued as part of the 18958:Museum of Science and Technology in Islam 17725: 17684:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). 17437: 17414: 17226:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. 16960: 16865: 16586:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16472:. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 15314: 15312: 15192: 15190: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15064: 14193:"2008/09: Pitmen strike gold in Istanbul" 14119:"Puan Durumu: 2015–2016 Sezonu 30. Hafta" 14060: 14003: 13857: 13371: 12943: 12707: 12553: 12499: 12497: 12356: 11690: 11684: 11660: 11546:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 11541: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11309: 10625: 10038: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 8776: 8706: 8697:, ed. Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, Istanbul. 8681: 8669: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8397:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 8259:"Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($ )" 6348:as the home turf of Beşiktaş, hosted the 5898:International Council of Shopping Centers 4778:. The city's annual population growth of 3167:of Istanbul on the southern shore of the 2928:and Sea of Marmara play a vital role for 2013:Architecture of Turkey § Earthquakes 477:2,576.85 km (994.93 sq mi) 17683: 17316: 17186:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 16804: 16726: 16708:Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006). 16650: 16563:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 16180: 16178: 16157:"Transports to Middle-Eastern Countries" 15303: 15018: 14692: 14686: 14419: 14375:. Euroleague Basketball. 24 January 2012 14145:"List of Certified Athletics Facilities" 14071:"Galatasaray: The Lions of the Bosporus" 13931: 13836: 13260:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13235:"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey" 13030: 12961:OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020 12805: 12732: 12649: 12313: 12122: 11965: 11959: 11757: 11742: 11505: 11331: 11139:Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary (2005). 11089: 10642:"İstanbul İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı" 10390: 9870: 9693: 9636: 9620: 9618: 9597: 9146: 9144: 9111: 9063: 8486: 8370:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 704. 8118: 8082: 7889:Urban (36 districts) = 2,576.85 km 7883:Europe (25 districts) = 3,474.35 km 7845:List of cities with the most skyscrapers 7588: 7282: 7028: 6959: 6849:(left) and Taşkışla (right) campuses of 6800:Istanbul contains almost a third of all 6699: 6609:Turkish Radio and Television Corporation 6488: 6078: 5956: 5922: 5824: 5727: 5676: 5646: 5518: 5473: 5453:strait used for international navigation 5447:, respectively, of the national totals. 5363: 5249: 5120: 5041: 4705: 4233: 4149: 3992: 3934: 3532: 3366: 3267: 3197: 3135: 2996: 2789: 2741: 2087: 1951: 1835: 1671: 1595: 1553: 1547:, the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of the 1485: 1268: 1018: 17664: 17631:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17588: 17569: 17550: 17531: 17498:. Oxford: Oxford Business Group. 2009. 17300:Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey 17142:Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit (2008). 17127:(illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. 17046: 16807:The Greek and Persian Wars, 499–386 B.C 16745: 16433: 16431: 16352: 15553:"Volume I: Non Technical Summary (NTS)" 15530:"3rd Bosphorus bridge opening ceremony" 15485: 15380: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15219: 14573:. F1 Powerboat World Championship. 2000 13735: 13709: 13644: 13535: 13493: 13332: 13210:"Istanbul Financial Center: Properties" 13183: 13130: 13128: 13107:"Maritime intelligence on Ambarlı port" 13096: 12848: 12738: 12660: 12362: 12339: 11953: 11723:. Urban Age. London: 46. Archived from 11516: 11489: 11382:Istanbul Governor's official website – 11347: 11172: 10475:"Turkey reeling from African heat wave" 9837: 9571:Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 9566: 9564: 9404: 9380: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9159: 9011: 8586: 8584: 7104:increase between 2007 and 2008). Laser 6099:has been held annually since 1982. The 5695:İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum 4790:metropolises are the Turkish cities of 3977:Among the oldest surviving examples of 3072:. It is one of the 10 worst cities for 2066:on how many collapse. As of 2024, most 14: 25276: 23631:State College of Fine and Applied Arts 22474: 21402:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex 20968: 19558:Istanbul International Puppet Festival 19057:Yalı (Ottoman-era waterfront mansions) 17744: 17456: 17385: 17335: 17297: 17259: 17181: 17160: 17084: 17030:The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire 16990:Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). 16941: 16927:. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. 16922: 16903: 16884: 16764: 16750:. CAB Books. Wallingford, Eng.: CABI. 16669: 16607:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 16524: 16505: 16353:Strauss, Delphine (25 November 2009). 16070: 15654: 15580: 15309: 15187: 15156: 15002:"Azınlık Okulları Sorunlarla Açılıyor" 14888: 14886: 14855: 14599:from the original on 21 December 2021. 14393: 13881: 13869: 13710:Gibbons, Fiachra (21 September 2011). 13671: 13570: 13202: 12494: 12245: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12096: 12053: 11947: 11594:[Metropolitan Municipal Law]. 11500: 11483: 11306: 11262: 11101: 11095: 11020: 10911: 10535: 10355:"La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" 10302: 10300: 9994: 9778: 9734:"Milestones in Borsa Istanbul History" 9624: 9511: 9492: 9464: 9392: 9286:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. 9244: 9232: 9220: 9150: 9135: 9123: 9087: 9075: 9039: 9027: 8937:"Pliny the Elder, book IV, chapter XI: 8755: 8731: 8644: 8529: 8390: 8366:; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). 8122: 7898: 7886:Asia (14 districts) = 1,868.87 km 7717:passengers in 2015, which made it the 6660:(partnered with American media outlet 6615:of the country's population, but only 6457:racing circuit hosted the Formula One 6328:, Fenerbahçe's home field, hosted the 4709: 3540:dominates the skyline of the medieval 1786:was signed on 30 October 1918 and the 1146:) is commonly held to derive from the 24815: 24442: 24272:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey 24244: 23886: 23579: 23389: 22733: 21525: 21220: 20942: 20013: 20000: 17951: 17847: 17801: 17749:. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 17645: 17626: 17122: 17027: 16688: 16543: 16467: 16175: 16135:"Iraq – Turkey railway link re-opens" 15344: 15070: 14949: 14636:Turkish Daily News (23 August 2008). 14217: 13893: 13765:. CNN. 6 January 2012. Archived from 13154: 13076: 12874: 12713: 12608: 12503: 12488: 12169: 12128: 12059: 11711: 11636: 11578: 11566: 11412: 11107: 11008: 10996: 10778:"Why so many stray cats in Istanbul?" 9907:intent to destroy in whole or in part 9864: 9681: 9665:"Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)" 9648: 9615: 9609: 9526: 9493:Madden, Thomas F. (7 November 2017). 9469:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9416: 9281: 9256: 9141: 9099: 9051: 9015: 8999: 8917: 8911: 8562: 8480: 8446: 8334: 8126: 8067: 8040: 8020: 7655:, serving destinations as distant as 7214:Istanbul's motorways network are the 6093:Istanbul International Music Festival 5799:Istanbul International Music Festival 5573:(2 x 284 metres) located adjacent to 5241:election of mayor of Istanbul in 1994 4713: 2054:, and will be helped by NGOs such as 1822:. Leaving aboard the British warship 1163: 1141: 1122: 25339:Populated places along the Silk Road 22700: 22688: 19492:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse 17908:Website of the Istanbul Governorship 17866: 17607: 17278: 17200: 16584:A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul 16428: 16184: 16132: 15574: 15544: 15216: 15047:"The City of Universities: Istanbul" 14394:Wilson, Stephen (2 September 2011). 13845: 13125: 12131:"City stats: Istanbul versus Athens" 12071: 11902: 11672: 11519:Architects of Ottoman Constantinople 11326:Chamber of Architects of Turkey 2006 11198: 10761:Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi 10693:"Bosphorus as our cultural heritage" 10347: 10153:"İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation" 9954: 9920: 9852:from the original on 20 October 2016 9561: 9261:. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. 9259:Christianity: Religions of the World 9189: 9156: 9014:, p. 119, also as mentioned in 8777:Rainsford, Sarah (10 January 2009). 8695:Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi 8657: 8581: 8391:Herrin, Judith (28 September 2009). 8214:. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 April 2020. 7873:İstanbul Province = 5,460.85 km 7647:in Europe, with a daily capacity of 6369:2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships 6356:(formerly five-star) UEFA stadiums. 6144:List of sport facilities in Istanbul 6097:International Istanbul Film Festival 5791:International Istanbul Film Festival 5561:, are located. As of 2023, the five 3764:, from 479 BCE. It was brought from 3658:. The obelisk that would become the 3253:are important nodes within the CBD. 1443:which was built during the reign of 1197: 1179: 1115: 1092: 1029:The first known name of the city is 18062:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols 17768:. London & New York: Springer. 17555:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17065: 16133:Head, Jonathan (16 February 2010). 15903:"Public Transportation in Istanbul" 15769:"F1 Taksim–Kabataş Füniküler Hattı" 15716:"T1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Tramvay Hattı" 14883: 14761:Vercihan Ziflioğlu (17 June 2010). 14297:. 'asp' Architekten. Archived from 13340:"Image of Metropol Istanbul Towers" 12901:Isil Sariyuce and Ivana Kottasová. 12645:Interview with Giovanni Scognamillo 12340:Lepeska, David (27 December 2013). 12190: 12072:Kamp, Kristina (17 February 2010). 11624: 11023:"For Turks, Art to Mark 700th Year" 10743:İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi 10558: 10316: 10297: 10251: 9838:Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). 8779:"Istanbul's ancient past unearthed" 8440: 8131: 7691:Sabiha Gökçen International Airport 7555:in Istanbul. The municipally-owned 7318:, introduced in 2009, or the older 5581:district on the European side, and 5439:; these figures were equivalent to 4798:43,000 in 2007 to 856,377 in 2019. 4238:Istanbul population pyramid in 2022 3447:festival is held there since 2005. 1890: 24: 25329:Populated coastal places in Turkey 23621:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 20267: 20258: 17369:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 17340:. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. 17264:. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. 16651:Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2000). 16567:. New York and London: Routledge. 16487:Athanasopulos, Haralambos (2001). 13958:Schillinger, Liesl (8 July 2011). 13932:Schäfers, Marlene (26 July 2008). 13736:Emeksiz, İpek (3 September 2010). 13111:Lloyd's List Maritime Intelligence 12314:McKernan, Bethan (18 April 2020). 12229:Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi (1995). 12129:Peace, Fergus (29 November 2020). 12041:. The United Nations. 5 April 2012 11768:"Metropolitan Executive Committee" 10899:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey 10546:. Mercator–IPC Fellowship Program= 10157:İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation 8707:Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus (1895). 8457:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 7644:Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway 6908: 6352:game. All four stadiums are elite 6340:as Galatasaray's home turf, while 6332:three years after its completion. 5577:in the Huzur neighbourhood of the 4772:second-largest urban agglomeration 4446: 4262: 4100:Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 4094:List of neighbourhoods of Istanbul 3831:Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus 3458:with a replica of the Ottoman era 3239:Istanbul Central Business District 2785: 1747:, which brought the regime of the 1391:located in the outer courtyard of 25: 25365: 24469:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 21329:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 17887: 17669:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. 17536:. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. 17371:. New York: Infobase Publishing. 16944:A History of Ottoman Architecture 16582:Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). 15581:Letsch, Constanze (8 June 2012). 15171:. SantralIstanbul. Archived from 14917: 14638:"Sailing Week Starts in Istanbul" 14420:Richards, Giles (22 April 2011). 13645:Nikitin, Nikolaj (6 March 2012). 13633:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13621:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13609:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13597:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13571:Hansen, Suzy (10 February 2012). 13530:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13518:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13506:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 13482:Göktürk, Soysal & Türeli 2010 12812:Jewish Population by country 2021 12718:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 12526: 12504:Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). 12154: 11070:(Report). Prop In. pp. 3, 9. 11021:Moonan, Wendy (29 October 1999). 10801: 8563:Heper, Metin (2018). "Istanbul". 7701:passengers in 2012, a year after 7115: 7014:his first official honor for the 6676:established the Turkish-language 6060:, and Parkorman in the forest of 5478:Deutsche Orientbank AG (1909) in 5243:had served as his launchpad. For 4083: 3835:Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos 3798:and erected at the center of the 3470:covering a wide range of issues. 3454:government's decision to replace 3127:List of urban centers in Istanbul 2737: 1810:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1762:and was ultimately defeated. The 1526: 25251: 24576: 24566: 24533: 24523: 22711: 22699: 22687: 22676: 22675: 22663: 22067:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 21553: 21504: 21503: 21491: 19979: 19978: 19966: 18594:Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque 17934:Historic Cities Research Project 17423:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 16992:Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar 16946:. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. 16548:. Paris: Éditions Desjonquères. 16412:. 18 August 2011. Archived from 16398: 16372: 16346: 16319: 16289: 16275: 16257: 16235: 16209: 16185:Akay, Latifa (5 February 2012). 16149: 16126: 16090: 16064: 16038: 16020: 15994: 15969: 15947: 15921: 15895: 15869: 15839: 15813: 15787: 15761: 15734: 15708: 15648: 15618: 15600: 15536:. 25 August 2016. Archived from 15522: 15510: 15427: 15398: 15386: 15374: 15338: 15297: 15261: 15249: 15130: 15118: 15039: 15012: 14994: 14968: 14911: 14861: 14849: 14823: 14811: 14754: 14724: 14680: 14655: 14629: 14603: 14585: 14563: 14537: 14508: 14490: 14464: 14439: 14413: 14387: 14365: 14339: 14313: 14287: 14262: 14237: 14211: 14185: 14159: 14137: 14111: 14089: 14029: 13977: 13951: 13925: 13913: 13887: 13875: 13863: 13851: 13807: 13781: 13755: 13729: 13703: 13677: 13665: 13638: 13626: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13564: 13523: 13499: 13487: 13475: 13407: 13357: 13277: 13252: 13227: 13001: 12913: 12894: 12849:Ingleby, Melvyn (14 June 2019). 12816: 12779: 12741:Historical dictionary of Judaism 12638: 12627: 12576: 12547: 12520: 12482: 12452: 12434: 12408: 12268: 12170:Şafak, Yeni (11 February 2021). 12163: 12148: 12065: 12024: 11994: 11941: 11880: 11868: 11842: 11798: 11786: 11705: 11678: 11666: 11654: 11642: 11630: 11618: 11584: 11572: 11560: 11477: 11376: 11363: 11294: 11268: 11256: 11244: 11218: 11192: 11173:Bourque, Jessica (4 July 2012). 11166: 11014: 11002: 10990: 10964: 10936: 10905: 10887: 10869: 10847: 10821: 10795: 10770: 10753: 10731: 10718: 10709: 10685: 10660: 10634: 10601: 10583: 10521: 10503: 10485: 10467: 10445: 10420: 10372: 10271: 10252:EFE, Agencia (5 February 2024). 10245: 10212: 10184: 10170: 10145: 10120: 10095: 10067: 9895:from the original on 19 May 2022 9871:de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). 9467:Istanbul: A Tale of Three Cities 8340:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 8208:"İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri" 8141: 7964: 7906: 7819: 7805: 7791: 7777: 7744: 7730: 7597:, which connected Istanbul with 7530: 7502: 7478: 7460: 7446: 7432: 7165: 7149: 7133: 6888:Mimar Sinan Academy of Fine Arts 6836: 6827: 6585:newspapers, notably the dailies 6298:2005 UEFA Champions League Final 6273:—that play in the premier-level 6267:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor 6185: 6174: 6163: 6152: 5699:National Palaces Painting Museum 5616: 5036:Native Arab population in Turkey 3718: 3707: 3696: 3685: 3615: 1479 – 1425 BCE 3552:The Neolithic settlement in the 3544:at the north of the Golden Horn. 3509:—can be seen along their shores. 3482: 3462:(which was transformed into the 3131: 1402: 1368: 1359: 1232:). A person from the city is an 367: 302: 301: 294: 269: 268: 261: 236: 235: 228: 205: 178: 161: 147: 127: 113: 99: 75: 25344:Port cities and towns in Turkey 23820:Abstract by Ali Teoman Germaner 22712: 19780:Getronagan Armenian High School 18753:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 18290:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) 17553:The Oxford History of Byzantium 17051:. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. 16866:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 16828:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 16672:Civilization of the Middle Ages 16460: 15847:"Turkey: Connecting Continents" 15687:"Chronological History of IETT" 15626:"Emissions Map - Climate TRACE" 15231:"About Us | Brief History" 15073:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14952:Historical dictionary of Turkey 14218:Aktaş, İsmail (14 March 2012). 13920:Knieling & Othengrafen 2009 13649:. Credit-Suisse. Archived from 13647:"Golden Age for Turkish Cinema" 13546:"İstanbul – Archaeology Museum" 12611:Historical dictionary of Turkey 12293:. Lexington Books. p. 87. 11721:Istanbul: City of Intersections 10541: 10531:. Anadolu Agency. 27 July 2017. 10103:"Earthquake hazard in Istanbul" 10012: 10000: 9988: 9933:. AltaMira Press. p. 273. 9877:Genocide Studies and Prevention 9831: 9805:The Journal of Economic History 9796: 9784: 9772: 9726: 9714: 9687: 9675: 9642: 9630: 9603: 9591: 9549: 9529:Encyclopedia of the Black Death 9443: 9434: 9348: 9275: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9183: 9129: 9117: 9005: 8973: 8929: 8885: 8867: 8849: 8797: 8700: 8687: 8565:Historical dictionary of Turkey 8061: 8048: 7719:third-busiest airport in Europe 6808:and three are foundation-owned 6754:Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School 6728:, 207 are religiously oriented 6479:Powerboat P1 World Championship 6475:F1 Powerboat World Championship 5723:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum 5571:Skyland Istanbul Towers 1 and 2 5563:tallest skyscrapers in Istanbul 5395:of Turkey's industrial output, 5346:; two on the European side and 4717:Pre-Republic figures estimated 4316: 4305: 4294: 4217: 3843:Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes 3664: 3627: 3612: 3514: 1758:(1914–1918) on the side of the 1262:For a chronological guide, see 995:The historic centre of Istanbul 952:first seven ecumenical councils 923:'to the City', the appellation 784:Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) 553: • Metro density 545: • Urban density 25284:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 24841: 21248:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 19898:Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery 19641:Lütfi Kırdar Exhibition Center 19626:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 18718:Museum of the Princes' Islands 17850:The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey 17534:Climatology for Airline Pilots 17513:Papathanassis, Alexis (2011). 17262:World Film Locations: Istanbul 17106:The Cambridge History of Islam 16506:Barnes, Timothy David (1981). 16328:"Havalimanı değil zafer anıtı" 16325: 16071:Keenan, Steve (22 June 2012). 15655:Songün, Sevim (16 July 2010). 15562:. The European Investment Bank 15322:. Türk Telekom. Archived from 13960:"A Turkish Idyll Lost in Time" 13573:"The Istanbul Art-Boom Bubble" 12691:The Mediterranean and the Jews 12363:Hubbard, Ben (14 April 2019). 11714:"Local Governance in Istanbul" 11592:"Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu" 10855:"Fed up with Istanbul traffic" 10728:. Marine bio abs., 1: 112–023. 9762:"6 Ekim İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu" 9556:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 9527:Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). 9450:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977 8893:"Cultural Details of Istanbul" 8356: 8328: 8310: 8280: 8251: 8200: 8174: 7867: 7703:Airports Council International 7423:passenger trips each day. The 7386:on the European side, and the 6463:World Touring Car Championship 6304:to host the CL Final games of 6050:Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre 5743:Turkey's nascent film industry 5435:and received imports totaling 5287:2017 constitutional referendum 5127:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 5058:, the most illustrious of all 4108:İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi 3950:which adorn its interior. The 3851:Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa 3617:) to the south of the seventh 3497:. Several landmarks—including 2876:the most important species of 2006: 1689:Church of St. Anthony of Padua 13: 1: 25043:Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) 19893:Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery 19810:Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery 19734:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital 18852:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum 18429:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 17783:Time Out Guides, ed. (2010). 17665:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2005). 17591:Ionian Trade and Colonization 16868:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 16380:"Yolcu Trafiği (Gelen-Giden)" 15320:"About Türk Telekom: History" 14400:The Christian Science Monitor 14295:"Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul" 12875:Pitel, Laura (24 June 2019). 12634:Levantine historical heritage 11712:Erder, Sema (November 2009). 11199:Tait, Robert (22 July 2008). 10200:(in Turkish). 8 February 2023 8450:(1991). "Constantinople". In 8296:Turkish Statistical Institute 8267:Turkish Statistical Institute 8237:Turkish Statistical Institute 8168: 8088:The foundation of Byzantion ( 7322:electronic ticketing device. 6895:Istanbul Technical University 6851:Istanbul Technical University 6787:Phanar Greek Orthodox College 6471:Turkish Motorcycle Grand Prix 5202:under the command of admiral 5141:The majority of the Catholic 4757:Turkish Statistical Institute 4212:Governor of Istanbul Province 4179:Municipal Council of Istanbul 4090:List of districts of Istanbul 3871:Palace of the Porphyrogenitus 3855:Monastery of Constantine Lips 3573: 3557: 3263: 3202:Originally outside the city, 3052:. As of 2019 the city's mean 2774:is threatened with flooding. 2052:earthquake emergency response 1667:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1578:to rival, if not overshadow, 989:in the world, with more than 445:Municipal Council of Istanbul 25324:Metropolitan areas of Turkey 23857:Abstract by Zerrin Bölükbaşı 22761:European Capitals of Culture 22558:Intangible cultural heritage 21904:Southeastern Anatolia Region 21736:Proclamation of the republic 18948:Museum of Heating Appliances 18867:Museum of Whirling Dervishes 18713:Museum of the Ancient Orient 18678:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 18115:Bulgarian St. Stephen Church 17977: 17386:Morris, Ian (October 2010). 17182:Keyder, Çağlar, ed. (1999). 17047:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). 16767:A History of the Middle Ages 14595:. Supersport. 21 June 2009. 14349:. FIBA. 2010. Archived from 14037:"Turkey – List of Champions" 13896:"The $ 100 Istanbul Weekend" 13894:Kugel, Seth (17 July 2011). 13190:Tuba Ongun (17 April 2023). 13077:Jones, Sam (27 April 2011). 12002:"Frequently Asked Questions" 11596:Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 11145:. Routledge. pp. 123–. 11108:Yavuz, Ercan (8 June 2009). 