186:
747:
248:
124:
25:
66:
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inspect the media for signs of visible growth and record it. The inspection again has to occur under conditions favoring the isolate's survival, i.e. in an 'anaerobic chamber' for anaerobe bacteria for example, and under conditions that do not threaten the person looking at the plates from being
525:
and isolation techniques will have to be geared towards that microbe. For example, a bacterium that dies when exposed to air, can only be isolated if the sample is carried and processed under airless or anaerobic conditions. A bacterium that dies when exposed to room temperature (thermophilic)
450:
did not exist prior to the 20th century. The methods of microbial isolation have drastically changed over the past 50 years, from a labor perspective with increasing mechanization, and in regard to the technologies involved, and with it speed and accuracy.
757:
allows for visualization of the bacteria's cell wall composition based on the color the bacteria stains after a series of staining and decolorization steps. This staining process allows for the identification of
498:
the microbe(s) of interest based on its growth characteristics. Depending on the expected density and viability of microbes present in a liquid sample, physical methods to increase the gradient as for example
766:
bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria will stain a pink color due to the thin layer of peptidoglycan. If a bacteria stains purple, due to the thick layer of peptidoglycan, the bacteria is a gram-positive bacteria.
514:, blood inside the circulatory system) centrifugation, decanting the supernatant and using only the sediment will increase the chance to grow and isolate bacteria or the usually cell-associated viruses.
571:
that will suppress the growth of concomitant bacteria expected in the mix (by antibiotics present in the agar), so that only
Streptococci are "selected", i.e. visibly stand out. To isolate fungi,
435:. The liquid culture pasteur developed allowed for the visulization of promoting or inhibiting growth of specific bacteria. This same technique is utilized today through various mediums like
743:, lifting a single colony off the agar surface with a loop and streaks the material into the 4 quadrants of an agar plate or all over if the colony was singular and did not look mixed.
507:
may be chosen. In order to isolate organisms in materials with high microbial content, such as sewage, soil or stool, serial dilutions will increase the chance of separating a mixture.
770:
In clinical microbiology numerous other staining techniques for particular organisms are used (acid fast bacterial stain for mycobacteria). Immunological staining techniques, such as
526:
requires a pre-warmed transport container, and a microbe that dries and dies when carried on a cotton swab will need a viral transport medium before it can be cultured successfully.
1383:
1276:
1038:
76:
834:
beforehand, this method does not require isolation. Since most bacteria cannot be grown with conventional methods (particularly environmental or soil bacteria)
1465:
1378:
831:
1107:
1148:
87:
1031:
683:
or in a refrigerator for cold enrichment, under appropriate light, for example strictly without light wrapped in paper or in a dark bottle for
727:
When bacteria have visibly grown, they are often still mixed. The identification of a microbe depends upon the isolation of an individual
599:
by excreting acid into the medium. In other agar substances are added to exploit an organism's ability to produce a visible pigment (e.g.
1326:
855:
650:
need to be inoculated. To enumerate the growth, bacteria can be suspended in molten agar before it becomes solid, and then poured into
1432:
1024:
883:
316:
38:
288:
258:
295:
1517:
910:"Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology"
687:
mycobacteria, and for different lengths of time, because different bacteria grow at a different speed, varying from hours (
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52:
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149:
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conditions or with added carbon dioxide (5%), at different temperature settings, for example 37 °C in an
44:
1388:
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1336:
862:
is an option for a singular organism that cannot be sufficiently characterized for identification. Small
655:
1271:
771:
731:, as biochemical testing of a microbe to determine its different physiological features depends on a
708:
510:
In a liquid medium with few or no expected organisms, from an area that is normally sterile (such as
575:
can be used. Alternatively, lethal conditions for streptococci and gram negative bacteria like high
309:
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804:
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Biochemical testing of bacteria involves a set of agars in vials to separate motile from
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1016:
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858:(MALDI-TOF MS) is used in the analysis of clinical specimens to look for pathogens.