9429:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 8857:"Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir" 8135: 7877:Land area = 5,343.22 km 7850:List of people from Istanbul 7584: 7183:Public transport in Istanbul 7041:, Istanbul, was designed by 6921:Telecommunications in Turkey 6689: 6543:s English-language edition, 6494:Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower 6365:2010 FIBA World Championship 6344:, opened in 2016 to replace 5916:are among the other upscale 5683:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 5403:of tax revenues. The city's 5279:anti-AKP government protests 4704:Sources: Jan Lahmeyer 2004, 4137:Ottoman constitution of 1876 3962:) is seen in the foreground. 3839:Monastery of the Pantocrator 3789:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 3324: 3111: 3036: 3009:population. The presence of 2001:seven hills make up the city 1899:became the Republic's first 1449:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1264:Timeline of Istanbul history 1188: 1083: 1046: 962:in 1517. In 1923, after the 919: 908: 890: 849:most populous city in Europe 548:5,939/km (15,380/sq mi) 7: 23607:50th Anniversary Sculptures 21829:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 20928:Metropolitan municipalities 19666:Ülker Sports and Event Hall 18928:Florence Nightingale Museum 18882:Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum 18832:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Museum 18130:Church of St. Mary Draperis 17787:. London: Time Out Guides. 17336:Lister, Richard P. (1979). 17317:Limberis, Vasiliki (1994). 17260:Köksal, Özlem, ed. (2012). 17123:Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986). 16906:Istanbul: The Imperial City 16674:. New York: HarperCollins. 16632:Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). 16529:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 15468:"Otoyollar Istanbul (2024)" 15125:Tigrek & Kibaroğlu 2011 12661:Epstein, Mark Alan (1980). 11888:"İstanbul Valisi Davut GÜL" 11793:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11752:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11700:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 11649:Kapucu & Palabiyik 2008 10312:. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. 9840:"The Turkish Kristallnacht" 9497:. New York: Penguin Books. 9190:Dash, Mike (2 March 2012). 8827:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002 7770: 7662: 6428:TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall 6423:have ended unsuccessfully. 5747:Turkish dramas and comedies 5226: 4858:Ethnic and religious groups 4768:seventh-largest city proper 4110:, IBB), which oversees the 3606:, and was erected there by 3468:nationwide protests in 2013 3284:During the Ottoman period, 3117:Districts and neighborhoods 2971:short-beaked common dolphin 2494:Average precipitation days 2350:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2210:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2072:prepared for the earthquake 1806:Turkish War of Independence 975:European Capital of Culture 964:Turkish War of Independence 822:765.5 ha (1,892 acres) 556:2,930/km (7,600/sq mi) 10: 25370: 25309:Capitals of former nations 24565: 24522: 23626:Istanbul Fine Arts Academy 23416:European Capitals of Sport 21660:Conquest of Constantinople 19785:Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School 19712:Pangaltı Armenian Cemetery 19707:Pangaltı Catholic Cemetery 18938:Kandilli Earthquake Museum 18758:Turkish Calligraphy Museum 17930:National Library of Israel 17440:From Byzantion to Istanbul 16727:Chandler, Tertius (1987). 16670:Cantor, Norman F. (1994). 16655:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 16285:. ATWOnline. 5 April 2019. 16098:"Haydarpasa Train Station" 15369:Oxford Business Group 2009 15357:Oxford Business Group 2009 15256:Masters & Ágoston 2009 14982:(in Turkish). 15 June 2023 13062:Oxford Business Group 2009 12767:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12554:Grigoryan, Iliana (2018). 12275:Masters & Ágoston 2009 11890:. Governorship of Istanbul 11467:"Sinan, Ottoman architect" 11417:. Milan: Electa Editrice. 11047:Oxford Business Group 2009 10544:"Climate Change in Turkey" 9577:. London: Academic Press. 9574:3000 Years of Urban Growth 9178:Klimczuk & Warner 2009 8879:fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr 8744:Göksel & Kerslake 2005 8496:Masters & Ágoston 2009 7493: 7252:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7194: 7180: 7157:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 7049:of the early 20th century. 7047:Turkish neoclassical style 6918: 6912: 6866:, with its main campus in 6775:Liceo Italiano di Istanbul 6693: 6682: 6336:opened in 2011 to replace 6312:, which were relocated to 6300:, and was selected by the 6141: 5640: 5636: 5357: 5353: 5306:2023 presidential election 4867: 4861: 4227: 4221: 4087: 3518: 3406:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 3227:on the Bosporus, near the 3123:Historic Areas of Istanbul 3120: 2863:, and oak species such as 2756: 2729: 2152: 2081: 2077: 2037:, and a quake of at least 2010: 1941: 1754:The Ottoman Empire joined 1261: 1255: 1251: 1214:, with a dotted İ, as the 1152: 1063:comes from the Latin name 1041: 1012: 999:UNESCO World Heritage Site 993:foreign visitors in 2023. 914: 886: 862:in the 7th century BCE by 773:Historic Areas of Istanbul 762:UNESCO World Heritage Site 493:537 m (1,762 ft) 29: 25247: 25212: 25191: 25170: 25163: 25132: 25082: 25061: 25035: 25009: 24968: 24887: 24880: 24849: 24481: 24278: 23921: 23915:most-populous urban areas 23817:Abstract by Haluk Tezonar 23776: 23665: 23639: 23613: 23421: 22767: 22659: 22392: 22308: 22201: 22167:The constitutional system 22127: 22082: 22027: 22018: 21912: 21860: 21851: 21804: 21771: 21721: 21699:Second Constitutional Era 21684:Decline and modernization 21640: 21601: 21575: 21566: 21485: 21469: 21437: 21415: 21374: 21351: 21314: 21291: 21254: 21163: 21132: 21091: 21040: 20979: 20924: 20854: 20797: 20747: 20700: 20635: 20580: 20517: 20485: 20424: 20361: 20319: 20299: 20283: 20279: 20256: 20052: 20007: 20002:Links to related articles 19960: 19910:Balat Or-Ahayim Hastanesi 19878: 19795: 19692: 19683: 19596: 19533: 19520: 19467: 19329: 19277: 19239: 19206: 19197: 19144: 19047: 19009: 19000: 18918: 18890: 18817: 18771: 18643: 18634: 18607: 18579: 18526: 18483: 18465: 18456: 18384: 18336: 18313: 18275: 18212: 18179: 18151: 18142: 18105: 18047: 17994: 17985: 17415:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). 17298:Landau, Jacob M. (1984). 17161:Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). 16889:. New York: Basic Books. 16885:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 16805:De Souza, Philip (2003). 16118:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16046:"Bölgesel Yolcu Trenleri" 15289:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15169:"Silahtarağa Power Plant" 15019:Aydınlık (7 March 2023). 14707:"Country Profile: Turkey" 14689:, pp. 11, 35, 385–86 13038:"Turkey trade statistics" 12964:. OECD Publishing. 2020. 12689:Makovetsky, Leah (1989). 11542:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). 10668:"Net Zero Stocktake 2023" 9817:10.1017/S0022050718000724 9791:Dumper & Stanley 2007 8514:Euromonitor International 8342:(3rd ed.). Longman. 7880:Lake/Dam = 117.63 km 7723:18th-busiest in the world 7559:operates the traditional 7488:at Ayrılıkçeşmesi station 7358:comprises ten lines (the 7173:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 6982:Silahtarağa Power Station 6974:Istanbul Bilgi University 6966:Silahtarağa Power Station 6814:Turkish Air Force Academy 6632:(97.2 FM). The state-run 6603:in Armenian and Turkish. 6597:and the bilingual weekly 6296:. The stadium hosted the 6137: 5869:numerous shopping centers 5821:Leisure and entertainment 5567:Metropol Istanbul Tower A 5555:Istanbul Financial Center 5461:International conventions 5379:on the European side and 5344:three electoral districts 5299:Supreme Electoral Council 5295:Republican People's Party 5259:Republican People's Party 5092:Armenian Apostolic Church 4983: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4703: 4464:— 4188:Republican People's Party 3725:Built by Ottoman sultans 3412:, which was known as the 2963:Common bottlenose dolphin 2801:to the north of Istanbul. 2682: 2635: 2587: 2540: 2493: 2419: 2349: 2279: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2064:casualties largely depend 1938:Geography and environment 1924:mass expulsions of Greeks 1833:, Italy, on 16 May 1926. 1709:Second Constitutional Era 1504:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1208:, the name is written as 1065: 977:. The city has surpassed 826: 818: 810: 798: 788: 778: 768: 759: 755: 730: 714: 696: 686: 676: 657: 645: 628: 615: 595:Metropolitan municipality 592: 581: 560: 552: 544: 533: 517: 505:Metropolitan municipality 502: 497: 489: 481: 473: 468: 450: 440: 430: 425: 415: 404: 392: 380: 362: 327: 222: 213: 204: 69: 59:Metropolitan municipality 56: 44: 32:Istanbul (disambiguation) 24176: 24118: 24052: 23994: 23854:Abstract by Seyhun Topuz 22150:Ministry of the Interior 22135:Administrative divisions 21694:First Constitutional Era 18653:Art and Sculpture Museum 17900:6 September 2019 at the 17726:Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). 17570:Reisman, Arnold (2006). 17338:The Travels of Herodotus 16508:Constantine and Eusebius 13142:. Bibliothèques d'Orient 12739:Solomon, Norman (2015). 12665:. Freiburg: K. Schwarz. 11517:Wharton, Alyson (2015). 10767:. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı. 10759:"İstanbul'da balıklar". 10132:depremzemin.ibb.istanbul 9639:, pp. 230, 287, 306 9465:Hughes, Bettany (2018). 8923:Constantinople byzantine 7860: 7835:1766 Istanbul earthquake 7671:, opened in 2018 in the 7634:and an extension of the 7595:Chemins de fer Orientaux 7523:, crossing the Bosphorus 7414:on the European side to 7269:Istanbul Atatürk Airport 7209: 7201:Rail transport in Turkey 6986:coal-fired power station 6763:Deutsche Schule Istanbul 6484: 5660:Turkish television drama 5389:eleventh-largest economy 5261:is the 32nd and current 5178:), and İzmir (mostly in 5048:Suleiman the Magnificent 4224:Demographics of Istanbul 4141:arrondissements of Paris 3630: 337–361 CE– 3521:Architecture of Istanbul 3460:Taksim Military Barracks 3362: 2987:Mediterranean monk seals 2759:Climate change in Turkey 1745:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 1725:declare its independence 1629:Suleiman the Magnificent 1218:distinguishes between a 1081:) in foreign languages. 1008: 858:The city was founded as 435:Mayor–council government 48: 25354:Transcontinental cities 23868:Abstract by Kuzgun Acar 23841:Abstract by Yavuz Görey 22097:Parliamentary elections 21899:Eastern Anatolia Region 21894:Central Anatolia Region 21576:Ancient and Middle Ages 19717:Şişli Armenian Cemetery 19583:Istanbul Tulip Festival 19573:Istanbul Music Festival 19369:Bet Yaakov (Heybeliada) 19092:Ibrahim Pasha Pavillion 18943:Museum of Culinary Arts 18799:Walls of Constantinople 18763:Women's Museum İstanbul 18204:Cistern of the Hebdomon 18199:Cistern of 1001 Columns 17924:18 October 2021 at the 17833:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 17496:The Report: Turkey 2009 17028:Grant, Michael (1996). 17013:. New York: Routledge. 16765:Dahmus, Joseph (1995). 16032:Encyclopædia Britannica 11471:Encyclopædia Britannica 11353: 11337: 9997:, pp. 11–12, 34–36 9694:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 8433:Encyclopædia Britannica 7904:English pronunciation: 7759:International relations 7440:Istanbul nostalgic tram 7351:began running in 2006. 7329:Istanbul nostalgic tram 6810:vocational universities 6789:being an example. Most 6742:Galatasaray High School 6467:European Le Mans Series 6415:—and national bids for 6326:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6286:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 6209:Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 6199:Atatürk Olympic Stadium 5932:Atatürk Cultural Center 5776:The World Is Not Enough 5233:local elections in 2019 5073:religious conservatives 3911:Walls of Constantinople 3899:Cistern of the Hebdomon 3143:district comprises the 3042:Air pollution in Turkey 3001:Street cats in the city 1854:Istanbul Stock Exchange 1797:was forced to sign the 1791:occupied Constantinople 1687:). The entrance of the 1521:captured Constantinople 1389:Eastern Orthodox Church 1336:and its successor, the 666:+90 212 (European side) 25304:Capitals of caliphates 23838:Abstract by Füsun Onur 22960:Santiago de Compostela 22268:Science and technology 22102:Presidential elections 21583:Prehistory of Anatolia 20273: 20263: 19834:Istanbul Greek dialect 19822:Balıklı Greek Hospital 19578:Istanbul Shopping Fest 19563:Istanbul Jazz Festival 19553:Istanbul Film Festival 19374:Bet Yaakov (Kuzguncuk) 19179:Polonezköy Nature Park 18963:Natural History Museum 18847:Florya Atatürk Mansion 18827:Adam Mickiewicz Museum 18599:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 18351:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower 18300:Sultan Mahmut Fountain 18125:Church of Saint Benoit 18092:St. George’s Cathedral 17589:Roebuck, Carl (1959). 17457:Norris, Pippa (2010). 17302:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 17201:King, Charles (2014). 17049:A History of Byzantium 16746:Connell, John (2010). 16689:Çelik, Zeynep (1993). 16544:Béhar, Pierre (1999). 15517:Efe & Cürebal 2011 14323:. FIBA. Archived from 14073:. FIFA. Archived from 14013:. FIFA. Archived from 11581:, pp. 133–34, 141 11415:Byzantine Architecture 11251:Boyar & Fleet 2010 10007:Efe & Cürebal 2011 9649:Çelik, Zeynep (1986). 8968:Bloom & Blair 2009 8627:"Forum of Constantine" 8132:Administration section 8038:Turkish pronunciation: 8018:Turkish pronunciation: 8013: 7640:Turkish State Railways 7610: 7486:Marmaray commuter rail 7141:15 July Martyrs Bridge 7076:In 2000, Istanbul had 7050: 6977: 6903:Galatasaray University 6802:universities in Turkey 6726:Anatolian high schools 6709: 6704:Main entrance gate of 6569: 6561: 6497: 6442:who have won numerous 6389:Beşiktaş Akatlar Arena 6292:first-class venue for 6105:Istanbul Shopping Fest 6088: 6083:Abdi İpekçi Street in 6066:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5977: 5970:Tabanlıoğlu Architects 5939: 5833: 5815:São Paulo Art Biennial 5795:Istanbul Jazz Festival 5737: 5690: 5663: 5604:in revenue each year. 5589:on the European side. 5527: 5482: 5405:gross domestic product 5384: 5274: 5149: 5138: 5104:1955 anti-Greek pogrom 5063: 4770:in the world, and the 4766:Istanbul ranks as the 4245:Historical populations 4239: 4230:Demographics of Turkey 4170: 4114:of the city-province. 4107: 4010: 3963: 3930:Byzantine architecture 3640:for commemorating his 3545: 3529:Architecture of Turkey 3382: 3281: 3209: 3171:, across the medieval 3148: 3011:feral cats in Istanbul 3002: 2807:mixed broadleaf forest 2802: 2799:mixed broadleaf forest 2754: 2161:for more information) 2103:Istanbul's climate is 2100: 1999:Despite the myth that 1957: 1883: 1869: 1696: 1658:and eventually to the 1619:claimed the status of 1612: 1562: 1499: 1461:Christian civilization 1338:Second Athenian League 1286: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1210: 1170: 1139:Turkish pronunciation: 1120:Turkish pronunciation: 1106: 1097: 1078: 1026: 973:Istanbul was the 2010 956:Fall of Constantinople 902:) and then finally as 899: 853:fifteenth-largest city 573: 490:Highest elevation 282:Location within Europe 249:Location within Turkey 190:15 July Martyrs Bridge 27:Largest city in Turkey 25349:Roman sites in Turkey 22263:Free trade agreements 22145:Intelligence Services 21942:North Anatolian Fault 21439:Southeastern Anatolia 21012:Fahrettin Kerim Gökay 20799:Central East Anatolia 20272:Districts of Istanbul 20271: 20262: 19087:Hatice Sultan Mansion 19002:Palaces and pavilions 18683:Istanbul Contemporary 18475:Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque 18371:Nusretiye Clock Tower 18285:Fountain of Ahmed III 18257:Obelisk of Theodosius 18227:Column of Constantine 18004:Armenian Patriarchate 17940:25 March 2022 at the 17867:Wynn, Martin (1984). 17745:Taylor, Jane (2007). 17627:Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). 17608:Room, Adrian (2006). 17532:Quantic, Roy (2008). 17321:. London: Routledge. 17032:. London: Routledge. 16942:Freely, John (2011). 16923:Freely, John (2000). 16904:Freely, John (1996). 16809:. London: Routledge. 15269:"Central Post Office" 15138:"İSKİ Administration" 15071:Heper, Metin (2018). 14950:Heper, Metin (2018). 12609:Heper, Metin (2018). 12246:Tirman, John (1997). 11413:Mango, Cyril (1985). 11395:2 August 2007 at the 10614:Pol. J. Environ. Stud 10398:"Resmi İstatistikler" 9738:www.borsaistanbul.com 9697:The Armenian genocide 9531:. Santa Barbara, CA: 8983:4.144, translated in 8631:www.byzantium1200.com 8322:hdi.globaldatalab.org 7752:Sabiha Gökçen Airport 7592: 7551:There are three main 7283:Public transportation 7195:Further information: 7032: 6993:in 1923 to a peak of 6963: 6951:Fountain of Ahmed III 6925:Health care in Turkey 6919:Further information: 6915:Utilities in Istanbul 6818:Turkish Naval Academy 6703: 6694:Further information: 6555:, first published by 6492: 6126:(where, in 2013, the 6082: 5960: 5938:on the European side. 5926: 5828: 5764:From Russia with Love 5731: 5680: 5650: 5611:in Karaköy district. 5522: 5477: 5367: 5348:one on the Asian side 5340:Members of Parliament 5283:2014 mayoral election 5267:first elected in 2019 5253: 5124: 5112:Armenians in Istanbul 5045: 4237: 4162:, the largest of the 4153: 4037:abolition of monarchy 4030:, to commemorate his 3996: 3960:Obelisk of Theodosius 3938: 3895:Cistern of Philoxenos 3827:Monastery of Stoudios 3804:Column of Constantine 3660:Obelisk of Theodosius 3596:Obelisk of Theodosius 3536: 3370: 3271: 3201: 3139: 3058:air pollution sensors 3000: 2793: 2772:Kadıkoy metro station 2757:Further information: 2745: 2140:Sea-effect snowstorms 2109:Mediterranean climate 2091: 2068:buildings in Istanbul 2019:North Anatolian Fault 1955: 1942:Further information: 1897:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1884:İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu 1839: 1701:Young Turk Revolution 1679:in 1912 (present-day 1675: 1599: 1557: 1515:, was killed, Sultan 1489: 1272: 1165:[istimˈbolin] 1071:Constantine the Great 1024:Column of Constantine 1022: 1003:the country's economy 875:Constantine the Great 347:41.01361°N 28.95500°E 22647:World heritage sites 22172:Turkish Armed Forces 22057:Constitutional Court 21971:Flora and vegetation 21949:Environmental issues 21937:East Anatolian Fault 21884:Mediterranean Region 21339:Göreme National Park 21186:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 19621:Bostancı Show Center 19159:Büyükada Nature Park 19122:Sadberk Hanım Museum 19062:Aynalıkavak Pavilion 18973:Museum of Psychiatry 18743:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 18738:Sadberk Hanım Museum 18328:Rüstem Pasha Medrese 18087:Pammakaristos Church 17918:Old maps of Istanbul 17711:. London: Reaktion. 17517:. Berlin: Springer. 17402:on 15 September 2012 17085:Harter, Jim (2005). 16908:. New York: Viking. 16416:on 16 September 2013 16197:on 16 September 2013 15304:Shaw & Shaw 1977 15144:on 29 September 2007 15106:on 29 September 2007 14818:Time Out Guides 2010 14667:camlicakule.istanbul 14571:"2000 Race Calendar" 14199:on 17 September 2013 13816:Architectural Design 13264:skyscrapercenter.com 12470:on 27 September 2021 11301:Time Out Guides 2010 10627:10.15244/pjoes/76678 9637:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9598:Shaw & Shaw 1977 9196:Smithsonian Magazine 8899:on 12 September 2007 7569:The privately owned 7454:Istanbul modern tram 7345:Metropolitan Railway 7335:, which now carries 7016:electrical telegraph 6876:Özyeğin Üniversitesi 6806:private universities 6746:Kabataş Erkek Lisesi 6738:science high schools 6338:Ali Sami Yen Stadium 6282:Summer Olympic Games 6275:Basketbol Süper Ligi 5758:My Father and My Son 5711:Sakıp Sabancı Museum 5559:Turkish Central Bank 5321:2024 local elections 5314:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5172:Giovanni Scognamillo 4864:Religion in Istanbul 4726:world's largest city 3981:in Istanbul are the 3979:Ottoman architecture 3919:Harbor of Theodosius 3879:Palace of Blachernae 3800:Forum of Constantine 3753:of court architects. 3621:. The Roman emperor 3581: 3500 BCE 3525:Ottoman architecture 3501:, the Hagia Sophia, 3145:historical peninsula 3029:, and considered as 3023:Rose-ringed parakeet 1912:1955 Istanbul pogrom 1739:(1911–1912) and the 1627:for four centuries. 1295:Neolithic Revolution 1279:Forum of Constantine 1248:is used in English. 1161:Greek pronunciation: 688:Vehicle registration 669:+90 216 (Asian side) 315:Location within Asia 83:Historical peninsula 30:For other uses, see 23713:Hakkı Karayiğitoğlu 23708:Ali Teoman Germaner 22216:Banking and Finance 21834:History of Anatolia 21731:War of Independence 21723:Republic of Türkiye 21620:Battle of Manzikert 21447:Diyarbakır Fortress 21133:Military-appointed 21041:Military-appointed 20980:Province Governors 19656:Süreyya Opera House 19226:Karaköy Fish Market 19077:Esma Sultan Mansion 19067:Adile Sultan Palace 18978:Rahmi M. Koç Museum 18862:Museum of Innocence 18723:Ottoman Bank Museum 18693:İstanbul Toy Museum 18247:Forum of Theodosius 18242:Column of the Goths 18120:Church of St. Padua 18082:Little Hagia Sophia 17205:. Norton & Cy. 17066:Gül, Murat (2012). 16359:The Financial Times 16034:. 21 December 2023. 15661:Hürriyet Daily News 15636:on 12 November 2022 15614:. 19 December 2016. 15493:"Istanbul Overview" 15204:on 28 November 2009 14768:Hürriyet Daily News 14642:Hürriyet Daily News 14347:"Istanbul – Arenas" 14224:Hürriyet Daily News 13938:Hürriyet Daily News 13742:Hürriyet Daily News 13653:on 17 December 2012 13315:"Metropol İstanbul" 12970:10.1787/959d5ba0-en 12714:Nassi, Gad (2010). 12529:"Tarihte Ermeniler" 12012:on 7 September 2012 11856:on 26 November 2011 11282:on 19 November 2010 11230:Hurriyet Daily News 10595:Hürriyet Daily News 10497:Hürriyet Daily News 10408:on 23 December 2020 10283:Hürriyet Daily News 10080:Hürriyet Daily News 9407:, pp. 394–399. 9383:, pp. 258–260. 9345:, pp. 341–342. 9321:, pp. 330–333. 9282:Parry, Ken (2010). 9257:Parry, Ken (2009). 8819:2011QuRes..76...30A 8807:Quaternary Research 8734:, pp. 57, 383. 8069:[isˈtanbuɫ] 8042:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 8022:[isˈtanbuɫ] 7855:Outline of Istanbul 7628:Haydarpaşa Terminal 7468:Boğaziçi University 7191:Ferries in Istanbul 6899:Boğaziçi University 6890:, founded in 1882. 6860:Istanbul University 6767:Sankt Georgs-Kolleg 6706:Istanbul University 6696:Education in Turkey 6546:Hürriyet Daily News 6350:2019 UEFA Super Cup 6330:2009 UEFA Cup Final 5928:Süreyya Opera House 5643:Culture of Istanbul 5413:US$ 537.507 billion 5360:Economy of Istanbul 5316:, received 46.68%. 5308:the CHP candidate, 5237:contest in Istanbul 4894:Albanians in Turkey 4886:Armenians in Turkey 4870:Assyrians in Turkey 4439: 4255: 4248: 4214:since 5 June 2023. 4074:Renaissance Revival 4070:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 4032:conquest of Baghdad 3968:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3940:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3859:Church of Myrelaion 3760:Next in age is the 3733:, the 19th-century 3499:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3288:(then Scutari) and 3280:across the Bosporus 3161:Fatih Sultan Mehmed 2852:Cercis siliquastrum 2541:Average snowy days 2280:Daily mean °C (°F) 2084:Climate of Istanbul 2050:is responsible for 1944:Geography of Turkey 1801:on 10 August 1920. 1784:Armistice of Mudros 1691:is seen at left. A 1496:Justinian the Great 1258:History of Istanbul 1143:[ɯsˈtambuɫ] 1124:[isˈtanbuɫ] 343: / 23927: 23723:Hüseyin Anka Özhan 22273:Telecommunications 22062:Court of Cassation 21763:Multi-party period 21672:Ottoman Old Regime 21593:Byzantine Anatolia 21588:Classical Anatolia 20856:Southeast Anatolia 20749:Northeast Anatolia 20274: 20264: 19946:Ulus Jewish school 19729:Surp Agop Hospital 19543:Feast of Sacrifice 19497:Mahmut Pasha Hamam 19487:Çemberlitaş Hamamı 19292:Abdi İpekçi Street 19132:Vahdettin Pavilion 19072:Cantemir Pavillion 18933:ITU Science Center 18877:Pierre Loti Museum 18872:Orhan Kemal Museum 18673:Galatasaray Museum 18571:Süleymaniye Mosque 18536:Atik Valide Mosque 18444:Tayyare Apartments 18394:Aqueduct of Valens 18376:Yıldız Clock Tower 18222:Column of Arcadius 17389:Social Development 16386:on 4 November 2013 16217:"İstanbul Otogarı" 16008:on 16 October 2012 16002:"Liman Hizmetleri" 15540:on 28 August 2016. 15393:Papathanassis 2011 15051:en.istanbul.gov.tr 14831:"TRT – Television" 14077:on 16 January 2011 13964:The New York Times 13900:The New York Times 13577:The New York Times 13552:on 3 February 2012 13365:"Skyland Istanbul" 13239:skyscraperpage.com 12535:on 6 December 2006 12369:The New York Times 11962:, pp. 463–505 11384:The Serpent Column 11328:, pp. 80, 118 11232:. 22 February 2013 11179:The New York Times 11120:on 20 January 2012 11027:The New York Times 10999:, pp. 70, 169 10952:. 14 December 2023 10915:(17 August 2022). 10857:. 20 February 2017 10724:Artüz M.L. (1999) 10499:. 21 January 2018. 10024:www.gfz-potsdam.de 10009:, pp. 718–719 9600:, pp. 4–6, 55 9309:, pp. 324–29. 8985:De Sélincourt 2003 8517:. 11 December 2023 8452:Kazhdan, Alexander 8159:Türk Telekom Arena 7653:600,000 passengers 7611: 7337:265,000 passengers 7260:Iran–Turkey border 7256:European route E80 7205:Aviation in Turkey 7125:suspension bridges 7100:to Turkey (with a 7055:telephone exchange 7051: 7000:electric utilities 6978: 6864:Sabancı University 6783:Treaty of Lausanne 6771:Lycée Saint-Joseph 6730:İmam Hatip schools 6724:, another 263 are 6722:vocational schools 6710: 6498: 6459:Turkish Grand Prix 6448:World Championship 6393:Ülker Sports Arena 6377:2016–17 EuroLeague 6373:2011–12 Euroleague 6334:Türk Telekom Arena 6320:(2021) due to the 6128:Gezi Park protests 6089: 5978: 5940: 5900:in 1995 and 1996; 5880:Mahmutpasha Bazaar 5837:Abdi İpekçi Street 5834: 5738: 5691: 5664: 5528: 5495:Port of Haydarpaşa 5483: 5385: 5310:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 5275: 5271:re-elected in 2024 5159:maritime republics 5153:) in Istanbul and 5139: 5118:live in Istanbul. 5108:thousands to leave 5064: 5060:Ottoman architects 5052:Süleymaniye Mosque 4878:Bosniaks in Turkey 4437: 4253: 4242: 4240: 4171: 4056:Yavuz Selim Mosque 4011: 3972:Süleymaniye Mosque 3964: 3903:Aqueduct of Valens 3891:Theodosius Cistern 3777:sacrificial tripod 3546: 3383: 3282: 3210: 3165:historic peninsula 3149: 3104:. In June 2021, a 3003: 2904:introduced species 2887:Platanus orentalis 2803: 2755: 2101: 2044:urban seismic risk 1958: 1874:Treaty of Lausanne 1870: 1705:Ottoman Parliament 1697: 1613: 1563: 1500: 1330:Greco-Persian Wars 1287: 1027: 769:Official name 482: • Metro 474: • Urban 352:41.01361; 28.95500 285:Show map of Europe 252:Show map of Turkey 25271: 25270: 25265: 25264: 25258:Cities portal 25243: 25242: 25192:United States (2) 25128: 25127: 24809: 24808: 24804: 24803: 24436: 24435: 24238: 24237: 24233: 24232: 23880: 23879: 23573: 23572: 23383: 23382: 22727: 22726: 22655: 22654: 22197: 22196: 22140:Foreign relations 22114:Political parties 22014: 22013: 21847: 21846: 21839:History of Thrace 21741:Atatürk's reforms 21632:Anatolian beyliks 21519: 21518: 21498:Turkey portal 21214: 21213: 21191:Ali Müfit Gürtuna 21164:Greater Istanbul 21136:(1980–1984) 21095:(1963–1980) 21044:(1960–1963) 21002:Muhittin Üstündağ 20983:(1924–1960) 20936: 20935: 20931: 20920: 20919: 20042:Istanbul Province 19994: 19993: 19973:Turkey portal 19956: 19955: 19868:Zografeion Lyceum 19679: 19678: 19616:BJK Akatlar Arena 19568:Istanbul Marathon 19548:Istanbul Biennial 19512:Vezneciler Hamamı 19502:Süleymaniye Hamam 19325: 19324: 19140: 19139: 19029:Dolmabahçe Palace 19019:Beylerbeyi Palace 18996: 18995: 18857:İsmet İnönü House 18804:Yedikule Fortress 18668:Fenerbahçe Museum 18630: 18629: 18498:Dolmabahçe Mosque 18493:Altunizade Mosque 18452: 18451: 18439:Soğukçeşme Sokağı 18424:Pera Palace Hotel 18404:Divanyolu Caddesi 18356:Etfal Clock Tower 18237:Column of Marcian 18138: 18137: 17878:978-0-7201-1608-3 17859:978-3-8258-4744-9 17840:978-0-08-044512-0 17821:978-4-431-99266-0 17794:978-1-84670-115-3 17785:Time Out Istanbul 17775:978-3-642-19635-5 17756:978-1-84511-334-6 17737:978-90-5972-041-1 17718:978-1-86189-118-1 17699:978-0-521-29166-8 17676:978-3-486-57713-6 17657:978-0-8223-4912-9 17638:978-90-04-12530-8 17619:978-0-7864-2248-7 17600:978-0-89005-528-1 17581:978-0-9777908-8-3 17562:978-0-19-814098-6 17543:978-0-470-69847-1 17524:978-3-8349-3062-0 17505:978-1-902339-13-9 17487:978-92-64-04371-8 17468:978-0-8213-8200-4 17449:978-605-4348-04-6 17442:. Istanbul: SSM. 17430:978-0-262-14050-8 17378:978-1-4381-1025-7 17347:978-0-86033-081-3 17328:978-0-415-09677-5 17309:978-90-04-07070-7 17290:978-0-521-12805-6 17271:978-1-84150-567-1 17252:978-0-7546-7565-5 17233:978-1-4027-6207-9 17212:978-0-393-08914-1 17193:978-0-8476-9495-2 17174:978-0-521-20954-0 17153:978-605-4030-01-9 17134:978-90-04-06921-3 17115:978-0-521-29135-4 17096:978-0-8018-8089-6 17077:978-1-78076-374-3 17058:978-1-4051-8471-7 17039:978-0-415-12772-1 17020:978-0-415-58011-3 17001:978-0-415-21761-3 16953:978-1-84564-506-9 16934:978-1-900639-31-6 16915:978-0-670-85972-6 16896:978-0-465-02396-7 16877:978-0-932885-30-2 16858:978-90-481-9919-8 16835:978-1-57607-919-5 16816:978-0-415-96854-6 16797:978-0-14-044908-2 16776:978-0-7607-0036-5 16757:978-1-84593-660-0 16738:978-0-88946-207-6 16719:978-975-395-899-8 16700:978-0-520-08239-7 16681:978-0-06-092553-6 16662:978-0-7914-4463-4 16643:978-0-253-35690-1 16614:978-0-19-530991-1 16593:978-0-521-13623-5 16574:978-0-415-16111-4 16555:978-2-84321-015-0 16536:978-0-674-16531-1 16517:978-0-674-16531-1 16498:978-0-7864-0943-3 16479:978-965-229-346-6 16445:on 13 August 2018 15935:on 6 October 2011 15909:on 4 January 2013 15827:on 15 August 2012 15795:"Raylı Sistemler" 15775:on 26 August 2012 15748:on 6 January 2012 15082:978-1-5381-0224-4 14961:978-1-5381-0224-4 14837:on 14 August 2011 14663:"About the Tower" 13922:, pp. 228–34 13829:978-0-470-74319-5 13611:, pp. 133–34 13599:, pp. 130–31 13532:, pp. 223–24 13520:, pp. 221–23 13378:Emporis: Sapphire 13169:borsaistanbul.com 13018:. OECD Publishing 12979:978-92-64-58785-4 12750:978-1-4422-4141-1 12725:978-1-61719-909-7 12700:978-965-226-099-4 12672:978-3-87997-077-3 12620:978-1-5381-0224-4 12590:. 10 January 2019 12446:multeciler.org.tr 12396:. 11 October 2018 12300:978-1-4985-7522-5 12277:, pp. 520–21 12261:978-0-684-82726-1 11795:, pp. 155–56 11774:on 2 January 2012 11730:on 29 August 2017 11702:, pp. 153–55 11553:978-0-691-12326-4 11528:978-1-78076-852-6 11424:978-0-8478-0615-7 11354:E.A. Wallis Budge 11152:978-0-415-32951-4 10570:www.infoclimat.fr 10542:Şen, Ömer Lütfi. 10055:. 5 December 2020 9974:978-1-56432-056-8 9940:978-0-7591-1477-7 9912:ethnic cleansing, 9768:. 6 October 2017. 9707:978-1-4042-1825-3 9584:978-0-12-785109-9 9558:, pp. 735–36 9542:978-1-59884-253-1 9504:978-0-14-312969-1 9476:978-1-78022-473-2 9452:, pp. 306–07 9362:. 5 November 2017 9247:, pp. 109–18 9114:, pp. 11–12. 8949:on 1 January 2017 8863:. 3 October 2008. 8607:978-92-64-04383-1 8596:. Policy Briefs. 8574:978-1-5381-0224-4 8498:, pp. 114–15 8436:. 3 October 2023. 8404:978-0-691-14369-9 8377:978-1-138-12566-7 8349:978-1-4058-8118-0 8298:. 7 December 2023 8239:. 6 February 2024 8036: 7695:low-cost carriers 7324:Trams in Istanbul 7305:bus rapid transit 7246:, traversing the 7035:Grand Post Office 6929:Istanbul's first 6685:Mostar (magazine) 6583:Armenian language 6381:Abdi İpekçi Arena 6371:, as well as the 6346:BJK İnönü Stadium 6322:COVID-19 pandemic 6101:Istanbul Biennial 6074:Hezarfen Airfield 5918:malls in Istanbul 5847:Shopping Area in 5803:Istanbul Biennial 5782:Mission Istaanbul 5629:Dolmabahçe Palace 5583:Istanbul Sapphire 5464:guarantee passage 5455:, with more than 5387:Istanbul had the 5383:on the Asian side 5336:Istanbul Province 5263:Mayor of Istanbul 5090:, members of the 4988: 4987: 4874:Kurds in Istanbul 4774:in Europe, after 4721: 4720: 4699: 4698: 4433: 4432: 4196:Mayor of Istanbul 4168:Istanbul Province 4009:in the background 3785:Battle of Plataea 3507:Dolmabahçe Palace 3421:Feridun Ahmed Bey 3399:Fethi Paşa Korusu 3213:Dolmabahçe Palace 3098:Lake Büyükçekmece 3050:low-emission zone 2872:Quercus coccifera 2768:urban heat island 2734: 2733: 2685:possible sunshine 2590:relative humidity 2153:Climate data for 1948:Geology of Turkey 1932:metropolitan area 1879:Şükrü Naili Pasha 1819:persona non grata 1808:(1919–1922), the 1795:Damat Ferid Pasha 1768:Armenian genocide 1737:Italo-Turkish War 1733:31 March incident 1415:Seville Cathedral 1353:Septimius Severus 1137: 1015:Names of Istanbul 987:most visited city 960:Ottoman Caliphate 942:(1261–1453), and 870:. In 330 CE, the 843:, straddling the 830: 829: 518: • Rank 441: • Body 431: • Type 171:business district 16:(Redirected from 25361: 25256: 25255: 25254: 25168: 25167: 25100:Ho Chi Minh City 24885: 24884: 24836: 24829: 24822: 24813: 24812: 24580: 24570: 24537: 24527: 24484: 24483: 24463: 24456: 24449: 24440: 24439: 24265: 24258: 24251: 24242: 24241: 24084:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto 24079:Ho Chi Minh City 23924: 23923: 23907: 23900: 23893: 23884: 23883: 23753:Zerrin Bölükbaşı 23673:Muzaffer Ertoran 23600: 23593: 23586: 23577: 23576: 23410: 23403: 23396: 23387: 23386: 23371: 23356: 23337: 23311: 23291: 23280:Esch-sur-Alzette 23271: 23256: 23241: 23226: 23211: 23196: 23181: 23166: 23151: 23136: 23121: 23101: 23086: 23071: 23056: 23046: 23036: 23021: 23006: 22991: 22976: 22926: 22916: 22906: 22896: 22886: 22876: 22866: 22856: 22846: 22836: 22826: 22816: 22803: 22793: 22783: 22773: 22754: 22747: 22740: 22731: 22730: 22715: 22714: 22703: 22702: 22691: 22690: 22679: 22678: 22667: 22472: 22471: 22357:Cities and towns 22338:Turkish language 22293:Turkish Airlines 22109:Electoral system 22072:Council of State 22025: 22024: 21959:Waste management 21889:Black Sea Region 21867: 21858: 21857: 21812:Turkic migration 21758:One-party period 21627:Sultanate of Rum 21573: 21572: 21558: 21557: 21546: 21539: 21532: 21523: 21522: 21507: 21506: 21496: 21495: 21494: 21470:Multiple regions 21366:Arslantepe Mound 21316:Central Anatolia 21241: 21234: 21227: 21218: 21217: 21169: 21168: 21138: 21137: 21097: 21096: 21046: 21045: 20985: 20984: 20963: 20956: 20949: 20940: 20939: 20926: 20582:Central Anatolia 20281: 20280: 20034: 20027: 20020: 20011: 20010: 19998: 19997: 19982: 19981: 19971: 19970: 19969: 19746:Western Armenian 19690: 19689: 19531: 19530: 19477:Bayezid II Hamam 19204: 19203: 19184:Taksim Gezi Park 19107:Küçüksu Pavilion 19102:Khedive's Palace 19097:Ihlamur Pavilion 19007: 19006: 18733:Rezan Has Museum 18641: 18640: 18617:Sancaklar Mosque 18518:Teşvikiye Mosque 18503:Nusretiye Mosque 18463: 18462: 18434:Prison of Anemas 18323:Caferağa Medrese 18305:Tophane Fountain 18194:Şerefiye Cistern 18189:Basilica Cistern 18161:Büyük Valide Han 18149: 18148: 17992: 17991: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17949: 17948: 17882: 17863: 17844: 17825: 17809: 17798: 17779: 17760: 17741: 17722: 17703: 17691: 17680: 17661: 17642: 17623: 17604: 17585: 17566: 17547: 17528: 17509: 17491: 17478:Istanbul, Turkey 17472: 17453: 17434: 17422: 17411: 17409: 17407: 17401: 17394: 17382: 17351: 17332: 17313: 17294: 17275: 17256: 17237: 17216: 17197: 17178: 17157: 17138: 17119: 17100: 17081: 17062: 17043: 17024: 17005: 16986: 16957: 16938: 16919: 16900: 16881: 16862: 16850: 16839: 16820: 16801: 16780: 16761: 16742: 16723: 16704: 16685: 16666: 16647: 16628: 16623: 16621: 16597: 16578: 16559: 16540: 16521: 16502: 16483: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16450: 16435: 16426: 16425: 16423: 16421: 16402: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16391: 16376: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16310: 16308: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16279: 16273: 16272: 16261: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16239: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16228: 16223:on 20 April 2012 16213: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16202: 16193:. Archived from 16182: 16173: 16172: 16170: 16168: 16163:on 15 April 2012 16153: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16142: 16130: 16124: 16123: 16117: 16109: 16107: 16105: 16094: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16083: 16068: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16057: 16042: 16036: 16035: 16028:"Orient Express" 16024: 16018: 16017: 16015: 16013: 15998: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15987: 15973: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15951: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15925: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15883:on 12 March 2019 15873: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15857:on 26 April 2013 15851:Economic Updates 15843: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15817: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15791: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15765: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15738: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15722:on 18 April 2014 15712: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15701: 15691: 15683: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15652: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15641: 15632:. Archived from 15630:climatetrace.org 15622: 15616: 15615: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15593: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15567: 15557: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15526: 15520: 15514: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15503: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15464: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15439: 15431: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15410: 15402: 15396: 15390: 15384: 15383:, pp. 52–53 15378: 15372: 15366: 15360: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15316: 15307: 15301: 15295: 15294: 15288: 15280: 15278: 15276: 15265: 15259: 15253: 15247: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15237:on 7 August 2011 15227: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15209: 15194: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15165: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15134: 15128: 15127:, pp. 33–34 15122: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15096: 15087: 15086: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15016: 15010: 15009: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14989: 14987: 14980:Gazete İlk Sayfa 14972: 14966: 14965: 14947: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14931: 14915: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14904: 14890: 14881: 14880: 14878: 14876: 14865: 14859: 14853: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14842: 14827: 14821: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14804: 14789: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14758: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14742:on 28 March 2018 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14711: 14703: 14690: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14659: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14633: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14622: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14589: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14578: 14567: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14556: 14541: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14520: 14512: 14506: 14505: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14468: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14417: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14369: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14306: 14301:on 26 April 2013 14291: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14280: 14274: 14266: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14249: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14204: 14189: 14183: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14163: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14152: 14141: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14130: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14093: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14067: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14033: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14007: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13981: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13970: 13955: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13929: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13891: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13848:, pp. 91–92 13843: 13834: 13833: 13811: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13774: 13769:on 17 April 2012 13759: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13681: 13675: 13674:, pp. 24–25 13669: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13658: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13583: 13568: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13542: 13533: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13458: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13421:. 6 January 2022 13411: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13386: 13380: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13361: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13336: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13325: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13291:. Archived from 13281: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13206: 13200: 13199: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13171:. Borsa Istanbul 13166: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13132: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13103: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13074: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13013: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12956: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12927:. Archived from 12917: 12911: 12910: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12820: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12686: 12677: 12676: 12658: 12647: 12642: 12636: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12560: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12501: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12466:. Archived from 12464:Konda İnteraktif 12456: 12450: 12449: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12422:. 20 August 2019 12412: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12386: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12253: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12213: 12205: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12115: 12108:data.tuik.gov.tr 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12080:. Archived from 12069: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12036: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11980:data.tuik.gov.tr 11972: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11928: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11802: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11764: 11755: 11749: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11729: 11718: 11709: 11703: 11697: 11688: 11687:, pp. 87–88 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11640: 11639:, pp. 42–48 11634: 11628: 11627:, pp. 43–49 11622: 11616: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11514: 11503: 11498: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11463: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11410: 11399: 11380: 11374: 11367: 11361: 11351: 11345: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11116:. Archived from 11105: 11099: 11098:, pp. 78–96 11093: 11087: 11081: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11061: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11018: 11012: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10774: 10768: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10749:on 22 July 2011. 10745:. Archived from 10735: 10729: 10722: 10716: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10705:on 22 July 2011. 10704: 10698:. Archived from 10697: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10672:Net Zero Tracker 10664: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10648:on 17 April 2019 10644:. Archived from 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10597:. 19 March 2018. 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10304: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9902: 9900: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9758: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9613: 9612:, pp. 87–89 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9588: 9568: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9524: 9509: 9508: 9490: 9481: 9480: 9462: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9202:on 5 August 2012 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9154: 9148: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9102:, pp. 8–10. 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8988: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8945:. Archived from 8933: 8927: 8926: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8774: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8704: 8698: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8672:, p. 352ff. 8667: 8661: 8655: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8623: 8612: 8611: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8560: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8424: 8409: 8408: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8178: 8162: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8115: 8106: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8024: 8019: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7963: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7902: 7896: 7871: 7829: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7748: 7738:Istanbul Airport 7734: 7716: 7708: 7700: 7669:Istanbul Airport 7654: 7650: 7615:Sirkeci Terminal 7603:Sirkeci Terminal 7579:Port of Istanbul 7565:Princes' Islands 7534: 7506: 7482: 7464: 7450: 7436: 7422: 7338: 7333:modern tram line 7265: 7264:400,000 vehicles 7248:Bosphorus Bridge 7169: 7153: 7137: 7103: 7094:Joint Commission 7087: 7083: 7079: 6996: 6992: 6955:sewage treatment 6948: 6840: 6831: 6635: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6574: 6566: 6542: 6432:Eczacıbaşı VitrA 6361:Sinan Erdem Dome 6234:Galatasaray S.K. 6189: 6178: 6167: 6156: 6013:Princes' Islands 5902:Istanbul Cevahir 5809:, alongside the 5620: 5603: 5594: 5549:Since 2023, the 5532:Bankalar Caddesi 5525:Bankalar Caddesi 5492: 5488: 5458: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5437:$ 128.34 billion 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5152: 4900: 4899: 4882:Greeks in Turkey 4812:Eastern Anatolia 4781: 4762: 4453: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4318: 4307: 4296: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4164:Princes' Islands 4044:imperial mosques 4007:Princes' Islands 3946:due to the blue 3942:is known as the 3907:Prison of Anemas 3887:Basilica Cistern 3875:Boukoleon Palace 3863:Hagios Theodoros 3814:(r. 1143–1180). 3722: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3668: 3666: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3614: 3600:Temple of Karnak 3582: 3578: 3575: 3562: 3559: 3486: 3456:Taksim Gezi Park 3357:Istanbul Airport 3085: 3083: 3082: 3068:, Alibeyköy and 3031:invasive species 2882:Submediterranean 2544: 2497: 2159:the main article 2150: 2149: 1891:Turkish Republic 1886: 1842:Bankalar Caddesi 1799:Treaty of Sèvres 1776:ethnic cleansing 1590:Social hierarchy 1519:"the Conqueror" 1492:Basilica Cistern 1490:The 6th century 1417:(1507) in Spain. 1406: 1372: 1351:against Emperor 1349:Pescennius Niger 1320:adjacent to the 1243: 1237: 1231: 1216:Turkish alphabet 1213: 1199: 1191: 1181: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1100: 1094: 1086: 1068: 1067: 1049: 1044: 1043: 992: 922: 917: 916: 911: 909:Constantinopolis 893: 888: 851:and the world's 748: 741: 706: 588: 577: 373: 371: 370: 358: 357: 355: 354: 353: 348: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 319: 318:Show map of Asia 305: 304: 298: 286: 272: 271: 265: 253: 239: 238: 232: 209: 182: 165: 151: 131: 117: 103: 85:, including the 79: 42: 41: 21: 18:Istanbul, Turkey 25369: 25368: 25364: 25363: 25362: 25360: 25359: 25358: 25274: 25273: 25272: 25267: 25266: 25261: 25252: 25250: 25239: 25208: 25187: 25159: 25124: 25078: 25057: 25031: 25005: 24964: 24876: 24845: 24840: 24810: 24805: 24581: 24575: 24571: 24538: 24532: 24528: 24477: 24476: 24470: 24467: 24437: 24432: 24274: 24269: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24228: 24171: 24170: 24113: 24112: 24047: 24046: 23989: 23988: 23917: 23911: 23881: 23876: 23863:Bediha Muvahhit 23772: 23718:Zühtü Müridoğlu 23661: 23635: 23609: 23604: 23574: 23569: 23417: 23414: 23384: 23379: 23369: 23354: 23335: 23309: 23289: 23269: 23255:2020-April 2021 23254: 23239: 23224: 23209: 23194: 23179: 23164: 23149: 23134: 23119: 23099: 23084: 23069: 23060:Luxembourg City 23054: 23044: 23034: 23019: 23004: 22989: 22974: 22924: 22914: 22904: 22894: 22884: 22880:Luxembourg City 22874: 22864: 22854: 22844: 22834: 22824: 22814: 22801: 22791: 22781: 22771: 22763: 22758: 22728: 22723: 22651: 22470: 22466:Women in Turkey 22434:Law enforcement 22388: 22384:Life expectancy 22350:Islam in Turkey 22304: 22193: 22155:National Police 22123: 22078: 22010: 22001:Turkish Riviera 21908: 21865: 21864: 21843: 21800: 21767: 21746:Language reform 21717: 21636: 21597: 21562: 21552: 21550: 21520: 21515: 21492: 21490: 21481: 21465: 21433: 21411: 21370: 21347: 21310: 21287: 21250: 21245: 21215: 21210: 21176:Bedrettin Dalan 21166: 21165: 21159: 21155:Abdullah Tırtıl 21135: 21134: 21128: 21094: 21093: 21087: 21043: 21042: 21036: 20982: 20981: 20975: 20967: 20937: 20932: 20916: 20850: 20793: 20743: 20696: 20631: 20576: 20513: 20481: 20420: 20357: 20315: 20295: 20275: 20266: 20265: 20254: 20048: 20038: 20003: 19995: 19990: 19967: 19965: 19952: 19874: 19791: 19675: 19661:Kuruçeşme Arena 19631:Cemal Reşit Rey 19592: 19516: 19507:Tahtakale Hamam 19482:Cağaloğlu Hamam 19469:Hammams (baths) 19463: 19394:Hesed Le Avraam 19321: 19302:İstiklal Avenue 19273: 19235: 19193: 19136: 19117:Maslak Pavilion 19043: 18992: 18953:Museum of Media 18914: 18905:Military Museum 18900:Aviation Museum 18886: 18813: 18767: 18748:SantralIstanbul 18688:İstanbul Modern 18658:Doğançay Museum 18626: 18603: 18575: 18546:Selimiye Mosque 18522: 18479: 18448: 18419:Mısır Apartment 18380: 18332: 18309: 18295:German Fountain 18271: 18208: 18175: 18134: 18101: 18043: 17981: 17976: 17942:Wayback Machine 17926:Wayback Machine 17902:Wayback Machine 17890: 17885: 17879: 17860: 17841: 17822: 17795: 17776: 17757: 17738: 17719: 17700: 17677: 17658: 17639: 17620: 17601: 17582: 17563: 17544: 17525: 17506: 17488: 17469: 17450: 17431: 17405: 17403: 17399: 17392: 17379: 17348: 17329: 17310: 17291: 17272: 17253: 17234: 17213: 17194: 17175: 17154: 17135: 17116: 17097: 17078: 17059: 17040: 17021: 17002: 16954: 16935: 16916: 16897: 16878: 16859: 16836: 16817: 16798: 16777: 16758: 16748:Medical Tourism 16739: 16720: 16701: 16682: 16663: 16644: 16619: 16617: 16615: 16594: 16575: 16556: 16537: 16518: 16499: 16480: 16463: 16458: 16448: 16446: 16437: 16436: 16429: 16419: 16417: 16404: 16403: 16399: 16389: 16387: 16378: 16377: 16373: 16363: 16361: 16351: 16347: 16337: 16335: 16324: 16320: 16306: 16304: 16295: 16294: 16290: 16281: 16280: 16276: 16271:. 