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Benson's
Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology
672:
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925:
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strains possible, different nutrient media as well as enriched media, such as
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under the appropriate atmospheric settings, such as aerobic, anaerobic or
1529:
1246:
540:
467:
In order to isolate a microbe from a natural, mixed population of living
440:
826:
While the most rapid method to identify bacteria is by sequencing their
1505:
1201:
792:
species) and where the test result would alter standard management and
754:
671:
After the sample is inoculated into or onto the choice media, they are
651:
639:
612:
588:
544:
518:
480:
476:
472:
376:
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662:(e.g. dairy testing) to establish the so-called 'aerobic plate count'.
1427:
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380:
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247:
152:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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431:. 1860 marked the successful introduction of liquid medium by
1475:
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1306:
908:
Bonnet, M.; Lagier, J. C.; Raoult, D.; Khelaifia, S. (2020).
439:, a solid medium. Solid cultures were developed in 1881 when
707:
infected by a particularly infectious microbe, i.e. under a
619:
so that they can be more easily spotted. Some bacteria like
459:
907:
803:. In 1970 a miniaturized version was developed, called the
77:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
16:
Separation of a strain from a mixed population of microbes
471:, as present in the environment, for example in water or
443:
solidified the liquid media through the addition of agar
367:, as present in the environment, for example in water or
419:
first developed during the 19th century in the field of
1046:
654:, the so-called 'pour plate method' which is used in
623:
require particular nutrients or toxin binding as in
555:, depending what the objective of the isolation is:
1562:
821:
750:Example of gram staining on a gram positive rod.
529:
969:(Thirteenth ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
387:the microbe(s) of interest. Historically, the
1032:
884:"Isolation and Cultivation of Microorganisms"
391:of isolation first developed in the field of
964:
774:have been developed for medically important
595:showing if the bacteria are able to ferment
274:introducing citations to additional sources
856:Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
517:If one expects or looks for a particularly
399:(during the 19th century), before those in
363:from a natural, mixed population of living
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1039:
1025:
941:
587:present in a sample of gut bacteria, and
343:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
745:
458:
264:Relevant discussion may be found on the
193:This article includes a list of general
487:, one has to separate it from the mix.
1563:
1020:
866:can also be used for identification.
454:
988:
986:
646:and anaerobic culture media such as
629:Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
627:to grow and therefore media such as
463:Bacteria extracted from soil sample.
241:
179:
117:
59:
18:
1332:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
810:Successful identification via e.g.
13:
965:Alfred Brown, Heidi Smith (2012).
567:from a throat swab, one can use a
199:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1582:
1458:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
1265:biochemical and immunologic tests
983:
741:aseptic technique in microbiology
722:
490:Traditionally microbes have been
34:This article has multiple issues.
1486:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1178:Manual testing: basic techniques
786:) or difficult to grow (such as
257:relies largely or entirely on a
246:
184:
122:
64:
23:
914:New Microbes and New Infections
446:Proper isolation techniques of
42:or discuss these issues on the
1394:Novobiocin susceptibility test
1384:Bacitracin susceptibility test
958:
901:
876:
543:the sample onto certain solid
534:
359:refers to the separation of a
1:
1277:Amino acid decarboxylase test
869:
822:Bacteria, culture-independent
698:At regular, serial intervals
666:
559:If one wants to isolate only
475:, or from living beings with
371:, or from living beings with
285:"Isolation" microbiology
1389:Optochin susceptibility test
1352:Sulfide indole motility test
1337:Phenylalanine deaminase test
530:Bacterial and fungal culture
7:
563:group of bacteria, such as
148:the claims made and adding
10:
1587:
926:10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622
818:depends on pure cultures.
656:environmental microbiology
406:
355:In microbiology, the term
1498:
1456:
1433:Polymerase chain reaction
1412:
1262:
1177:
1166:
1136:
1095:
1069:
1055:
772:direct immunofluorescence
709:biological safety cabinet
611:'s color, or to dissolve
403:during the 20th century.