6 April 2019. 16263: 16262: 16258: 16248: 16246: 16241: 16240: 16236: 16226: 16224: 16215: 16214: 16210: 16200: 16198: 16183: 16176: 16166: 16164: 16155: 16154: 16150: 16140: 16138: 16131: 16127: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16101: 16096: 16095: 16091: 16081: 16079: 16069: 16065: 16055: 16053: 16052:on 4 April 2012 16044: 16043: 16039: 16026: 16025: 16021: 16011: 16009: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15985: 15983: 15975: 15974: 15970: 15960: 15958: 15956:"Sehir Hatlari" 15954: 15952: 15948: 15938: 15936: 15927: 15926: 15922: 15912: 15910: 15901: 15900: 15896: 15886: 15884: 15875: 15874: 15870: 15860: 15858: 15845: 15844: 15840: 15830: 15828: 15821:"Ağ Haritaları" 15819: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15802: 15801:on 9 April 2014 15793: 15792: 15788: 15778: 15776: 15767: 15766: 15762: 15751: 15749: 15740: 15739: 15735: 15725: 15723: 15714: 15713: 15709: 15699: 15697: 15696:on 16 June 2012 15689: 15685: 15684: 15675: 15665: 15663: 15653: 15649: 15639: 15637: 15624: 15623: 15619: 15606: 15605: 15601: 15591: 15589: 15579: 15575: 15565: 15563: 15555: 15549: 15545: 15528: 15527: 15523: 15515: 15511: 15501: 15499: 15491: 15490: 15486: 15476: 15474: 15466: 15465: 15456: 15446: 15444: 15437: 15433: 15432: 15428: 15418: 15416: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15399: 15391: 15387: 15379: 15375: 15367: 15363: 15355: 15351: 15343: 15339: 15329: 15327: 15326:on 6 March 2016 15318: 15317: 15310: 15302: 15298: 15282: 15281: 15274: 15272: 15267: 15266: 15262: 15254: 15250: 15240: 15238: 15229: 15228: 15217: 15207: 15205: 15196: 15195: 15188: 15178: 15176: 15175:on 30 July 2012 15167: 15166: 15157: 15147: 15145: 15136: 15135: 15131: 15123: 15119: 15109: 15107: 15098: 15097: 15090: 15083: 15069: 15065: 15055: 15053: 15045: 15044: 15040: 15030: 15028: 15025:aydinlik.com.tr 15017: 15013: 15000: 14999: 14995: 14985: 14983: 14974: 14973: 14969: 14962: 14948: 14939: 14929: 14927: 14916: 14912: 14902: 14900: 14898:istanbul.gov.tr 14892: 14891: 14884: 14874: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14862: 14854: 14850: 14840: 14838: 14829: 14828: 14824: 14816: 14812: 14802: 14800: 14791: 14790: 14783: 14773: 14771: 14759: 14755: 14745: 14743: 14730: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14704: 14693: 14685: 14681: 14671: 14669: 14661: 14660: 14656: 14646: 14644: 14634: 14630: 14620: 14618: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14591: 14590: 14586: 14576: 14574: 14569: 14568: 14564: 14554: 14552: 14543: 14542: 14538: 14528: 14526: 14525:on 16 June 2012 14518: 14514: 14513: 14509: 14504:. 25 June 2021. 14496: 14495: 14491: 14481: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14465: 14455: 14453: 14445: 14444: 14440: 14430: 14428: 14418: 14414: 14404: 14402: 14392: 14388: 14378: 14376: 14371: 14370: 14366: 14356: 14354: 14345: 14344: 14340: 14330: 14328: 14319: 14318: 14314: 14304: 14302: 14293: 14292: 14288: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14267: 14263: 14253: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14228: 14226: 14216: 14212: 14202: 14200: 14191: 14190: 14186: 14176: 14174: 14171:The Independent 14165: 14164: 14160: 14150: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14138: 14128: 14126: 14117: 14116: 14112: 14102: 14100: 14095: 14094: 14090: 14080: 14078: 14069: 14068: 14061: 14051: 14049: 14035: 14034: 14030: 14020: 14018: 14017:on 29 June 2009 14009: 14008: 14004: 13994: 13992: 13983: 13982: 13978: 13968: 13966: 13956: 13952: 13942: 13940: 13930: 13926: 13918: 13914: 13904: 13902: 13892: 13888: 13880: 13876: 13868: 13864: 13856: 13852: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13812: 13808: 13798: 13796: 13786: 13782: 13772: 13770: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13746: 13744: 13734: 13730: 13720: 13718: 13708: 13704: 13694: 13692: 13683: 13682: 13678: 13670: 13666: 13656: 13654: 13643: 13639: 13631: 13627: 13619: 13615: 13607: 13603: 13595: 13591: 13581: 13579: 13569: 13565: 13555: 13553: 13544: 13543: 13536: 13528: 13524: 13516: 13512: 13504: 13500: 13492: 13488: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13459: 13455: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13424: 13422: 13413: 13412: 13408: 13398: 13396: 13388: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13372: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13348: 13346: 13338: 13337: 13333: 13323: 13321: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13268: 13266: 13258: 13257: 13253: 13243: 13241: 13233: 13232: 13228: 13218: 13216: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13188: 13184: 13174: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13155: 13145: 13143: 13140:heritage.bnf.fr 13134: 13133: 13126: 13116: 13114: 13105: 13104: 13097: 13087: 13085: 13075: 13068: 13060: 13056: 13046: 13044: 13036: 13035: 13031: 13021: 13019: 13011: 13007: 13006: 13002: 12992: 12990: 12980: 12958: 12957: 12944: 12934: 12932: 12925:secim.aa.com.tr 12919: 12918: 12914: 12899: 12895: 12885: 12883: 12881:Financial Times 12873: 12869: 12859: 12857: 12847: 12843: 12833: 12831: 12822: 12821: 12817: 12810: 12806: 12796: 12794: 12785: 12784: 12780: 12770: 12768: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12751: 12737: 12733: 12726: 12712: 12708: 12701: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12659: 12650: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12628: 12621: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12582: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12558: 12552: 12548: 12538: 12536: 12525: 12521: 12511: 12509: 12502: 12495: 12487: 12483: 12473: 12471: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12440: 12439: 12435: 12425: 12423: 12414: 12413: 12409: 12399: 12397: 12388: 12387: 12383: 12373: 12371: 12361: 12357: 12347: 12345: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12312: 12308: 12301: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12244: 12240: 12227: 12223: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12191: 12181: 12179: 12168: 12164: 12153: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12135:Financial Times 12127: 12123: 12113: 12111: 12102: 12101: 12097: 12087: 12085: 12070: 12066: 12058: 12054: 12044: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12015: 12013: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11985: 11983: 11974: 11973: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11921: 11917: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11893: 11891: 11886: 11885: 11881: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11830:on 15 July 2019 11822: 11815: 11813: 11812:on 12 July 2018 11804: 11803: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11777: 11775: 11766: 11765: 11758: 11750: 11743: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11716: 11710: 11706: 11698: 11691: 11683: 11679: 11671: 11667: 11659: 11655: 11647: 11643: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11605: 11603: 11602:on 1 April 2015 11590: 11589: 11585: 11577: 11573: 11565: 11561: 11554: 11540: 11536: 11529: 11521:. I.B. Tauris. 11515: 11506: 11499: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11473:. 8 April 2024. 11465: 11464: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11425: 11411: 11402: 11397:Wayback Machine 11381: 11377: 11368: 11364: 11352: 11348: 11336: 11332: 11324: 11307: 11299: 11295: 11285: 11283: 11274: 11273: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11209: 11207: 11197: 11193: 11183: 11181: 11171: 11167: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11106: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11082: 11075: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11053: 11045: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11019: 11015: 11007: 11003: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10942: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10910: 10906: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10883:. 1 March 2019. 10875: 10874: 10870: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10852: 10848: 10838: 10836: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10810: 10808:The Irish Times 10800: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10758: 10754: 10737: 10736: 10732: 10723: 10719: 10714: 10710: 10702: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10606: 10602: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10540: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10517:. 24 July 2018. 10509: 10508: 10504: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10473: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10436: 10434: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10321: 10317: 10306: 10305: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10285:. 28 March 2024 10277: 10276: 10272: 10262: 10260: 10250: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10218: 10217: 10213: 10203: 10201: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10126: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10058: 10056: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10029: 10027: 10026:. 4 August 2023 10018: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9925: 9921: 9898: 9896: 9869: 9865: 9855: 9853: 9845:Politico Europe 9836: 9832: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9680: 9676: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9585: 9569: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9525: 9512: 9505: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9463: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9391: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9356:"Deesis Mosaic" 9354: 9353: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9134: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9010: 9006: 8998: 8991: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8861:hurriyet.com.tr 8855: 8854: 8850: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8775: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8705: 8701: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8625: 8624: 8615: 8608: 8590: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8561: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8445: 8441: 8426: 8425: 8412: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8333: 8329: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8292:www.tuik.gov.tr 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8263:www.tuik.gov.tr 8257: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8233:www.tuik.gov.tr 8227: 8226: 8219: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8189: 8188:on 6 April 2020 8180: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8136:History section 8116: 8109: 8087: 8083: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8053: 8049: 8037: 8026: 8025: 8017: 8002: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7740: 7735: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7680:Atatürk Airport 7665: 7652: 7648: 7632:Baghdad Railway 7587: 7553:ferry operators 7549: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7507: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7474: 7470:station of the 7465: 7456: 7451: 7442: 7437: 7420: 7408:Marmaray Tunnel 7336: 7285: 7263: 7212: 7207: 7197:Roads in Turkey 7193: 7181:Main articles: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7127:at the Bosporus 7118: 7110:hair transplant 7101: 7098:medical tourism 7085: 7081: 7077: 6994: 6990: 6970:SantralIstanbul 6946: 6939:Valens Aqueduct 6927: 6917: 6911: 6909:Public services 6856: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6832: 6750:Istanbul Lisesi 6718:private schools 6698: 6692: 6687: 6680:there in 1999. 6633: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6540: 6503:Takvim-i Vekayi 6487: 6385:EuroBasket 2001 6294:track and field 6238:Fenerbahçe S.K. 6222: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6146: 6140: 6124:İstiklal Avenue 6020:Ottoman cuisine 5944:İstiklal Avenue 5890:Galleria Ataköy 5867:. The city has 5830:İstiklal Avenue 5823: 5811:Venice Biennale 5719:SantralIstanbul 5703:İstanbul Modern 5687:Osman Hamdi Bey 5645: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5621: 5601: 5592: 5490: 5489:of exports and 5486: 5456: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5433:$ 83.66 billion 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5362: 5356: 5291:Binali Yıldırım 5229: 5131:İstiklal Avenue 5028:Jamal Khashoggi 4990: 4989: 4981: 4968: 4953: 4938: 4923: 4896: 4866: 4860: 4779: 4760: 4716: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4096: 4088:Main articles: 4086: 3847:Hagia Theodosia 3812:Manuel Komnenos 3758: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3663: 3656:Lateran Obelisk 3626: 3611: 3580: 3576: 3561: 6500 BCE 3560: 3542:Genoese citadel 3531: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3487: 3365: 3327: 3266: 3229:Bosporus Bridge 3189:İstiklal Avenue 3134: 3129: 3119: 3114: 3106:marine mucilage 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3039: 2979:harbor porpoise 2926:Turkish Straits 2815:humid temperate 2788: 2786:Flora and fauna 2761: 2740: 2735: 2542: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2129:rain-snow mixes 2113:oceanic climate 2086: 2080: 2015: 2009: 1962:Bosporus Strait 1950: 1940: 1908:1942 wealth tax 1893: 1816:, was declared 1713:Austria-Hungary 1681:İstiklal Avenue 1617:Ottoman dynasty 1576:huge new palace 1529: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1373: 1362: 1334:Athenian League 1311:Pliny the Elder 1309:, mentioned by 1267: 1260: 1254: 1194:Ottoman Turkish 1176:Ottoman Turkish 1160: 1138: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1112:Ottoman Turkish 1089:Ottoman Turkish 1017: 1011: 990: 845:Bosporus Strait 764: 751: 746:istanbul.gov.tr 744: 737: 704: 672: 653: 623: 607: 586: 567: 525: 405:Provincial seat 368: 366: 351: 349: 345: 342: 337: 334: 332: 330: 329: 323: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 311: 310: 306: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 273: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 245: 244: 240: 218: 217: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 183: 174: 173: 172: 166: 158: 157: 152: 143: 142: 141: 135:İstiklal Avenue 132: 124: 123: 118: 110: 109: 104: 95: 94: 93: 80: 65: 52: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25367: 25357: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25314:Constantinople 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25269: 25268: 25263: 25262: 25248: 25245: 25244: 25241: 25240: 25238: 25237: 25232: 25227: 25222: 25216: 25214: 25210: 25209: 25207: 25206: 25201: 25195: 25193: 25189: 25188: 25186: 25185: 25180: 25178:Rio de Janeiro 25174: 25172: 25165: 25161: 25160: 25158: 25157: 25152: 25147: 25142: 25136: 25134: 25130: 25129: 25126: 25125: 25123: 25122: 25117: 25112: 25107: 25102: 25097: 25092: 25086: 25084: 25080: 25079: 25077: 25076: 25071: 25065: 25063: 25059: 25058: 25056: 25055: 25050: 25045: 25039: 25037: 25033: 25032: 25030: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25013: 25011: 25007: 25006: 25004: 25003: 24998: 24993: 24988: 24983: 24978: 24972: 24970: 24966: 24965: 24963: 24962: 24957: 24952: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24891: 24889: 24882: 24878: 24877: 24875: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24853: 24851: 24847: 24846: 24839: 24838: 24831: 24824: 24816: 24807: 24806: 24802: 24801: 24798: 24793: 24790: 24787: 24782: 24778: 24777: 24774: 24769: 24766: 24763: 24758: 24754: 24753: 24750: 24745: 24742: 24739: 24734: 24730: 24729: 24726: 24721: 24718: 24715: 24710: 24706: 24705: 24702: 24697: 24694: 24691: 24686: 24682: 24681: 24678: 24673: 24670: 24667: 24662: 24658: 24657: 24654: 24649: 24646: 24643: 24638: 24634: 24633: 24630: 24625: 24622: 24619: 24614: 24610: 24609: 24606: 24601: 24598: 24595: 24590: 24586: 24585: 24564: 24561: 24556: 24553: 24550: 24545: 24542: 24520: 24519: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24482: 24479: 24478: 24471: 24466: 24465: 24458: 24451: 24443: 24434: 24433: 24431: 24430: 24425: 24420: 24415: 24410: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24380: 24375: 24370: 24365: 24360: 24355: 24350: 24345: 24340: 24335: 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24279: 24276: 24275: 24268: 24267: 24260: 24253: 24245: 24236: 24235: 24231: 24230: 24227: 24226: 24221: 24216: 24211: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24191: 24186: 24181: 24175: 24174: 24172: 24169: 24168: 24163: 24158: 24153: 24148: 24143: 24138: 24133: 24131:Rio de Janeiro 24128: 24123: 24117: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24110: 24101: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24057: 24051: 24050: 24048: 24045: 24044: 24039: 24034: 24029: 24024: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23999: 23993: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23931: 23930: 23928: 23922: 23919: 23918: 23910: 23909: 23902: 23895: 23887: 23878: 23877: 23875: 23874: 23869: 23866: 23858: 23855: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23839: 23836: 23831: 23826: 23821: 23818: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23792:Güzel İstanbul 23788: 23780: 23778: 23774: 23773: 23771: 23770: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23725: 23720: 23715: 23710: 23705: 23700: 23698:Namık Denizhan 23695: 23693:Bihrat Mavitan 23690: 23685: 23680: 23675: 23669: 23667: 23663: 23662: 23660: 23659: 23654: 23652:Mustafa Aslıer 23649: 23643: 23641: 23637: 23636: 23634: 23633: 23628: 23623: 23617: 23615: 23611: 23610: 23603: 23602: 23595: 23588: 23580: 23571: 23570: 23568: 23567: 23561: 23555: 23549: 23543: 23537: 23531: 23525: 23519: 23513: 23507: 23501: 23495: 23489: 23483: 23477: 23471: 23465: 23459: 23453: 23447: 23441: 23435: 23429: 23422: 23419: 23418: 23413: 23412: 23405: 23398: 23390: 23381: 23380: 23378: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23338: 23333: 23326: 23319: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23267: 23262: 23257: 23252: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23132: 23127: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23102: 23097: 23092: 23087: 23082: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23022: 23017: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22967: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22768: 22765: 22764: 22757: 22756: 22749: 22742: 22734: 22725: 22724: 22722: 22721: 22709: 22697: 22685: 22673: 22660: 22657: 22656: 22653: 22652: 22650: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22623: 22622: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22586: 22585: 22583:Radio stations 22580: 22575: 22565: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22529: 22528: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22502: 22501: 22496: 22486: 22480: 22478: 22469: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22431: 22426: 22425: 22424: 22414: 22409: 22408: 22407: 22396: 22394: 22390: 22389: 22387: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22375: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22354: 22353: 22352: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22318:Turkish people 22314: 22312: 22306: 22305: 22303: 22302: 22301: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22283:Transportation 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22259: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22243: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22207: 22205: 22199: 22198: 22195: 22194: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22189: 22184: 22179: 22169: 22164: 22163: 22162: 22157: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22131: 22129: 22125: 22124: 22122: 22121: 22116: 22111: 22106: 22105: 22104: 22099: 22088: 22086: 22080: 22079: 22077: 22076: 22075: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22049: 22048: 22047: 22037: 22031: 22029: 22022: 22016: 22015: 22012: 22011: 22009: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21991:National parks 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21962: 21961: 21956: 21946: 21945: 21944: 21939: 21929: 21928: 21927: 21925:Climate change 21916: 21914: 21910: 21909: 21907: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21874:Marmara Region 21870: 21868: 21866:(west to east) 21855: 21849: 21848: 21845: 21844: 21842: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21820: 21819: 21808: 21806: 21802: 21801: 21799: 21798: 21793: 21792: 21791: 21781: 21779:Constitutional 21775: 21773: 21769: 21768: 21766: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21754: 21753: 21748: 21738: 21733: 21727: 21725: 21719: 21718: 21716: 21715: 21714: 21713: 21703: 21702: 21701: 21696: 21691: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21669: 21667:Transformation 21664: 21663: 21662: 21652: 21646: 21644: 21642:Ottoman Empire 21638: 21637: 21635: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21623: 21622: 21611: 21609: 21599: 21598: 21596: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21579: 21577: 21570: 21564: 21563: 21549: 21548: 21541: 21534: 21526: 21517: 21516: 21514: 21513: 21501: 21486: 21483: 21482: 21480: 21479: 21473: 21471: 21467: 21466: 21464: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21451:Hevsel Gardens 21443: 21441: 21435: 21434: 21432: 21431: 21421: 21419: 21413: 21412: 21410: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21393:Historic Areas 21390: 21380: 21378: 21372: 21371: 21369: 21368: 21363: 21357: 21355: 21349: 21348: 21346: 21345: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21320: 21318: 21312: 21311: 21309: 21308: 21303: 21297: 21295: 21289: 21288: 21286: 21285: 21280: 21271: 21266: 21260: 21258: 21252: 21251: 21244: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21221: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21208: 21206:Ekrem İmamoğlu 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21183: 21181:Nurettin Sözen 21178: 21172: 21170: 21167:(1984 to date) 21161: 21160: 21158: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21141: 21139: 21130: 21129: 21127: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21100: 21098: 21089: 21088: 21086: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21073:Kamuran Görgün 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21049: 21047: 21038: 21037: 21035: 21034: 21029: 21027:Ethem Yetkiner 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20988: 20986: 20977: 20976: 20966: 20965: 20958: 20951: 20943: 20934: 20933: 20925: 20922: 20921: 20918: 20917: 20915: 20914: 20909: 20902: 20897: 20890: 20885: 20878: 20871: 20866: 20860: 20858: 20852: 20851: 20849: 20848: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20803: 20801: 20795: 20794: 20792: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20759: 20753: 20751: 20745: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20734: 20729: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20706: 20704: 20702:East Black Sea 20698: 20697: 20695: 20694: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20641: 20639: 20637:West Black Sea 20633: 20632: 20630: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20592: 20586: 20584: 20578: 20577: 20575: 20574: 20569: 20562: 20555: 20550: 20543: 20538: 20531: 20523: 20521: 20515: 20514: 20512: 20511: 20504: 20499: 20491: 20489: 20483: 20482: 20480: 20479: 20474: 20467: 20460: 20453: 20448: 20441: 20436: 20430: 20428: 20422: 20421: 20419: 20418: 20413: 20406: 20399: 20394: 20387: 20380: 20373: 20371:Afyonkarahisar 20367: 20365: 20359: 20358: 20356: 20355: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20325: 20323: 20317: 20316: 20314: 20313: 20305: 20303: 20297: 20296: 20277: 20276: 20257: 20255: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20056: 20054: 20050: 20049: 20037: 20036: 20029: 20022: 20014: 20008: 20005: 20004: 19992: 19991: 19989: 19988: 19976: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19954: 19953: 19951: 19950: 19949: 19948: 19938: 19937: 19936: 19926: 19925: 19924: 19914: 19913: 19912: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19895: 19884: 19882: 19876: 19875: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19870: 19865: 19863:Phanar College 19860: 19858:Halki seminary 19850: 19849: 19848: 19838: 19837: 19836: 19826: 19825: 19824: 19814: 19813: 19812: 19801: 19799: 19793: 19792: 19790: 19789: 19788: 19787: 19782: 19772: 19771: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19731: 19721: 19720: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19698: 19696: 19687: 19681: 19680: 19677: 19676: 19674: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19602: 19600: 19594: 19593: 19591: 19590: 19588:Sugar Festival 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19539: 19537: 19528: 19518: 19517: 19515: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19473: 19471: 19465: 19464: 19462: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19335: 19333: 19327: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19283: 19281: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19245: 19243: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19212: 19210: 19201: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19154:Belgrad Forest 19150: 19148: 19142: 19141: 19138: 19137: 19135: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19053: 19051: 19045: 19044: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19034:Topkapı Palace 19031: 19026: 19024:Çırağan Palace 19021: 19015: 19013: 19004: 18998: 18997: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18990: 18988:Zoology Museum 18985: 18983:Railway Museum 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18924: 18922: 18916: 18915: 18913: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18896: 18894: 18888: 18887: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18842:Atatürk Museum 18839: 18834: 18829: 18823: 18821: 18815: 18814: 18812: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18775: 18773: 18769: 18768: 18766: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18649: 18647: 18638: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18625: 18624: 18622:Şakirin Mosque 18619: 18613: 18611: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18585: 18583: 18577: 18576: 18574: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18561:Çamlıca Mosque 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18541:Bayezid Mosque 18538: 18532: 18530: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18513:Ortaköy Mosque 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18489: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18471: 18469: 18460: 18454: 18453: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18390: 18388: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18366:Maiden's Tower 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18342: 18340: 18334: 18333: 18331: 18330: 18325: 18319: 18317: 18311: 18310: 18308: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18281: 18279: 18273: 18272: 18270: 18269: 18267:Walled Obelisk 18264: 18262:Serpent Column 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18218: 18216: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18185: 18183: 18177: 18176: 18174: 18173: 18168: 18166:Büyük Yeni Han 18163: 18157: 18155: 18146: 18140: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18111: 18109: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18097:Zoodochus Pege 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18053: 18051: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18000: 17998: 17989: 17983: 17982: 17975: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17952: 17946: 17945: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17889: 17888:External links 17886: 17884: 17883: 17877: 17864: 17858: 17845: 17839: 17826: 17820: 17799: 17793: 17780: 17774: 17761: 17755: 17742: 17736: 17723: 17717: 17704: 17698: 17681: 17675: 17662: 17656: 17643: 17637: 17624: 17618: 17605: 17599: 17586: 17580: 17567: 17561: 17548: 17542: 17529: 17523: 17510: 17504: 17492: 17486: 17473: 17467: 17454: 17448: 17435: 17429: 17412: 17383: 17377: 17364: 17355:Mansel, Philip 17352: 17346: 17333: 17327: 17314: 17308: 17295: 17289: 17276: 17270: 17257: 17251: 17238: 17232: 17217: 17211: 17198: 17192: 17179: 17173: 17158: 17152: 17139: 17133: 17120: 17114: 17101: 17095: 17082: 17076: 17063: 17057: 17044: 17038: 17025: 17019: 17006: 17000: 16987: 16975:10.2307/283503 16958: 16952: 16939: 16933: 16920: 16914: 16901: 16895: 16882: 16876: 16863: 16857: 16840: 16834: 16821: 16815: 16802: 16796: 16781: 16775: 16762: 16756: 16743: 16737: 16724: 16718: 16705: 16699: 16686: 16680: 16667: 16661: 16648: 16642: 16629: 16613: 16598: 16592: 16579: 16573: 16560: 16554: 16541: 16535: 16522: 16516: 16503: 16497: 16484: 16478: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16427: 16397: 16371: 16345: 16318: 16303:. 6 April 2019 16288: 16274: 16256: 16234: 16208: 16174: 16148: 16125: 16089: 16063: 16037: 16019: 15993: 15981:www.ido.com.tr 15968: 15946: 15920: 15894: 15868: 15838: 15812: 15786: 15760: 15733: 15707: 15673: 15647: 15617: 15612:Anadolu Agency 15599: 15573: 15543: 15521: 15509: 15484: 15454: 15426: 15397: 15385: 15373: 15371:, p. 198. 15361: 15359:, p. 197. 15349: 15337: 15308: 15296: 15260: 15248: 15215: 15186: 15155: 15129: 15117: 15088: 15081: 15063: 15038: 15011: 14993: 14967: 14960: 14937: 14910: 14882: 14869:"Chris Morris" 14860: 14848: 14822: 14810: 14799:on 9 June 2011 14781: 14753: 14723: 14691: 14679: 14654: 14628: 14617:on 4 June 2012 14602: 14584: 14562: 14551:on 7 July 2012 14545:"The Circuits" 14536: 14507: 14489: 14463: 14438: 14412: 14386: 14364: 14353:on 3 June 2013 14338: 14327:on 3 June 2013 14312: 14286: 14261: 14236: 14210: 14184: 14158: 14136: 14125:on 14 May 2016 14110: 14088: 14059: 14028: 14002: 13991:. 17 June 2016 13976: 13950: 13924: 13912: 13886: 13874: 13862: 13858:Taşan-Kok 2004 13850: 13835: 13828: 13806: 13780: 13754: 13728: 13702: 13676: 13664: 13637: 13625: 13613: 13601: 13589: 13563: 13534: 13522: 13510: 13508:, pp. 2–4 13498: 13486: 13474: 13453: 13432: 13406: 13381: 13370: 13356: 13331: 13306: 13295:on 16 May 2023 13276: 13251: 13226: 13201: 13196:Anadolu Agency 13182: 13153: 13124: 13095: 13066: 13064:, p. 112. 13054: 13029: 13000: 12978: 12942: 12931:on 14 May 2023 12912: 12893: 12867: 12841: 12830:. 2 April 2019 12815: 12804: 12778: 12756: 12749: 12731: 12724: 12706: 12699: 12678: 12671: 12648: 12637: 12626: 12619: 12601: 12575: 12546: 12519: 12508:. Ekathimerini 12493: 12481: 12451: 12433: 12407: 12381: 12355: 12344:. The Atlantic 12332: 12306: 12299: 12279: 12267: 12260: 12254:. Free Press. 12238: 12221: 12189: 12162: 12155:Murat, Sedat. 12147: 12121: 12095: 12064: 12052: 12023: 11993: 11964: 11952: 11940: 11915: 11901: 11879: 11867: 11850:"Organizasyon" 11841: 11797: 11785: 11756: 11741: 11704: 11689: 11685:Taşan-Kok 2004 11677: 11665: 11661:Taşan-Kok 2004 11653: 11641: 11629: 11617: 11583: 11571: 11559: 11552: 11534: 11527: 11504: 11488: 11476: 11455: 11430: 11423: 11400: 11375: 11362: 11346: 11330: 11305: 11293: 11267: 11255: 11243: 11217: 11191: 11165: 11151: 11131: 11100: 11088: 11086:, p. 281. 11073: 11051: 11049:, p. 105. 11039: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10963: 10935: 10904: 10901:. August 2020. 10886: 10868: 10846: 10820: 10794: 10769: 10752: 10730: 10717: 10708: 10684: 10659: 10633: 10620:(3): 1009–18. 10600: 10582: 10557: 10534: 10520: 10502: 10484: 10481:. 2 July 2017. 10466: 10444: 10419: 10389: 10384:www.birgun.net 10371: 10346: 10315: 10296: 10270: 10244: 10211: 10183: 10169: 10144: 10119: 10094: 10083:. 4 March 2022 10066: 10037: 10011: 9999: 9987: 9973: 9953: 9939: 9919: 9883:(2): 137–154. 9863: 9830: 9811:(1): 201–243. 9795: 9783: 9771: 9764:(in Turkish). 9750: 9725: 9713: 9706: 9686: 9674: 9669:Tarihi Olaylar 9656: 9641: 9629: 9614: 9602: 9590: 9583: 9560: 9548: 9541: 9510: 9503: 9482: 9475: 9454: 9442: 9433: 9421: 9409: 9397: 9385: 9373: 9347: 9335: 9333:, p. 340. 9323: 9311: 9299: 9292: 9274: 9267: 9249: 9237: 9225: 9213: 9182: 9170: 9155: 9140: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9004: 9002:, p. 199. 8989: 8972: 8960: 8928: 8919:Janin, Raymond 8910: 8884: 8866: 8848: 8796: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8710:Constantinople 8699: 8686: 8684:, p. 262. 8682:Necipoğlu 2010 8674: 8670:Georgacas 1947 8662: 8643: 8613: 8606: 8600:. March 2008. 8580: 8573: 8528: 8500: 8485: 8473: 8466: 8439: 8410: 8403: 8383: 8376: 8355: 8348: 8336:Wells, John C. 8327: 8309: 8279: 8265:(in Turkish). 8250: 8217: 8199: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8149: 8140: 8107: 8081: 8060: 8047: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7816: 7802: 7788: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7725:in that year. 7664: 7661: 7619:Orient Express 7607:Orient Express 7601:, the current 7586: 7583: 7536: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7508: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7477: 7475: 7472:Istanbul Metro 7466: 7459: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7356:Istanbul Metro 7339:each day. The 7303:lines, buses, 7284: 7281: 7277:Eurasia Tunnel 7240:devlet yollari 7211: 7208: 7187:Istanbul Metro 7171: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116:Transportation 7114: 6972:, part of the 6913:Main article: 6910: 6907: 6884:1982 amendment 6872:Koç University 6845: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6777:. Furthermore 6759:Robert College 6691: 6688: 6486: 6483: 6421:UEFA Euro 2016 6417:UEFA Euro 2012 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6136: 6116:Istanbul Pride 5964:, designed by 5822: 5819: 5654:houses on the 5641:Main article: 5638: 5635: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5514:Borsa Istanbul 5510:stock exchange 5469:Canal Istanbul 5358:Main article: 5355: 5352: 5255:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5245:Ekrem İmamoğlu 5228: 5225: 5208:Jews in Europe 5135:Beyoğlu (Pera) 5088:Greek Orthodox 4994:Turkish people 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4890:Jews in Turkey 4862:Main article: 4859: 4856: 4719: 4718: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4222:Main article: 4219: 4216: 4192:Ekrem İmamoğlu 4123:Islamic judges 4085: 4084:Administration 4082: 4052:Bayezid Mosque 3999:Topkapı Palace 3781:Persian Empire 3762:Serpent Column 3724: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3667: 379–395 3652:Circus Maximus 3623:Constantius II 3610:Thutmose III ( 3516: 3513: 3503:Topkapı Palace 3495:Sea of Marmara 3489: 3488: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3475:Belgrad Forest 3464:Taksim Stadium 3380:Çırağan Palace 3364: 3361: 3341:gentrification 3326: 3323: 3265: 3262: 3225:Ortaköy Mosque 3133: 3130: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3079: 3038: 3035: 2954:horse mackerel 2930:migrating fish 2922:(16 species). 2892:horse chestnut 2866:Quercus cerris 2795:Belgrad Forest 2787: 2784: 2764:Climate change 2739: 2738:Climate change 2736: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2638:sunshine hours 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2148: 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 2023:Sea of Marmara 2008: 2005: 1974:Sea of Marmara 1939: 1936: 1892: 1889: 1804:Following the 1760:Central Powers 1729:Abdul Hamid II 1625:last caliphate 1606:Seraglio Point 1560:Matrakçı Nasuh 1533:Ottoman Empire 1528: 1527:Ottoman Empire 1525: 1513:Constantine XI 1472:Fourth Crusade 1408: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1393:Topkapı Palace 1374: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1275:triumphal arch 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1148:Medieval Greek 1061:Constantinople 1013:Main article: 1010: 1007: 985:to become the 940:late Byzantine 904:Constantinople 866:settlers from 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 816: 815: 812: 808: 807: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 785: 782: 776: 775: 770: 766: 765: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 750: 749: 742: 734: 732: 728: 727: 718: 712: 711: 701: 694: 693: 690: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 671: 670: 667: 663: 661: 655: 654: 652:34000 to 34990 651: 649: 643: 642: 632: 626: 625: 620: 613: 612: 601: 590: 589: 579: 578: 564: 558: 557: 554: 550: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 531: 530: 519: 515: 514: 511: 500: 499: 495: 494: 491: 487: 486: 483: 479: 478: 475: 471: 470: 466: 465: 458:Ekrem İmamoğlu 455: 448: 447: 442: 438: 437: 432: 428: 427: 423: 422: 417: 413: 412: 406: 402: 401: 396: 390: 389: 384: 378: 377: 364: 360: 359: 325: 324: 314: 308: 307: 300: 299: 293: 292: 291: 290: 281: 275: 274: 267: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 248: 242: 241: 234: 233: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 202: 201: 194:Ortaköy Mosque 184: 177: 176: 175: 167: 160: 159: 155:Topkapı Palace 153: 146: 145: 144: 133: 126: 125: 119: 112: 111: 107:Maiden's Tower 105: 98: 97: 96: 81: 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 57: 54: 53: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25366: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25281: 25279: 25260: 25259: 25246: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25226: 25223: 25221: 25218: 25217: 25215: 25211: 25205: 25204:New York City 25202: 25200: 25197: 25196: 25194: 25190: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25175: 25173: 25169: 25166: 25162: 25156: 25153: 25151: 25148: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25137: 25135: 25131: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25098: 25096: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25087: 25085: 25081: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25067: 25066: 25064: 25060: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25040: 25038: 25034: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25020: 25018: 25015: 25014: 25012: 25010:Indonesia (3) 25008: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24982: 24979: 24977: 24974: 24973: 24971: 24967: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24892: 24890: 24886: 24883: 24879: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24854: 24852: 24848: 24844: 24837: 24832: 24830: 24825: 24823: 24818: 24817: 24814: 24799: 24797: 24794: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24780: 24779: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24767: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24756: 24755: 24751: 24749: 24746: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24732: 24731: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24719: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24708: 24707: 24703: 24701: 24698: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24684: 24683: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24671: 24668: 24666: 24663: 24660: 24659: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24647: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24636: 24635: 24631: 24629: 24626: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24612: 24611: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24588: 24587: 24584: 24579: 24574: 24569: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24485: 24480: 24474: 24464: 24459: 24457: 24452: 24450: 24445: 24444: 24441: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24368:Kahramanmaraş 24366: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24356: 24354: 24351: 24349: 24346: 24344: 24341: 24339: 24336: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24280: 24277: 24273: 24266: 24261: 24259: 24254: 24252: 24247: 24246: 24243: 24225: 24222: 24220: 24217: 24215: 24212: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24180: 24177: 24173: 24167: 24164: 24162: 24159: 24157: 24154: 24152: 24149: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24115: 24109: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24049: 24043: 24040: 24038: 24035: 24033: 24030: 24028: 24025: 24023: 24020: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23998: 23995: 23991: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23932: 23929: 23926: 23925: 23920: 23916: 23908: 23903: 23901: 23896: 23894: 23889: 23888: 23885: 23873: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23864: 23859: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23846: 23843: 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23825: 23822: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23803:Negative Form 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23793: 23789: 23787: 23786: 23782: 23781: 23779: 23775: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23758:Tamer Başoğlu 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23738:Mehmet Uyanık 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23703:Haluk Tezonar 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23674: 23671: 23670: 23668: 23664: 23658: 23657:Hüseyin Gezer 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23644: 23642: 23638: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23618: 23616: 23612: 23608: 23601: 23596: 23594: 23589: 23587: 23582: 23581: 23578: 23566: 23562: 23560: 23556: 23554: 23550: 23548: 23544: 23542: 23538: 23536: 23532: 23530: 23526: 23524: 23520: 23518: 23514: 23512: 23508: 23506: 23502: 23500: 23496: 23494: 23490: 23488: 23484: 23482: 23478: 23476: 23472: 23470: 23466: 23464: 23460: 23458: 23454: 23452: 23448: 23446: 23442: 23440: 23436: 23434: 23430: 23428: 23424: 23423: 23420: 23411: 23406: 23404: 23399: 23397: 23392: 23391: 23388: 23376: 23373: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23346: 23342: 23339: 23334: 23332: 23331: 23327: 23325: 23324: 23320: 23318: 23317: 23313: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23261: 23258: 23253: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23200:San Sebastián 23198: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23098: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23043: 23041: 23038: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22936: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22805: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22770: 22769: 22766: 22762: 22755: 22750: 22748: 22743: 22741: 22736: 22735: 22732: 22720: 22719: 22710: 22708: 22707: 22698: 22696: 22695: 22686: 22684: 22683: 22674: 22672: 22671: 22666: 22662: 22661: 22658: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22621: 22618: 22617: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22527: 22524: 22523: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22491: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22481: 22479: 22477: 22473: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22436: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22423: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22406: 22403: 22402: 22401: 22398: 22397: 22395: 22391: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22359: 22358: 22355: 22351: 22348: 22347: 22346: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22315: 22313: 22311: 22307: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22285: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22249: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22238: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22208: 22206: 22204: 22200: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22174: 22173: 22170: 22168: 22165: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22126: 22120: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22107: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22090: 22089: 22087: 22085: 22081: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22054: 22053: 22050: 22046: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22032: 22030: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22017: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21954:Air pollution 21952: 21951: 21950: 21947: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21934: 21933: 21930: 21926: 21923: 21922: 21921: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21911: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21879:Aegean Region 21877: 21875: 21872: 21871: 21869: 21863: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21850: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21824:Turkification 21822: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21813: 21810: 21809: 21807: 21803: 21797: 21794: 21790: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21776: 21774: 21770: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21743: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21726: 21724: 21720: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21707: 21704: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21686: 21685: 21682: 21678: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21661: 21658: 21657: 21656: 21655:Classical Age 21653: 21651: 21648: 21647: 21645: 21643: 21639: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21621: 21618: 21617: 21616: 21615:Seljuk Empire 21613: 21612: 21610: 21608: 21604: 21600: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21580: 21578: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21565: 21561: 21556: 21547: 21542: 21540: 21535: 21533: 21528: 21527: 21524: 21512: 21511: 21502: 21500: 21499: 21488: 21487: 21484: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21472: 21468: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21448: 21445: 21444: 21442: 21440: 21436: 21430: 21426: 21423: 21422: 21420: 21418: 21417:Mediterranean 21414: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21385: 21382: 21381: 21379: 21377: 21373: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21358: 21356: 21354: 21353:East Anatolia 21350: 21344: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21321: 21319: 21317: 21313: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21298: 21296: 21294: 21290: 21284: 21281: 21279: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21261: 21259: 21257: 21253: 21249: 21242: 21237: 21235: 21230: 21228: 21223: 21222: 21219: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21162: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21145:Hakkı Akansel 21143: 21142: 21140: 21131: 21125: 21124:Aytekin Kotil 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21090: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21050: 21048: 21039: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21022:Mümtaz Tarhan 21020: 21018: 21017:Kemal Hadımlı 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20989: 20987: 20978: 20974: 20971: 20964: 20959: 20957: 20952: 20950: 20945: 20944: 20941: 20929: 20923: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20907: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20895: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20883: 20879: 20877: 20876: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20861: 20859: 20857: 20853: 20847: 20846: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20829: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20804: 20802: 20800: 20796: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20779: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20754: 20752: 20750: 20746: 20740: 20739: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20727: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20707: 20705: 20703: 20699: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20677: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20642: 20640: 20638: 20634: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20597: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20587: 20585: 20583: 20579: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20567: 20563: 20561: 20560: 20559:Kahramanmaraş 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20548: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20536: 20532: 20530: 20529: 20525: 20524: 20522: 20520: 20519:Mediterranean 20516: 20510: 20509: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20497: 20493: 20492: 20490: 20488: 20487:West Anatolia 20484: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20472: 20468: 20466: 20465: 20461: 20459: 20458: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20446: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20427: 20423: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20407: 20405: 20404: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20392: 20388: 20386: 20385: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20368: 20366: 20364: 20360: 20354: 20353: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20331: 20327: 20326: 20324: 20322: 20318: 20312: 20311: 20307: 20306: 20304: 20302: 20298: 20294: 20293: 20289: 20282: 20278: 20270: 20261: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20160:Gaziosmanpaşa 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20057: 20055: 20051: 20047: 20043: 20035: 20030: 20028: 20023: 20021: 20016: 20015: 20012: 20006: 19999: 19987: 19986: 19977: 19975: 19974: 19963: 19962: 19959: 19947: 19944: 19943: 19942: 19939: 19935: 19932: 19931: 19930: 19927: 19923: 19920: 19919: 19918: 19915: 19911: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19903: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19889: 19886: 19885: 19883: 19881: 19877: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19855: 19854: 19851: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19842: 19839: 19835: 19832: 19831: 19830: 19827: 19823: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19815: 19811: 19808: 19807: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19800: 19798: 19794: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19773: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19725: 19722: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19703: 19700: 19699: 19697: 19695: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19682: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19599: 19595: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19540: 19538: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19523: 19519: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19470: 19466: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19409:Jewish Museum 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19336: 19334: 19332: 19328: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19312:Taksim Square 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19297:Bağdat Avenue 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19284: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19242: 19238: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19216:Arasta Bazaar 19214: 19213: 19211: 19209: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19196: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19151: 19149: 19147: 19143: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19082:Feriye Palace 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19054: 19052: 19050: 19046: 19040: 19039:Yıldız Palace 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19016: 19014: 19012: 19008: 19005: 19003: 18999: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18968:Postal Museum 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18925: 18923: 18921: 18917: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18837:Aşiyan Museum 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18824: 18822: 18820: 18816: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18779:Anadoluhisarı 18777: 18776: 18774: 18770: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18708:Mosaic Museum 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18698:İşbank Museum 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18650: 18648: 18646: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18633: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18610: 18606: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18586: 18584: 18582: 18578: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18529: 18525: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18508:Laleli Mosque 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18486: 18482: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18470: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18455: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18409:Galata Bridge 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18387: 18383: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18346:Beyazıt Tower 18344: 18343: 18341: 18339: 18335: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18316: 18312: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18282: 18280: 18278: 18274: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18232:Column of Leo 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18215: 18211: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18184: 18182: 18178: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18154: 18153:Caravanserais 18150: 18147: 18145: 18141: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18052: 18050: 18046: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17984: 17980: 17973: 17968: 17966: 17961: 17959: 17954: 17953: 17950: 17943: 17939: 17935: 17931: 17927: 17923: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17895: 17892: 17891: 17880: 17874: 17870: 17865: 17861: 17855: 17851: 17846: 17842: 17836: 17832: 17827: 17823: 17817: 17813: 17808: 17807: 17800: 17796: 17790: 17786: 17781: 17777: 17771: 17767: 17762: 17758: 17752: 17748: 17743: 17739: 17733: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17714: 17710: 17705: 17701: 17695: 17690: 17689: 17682: 17678: 17672: 17668: 17663: 17659: 17653: 17649: 17644: 17640: 17634: 17630: 17625: 17621: 17615: 17611: 17606: 17602: 17596: 17592: 17587: 17583: 17577: 17573: 17568: 17564: 17558: 17554: 17549: 17545: 17539: 17535: 17530: 17526: 17520: 17516: 17511: 17507: 17501: 17497: 17493: 17489: 17483: 17479: 17474: 17470: 17464: 17460: 17455: 17451: 17445: 17441: 17436: 17432: 17426: 17421: 17420: 17413: 17398: 17391: 17390: 17384: 17380: 17374: 17370: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17356: 17353: 17349: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17311: 17305: 17301: 17296: 17292: 17286: 17282: 17277: 17273: 17267: 17263: 17258: 17254: 17248: 17244: 17239: 17235: 17229: 17225: 17224: 17218: 17214: 17208: 17204: 17199: 17195: 17189: 17185: 17180: 17176: 17170: 17166: 17165: 17159: 17155: 17149: 17145: 17140: 17136: 17130: 17126: 17121: 17117: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17092: 17088: 17083: 17079: 17073: 17069: 17064: 17060: 17054: 17050: 17045: 17041: 17035: 17031: 17026: 17022: 17016: 17012: 17007: 17003: 16997: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16980: 16976: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16959: 16955: 16949: 16945: 16940: 16936: 16930: 16926: 16921: 16917: 16911: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16892: 16888: 16883: 16879: 16873: 16869: 16864: 16860: 16854: 16849: 16848: 16841: 16837: 16831: 16827: 16822: 16818: 16812: 16808: 16803: 16799: 16793: 16789: 16788: 16787:The Histories 16782: 16778: 16772: 16768: 16763: 16759: 16753: 16749: 16744: 16740: 16734: 16730: 16725: 16721: 16715: 16711: 16706: 16702: 16696: 16692: 16687: 16683: 16677: 16673: 16668: 16664: 16658: 16654: 16649: 16645: 16639: 16635: 16630: 16627: 16616: 16610: 16606: 16605: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16585: 16580: 16576: 16570: 16566: 16561: 16557: 16551: 16547: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16528: 16523: 16519: 16513: 16509: 16504: 16500: 16494: 16490: 16485: 16481: 16475: 16471: 16466: 16465: 16444: 16440: 16434: 16432: 16415: 16411: 16410:Today's Zaman 16407: 16401: 16385: 16381: 16375: 16360: 16356: 16349: 16333: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16302: 16298: 16292: 16284: 16278: 16270: 16266: 16260: 16244: 16238: 16222: 16218: 16212: 16196: 16192: 16191:Today's Zaman 16188: 16181: 16179: 16162: 16158: 16152: 16136: 16129: 16121: 16115: 16099: 16093: 16078: 16074: 16067: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16033: 16029: 16023: 16007: 16003: 15997: 15982: 15978: 15972: 15957: 15950: 15934: 15930: 15924: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15882: 15878: 15872: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15842: 15826: 15822: 15816: 15800: 15796: 15790: 15774: 15770: 15764: 15747: 15743: 15737: 15721: 15717: 15711: 15695: 15688: 15682: 15680: 15678: 15662: 15658: 15651: 15635: 15631: 15627: 15621: 15613: 15609: 15603: 15588: 15584: 15577: 15561: 15554: 15547: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15525: 15519:, p. 720 15518: 15513: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15443: 15436: 15430: 15414: 15407: 15401: 15394: 15389: 15382: 15377: 15370: 15365: 15358: 15353: 15346: 15341: 15325: 15321: 15315: 15313: 15306:, p. 230 15305: 15300: 15292: 15286: 15270: 15264: 15258:, p. 557 15257: 15252: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15220: 15203: 15199: 15193: 15191: 15174: 15170: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15143: 15139: 15133: 15126: 15121: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15093: 15084: 15078: 15074: 15067: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15026: 15022: 15015: 15007: 15003: 14997: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14963: 14957: 14953: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14925: 14921: 14918:Şafak, Yeni. 14914: 14899: 14895: 14889: 14887: 14870: 14864: 14858:, p. 184 14857: 14852: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14820:, p. 224 14819: 14814: 14798: 14794: 14793:"TRT – Radio" 14788: 14786: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14757: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14727: 14708: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14696: 14688: 14687:Brummett 2000 14683: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14643: 14639: 14632: 14616: 14612: 14606: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14572: 14566: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14524: 14517: 14511: 14503: 14499: 14493: 14478:. 14 May 2021 14477: 14473: 14467: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14427: 14423: 14416: 14401: 14397: 14390: 14374: 14368: 14352: 14348: 14342: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14300: 14296: 14290: 14271: 14265: 14246: 14240: 14225: 14221: 14214: 14198: 14194: 14188: 14173:. 24 May 2018 14172: 14168: 14162: 14146: 14140: 14124: 14120: 14114: 14098: 14092: 14076: 14072: 14066: 14064: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14032: 14016: 14012: 14006: 13990: 13986: 13980: 13965: 13961: 13954: 13939: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13916: 13901: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13878: 13872:, p. 429 13871: 13866: 13860:, p. 166 13859: 13854: 13847: 13842: 13840: 13831: 13825: 13822:(1). London. 13821: 13817: 13810: 13795: 13791: 13784: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13743: 13739: 13732: 13717: 13713: 13706: 13691:on 3 May 2011 13690: 13686: 13680: 13673: 13668: 13652: 13648: 13641: 13635:, p. 165 13634: 13629: 13623:, p. 146 13622: 13617: 13610: 13605: 13598: 13593: 13578: 13574: 13567: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13539: 13531: 13526: 13519: 13514: 13507: 13502: 13495: 13490: 13483: 13478: 13463: 13457: 13442: 13436: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13374: 13366: 13360: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13320: 13319:gapinsaat.com 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13265: 13261: 13255: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13215: 13211: 13205: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13170: 13163: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13129: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13100: 13084: 13080: 13073: 13071: 13063: 13058: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13017: 13010: 13004: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12955: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12947: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12882: 12878: 12871: 12856: 12852: 12845: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12813: 12808: 12793:. haaretz.com 12792: 12788: 12782: 12766: 12760: 12752: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12727: 12721: 12717: 12710: 12702: 12696: 12692: 12685: 12683: 12674: 12668: 12664: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12646: 12641: 12635: 12630: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12534: 12530: 12527:Turay, Anna. 12523: 12507: 12500: 12498: 12490: 12485: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12421: 12417: 12411: 12395: 12394:The Economist 12391: 12385: 12370: 12366: 12359: 12343: 12336: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12283: 12276: 12271: 12263: 12257: 12252: 12251: 12242: 12234: 12233: 12225: 12217: 12210: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12177: 12173: 12166: 12158: 12151: 12136: 12132: 12125: 12109: 12105: 12099: 12084:on 9 May 2013 12083: 12079: 12078:Today's Zaman 12075: 12068: 12062:, p. 224 12061: 12056: 12040: 12033: 12027: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11981: 11977: 11971: 11969: 11961: 11960:Chandler 1987 11956: 11950:, p. 113 11949: 11944: 11925: 11919: 11911: 11905: 11889: 11883: 11877:, p. 206 11876: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11829: 11825: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11794: 11789: 11773: 11769: 11763: 11761: 11754:, p. 156 11753: 11748: 11746: 11726: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11696: 11694: 11686: 11681: 11675:, p. 188 11674: 11669: 11662: 11657: 11651:, p. 145 11650: 11645: 11638: 11633: 11626: 11621: 11614: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11580: 11575: 11569:, p. 159 11568: 11563: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11530: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11502: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11486:, p. 283 11485: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11444: 11443:bluemosque.co 11440: 11439:"Blue Mosque" 11434: 11426: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11379: 11372: 11366: 11359: 11355: 11350: 11343: 11339: 11338:Labib Habachi 11334: 11327: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11303:, p. 212 11302: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11265:, p. 241 11264: 11259: 11253:, p. 247 11252: 11247: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11180: 11176: 11169: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11114:Today's Zaman 11111: 11104: 11097: 11092: 11085: 11080: 11078: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11048: 11043: 11028: 11024: 11017: 11011:, p. 127 11010: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10978:. 1 June 2021 10977: 10973: 10967: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10939: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10913:Harvey, Fiona 10908: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10856: 10850: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10809: 10805: 10802:Brady, Tara. 10798: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10727: 10721: 10712: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10647: 10643: 10637: 10628: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10545: 10538: 10530: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10454: 10448: 10433: 10432:www.nimbus.it 10429: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10360: 10359:www.nimbus.it 10356: 10350: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10310: 10309:Klimatoloji 2 10303: 10301: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10259: 10255: 10248: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10224:The Economist 10221: 10215: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10187: 10179: 10173: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10054: 10053:The Economist 10050: 10044: 10042: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9991: 9976: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9957: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9916: 9913: 9908: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9867: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9722: 9717: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9698: 9690: 9683: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9627:, p. 251 9626: 9621: 9619: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9586: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9567: 9565: 9557: 9552: 9544: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9487: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9459: 9451: 9446: 9437: 9431:, p. 71. 9430: 9425: 9419:, p. 38. 9418: 9413: 9406: 9401: 9395:, p. 47. 9394: 9389: 9382: 9377: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9308: 9303: 9295: 9293:9781444333619 9289: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9268:9781438106397 9264: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9235:, p. 226 9234: 9229: 9223:, p. 117 9222: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9180:, p. 171 9179: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9160: 9153:, p. 222 9152: 9147: 9145: 9138:, p. 212 9137: 9132: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9112:Limberis 1994 9108: 9101: 9096: 9090:, p. 22. 9089: 9084: 9078:, p. 20. 9077: 9072: 9066:, p. 88. 9065: 9064:De Souza 2003 9060: 9054:, p. 11. 9053: 9048: 9042:, p. 10. 9041: 9036: 9030:, p. 35. 9029: 9024: 9018:, p. 199 9017: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8996: 8994: 8987:, p. 288 8986: 8982: 8976: 8969: 8964: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8758:, p. 95. 8757: 8752: 8746:, p. 27. 8745: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8712: 8711: 8703: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8660:, p. 177 8659: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8587: 8585: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8483:, p. xv. 8482: 8477: 8469: 8467:0-19-504652-8 8463: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8187: 8183: 8182:"YETKİ ALANI" 8177: 8173: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8119:Chandler 1987 8114: 8112: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8051: 8043: 8029: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8006: 7997: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7942: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7817: 7814: 7813:Europe portal 7803: 7800: 7799:Cities portal 7789: 7786: 7785:Turkey portal 7775: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7753: 7747: 7742: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7636:Hejaz Railway 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557:Şehir Hatları 7554: 7543: 7542:deniz otobüsü 7540: 7533: 7522: 7521:Şehir Hatları 7518: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7487: 7481: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7444: 7441: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7334: 7331:and a faster 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7289:commuter rail 7280: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7168: 7158: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7126: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7078:137 hospitals 7074: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6995:120 megawatts 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6937:(such as the 6936: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6732:, and 14 are 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6714:7,437 schools 6707: 6702: 6697: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6495: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6455:Istanbul Park 6451: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6342:Vodafone Park 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230:Beşiktaş J.K. 6227: 6215: 6214:Vodafone Park 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6188: 6177: 6166: 6155: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120:Taksim Square 6117: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6076:in Istanbul. 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064:. The annual 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853:Bağdat Avenue 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5685:, founded by 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5536:4th Vakıf Han 5533: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5410: 5406: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5198:sent out the 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5167:Capitulations 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5098:. Greeks and 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077:Sunni Muslims 5074: 5070: 5069:non-believers 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706:Chandler 1987 4702: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4210:has been the 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194:has been the 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4028:Baghdad Kiosk 4025: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983:Anadoluhisarı 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Mosaic Museum 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3774:ancient Greek 3771: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3751:Balyan family 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3624: 3620: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3571: 3566: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3441:Ottoman Egypt 3438: 3437:Isma'il Pasha 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395:Yıldız Palace 3392: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3376:Yıldız Palace 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:urban renewal 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3193:Taksim Square 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132:European side 3128: 3124: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027:feral parrots 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2878:Mediterranean 2875: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861:red firethorn 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811:pseudo-maquis 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636:Mean monthly 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2422:precipitation 2418: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Mediterranean 1967: 1963: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1934:of Istanbul. 1933: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1920:Turkification 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778:, the city's 1777: 1773: 1772:Turkification 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703:in 1908, the 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:Cadde-i Kebir 1674: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:stained glass 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1508:Ottoman Turks 1505: 1497: 1494:was built by 1493: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1470:in 1025. The 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1360:Byzantine era 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346:Roman usurper 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1281:(present-day 1280: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1241:İstanbullular 1236: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1184:Evliya Çelebi 1177: 1172: 1166: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1131: 1125: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938:(1204–1261), 937: 933: 928: 926: 921: 920:eis tḕn Pólin 915:εἰς τὴν Πόλιν 910: 905: 901: 897: 892: 884: 883:Ancient Greek 880: 876: 873: 872:Roman emperor 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 794: 791: 787: 783: 781: 777: 774: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 747: 743: 740: 736: 735: 733: 729: 726: 722: 719: 717: 713: 710: 702: 699: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 679: 678:ISO 3166 code 675: 668: 665: 664: 662: 660: 656: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 631: 627: 621: 619: 616: • 614: 610: 606:4,564 billion 605: 602: 600: 596: 593: • 591: 584: 580: 575: 571: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 537: 534: • 532: 528: 523: 520: 516: 512: 510: 506: 503: • 501: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 463: 459: 456: 454: 451: • 449: 446: 443: 439: 436: 433: 429: 424: 421: 418: 414: 410: 407: 403: 400: 397: 395: 391: 388: 385: 383: 379: 376: 365: 361: 356: 328:Coordinates: 326: 297: 264: 231: 221: 216:OpenStreetMap 212: 208: 203: 195: 191: 187: 181: 170: 164: 156: 150: 140: 136: 130: 122: 116: 108: 102: 92: 88: 84: 78: 68: 64: 60: 55: 51: 43: 37: 33: 19: 25249: 25225:Buenos Aires 25139: 25110:Metro Manila 25104: 25062:Pakistan (2) 24862:Johannesburg 24547: 24529: 24342: 24093: 24060:Johannesburg 24042:Buenos Aires 23872:Kadın figürü 23871: 23861:In Honor of 23860: 23849: 23844: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23790: 23785:İşçi Heykeli 23783: 23748:Seyhun Topuz 23743:Nusret Suman 23688:Metin Haseki 23678:Gürdal Duyar 23620: 23614:Organisation 23492: 23328: 23321: 23314: 23109: 22900:Thessaloniki 22716: 22704: 22692: 22680: 22668: 22553:Illumination 22489:Architecture 22417:Human rights 22405:Universities 22361: 22323:Ethnic Kurds 22310:Demographics 22221:Construction 21508: 21489: 21461:Mount Nemrut 21456:Göbekli Tepe 21396: 21201:Mevlüt Uysal 21196:Kadir Topbaş 21114:Fahri Atabey 21058:Şefik Erensu 21007:Lütfi Kırdar 20992:Haydar Yuluğ 20972: 20904: 20892: 20880: 20873: 20843: 20826: 20776: 20736: 20724: 20674: 20594: 20564: 20557: 20545: 20533: 20526: 20506: 20494: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20443: 20426:East Marmara 20408: 20401: 20389: 20382: 20375: 20350: 20328: 20321:West Marmara 20309: 20308: 20285: 20185:Küçükçekmece 20125:Büyükçekmece 20085:Bahçelievler 20040:Istanbul in 19983: 19964: 19846:Apoyevmatini 19646:Naum Theatre 19444:Ohel Ya'akov 19307:Çiçek Pasajı 19269:Zorlu Center 19259:İstinye Park 19231:Spice Bazaar 19221:Grand Bazaar 19169:Gülhane Park 19164:Emirgan Park 18910:Naval Museum 18809:Yoros Castle 18794:Rumelihisarı 18361:Galata Tower 18077:Hagia Triada 18072:Hagia Sophia 18057:Chora Church 17978: 17868: 17849: 17830: 17805: 17784: 17765: 17746: 17727: 17708: 17687: 17666: 17647: 17628: 17609: 17590: 17571: 17552: 17533: 17514: 17495: 17477: 17458: 17439: 17418: 17404:. Retrieved 17397:the original 17388: 17368: 17358: 17337: 17318: 17299: 17280: 17261: 17242: 17222: 17202: 17183: 17163: 17143: 17124: 17105: 17086: 17067: 17048: 17029: 17010: 16991: 16966: 16962: 16943: 16924: 16905: 16886: 16867: 16846: 16825: 16806: 16786: 16766: 16747: 16728: 16709: 16690: 16671: 16652: 16633: 16625: 16618:. Retrieved 16603: 16583: 16564: 16545: 16526: 16507: 16488: 16469: 16461:Bibliography 16447:. Retrieved 16443:the original 16418:. Retrieved 16414:the original 16409: 16400: 16388:. Retrieved 16384:the original 16374: 16362:. Retrieved 16358: 16348: 16336:. Retrieved 16332:sabah.com.tr 16331: 16321: 16312: 16305:. Retrieved 16301:The Guardian 16300: 16291: 16277: 16268: 16259: 16247:. Retrieved 16237: 16225:. Retrieved 16221:the original 16211: 16199:. Retrieved 16195:the original 16190: 16165:. Retrieved 16161:the original 16151: 16139:. Retrieved 16128: 16102:. Retrieved 16092: 16082:28 September 16080:. Retrieved 16077:The Guardian 16076: 16066: 16054:. Retrieved 16050:the original 16040: 16022: 16010:. Retrieved 16006:the original 15996: 15984:. Retrieved 15980: 15971: 15959:. Retrieved 15949: 15937:. Retrieved 15933:the original 15923: 15911:. Retrieved 15907:the original 15897: 15885:. Retrieved 15881:the original 15871: 15859:. Retrieved 15855:the original 15850: 15841: 15829:. Retrieved 15825:the original 15815: 15803:. Retrieved 15799:the original 15789: 15777:. Retrieved 15773:the original 15763: 15750:. Retrieved 15746:the original 15736: 15724:. Retrieved 15720:the original 15710: 15698:. Retrieved 15694:the original 15664:. Retrieved 15660: 15650: 15638:. Retrieved 15634:the original 15629: 15620: 15602: 15590:. Retrieved 15587:The Guardian 15586: 15576: 15564:. Retrieved 15559: 15546: 15538:the original 15524: 15512: 15500:. Retrieved 15496: 15487: 15475:. Retrieved 15471: 15445:. Retrieved 15441: 15429: 15417:. Retrieved 15415:(in Turkish) 15412: 15400: 15395:, p. 63 15388: 15381:Connell 2010 15376: 15364: 15352: 15347:, p. 85 15340: 15328:. Retrieved 15324:the original 15299: 15273:. Retrieved 15263: 15251: 15239:. Retrieved 15235:the original 15206:. Retrieved 15202:the original 15177:. Retrieved 15173:the original 15146:. Retrieved 15142:the original 15132: 15120: 15108:. Retrieved 15104:the original 15072: 15066: 15054:. Retrieved 15050: 15041: 15029:. Retrieved 15027:(in Turkish) 15024: 15014: 15005: 14996: 14984:. Retrieved 14979: 14970: 14951: 14928:. Retrieved 14926:(in Turkish) 14923: 14913: 14901:. Retrieved 14897: 14873:. Retrieved 14863: 14851: 14839:. Retrieved 14835:the original 14825: 14813: 14801:. Retrieved 14797:the original 14772:. Retrieved 14766: 14756: 14744:. Retrieved 14740:the original 14735: 14726: 14714:. Retrieved 14682: 14670:. Retrieved 14666: 14657: 14645:. Retrieved 14641: 14631: 14619:. Retrieved 14615:the original 14605: 14587: 14575:. Retrieved 14565: 14553:. Retrieved 14549:the original 14539: 14527:. Retrieved 14523:the original 14510: 14502:formula1.com 14501: 14492: 14480:. Retrieved 14476:Formula1.com 14475: 14466: 14454:. Retrieved 14451:formula1.com 14450: 14441: 14429:. Retrieved 14426:The Guardian 14425: 14415: 14403:. Retrieved 14399: 14389: 14377:. Retrieved 14367: 14355:. Retrieved 14351:the original 14341: 14329:. Retrieved 14325:the original 14315: 14303:. Retrieved 14299:the original 14289: 14277:. Retrieved 14264: 14252:. Retrieved 14239: 14227:. Retrieved 14223: 14213: 14201:. Retrieved 14197:the original 14187: 14175:. Retrieved 14170: 14161: 14149:. Retrieved 14139: 14127:. Retrieved 14123:the original 14113: 14101:. Retrieved 14091: 14079:. Retrieved 14075:the original 14050:. Retrieved 14040: 14031: 14019:. Retrieved 14015:the original 14005: 13993:. Retrieved 13988: 13979: 13967:. Retrieved 13963: 13953: 13941:. Retrieved 13937: 13927: 13915: 13903:. Retrieved 13899: 13889: 13884:, p. 34 13877: 13865: 13853: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13797:. Retrieved 13794:The Guardian 13793: 13783: 13771:. Retrieved 13767:the original 13757: 13745:. Retrieved 13741: 13731: 13719:. Retrieved 13716:The Guardian 13715: 13705: 13693:. Retrieved 13689:the original 13679: 13667: 13655:. Retrieved 13651:the original 13640: 13628: 13616: 13604: 13592: 13580:. Retrieved 13576: 13566: 13554:. Retrieved 13550:the original 13525: 13513: 13501: 13496:, p. 88 13494:Reisman 2006 13489: 13477: 13465:. Retrieved 13456: 13444:. Retrieved 13435: 13423:. Retrieved 13418: 13409: 13397:. Retrieved 13393: 13384: 13373: 13359: 13347:. Retrieved 13343: 13334: 13322:. Retrieved 13318: 13309: 13297:. Retrieved 13293:the original 13289:limak.com.tr 13288: 13279: 13267:. Retrieved 13263: 13254: 13242:. Retrieved 13238: 13229: 13217:. Retrieved 13213: 13204: 13185: 13173:. Retrieved 13168: 13156: 13144:. Retrieved 13139: 13115:. Retrieved 13110: 13086:. Retrieved 13083:The Guardian 13082: 13057: 13045:. Retrieved 13041: 13032: 13020:. Retrieved 13015: 13003: 12991:. Retrieved 12960: 12933:. Retrieved 12929:the original 12924: 12921:"Seçim 2024" 12915: 12906: 12896: 12884:. Retrieved 12880: 12870: 12858:. Retrieved 12855:The Atlantic 12854: 12844: 12832:. Retrieved 12827: 12818: 12807: 12795:. Retrieved 12790: 12781: 12769:. Retrieved 12759: 12740: 12734: 12715: 12709: 12690: 12662: 12640: 12629: 12610: 12604: 12592:. Retrieved 12587: 12578: 12566:. Retrieved 12562: 12549: 12537:. Retrieved 12533:the original 12522: 12510:. Retrieved 12491:, p. 38 12484: 12474:22 September 12472:. Retrieved 12468:the original 12463: 12454: 12445: 12436: 12424:. Retrieved 12419: 12410: 12398:. Retrieved 12393: 12384: 12372:. Retrieved 12368: 12358: 12346:. Retrieved 12335: 12323:. Retrieved 12320:The Guardian 12319: 12309: 12289: 12282: 12270: 12249: 12241: 12231: 12224: 12215: 12182:22 September 12180:. Retrieved 12178:(in Turkish) 12175: 12165: 12150: 12138:. Retrieved 12134: 12124: 12112:. Retrieved 12107: 12098: 12086:. Retrieved 12082:the original 12077: 12067: 12055: 12043:. Retrieved 12038: 12026: 12016:20 September 12014:. Retrieved 12010:the original 12005: 11996: 11984:. Retrieved 11979: 11955: 11943: 11931:. Retrieved 11918: 11904: 11892:. Retrieved 11882: 11870: 11858:. Retrieved 11854:the original 11844: 11832:. Retrieved 11828:the original 11814:. Retrieved 11810:the original 11800: 11788: 11776:. Retrieved 11772:the original 11732:. Retrieved 11725:the original 11720: 11707: 11680: 11668: 11663:, p. 87 11656: 11644: 11632: 11620: 11611: 11604:. Retrieved 11600:the original 11595: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11543: 11537: 11518: 11479: 11446:. Retrieved 11442: 11433: 11414: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11370: 11365: 11357: 11349: 11341: 11333: 11296: 11284:. Retrieved 11280:the original 11270: 11258: 11246: 11234:. Retrieved 11229: 11220: 11208:. Retrieved 11205:The Guardian 11204: 11194: 11182:. Retrieved 11178: 11168: 11156:. Retrieved 11141: 11134: 11122:. Retrieved 11118:the original 11113: 11103: 11091: 11042: 11030:. Retrieved 11026: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10980:. Retrieved 10975: 10966: 10954:. Retrieved 10949:Gazete Duvar 10947: 10938: 10926:. Retrieved 10922:The Guardian 10920: 10907: 10889: 10880: 10871: 10861:28 September 10859:. Retrieved 10849: 10837:. Retrieved 10835:(in Turkish) 10832: 10823: 10811:. Retrieved 10807: 10797: 10785:. Retrieved 10781: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10747:the original 10742: 10733: 10720: 10711: 10700:the original 10687: 10675:. Retrieved 10671: 10662: 10650:. Retrieved 10646:the original 10636: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10594: 10585: 10573:. Retrieved 10569: 10560: 10550:27 September 10548:. Retrieved 10537: 10523: 10514: 10505: 10496: 10487: 10478: 10469: 10457:. Retrieved 10447: 10435:. Retrieved 10431: 10422: 10410:. Retrieved 10406:the original 10401: 10392: 10383: 10374: 10362:. Retrieved 10358: 10349: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10308: 10287:. Retrieved 10282: 10273: 10261:. Retrieved 10258:EFE Noticias 10257: 10247: 10235:. Retrieved 10223: 10214: 10202:. Retrieved 10197:Gazete Duvar 10195: 10186: 10172: 10160:. Retrieved 10156: 10147: 10135:. Retrieved 10131: 10122: 10110:. Retrieved 10106: 10097: 10085:. Retrieved 10078: 10069: 10057:. Retrieved 10052: 10028:. Retrieved 10023: 10014: 10002: 9990: 9978:. Retrieved 9963: 9956: 9944:. Retrieved 9929: 9922: 9911: 9906: 9904: 9897:. Retrieved 9880: 9876: 9866: 9854:. Retrieved 9843: 9833: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9793:, p. 39 9786: 9781:, p. 50 9774: 9741:. Retrieved 9737: 9728: 9716: 9696: 9689: 9684:, p. 31 9677: 9668: 9659: 9650: 9644: 9632: 9605: 9593: 9573: 9551: 9528: 9494: 9466: 9445: 9436: 9424: 9412: 9405:Gregory 2010 9400: 9388: 9381:Reinert 2002 9376: 9364:. Retrieved 9360:Hagia Sophia 9359: 9350: 9343:Gregory 2010 9338: 9331:Gregory 2010 9326: 9319:Gregory 2010 9314: 9307:Gregory 2010 9302: 9283: 9277: 9258: 9252: 9240: 9228: 9216: 9204:. Retrieved 9200:the original 9195: 9185: 9173: 9168:, p. 63 9166:Gregory 2010 9131: 9126:, p. 77 9119: 9107: 9095: 9083: 9071: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9023: 9012:Roebuck 1959 9007: 8980: 8975: 8970:, p. 1. 8963: 8951:. Retrieved 8947:the original 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8901:. Retrieved 8897:the original 8887: 8878: 8869: 8860: 8851: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8787:. Retrieved 8782: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8715:. Retrieved 8709: 8702: 8694: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8634:. Retrieved 8630: 8592: 8564: 8519:. Retrieved 8512: 8503: 8476: 8455: 8448:Mango, Cyril 8442: 8431: 8393: 8386: 8367: 8364:Upton, Clive 8358: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8300:. Retrieved 8291: 8282: 8270:. Retrieved 8262: 8253: 8241:. Retrieved 8232: 8211: 8202: 8190:. Retrieved 8186:the original 8176: 8152: 8143: 8084: 8063: 8050: 7900: 7893: 7869: 7715:61.3 million 7711: 7707:20.6 percent 7699:14.7 million 7689: 7677: 7666: 7649:15,000 buses 7623:Thessaloniki 7612: 7568: 7560: 7550: 7541: 7519:operated by 7514: 7510: 7353: 7316:Istanbulkart 7286: 7239: 7213: 7075: 7071:Türk Telekom 7052: 7012:Samuel Morse 7008:Abdülmecid I 7004: 6991:23 megawatts 6979: 6931:water supply 6928: 6892: 6874:in Sarıyer, 6857: 6799: 6791:high schools 6711: 6638: 6605: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6576: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6502: 6499: 6452: 6436:Vakıfbank SK 6425: 6358: 6279: 6271:Büyükçekmece 6247:Anadolu Efes 6226:sports clubs 6223: 6113: 6090: 6047: 6028: 6017: 6010: 5979: 5962:Zorlu Center 5951: 5948:Çiçek Pasajı 5941: 5934:is the main 5914:İstinye Park 5910:Zorlu Center 5888: 5884:Spice Bazaar 5876:Grand Bazaar 5873: 5835: 5787: 5780: 5779:(1999), and 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5739: 5692: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5606: 5602:$ 30 million 5593:13.4 million 5591: 5548: 5538:building in 5529: 5507: 5499: 5491:92.7 percent 5487:73.9 percent 5484: 5449: 5407:adjusted by 5399:of GDP, and 5386: 5329: 5318: 5303: 5276: 5230: 5212:Ottoman Jews 5200:Ottoman Navy 5192: 5142: 5140: 5094:or Catholic 5085: 5065: 5014: 4998: 4991: 4800: 4796: 4794:and Ankara. 4765: 4754: 4746:largest city 4722: 4254:Pre-Republic 4244: 4218:Demographics 4204: 4200:27 June 2019 4184: 4176: 4172: 4144: 4130: 4127:Grand Vizier 4118: 4116: 4112:39 districts 4097: 4063: 4048:Fatih Mosque 4041: 4016:neoclassical 4012: 3987:Rumelihisarı 3976: 3965: 3956:Thutmose III 3943: 3923: 3823:Chora Church 3816: 3793: 3769: 3759: 3670: 3659: 3645: 3641: 3592:Thutmose III 3585: 3570:Chalcolithic 3551: 3547: 3538:Galata Tower 3515:Architecture 3472: 3449: 3432: 3413: 3410:Emirgan Park 3403: 3387:Gülhane Park 3384: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3293: 3283: 3255: 3232: 3211: 3203: 3181:Galata Tower 3164: 3160: 3150: 3102:Küçükçekmece 3090:Algal blooms 3088: 3040: 3019:sokak kedisi 3018: 3007:stray animal 3004: 2982: 2974: 2966: 2924: 2908:acclimatized 2902:make up the 2886: 2870: 2864: 2850: 2804: 2762: 2747:Müze Gazhane 2424:mm (inches) 2137: 2125: 2121: 2102: 2060: 2021:, under the 2016: 1998: 1959: 1928: 1905: 1894: 1871: 1850:Ottoman Bank 1846:Banks Street 1845: 1825: 1817: 1803: 1753: 1749:Three Pashas 1717:annex Bosnia 1698: 1659: 1653: 1614: 1610:Galata Tower 1600:View of the 1588: 1584:Grand Bazaar 1564: 1544:Kayser-i Rûm 1542: 1536: 1530: 1501: 1476:Latin Empire 1465: 1441:Hagia Sophia 1437: 1433:Theodosius I 1426: 1423: 1411:Hagia Sophia 1383:in 532, the 1342:Roman Empire 1315: 1306: 1288: 1245: 1204:. In modern 1103: 1084:Ḳosṭanṭīnīye 1066:Constantinus 1030: 1028: 972: 934:(330–1204), 929: 857: 837:largest city 832: 831: 739:ibb.istanbul 566:Istanbulite 398: 121:Galata Tower 91:Hagia Sophia 49: 36: 25319:Holy cities 25235:Mexico City 25199:Los Angeles 25164:America (8) 24108:Brazzaville 24055:Los Angeles 23984:Mexico City 23913:World's 50 23850:Mimar Sinan 23768:Kamil Sonad 23763:Kuzgun Acar 23733:Yavuz Görey 23683:Ferit Özşen 23341:Nova Gorica 22706:WikiProject 22637:Video games 22429:Individuals 22422:LGBT rights 22412:Health care 22379:Immigration 22160:Gendarmerie 22119:Referendums 22035:Legislative 21932:Earthquakes 21817:Oghuz Turks 21706:Dissolution 21388:Cumalıkızık 21264:Aphrodisias 21150:Ecmel Kutay 21119:Ahmet İsvan 21109:Faruk Ilgaz 21104:Haşim İşcan 21083:Necdet Uğur 21068:Kadri İlkay 21063:Turan Ertuğ 21053:Refik Tulga 21032:Kemal Aygün 20930:are bolded. 20250:Zeytinburnu 20225:Sultanbeyli 19636:Hagia Irene 19439:Neve Shalom 19424:Kemerburgaz 19384:Caddebostan 19189:Yıldız Park 19127:Tiled Kiosk 19112:Malta Kiosk 18789:Riva Castle 18728:Pera Museum 18589:Arap Mosque 18556:Blue Mosque 18551:Eyüp Sultan 18467:Art Nouveau 18067:Hagia Irene 16326:Ay, Hasan. 15887:18 November 15640:18 December 15497:Google Maps 14856:Norris 2010 14774:21 February 14746:25 December 14672:11 November 13882:Keyder 1999 13870:Freely 2011 13672:Köksal 2012 13484:, p. 8 13349:22 November 12886:14 December 12860:14 December 12588:Daily Sabah 12400:11 December 12374:11 December 12348:11 December 12325:11 December 12140:12 December 12114:12 December 11986:12 December 11948:Morris 2010 11933:24 December 11912:. Statista. 11860:21 December 11834:20 November 11824:"The Mayor" 11806:"The Mayor" 11778:21 December 11606:30 November 11501:Freely 2011 11484:Freely 2000 11263:Taylor 2007 11124:20 December 11096:Karpat 1976 10677:11 November 10515:Daily Sabah 10479:Daily Sabah 10412:13 December 10107:www.eskp.de 10059:14 December 9995:Keyder 1999 9856:6 September 9779:Landau 1984 9625:Harter 2005 9393:Baynes 1949 9245:Morris 2010 9233:Cantor 1994 9221:Dahmus 1995 9151:Barnes 1981 9136:Barnes 1981 9124:Barnes 1981 9088:Freely 1996 9076:Freely 1996 9040:Freely 1996 9028:Lister 1979 8783:www.bbc.com 8756:Keyder 1999 8732:Finkel 2005 8521:12 December 8212:Hava Forumu 8123:Morris 2010 7840:Caput Mundi 7827:Asia portal 7609:from Paris. 7421:2.2 million 7313:contactless 7106:eye surgery 7024:Crimean War 6968:, known as 6905:is French. 6552:Daily Sabah 6316:(2020) and 6263:Galatasaray 6255:Darüşşafaka 6204:Nef Stadium 6070:Rock'n Coke 6045:districts. 5972:, includes 5936:opera house 5755:(2002) and 5707:Pera Museum 5575:Nef Stadium 5512:in Turkey, 5457:200 million 5425:110 percent 5334:in Turkey. 5325:Murat Kurum 5056:Mimar Sinan 5020:Arab Spring 4780:1.5 percent 4710:Morris 2010 4329:150–300,000 4310:125–500,000 4299:150–350,000 4078:Art Nouveau 4060:Yeni Mosque 4005:, with the 4003:Golden Horn 3948:İznik tiles 3944:Blue Mosque 3926:Christendom 3915:Porta Aurea 3819:Hagia Irene 3642:ventennalia 3577: 5500 3391:Yıldız Park 3372:Yıldız Park 3319:edge cities 3175:citadel of 3169:Golden Horn 3147:of Istanbul 3066:Mecidiyeköy 3054:air quality 2992:overfishing 2776:Xeriscaping 2119:, however. 2007:Earthquakes 1994:Caddebostan 1756:World War I 1741:Balkan Wars 1645:calligraphy 1633:Mimar Sinan 1602:Golden Horn 1580:the old one 1457:Middle Ages 1445:Justinian I 1385:Hagia Irene 1377:Justinian I 1322:Golden Horn 1283:Çemberlitaş 1246:Istanbulite 799:Inscription 647:Postal code 611:276 billion 350: / 87:Blue Mosque 25278:Categories 25171:Brazil (2) 25133:Europe (4) 24888:China (14) 24850:Africa (4) 24843:Megacities 24800:1,127,612 24776:1,161,702 24752:1,167,059 24728:1,273,519 24704:1,377,546 24680:1,445,683 24656:1,475,716 24632:1,544,640 24608:1,818,133 24604:Diyarbakır 24563:1,938,389 24552:15,655,924 24318:Diyarbakır 23777:Sculptures 23728:Füsun Onur 23647:Şadi Çalık 23457:Copenhagen 23235:Leeuwarden 22890:Copenhagen 22578:Newspapers 22563:Literature 22543:Folk dance 22444:Corruption 22328:Minorities 22256:Renewables 22211:Automotive 22020:Government 21751:Secularism 21343:Cappadocia 21324:Çatalhöyük 21306:Safranbolu 21274:Hierapolis 21078:Niyazi Akı 20997:Emin Erkul 20875:Diyarbakır 20346:Kırklareli 20230:Sultangazi 20200:Sancaktepe 20150:Eyüpsultan 20115:Beylikdüzü 20100:Bayrampaşa 20095:Başakşehir 20065:Arnavutköy 19929:Newspapers 19888:Cemeteries 19841:Newspapers 19805:Cemeteries 19753:Newspapers 19702:Cemeteries 19685:Minorities 19389:Haydarpaşa 19364:Bet Nissim 19359:Bet Israel 19354:Bet Avraam 19331:Synagogues 19174:Maçka Park 18784:Edirnekapı 18566:New Mosque 18414:Hippodrome 18386:Miscellany 18171:Kürkçü Han 16969:: 347–67. 15929:"Metrobus" 15472:Kgm.gov.tr 15442:Kgm.gov.tr 15413:Kgm.gov.tr 15345:Sanal 2011 15006:bianet.org 14924:Yeni Şafak 13995:27 January 13989:Al Monitor 13467:2 December 13446:2 December 13425:22 January 13399:1 December 13344:aremas.net 13214:ifm.gov.tr 13175:2 December 13146:2 December 13117:2 December 13088:2 December 13047:1 December 13042:World Bank 13022:2 December 12993:1 December 12568:1 December 12512:1 December 12489:Çelik 1993 12426:28 January 12176:Yeni Şafak 12060:Turan 2010 11637:Çelik 1993 11613:province.) 11579:Çelik 1993 11567:Çelik 1993 11009:Çelik 1993 10997:Çelik 1993 10833:birgun.net 10459:16 January 10402:mgm.gov.tr 10087:9 February 9899:11 October 9743:31 January 9682:Çelik 1993 9610:Çelik 1993 9417:Béhar 1999 9366:31 January 9100:Grant 1996 9052:Çelik 1993 9016:Isaac 1986 9000:Isaac 1986 8979:Herodotus 8636:31 January 8481:Çelik 1993 8428:"Istanbul" 8302:8 December 8272:8 December 8243:6 February 8192:4 February 8169:References 8127:Turan 2010 8035:colloquial 7673:Arnavutköy 7297:funiculars 7236:toll roads 7102:40 percent 7086:23 percent 6880:Altunizade 6736:-oriented 6626:Açık Radyo 6613:90 percent 6563:Cumhuriyet 6440:Fenerbahçe 6354:Category 4 6259:Fenerbahçe 6142:See also: 5998:Beylerbeyi 5990:Arnavutköy 5845:Galataport 5832:in Beyoğlu 5734:Galataport 5627:A view of 5609:Galataport 5501:3,104,882 5445:61 percent 5441:47 percent 5429:30 percent 5421:60 percent 5417:36 percent 5401:47 percent 5397:31 percent 5393:30 percent 5204:Kemal Reis 5196:Bayezid II 5147:(Turkish: 5144:Levantines 5096:Levantines 5024:Arab world 4868:See also: 4761:19 percent 4714:Turan 2010 4692:15,519,267 4681:15,067,724 4670:15,029,231 4659:14,804,116 4648:14,657,434 4637:11,174,200 4321:50–250,000 4228:See also: 4154:Statue of 3997:A view of 3883:Augustaion 3743:Beylerbeyi 3735:Dolmabahçe 3727:Abdülmecid 3638:Alexandria 3579: – c. 3519:See also: 3332:gecekondus 3307:Altunizade 3272:A view of 3264:Asian side 3121:See also: 3062:Sultangazi 2981:(Turkish: 2973:(Turkish: 2965:(Turkish: 2916:Asteraceae 2900:stone pine 2543:(≥ 0.1 cm) 2496:(≥ 0.1 mm) 2155:Kireçburnu 2011:See also: 1982:Heybeliada 1922:. Further 1916:Christians 1840:A view of 1453:Nika riots 1381:Nika riots 1379:after the 1303:Sarayburnu 1299:Copper Age 1235:İstanbullu 1136:colloquial 991:20 million 811:Extensions 802:1985 (9th 659:Area codes 624:US$ 17,349 618:Per capita 585:(nominal) 574:İstanbullu 540:15,305,657 513:15,655,924 498:Population 426:Government 338:28°57′18″E 335:41°00′49″N 25213:Other (4) 25183:São Paulo 25083:Other (7) 25036:Japan (3) 24991:Hyderabad 24976:Bangalore 24969:India (6) 24960:Zhengzhou 24920:Guangzhou 24910:Chongqing 24881:Asia (35) 24789:2,102,907 24765:2,164,134 24761:Gaziantep 24741:2,213,964 24737:Şanlıurfa 24724:Balıkesir 24717:2,270,298 24693:2,320,241 24669:2,696,249 24645:3,214,571 24621:4,479,525 24597:5,803,482 24413:Şanlıurfa 24333:Gaziantep 24328:Eskişehir 24303:Balıkesir 24199:Hyderabad 24151:Zhengzhou 24126:Chongqing 24069:Bangalore 24002:São Paulo 23950:Guangzhou 23829:Dayanışma 23666:Sculptors 23640:Committee 23553:The Hague 23523:Marseille 23463:Stuttgart 23451:Rotterdam 23433:Stockholm 23323:Bad Ischl 23300:Timișoara 23160:Marseille 23145:Guimarães 23080:Stavanger 23075:Liverpool 23000:Salamanca 22980:Rotterdam 22930:Reykjavík 22910:Stockholm 22797:Amsterdam 22632:TV series 22590:Miniature 22533:Festivals 22449:Terrorism 22400:Education 22333:Languages 22177:Air Force 22092:Elections 22040:Executive 21986:Mountains 21853:Geography 21772:Overviews 21711:Partition 21677:Tulip era 21293:Black Sea 21278:Pamukkale 20970:Mayors of 20906:Şanlıurfa 20882:Gaziantep 20720:Gümüşhane 20692:Zonguldak 20670:Kastamonu 20602:Kırıkkale 20457:Eskişehir 20336:Çanakkale 20330:Balıkesir 20288:provinces 20175:Kağıthane 20053:Districts 19917:Languages 19905:Hospitals 19817:Hospitals 19724:Hospitals 19694:Armenians 19671:Zorlu PSM 19651:Ora Arena 19535:Festivals 19522:Festivals 19414:Kal Kados 19379:Burgazada 19344:Ashkenazi 19287:Nişantaşı 19279:Districts 19049:Pavilions 18703:Miniatürk 18609:Modernist 18528:Classical 18399:Çukurcuma 18277:Fountains 18144:Monuments 18029:Kuzguncuk 16314:schedule. 16245:. Touring 16012:28 August 15831:20 August 15805:20 August 15779:20 August 15726:20 August 15534:TRT World 14736:Medyatava 14577:8 January 14151:2 January 13846:Köse 2009 13685:"History" 12988:240715488 12797:9 October 12771:9 October 12539:4 January 12045:21 August 11673:Wynn 1984 10928:1 October 10341:0000-0000 10232:0013-0613 9980:27 August 9946:27 August 9889:1911-0359 9825:159425371 8981:Histories 8903:2 October 8843:129280217 8835:0033-5894 8813:(1): 30. 8658:Room 2006 8098:Chalcedon 8094:Herodotus 8090:Byzantium 7684:IATA code 7657:Frankfurt 7585:Railroads 7244:ring road 7082:6 percent 7043:Vedat Tek 7026:in 1856. 6947:158 sites 6935:aqueducts 6690:Education 6578:Habertürk 6507:Cağaloğlu 6242:Süper Lig 6109:Teknofest 6085:Nişantaşı 6058:Kuruçeşme 6002:Çengelköy 5974:Zorlu PSM 5841:Nişantaşı 5807:biennales 5411:stood at 5338:sends 98 5180:Karşıyaka 5176:Nişantaşı 5116:Assyrians 5106:prompted 5100:Armenians 5046:Built by 4816:Kastamonu 4804:Black Sea 4626:8,831,800 4615:8,260,400 4604:7,615,500 4593:6,620,200 4582:5,494,900 4571:2,853,500 4560:2,547,400 4549:2,132,400 4538:1,743,000 4527:1,459,500 4208:Davut Gül 3794:Built in 3731:Abdülaziz 3414:Kyparades 3374:connects 3349:Tarlabaşı 3337:gecekondu 3325:Expansion 3299:Kozyatağı 3258:edge city 3112:Cityscape 3094:red tides 3070:Kağıthane 3037:Pollution 2958:anchovies 2906:that got 2847:terebinth 2817:climate. 2730:Source: 2105:temperate 2039:magnitude 1990:Kınalıada 1986:Burgazada 1966:Black Sea 1901:President 1856:moved to 1814:Mehmed VI 1780:Christian 1699:With the 1656:Mahmud II 1649:miniature 1621:caliphate 1572:aqueducts 1567:Mehmed II 1517:Mehmed II 1428:Nova Roma 1318:acropolis 1290:Neolithic 1224:dotless I 1171:Dersaadet 1104:The name 1093:قسطنطينيه 1047:Byzántion 1042:Βυζάντιον 1032:Byzantium 948:Silk Road 932:Byzantine 900:Nova Roma 891:Nea Rhomē 860:Byzantium 789:Reference 725:.istanbul 705:very high 630:Time zone 529:in Turkey 524:in Europe 416:Districts 409:Cağaloğlu 25289:Istanbul 25140:Istanbul 25105:Istanbul 25027:Surabaya 24935:Shenzhen 24930:Shanghai 24925:Hangzhou 24915:Dongguan 24900:Changsha 24867:Kinshasa 24748:Tekirdağ 24548:Istanbul 24530:Istanbul 24418:Tekirdağ 24343:İstanbul 24219:Surabaya 24209:Hangzhou 24166:Dongguan 24104:Kinshasa 24094:Istanbul 24064:Pretoria 24037:Shenzhen 24007:New York 23969:Shanghai 23808:Yükseliş 23535:Budapest 23493:Istanbul 23487:Valencia 23445:Alicante 23350:Chemnitz 23305:Elefsina 23295:Veszprém 23285:Novi Sad 23230:Valletta 23110:Istanbul 22945:Brussels 22940:Helsinki 22787:Florence 22682:Category 22620:Football 22605:Painting 22548:Folklore 22456:Marriage 22362:Istanbul 22345:Religion 22298:Railways 22288:Aviation 22226:Currency 22084:Politics 22052:Judicial 22028:Branches 22006:Wildlife 21796:Military 21784:Economic 21689:Tanzimat 21510:Category 21397:Istanbul 21283:Pergamon 21092:Elected 20973:Istanbul 20864:Adıyaman 20772:Erzincan 20612:Nevşehir 20607:Kırşehir 20572:Osmaniye 20352:Tekirdağ 20310:Istanbul 20301:Istanbul 20286:List of 20240:Ümraniye 20165:Güngören 20145:Esenyurt 20135:Çekmeköy 20105:Beşiktaş 20090:Bakırköy 20080:Bağcılar 20070:Ataşehir 19985:Category 19829:Language 19741:Language 19349:Bakırköy 19249:Akmerkez 19199:Shopping 18892:Military 18315:Madrasas 18181:Cisterns 17996:Armenian 17987:Churches 17979:Istanbul 17938:Archived 17922:Archived 17898:Archived 16620:11 April 16449:25 March 16390:30 March 16307:13 April 16114:cite web 15742:"Tunnel" 15330:31 March 15285:cite web 15241:31 March 15179:31 March 15148:31 March 15110:11 March 14597:Archived 14516:"Events" 14331:10 April 14279:10 April 14254:10 April 14203:10 April 14103:10 April 14081:10 April 13969:29 April 13943:29 April 13905:29 April 13799:29 April 13773:28 April 13747:28 April 13721:13 April 13695:13 April 13582:19 April 13556:19 April 13419:Hürriyet 13394:Statista 12460:"Sözlük" 12420:BBC News 12088:27 March 11625:Gül 2012 11393:Archived 11389:web page 11286:29 April 10782:BBC News 10652:22 April 10575:28 April 10364:28 April 10289:31 March 10263:31 March 10237:31 March 10204:31 March 10162:31 March 10137:31 March 10112:31 March 9893:Archived 9850:Archived 9533:ABC-Clio 8921:(1964). 8717:15 March 8338:(2008). 8102:Eusebius 8014:İstanbul 8005:-an-buul 7771:See also 7721:and the 7663:Airports 7511:Emin Kul 7425:Metrobus 7067:landline 6943:cisterns 6795:LGS exam 6678:CNN Türk 6666:Sky Turk 6630:Metro FM 6571:Milliyet 6538:Hürriyet 6515:Hürriyet 6465:and the 6450:titles. 6444:European 6251:Beşiktaş 6035:Beşiktaş 5952:meyhanes 5894:Akmerkez 5813:and the 5793:and the 5785:(2008). 5773:(1964), 5767:(1963), 5656:Bosporus 5551:Ataşehir 5381:Ataşehir 5332:province 5227:Politics 5150:Levanten 4734:Chang'an 4438:Republic 4160:Büyükada 4145:belediye 4119:Tanzimat 4065:Tanzimat 4046:include 3913:and the 3796:porphyry 3565:Marmaray 3554:Yenikapı 3425:Murad IV 3353:Sulukule 3315:Ümraniye 3303:Ataşehir 3217:Beşiktaş 2950:sea bass 2942:Bluefish 2938:demersal 2920:Rosaceae 2819:Chestnut 2782:target. 2780:net zero 2683:Percent 2678:2,180.7 2588:Average 2489:(34.06) 2420:Average 1978:Büyükada 1972:via the 1721:Bulgaria 1661:Tanzimat 1637:ceramics 1604:and the 1468:Basil II 1238:(plural 1211:İstanbul 1202:Mahmud I 1198:اسلامبول 1189:Islambol 1153:εἰς τὴν 1116:استانبول 1107:İstanbul 1098:İstanbul 1079:İstanbul 1069:, after 1057:Thracian 1052:Megarian 887:Νέα Ῥώμη 879:New Rome 833:Istanbul 780:Criteria 622:₺287,524 599:province 509:province 399:Istanbul 394:Province 309:Istanbul 276:Istanbul 243:Istanbul 186:Bosporus 139:its tram 63:province 50:İstanbul 46:Istanbul 25090:Bangkok 25069:Karachi 25022:Jakarta 25017:Bandung 24996:Kolkata 24981:Chennai 24940:Tianjin 24905:Chengdu 24895:Beijing 24785:Kocaeli 24676:Kayseri 24665:Antalya 24423:Trabzon 24403:Sakarya 24373:Malatya 24358:Kocaeli 24353:Kayseri 24323:Erzurum 24313:Denizli 24293:Antalya 24224:Bandung 24194:Tianjin 24141:Chennai 24074:Chengdu 24027:Beijing 24022:Bangkok 24012:Karachi 23997:Kolkata 23940:Jakarta 23559:Glasgow 23505:Cardiff 23499:Antwerp 23439:Glasgow 23375:Liepāja 23365:Trenčín 23345:Gorizia 23245:Plovdiv 23205:Wrocław 23140:Maribor 23130:Tallinn 23095:Vilnius 23015:Plovdiv 22970:Bologna 22965:Avignon 22860:Antwerp 22830:Glasgow 22718:Outline 22694:Commons 22627:Theater 22610:Pottery 22526:Ottoman 22521:Cuisine 22499:Ottoman 22476:Culture 22461:Poverty 22393:Society 22278:Tourism 22231:Defense 22203:Economy 22045:Cabinet 21976:Geology 21920:Climate 21862:Regions 21789:Ottoman 21607:Beyliks 21603:Seljuks 21568:History 21425:Xanthos 21376:Marmara 21334:Gordion 21301:Hattusa 21269:Ephesus 20839:Tunceli 20828:Malatya 20822:Hakkâri 20778:Erzurum 20767:Bayburt 20762:Ardahan 20738:Trabzon 20715:Giresun 20665:Karabük 20655:Çankırı 20596:Kayseri 20590:Aksaray 20553:Isparta 20535:Antalya 20502:Karaman 20471:Sakarya 20464:Kocaeli 20434:Bilecik 20397:Kütahya 20384:Denizli 20245:Üsküdar 20215:Silivri 20205:Sarıyer 20190:Maltepe 20170:Kadıköy 20140:Esenler 20130:Çatalca 20120:Beyoğlu 20075:Avcılar 19941:Schools 19853:Schools 19775:Schools 19768:Marmara 19763:Jamanak 19611:Babylon 19459:Yeniköy 19449:Ortaköy 19419:Karaite 19404:Italian 19399:Istipol 19254:Cevahir 19208:Bazaars 19011:Palaces 18920:Science 18819:History 18772:Castles 18636:Museums 18485:Baroque 18458:Mosques 18214:Columns 18034:Samatya 18009:Beyoğlu 16420:4 April 16334:. Sabah 16269:Reuters 16249:3 April 16227:3 April 16201:3 April 16167:3 April 16141:3 April 16104:3 April 16056:3 April 15986:5 April 15961:5 April 15939:3 April 15913:3 April 15861:3 April 15752:3 April 15700:1 April 15502:1 April 15495:(Map). 15275:4 April 15056:28 July 15031:28 July 14986:20 July 14930:28 July 14903:28 July 14732:"Tiraj" 14529:29 June 14405:29 June 14379:29 June 14357:29 June 14021:8 April 12935:4 April 12791:Haaretz 11816:12 July 11734:16 July 11448:12 June 10982:31 July 10976:Reuters 10839:31 July 10813:31 July 10787:31 July 10030:4 April 9206:30 July 8953:21 June 8815:Bibcode 8454:(ed.). 8010:Turkish 7494:Ferries 7412:Halkalı 7349:Kabataş 7309:ferries 7045:in the 7039:Sirkeci 7010:issued 6650:Kanal D 6646:Show TV 6642:Star TV 6634:Radio 3 6621:Radio 2 6617:Radio 2 6594:Jamanak 6588:Marmara 6054:Harbiye 6043:Kadıköy 6031:Beyoğlu 6006:Kumkapı 5994:Yeniköy 5982:Ortaköy 5946:is the 5865:Kadıköy 5857:Ortaköy 5849:Karaköy 5770:Topkapi 5637:Culture 5597:Antalya 5579:Sarıyer 5544:İstinye 5540:Sirkeci 5480:Sirkeci 5354:Economy 5319:In the 5257:of the 5217:Spanish 5184:Bornova 5081:Alevism 4980: 4967: 4952: 4937: 4922: 4840:Trabzon 4836:Malatya 4828:Erzurum 4824:Giresun 4808:Central 4738:Kaifeng 4730:Baghdad 4585:+14.00% 4516:983,000 4505:845,300 4494:793,900 4483:740,800 4475:−11.44% 4472:691,000 4461:881,000 4452:±% p.a. 4429:942,900 4421:874,000 4413:715,000 4405:500,000 4397:700,000 4389:660,000 4381:200,000 4355:100,000 4345:150,000 4337:200,000 4288:400,000 4280:300,000 4156:Atatürk 4104:Turkish 4024:baroque 3952:Obelisk 3783:at the 3747:Küçüksu 3739:Çırağan 3675:reliefs 3650:of the 3608:Pharaoh 3588:Obelisk 3572:period 3433:Emirgan 3429:Safavid 3427:to the 3418:Nişancı 3311:Kavacık 3290:Kadıköy 3286:Üsküdar 3278:Kanlıca 3251:Bomonti 3221:Ortaköy 3185:Karaköy 3173:Genoese 3157:Turkish 3015:Turkish 2967:afalina 2934:pelagic 2896:cypress 2751:Kadıköy 2484:(4.91) 2479:(3.96) 2474:(3.87) 2469:(3.20) 2464:(1.71) 2459:(1.43) 2454:(1.76) 2449:(1.46) 2444:(1.78) 2439:(2.75) 2434:(3.45) 2429:(3.78) 2415:(52.6) 2410:(41.9) 2405:(48.6) 2400:(56.5) 2395:(63.3) 2390:(70.2) 2385:(68.5) 2380:(63.3) 2375:(55.0) 2370:(46.6) 2365:(40.8) 2360:(38.3) 2355:(38.5) 2345:(58.0) 2340:(46.2) 2335:(53.1) 2330:(61.2) 2325:(68.9) 2320:(75.6) 2315:(74.7) 2310:(70.0) 2305:(61.3) 2300:(52.7) 2295:(46.4) 2290:(43.0) 2285:(42.6) 2275:(64.9) 2270:(51.3) 2265:(59.0) 2260:(67.8) 2255:(76.3) 2250:(82.8) 2245:(82.4) 2240:(78.3) 2235:(69.8) 2230:(61.0) 2225:(53.6) 2220:(48.9) 2215:(47.8) 2133:graupel 2078:Climate 1968:to the 1858:İstinye 1831:Sanremo 1685:Beyoğlu 1538:shahada 1326:Persian 1277:at the 1252:History 1206:Turkish 1180:درساعدت 1150:phrase 1075:Turkish 944:Ottoman 835:is the 804:Session 731:Website 703:0.867 ( 570:Turkish 562:Demonym 411:, Fatih 387:Marmara 363:Country 25220:Bogotá 25150:Moscow 25145:London 25120:Tehran 25074:Lahore 25048:Nagoya 25001:Mumbai 24950:Xiamen 24700:Samsun 24652:Manisa 24593:Ankara 24559:Mersin 24540:Ankara 24408:Samsun 24388:Mersin 24383:Mardin 24378:Manisa 24288:Ankara 24214:Nagoya 24204:Taipei 24189:Bogotá 24161:London 24156:Luanda 24121:Tehran 24099:Lahore 24032:Moscow 23964:Manila 23959:Mumbai 23954:Foshan 23845:Birlik 23813:İkimiz 23798:Yağmur 23547:Lisbon 23541:Málaga 23517:Prague 23481:Dublin 23469:Warsaw 23427:Madrid 23275:Kaunas 23265:Galway 23260:Rijeka 23250:Matera 23220:Paphos 23215:Aarhus 23155:Košice 23050:Patras 22995:Bruges 22955:Kraków 22950:Prague 22935:Bergen 22920:Weimar 22870:Lisbon 22850:Madrid 22840:Dublin 22810:Berlin 22777:Athens 22670:Portal 22615:Sports 22516:Cinema 22511:Carpet 22494:Seljuk 22484:Anthem 22367:Ankara 22236:Energy 22128:Topics 21996:Rivers 21913:Topics 21805:Topics 21560:Turkey 21429:Letoon 21256:Aegean 20912:Şırnak 20894:Mardin 20869:Batman 20817:Elazığ 20812:Bitlis 20807:Bingöl 20710:Artvin 20676:Samsun 20650:Bartın 20645:Amasya 20627:Yozgat 20566:Mersin 20541:Burdur 20496:Ankara 20477:Yalova 20403:Manisa 20363:Aegean 20341:Edirne 20292:region 20195:Pendik 20180:Kartal 20110:Beykoz 20060:Adalar 20046:Turkey 19922:Ladino 19797:Greeks 19598:Venues 19526:venues 19454:Yanbol 19429:Maalem 19339:Ahrida 19317:Kanyon 19264:Kanyon 18581:Gothic 18338:Towers 18252:Milion 18107:Others 18049:Greeks 18039:Taksim 18024:Kartal 18019:Galata 17875: 17856: 17837: 17818: 17791: 17772: 17753: 17734: 17715: 17696: 17673: 17654: 17635: 17616: 17597: 17578: 17559: 17540: 17521: 17502: 17484: 17465: 17446: 17427: 17406:5 July 17375: 17363:(2011) 17344: 17325: 17306: 17287: 17268: 17249: 17230: 17209: 17190: 17171: 17150: 17131: 17112: 17093: 17074: 17055: 17036: 17017: 16998: 16983:283503 16981: 16950: 16931: 16912: 16893: 16874: 16855: 16832: 16813: 16794: 16773: 16754: 16735: 16716: 16697: 16678: 16659: 16640: 16611: 16590: 16571: 16552: 16533: 16514: 16495: 16476: 16364:4 July 16338:8 June 15666:5 July 15592:4 July 15566:4 July 15208:5 July 15079: 14958: 14647:3 July 14621:3 July 14555:3 July 14482:14 May 14456:2 June 14431:3 July 14305:5 July 14229:3 July 14177:24 May 14129:6 June 14052:31 May 13826: 13657:6 July 13324:16 May 13299:15 May 13269:20 May 13244:20 May 13219:13 May 12986: 12976: 12747: 12722: 12697: 12669: 12617: 12594:20 May 12297: 12258: 11894:7 June 11550: 11525: 11421: 11149: 11032:4 July 10881:News18 10437:3 June 10339: 10230: 9971: 9937: 9887: 9823: 9704: 9581: 9539: 9501: 9473: 9290: 9265: 8841: 8833: 8789:29 May 8604: 8571: 8464: 8401: 8374: 8346: 8157:2009. 8056:Moscow 7599:Vienna 7575:Turyol 7307:, and 7203:, and 7189:, and 7063:mobile 7020:Edirne 6664:) and 6438:, and 6411:, and 6367:, the 6314:Lisbon 6245:teams— 6138:Sports 6062:Maslak 5942:Along 5906:Kanyon 5705:, the 5587:Levent 5373:Maslak 5369:Levent 5221:Ladino 5163:Venice 5050:, the 4976:Others 4892:, and 4832:Samsun 4776:Moscow 4750:London 4695:+3.00% 4684:+0.26% 4673:+1.52% 4662:+1.00% 4651:+3.45% 4640:+3.42% 4629:+2.25% 4618:+2.75% 4607:+3.56% 4596:+3.80% 4574:+2.30% 4563:+3.62% 4552:+4.12% 4541:+3.61% 4530:+4.03% 4519:+3.06% 4508:+1.26% 4497:+1.39% 4486:+0.87% 4373:45,000 4363:80,000 4272:36,000 4198:since 4132:millet 4102:(IMM, 4022:, and 4020:rococo 3909:, the 3905:, the 3901:, the 3885:, the 3869:, the 3861:, the 3857:, the 3853:, the 3849:, the 3845:, the 3841:, the 3837:, the 3833:, the 3829:, the 3825:, the 3821:, the 3808:Apollo 3766:Delphi 3527:, and 3505:, and 3274:Levent 3249:, and 3247:Levent 3243:Maslak 3177:Galata 2977:) and 2975:tırtak 2946:bonito 2912:Kartal 2843:laurel 2839:locust 2831:linden 2669:158.1 2666:234.0 2663:288.3 2660:319.3 2657:297.6 2654:248.0 2651:180.0 2648:142.6 2536:131.3 2166:Month 2097:Kilyos 2027:locked 1866:Maslak 1862:Levent 1826:Malaya 1788:Allies 1693:Nestlé 1647:, and 1549:Caesar 1481:Deesis 1387:is an 1220:dotted 1095:) and 979:London 968:Ankara 868:Megara 841:Turkey 793:356bis 716:GeoTLD 700:(2021) 587:(2022) 382:Region 375:Turkey 372: 169:Levent 25155:Paris 25115:Seoul 25095:Dhaka 25053:Tokyo 24986:Delhi 24955:Xi'an 24945:Wuhan 24872:Lagos 24857:Cairo 24772:Aydın 24713:Adana 24689:Konya 24641:Bursa 24628:Hatay 24617:İzmir 24583:Bursa 24573:İzmir 24393:Muğla 24363:Konya 24348:İzmir 24338:Hatay 24308:Bursa 24298:Aydın 24283:Adana 24184:Wuhan 24146:Paris 24136:Xi'an 24089:Lagos 24017:Dhaka 23979:Cairo 23974:Seoul 23945:Delhi 23935:Tokyo 23834:Yankı 23824:Bahar 23565:Genoa 23563:2024 23557:2023 23551:2022 23545:2021 23539:2020 23533:2019 23529:Sofia 23527:2018 23521:2017 23515:2016 23511:Turin 23509:2015 23503:2014 23497:2013 23491:2012 23485:2011 23479:2010 23475:Milan 23473:2009 23467:2008 23461:2007 23455:2006 23449:2005 23443:2004 23437:2003 23431:2002 23425:2001 23316:Tartu 23190:Plzeň 23125:Turku 23105:Essen 23065:Sibiu 23030:Lille 23025:Genoa 22985:Porto 22820:Paris 22600:Names 22595:Music 22568:Media 22439:Crime 22372:İzmir 21981:Lakes 21966:Fauna 21384:Bursa 20900:Siirt 20888:Kilis 20784:Iğdır 20687:Tokat 20682:Sinop 20660:Çorum 20622:Sivas 20617:Niğde 20547:Hatay 20528:Adana 20508:Konya 20451:Düzce 20445:Bursa 20410:Muğla 20391:İzmir 20377:Aydın 20235:Tuzla 20220:Şişli 20155:Fatih 19934:Şalom 19434:Mayor 19241:Malls 19146:Parks 18663:Elgiz 18014:Fatih 17814:–42. 17400:(PDF) 17393:(PDF) 16979:JSTOR 16137:. BBC 15690:(PDF) 15556:(PDF) 15477:1 May 15447:1 May 15438:(PDF) 15419:1 May 15409:(PDF) 14875:8 May 14871:. BBC 14841:8 May 14803:8 May 14716:8 May 14710:(PDF) 14519:(PDF) 14273:(PDF) 14248:(PDF) 14047:RSSSF 14042:RSSSF 13165:(PDF) 13012:(PDF) 12984:S2CID 12834:4 May 12828:Tele1 12559:(PDF) 12235:. UN. 12216:KONDA 12212:(PDF) 12035:(xls) 11927:(doc) 11728:(PDF) 11717:(PDF) 11373:, 65. 11236:6 May 11210:6 May 11184:6 May 11158:6 May 11068:(PDF) 10956:7 May 10703:(PDF) 10696:(PDF) 10335:(1). 9821:S2CID 9766:Sözcü 8943:..."" 8839:S2CID 8785:. BBC 7962:also 7861:Notes 7561:vapur 7516:vapur 7416:Gebze 7341:Tünel 7320:Akbil 7301:metro 7293:trams 7210:Roads 6878:near 6868:Tuzla 6847:Maçka 6662:MSNBC 6557:Sabah 6541:' 6533:Sözcü 6527:Posta 6521:Sabah 6485:Media 6318:Porto 6039:Şişli 6024:kebab 5986:Bebek 5861:Bebek 5715:Arter 5542:) to 5377:Şişli 5155:İzmir 5016:Arabs 5010:Zazas 5005:KONDA 5001:Kurds 4962:Arabs 4947:Zazas 4932:Kurds 4917:Turks 4852:Sivas 4844:Sinop 4792:İzmir 3770:spina 3671:spina 3647:spina 3619:pylon 3604:Luxor 3445:tulip 3408:, is 3363:Parks 3294:yalıs 3276:from 3234:yalıs 3153:Fatih 3141:Fatih 2983:mutur 2857:broom 2797:is a 2675:62.0 2672:93.0 2645:89.6 2642:68.2 2631:76.9 2628:78.4 2625:78.9 2622:78.4 2619:75.0 2616:75.9 2613:75.3 2610:75.7 2607:76.5 2604:75.1 2601:75.8 2598:78.6 2595:79.8 2583:15.2 2533:17.5 2530:13.9 2527:12.3 2509:10.0 2506:13.2 2503:15.2 2500:16.9 2487:865.2 2482:124.8 2477:100.5 2205:Year 2025:, is 1608:from 1307:Lygos 1229:-tan- 1155:Πόλιν 1037:Greek 1009:Names 997:is a 983:Dubai 936:Latin 925:Greek 896:Latin 864:Greek 682:TR-34 635:UTC+3 536:Urban 453:Mayor 25230:Lima 24515:Pop. 24510:Name 24505:Rank 24500:Pop. 24495:Name 24490:Rank 24473:TÜİK 24398:Ordu 24179:Lima 23370:2027 23360:Oulu 23355:2026 23336:2025 23330:Bodø 23310:2024 23290:2023 23270:2022 23240:2019 23225:2018 23210:2017 23195:2016 23185:Mons 23180:2015 23175:Riga 23170:Umeå 23165:2014 23150:2013 23135:2012 23120:2011 23115:Pécs 23100:2010 23090:Linz 23085:2009 23070:2008 23055:2007 23045:2006 23040:Cork 23035:2005 23020:2004 23010:Graz 23005:2003 22990:2002 22975:2001 22925:2000 22915:1999 22905:1998 22895:1997 22885:1996 22875:1995 22865:1994 22855:1993 22845:1992 22835:1991 22825:1990 22815:1989 22807:West 22802:1988 22792:1987 22782:1986 22772:1985 22642:Wine 22538:Flag 22241:Coal 22187:Navy 22182:Land 21650:Rise 21605:and 21449:and 21407:Troy 21386:and 21341:and 20789:Kars 20757:Ağrı 20732:Rize 20726:Ordu 20439:Bolu 20416:Uşak 20210:Şile 19880:Jews 19758:Agos 19524:and 17873:ISBN 17854:ISBN 17835:ISBN 17816:ISBN 17789:ISBN 17770:ISBN 17751:ISBN 17732:ISBN 17713:ISBN 17694:ISBN 17671:ISBN 17652:ISBN 17633:ISBN 17614:ISBN 17595:ISBN 17576:ISBN 17557:ISBN 17538:ISBN 17519:ISBN 17500:ISBN 17482:ISBN 17463:ISBN 17444:ISBN 17425:ISBN 17408:2012 17373:ISBN 17342:ISBN 17323:ISBN 17304:ISBN 17285:ISBN 17266:ISBN 17247:ISBN 17228:ISBN 17207:ISBN 17188:ISBN 17169:ISBN 17148:ISBN 17129:ISBN 17110:ISBN 17091:ISBN 17072:ISBN 17053:ISBN 17034:ISBN 17015:ISBN 16996:ISBN 16948:ISBN 16929:ISBN 16910:ISBN 16891:ISBN 16872:ISBN 16853:ISBN 16830:ISBN 16811:ISBN 16792:ISBN 16771:ISBN 16752:ISBN 16733:ISBN 16714:ISBN 16695:ISBN 16676:ISBN 16657:ISBN 16638:ISBN 16622:2013 16609:ISBN 16588:ISBN 16569:ISBN 16550:ISBN 16531:ISBN 16512:ISBN 16493:ISBN 16474:ISBN 16451:2014 16422:2012 16392:2013 16366:2012 16340:2014 16309:2019 16251:2012 16229:2012 16203:2012 16169:2012 16143:2012 16120:link 16106:2012 16084:2012 16058:2012 16014:2012 15988:2024 15963:2024 15941:2012 15915:2012 15889:2018 15863:2012 15833:2012 15807:2012 15781:2012 15754:2012 15728:2012 15702:2012 15668:2012 15642:2022 15594:2012 15568:2012 15504:2012 15479:2024 15449:2024 15421:2024 15332:2012 15291:link 15277:2012 15243:2012 15210:2012 15181:2012 15150:2012 15112:2006 15077:ISBN 15058:2023 15033:2023 14988:2023 14956:ISBN 14932:2023 14905:2023 14877:2012 14843:2012 14805:2012 14776:2011 14748:2016 14718:2012 14674:2021 14649:2012 14623:2012 14579:2017 14557:2012 14531:2012 14484:2021 14458:2021 14433:2012 14407:2012 14381:2012 14359:2012 14333:2012 14307:2012 14281:2012 14256:2012 14231:2012 14205:2012 14179:2018 14153:2013 14131:2016 14105:2012 14083:2012 14054:2018 14023:2012 13997:2022 13971:2012 13945:2012 13907:2012 13824:ISBN 13801:2012 13775:2012 13749:2012 13723:2012 13697:2012 13659:2012 13584:2012 13558:2012 13469:2020 13448:2020 13427:2022 13401:2020 13351:2020 13326:2023 13301:2023 13271:2023 13246:2023 13221:2023 13177:2020 13148:2020 13119:2020 13090:2020 13049:2020 13024:2020 12995:2020 12974:ISBN 12937:2024 12888:2020 12862:2020 12836:2019 12799:2016 12773:2016 12745:ISBN 12720:ISBN 12695:ISBN 12667:ISBN 12615:ISBN 12596:2020 12570:2020 12541:2007 12514:2020 12476:2021 12428:2021 12402:2020 12376:2020 12350:2020 12327:2020 12295:ISBN 12256:ISBN 12184:2021 12142:2020 12116:2020 12090:2012 12047:2018 12018:2012 11988:2020 11935:2011 11896:2024 11862:2011 11836:2020 11818:2018 11780:2011 11736:2012 11608:2010 11548:ISBN 11523:ISBN 11450:2014 11419:ISBN 11288:2012 11238:2013 11212:2013 11186:2013 11160:2013 11147:ISBN 11126:2011 11034:2012 10984:2021 10958:2024 10930:2022 10863:2018 10841:2021 10815:2021 10789:2021 10679:2023 10654:2019 10577:2021 10552:2018 10461:2024 10439:2021 10414:2020 10366:2021 10337:ISSN 10291:2024 10265:2024 10239:2024 10228:ISSN 10206:2024 10164:2024 10139:2024 10114:2024 10089:2023 10061:2020 10032:2024 9982:2024 9969:ISBN 9948:2024 9935:ISBN 9901:2015 9885:ISSN 9858:2016 9745:2021 9702:ISBN 9579:ISBN 9537:ISBN 9499:ISBN 9471:ISBN 9368:2021 9288:ISBN 9263:ISBN 9208:2012 8955:2015 8905:2007 8831:ISSN 8791:2021 8719:2021 8638:2021 8602:ISBN 8569:ISBN 8523:2023 8462:ISBN 8399:ISBN 8372:ISBN 8344:ISBN 8304:2023 8274:2023 8245:2024 8194:2020 7952:BUUL 7950:-an- 7651:and 7513:, a 7509:M/V 7402:and 7394:and 7382:and 7354:The 7230:and 7123:The 7108:and 7065:and 7033:The 6984:, a 6980:The 6964:The 6923:and 6816:and 6773:and 6752:and 6734:STEM 6652:and 6600:Agos 6591:and 6575:and 6530:and 6446:and 6426:The 6419:and 6413:2020 6409:2012 6405:2008 6401:2004 6397:2000 6375:and 6359:The 6310:2021 6308:and 6306:2020 6302:UEFA 6290:IAAF 6269:and 6236:and 6122:and 6091:The 6041:and 6011:The 6000:and 5968:and 5912:and 5874:The 5863:and 5851:and 5752:Uzak 5717:and 5681:The 5652:Yalı 5503:TEUs 5443:and 5419:and 5375:and 5269:and 5219:and 5188:Buca 5186:and 5079:and 4848:Rize 4846:and 4820:Ordu 4810:and 4788:OECD 4755:The 4742:Merv 4740:and 4689:2019 4678:2018 4667:2017 4656:2016 4645:2015 4634:2007 4623:2000 4612:1997 4601:1994 4590:1990 4579:1985 4568:1980 4557:1975 4546:1970 4535:1965 4524:1960 4513:1950 4502:1945 4491:1940 4480:1935 4469:1927 4458:1925 4447:Pop. 4443:Year 4426:1900 4418:1890 4410:1860 4402:1815 4394:1700 4386:1550 4378:1500 4369:1453 4360:1350 4351:1261 4342:1200 4334:1100 4326:1000 4315:9th 4304:8th 4293:7th 4263:Pop. 4259:Year 4177:The 4092:and 4076:and 4042:The 3985:and 3897:and 3877:and 3745:and 3729:and 3634:Nile 3450:The 3389:and 3343:and 3313:and 3205:yalı 3191:and 3151:The 3125:and 3100:and 3092:and 3046:smog 2956:and 2898:and 2880:and 2869:and 2837:and 2809:and 2592:(%) 2580:2.7 2577:0.3 2574:0.0 2571:0.0 2568:0.0 2565:0.0 2562:0.0 2559:0.0 2556:0.1 2553:2.9 2550:4.7 2547:4.5 2524:8.1 2521:5.1 2518:4.7 2515:7.0 2512:7.4 2472:98.3 2467:81.3 2462:43.5 2457:36.3 2452:44.7 2447:37.1 2442:45.1 2437:69.8 2432:87.7 2427:96.1 2413:11.5 2398:13.6 2393:17.4 2388:21.2 2383:20.3 2378:17.4 2373:12.8 2343:14.4 2333:11.7 2328:16.2 2323:20.5 2318:24.2 2313:23.7 2308:21.1 2303:16.3 2298:11.5 2273:18.3 2268:10.7 2263:15.0 2258:19.9 2253:24.6 2248:28.2 2243:28.0 2238:25.7 2233:21.0 2228:16.1 2223:12.0 2202:Dec 2199:Nov 2196:Oct 2193:Sep 2190:Aug 2187:Jul 2184:Jun 2181:May 2178:Apr 2175:Mar 2172:Feb 2169:Jan 2144:2022 2131:and 2095:and 2093:Şile 2035:1894 2033:and 2031:1766 2017:The 1946:and 1872:The 1864:and 1824:HMS 1774:and 1719:and 1615:The 1222:and 981:and 819:Area 814:2017 721:.ist 707:) · 609:US$ 597:and 507:and 469:Area 192:and 137:and 89:and 61:and 24796:Van 24428:Van 22506:Art 22251:Oil 22246:Gas 21395:of 21361:Ani 20845:Van 20834:Muş 20290:by 20044:of 19606:AKM 18645:Art 17812:223 16971:doi 12966:doi 12907:CNN 10622:doi 9813:doi 8823:doi 8003:IST 7948:IST 7571:İDO 7539:İDO 7537:An 7404:M14 7400:M12 7384:M11 7232:O-7 7228:O-4 7224:O-3 7220:O-2 7216:O-1 7090:MRI 7084:to 7059:GSM 7037:in 6674:CNN 6670:BBC 6658:NTV 6654:ATV 6132:AKP 6052:in 6004:). 5966:EAA 5839:in 5409:PPP 5190:). 5133:in 5129:on 4941:17% 4926:78% 4285:500 4277:361 4269:100 4158:in 3954:of 3791:). 3636:to 3602:in 3590:of 3452:AKP 3439:of 3378:to 3060:at 2969:), 2874:are 2835:ash 2827:elm 2823:oak 2749:in 2725:46 2722:22 2719:31 2716:46 2713:65 2710:66 2707:69 2704:64 2701:57 2698:46 2695:38 2692:29 2689:22 2408:5.5 2403:9.2 2368:8.1 2363:4.9 2358:3.5 2353:3.6 2338:7.9 2293:8.0 2288:6.1 2283:5.9 2218:9.4 2213:8.8 2056:İHH 1723:to 1715:to 1683:in 1463:". 1244:); 1118:) ( 839:in 709:1st 698:HDI 639:TRT 583:GDP 527:1st 522:1st 462:CHP 25280:: 24792:20 24781:10 24768:19 24744:18 24720:17 24696:16 24672:15 24648:14 24624:13 24600:12 24555:11 23343:/ 22573:TV 21427:/ 21276:/ 17932:– 17357:. 16977:. 16967:78 16965:. 16624:. 16430:^ 16408:. 16357:. 16330:. 16311:. 16299:. 16267:. 16189:. 16177:^ 16116:}} 16112:{{ 16075:. 16030:. 15979:. 15849:. 15676:^ 15659:. 15628:. 15610:. 15585:. 15558:. 15532:. 15470:. 15457:^ 15440:. 15411:. 15311:^ 15287:}} 15283:{{ 15218:^ 15189:^ 15158:^ 15091:^ 15049:. 15023:. 15004:. 14978:. 14940:^ 14922:. 14896:. 14885:^ 14784:^ 14765:. 14734:. 14694:^ 14665:. 14640:. 14500:. 14474:. 14449:. 14424:. 14398:. 14222:. 14169:. 14062:^ 14045:. 14039:. 13987:. 13962:. 13936:. 13898:. 13838:^ 13820:80 13818:. 13792:. 13740:. 13714:. 13575:. 13537:^ 13417:. 13392:. 13342:. 13317:. 13287:. 13262:. 13237:. 13212:. 13194:. 13167:. 13138:. 13127:^ 13109:. 13098:^ 13081:. 13069:^ 13040:. 13014:. 12982:. 12972:. 12945:^ 12923:. 12905:. 12879:. 12853:. 12826:. 12789:. 12681:^ 12651:^ 12586:. 12561:. 12496:^ 12462:. 12444:. 12418:. 12392:. 12367:. 12318:. 12214:. 12192:^ 12174:. 12133:. 12106:. 12076:. 12037:. 12004:. 11978:. 11967:^ 11759:^ 11744:^ 11719:. 11692:^ 11610:. 11507:^ 11491:^ 11469:. 11458:^ 11441:. 11403:^ 11386:. 11356:, 11340:, 11308:^ 11228:. 11203:. 11177:. 11112:. 11076:^ 11054:^ 11025:. 10974:. 10946:. 10919:. 10879:. 10831:. 10806:. 10780:. 10765:II 10763:. 10741:. 10670:. 10618:27 10616:. 10612:. 10593:. 10568:. 10513:. 10495:. 10477:. 10430:. 10400:. 10382:. 10357:. 10331:. 10327:. 10299:^ 10281:. 10256:. 10226:. 10222:. 10194:. 10155:. 10130:. 10105:. 10077:. 10051:. 10040:^ 10022:. 9903:. 9891:. 9879:. 9875:. 9848:. 9842:. 9819:. 9809:79 9807:. 9753:^ 9736:. 9667:. 9617:^ 9563:^ 9535:. 9513:^ 9485:^ 9457:^ 9358:. 9194:. 9158:^ 9143:^ 8992:^ 8877:. 8859:. 8837:. 8829:. 8821:. 8811:76 8809:. 8781:. 8763:^ 8646:^ 8629:. 8616:^ 8583:^ 8531:^ 8511:. 8488:^ 8430:. 8413:^ 8320:. 8294:. 8290:. 8235:. 8231:. 8220:^ 8210:. 8110:^ 8033:, 8012:: 8008:; 7960:US 7956:, 7659:. 7396:M8 7392:M5 7390:, 7388:M4 7380:M9 7378:, 7376:M7 7374:, 7372:M6 7370:, 7368:M3 7366:, 7364:M2 7362:, 7360:M1 7299:, 7295:, 7291:, 7226:, 7222:, 7218:, 7199:, 7185:, 7002:. 6870:, 6785:, 6769:, 6765:, 6761:, 6748:, 6740:. 6567:, 6524:, 6518:, 6434:, 6407:, 6403:, 6399:, 6324:. 6284:. 6277:. 6265:, 6261:, 6257:, 6253:, 6249:, 6228:. 6037:, 6033:, 5996:, 5992:, 5988:, 5984:, 5859:, 5843:, 5817:. 5725:. 5713:, 5709:, 5701:, 5697:, 5265:, 5210:, 5182:, 4984:3% 4971:1% 4956:1% 4888:, 4884:, 4880:, 4876:, 4872:, 4842:, 4838:, 4834:, 4830:, 4826:, 4822:, 4818:, 4806:, 4752:. 4736:, 4732:, 4708:, 4317:c. 4306:c. 4295:c. 4202:. 4190:, 4106:: 4054:, 4050:, 4018:, 3893:, 3889:, 3873:, 3741:, 3737:, 3665:r. 3628:r. 3613:r. 3583:. 3574:c. 3558:c. 3523:, 3309:, 3305:, 3245:, 3195:. 3159:: 3075:NO 3064:, 3033:. 3017:: 2952:, 2948:, 2944:, 2936:, 2894:, 2890:, 2859:, 2855:, 2849:, 2845:, 2833:, 2829:, 2825:, 2821:, 2074:. 2058:. 1988:, 1984:, 1980:, 1906:A 1903:. 1751:. 1669:. 1643:, 1639:, 1523:. 1196:: 1178:: 1114:: 1091:: 1077:: 1039:: 1005:. 966:, 898:: 894:; 885:: 855:. 723:, 692:34 572:: 420:39 188:, 24835:e 24828:t 24821:v 24757:9 24733:8 24709:7 24685:6 24661:5 24637:4 24613:3 24589:2 24544:1 24462:e 24455:t 24448:v 24264:e 24257:t 24250:v 24106:– 24062:- 23952:– 23906:e 23899:t 23892:v 23599:e 23592:t 23585:v 23409:e 23402:t 23395:v 22753:e 22746:t 22739:v 21545:e 21538:t 21531:v 21240:e 21233:t 21226:v 20962:e 20955:t 20948:v 20033:e 20026:t 20019:v 17971:e 17964:t 17957:v 17944:) 17936:( 17920:( 17904:) 17896:( 17881:. 17862:. 17843:. 17824:. 17797:. 17778:. 17759:. 17740:. 17721:. 17702:. 17679:. 17660:. 17641:. 17622:. 17603:. 17584:. 17565:. 17546:. 17527:. 17508:. 17490:. 17471:. 17452:. 17433:. 17410:. 17381:. 17350:. 17331:. 17312:. 17293:. 17274:. 17255:. 17236:. 17215:. 17196:. 17177:. 17156:. 17137:. 17118:. 17099:. 17080:. 17061:. 17042:. 17023:. 17004:. 16985:. 16973:: 16956:. 16937:. 16918:. 16899:. 16880:. 16861:. 16838:. 16819:. 16800:. 16779:. 16760:. 16741:. 16722:. 16703:. 16684:. 16665:. 16646:. 16596:. 16577:. 16558:. 16539:. 16520:. 16501:. 16482:. 16453:. 16424:. 16394:. 16368:. 16342:. 16253:. 16231:. 16205:. 16171:. 16145:. 16122:) 16108:. 16086:. 16060:. 16016:. 15990:. 15965:. 15953:. 15943:. 15917:. 15891:. 15865:. 15835:. 15809:. 15783:. 15756:. 15730:. 15704:. 15670:. 15644:. 15596:. 15570:. 15506:. 15481:. 15451:. 15423:. 15334:. 15293:) 15279:. 15245:. 15212:. 15183:. 15152:. 15114:. 15085:. 15060:. 15035:. 15008:. 14990:. 14964:. 14934:. 14907:. 14879:. 14845:. 14807:. 14778:. 14750:. 14720:. 14676:. 14651:. 14625:. 14581:. 14559:. 14533:. 14486:. 14460:. 14435:. 14409:. 14383:. 14361:. 14335:. 14309:. 14283:. 14258:. 14233:. 14207:. 14181:. 14155:. 14133:. 14107:. 14085:. 14056:. 14025:. 13999:. 13973:. 13947:. 13909:. 13832:. 13803:. 13777:. 13751:. 13725:. 13699:. 13661:. 13586:. 13560:. 13471:. 13450:. 13429:. 13403:. 13367:. 13353:. 13328:. 13303:. 13273:. 13248:. 13223:. 13198:. 13179:. 13150:. 13121:. 13092:. 13051:. 13026:. 12997:. 12968:: 12939:. 12909:. 12890:. 12864:. 12838:. 12801:. 12775:. 12753:. 12728:. 12703:. 12675:. 12623:. 12598:. 12572:. 12543:. 12516:. 12478:. 12448:. 12430:. 12404:. 12378:. 12352:. 12329:. 12303:. 12264:. 12218:. 12186:. 12159:. 12144:. 12118:. 12092:. 12049:. 12020:. 11990:. 11937:. 11898:. 11864:. 11838:. 11820:. 11782:. 11738:. 11556:. 11531:. 11452:. 11427:. 11290:. 11240:. 11214:. 11188:. 11162:. 11128:. 11036:. 10986:. 10960:. 10932:. 10865:. 10843:. 10817:. 10791:. 10681:. 10656:. 10630:. 10624:: 10579:. 10554:. 10463:. 10441:. 10416:. 10386:. 10368:. 10343:. 10333:1 10293:. 10267:. 10241:. 10208:. 10180:. 10166:. 10141:. 10116:. 10091:. 10063:. 10034:. 9984:. 9950:. 9881:2 9860:. 9827:. 9815:: 9747:. 9710:. 9671:. 9587:. 9545:. 9507:. 9479:. 9370:. 9296:. 9271:. 9210:. 8957:. 8939:" 8907:. 8881:. 8845:. 8825:: 8817:: 8793:. 8721:. 8640:. 8610:. 8577:. 8525:. 8470:. 8407:. 8380:. 8352:. 8324:. 8306:. 8276:. 8247:. 8196:. 8138:. 8045:) 8016:( 7996:/ 7993:l 7990:ʊ 7987:b 7984:n 7981:æ 7978:t 7975:s 7972:ɪ 7969:ˈ 7966:/ 7941:/ 7938:l 7935:ʊ 7932:b 7929:ˈ 7926:n 7923:æ 7920:t 7917:s 7914:ɪ 7911:ˌ 7908:/ 5662:. 5273:. 5137:. 5062:. 4712:, 3958:( 3625:( 3594:( 3301:– 3080:2 3013:( 2146:. 1868:. 1844:( 1498:. 1285:) 1266:. 1192:( 1174:( 1159:( 1110:( 1087:( 1035:( 906:( 881:( 806:) 641:) 637:( 604:₺ 576:) 568:( 464:) 460:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.