1423:Analytical profile index
848:sequencing of the genome
805:analytical profile index
780:Auramine-rhodamine stain
634:If one wants to isolate
860:Whole genome sequencing
778:that are slow growing (
719:(anthrax) for example.
539:Laboratory technicians
523:microbiological culture
214:more precise citations.
1357:Triple sugar iron test
994:"Gram Stain Protocols"
789:Legionella pneumophila
751:
700:laboratory technicians
591:in the agar acts as a
583:favor survival of any
464:
86:by rewriting it in an
1415:point-of-care testing
1096:Cultures by body site
1049:clinical microbiology
830:gene, which has been
749:
739:, one again works in
605:Group B Streptococcus
565:Group A Streptococcus
462:
413:laboratory techniques
389:laboratory techniques
1374:Voges–Proskauer test
1282:Bile solubility test
1137:Cultures by organism
1070:Isolation techniques
607:) which changes the
270:improve this article
1481:McFarland standards
1471:Disk diffusion test
1466:Beta-lactamase test
1399:Lancefield grouping
1379:X and V factor test
1347:Salt tolerance test
1222:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1185:Colonial morphology
850:. Sequencing with
840:metatranscriptomics
801:non-motile bacteria
648:thioglycolate broth
549:streak plate method
1550:Inoculation needle
888:Biology Discussion
844:shotgun sequencing
752:
717:Bacillus anthracis
621:Legionella species
581:Mannitol salt agar
579:concentrations in
465:
455:General techniques
437:Mannitol salt agar
133:possibly contains
88:encyclopedic style
75:is written like a
1558:
1557:
1535:Biosafety cabinet
1494:
1493:
1342:Reverse CAMP test
1162:
1161:
1144:Bacterial culture
852:mass spectrometry
812:genome sequencing
794:empirical therapy
660:food microbiology
353:
352:
345:
335:
334:
320:
240:
239:
232:
178:
177:
170:
135:original research
116:
115:
108:
57:
1578:
1545:Inoculation loop
1443:Rapid strep test
1175:
1174:
1067:
1066:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
990:
981:
980:
962:
956:
955:
945:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
880:
846:or PCR directed
691:) to weeks (e.g.
689:Escherichia coli
609:bacterial colony
569:selective medium
429:light microscopy
348:
341:
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210:this article by
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1575:
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1490:
1452:
1408:
1317:Methyl red test
1264:
1263:Manual testing:
1258:
1217:India ink stain
1207:Acid-fast stain
1170:
1158:
1132:
1108:Genital culture
1091:
1087:Selective media
1059:
1051:
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864:DNA microarrays
824:
725:
713:Yersinia pestis
704:microbiologists
677:microaerophilic
669:
551:or into liquid
537:
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501:serial dilution
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84:help improve it
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1168:Identification
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1149:Fungal culture
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1118:Throat culture
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1113:Sputum culture
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1047:Techniques in
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723:Identification
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685:scotochromogen
668:
665:
664:
663:
644:chocolate agar
636:as many or all
632:
601:granada medium
573:Sabouraud agar
553:culture medium
536:
533:
531:
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521:organism, the
505:centrifugation
456:
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405:
383:, in order to
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1448:Monospot test
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1188:
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1180:
1176:
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1169:
1165:
1155:
1154:Viral culture
1152:
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1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:Wound culture
1126:
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1123:Urine culture
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1103:Blood culture
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978:
976:9780073402413
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853:
849:
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832:PCR-amplified
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797:
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764:gram positive
761:
760:gram-negative
756:
755:Gram staining
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326:November 2021
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259:single source
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1571:Microbiology
1322:Nitrite test
1292:Citrate test
1233:Rapid tests
1212:Giemsa stain
1082:Streak plate
1056:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
966:
960:
917:
913:
903:
892:. Retrieved
890:. 2016-06-02
887:
878:
836:metagenomics
825:
809:
798:
787:
784:mycobacteria
769:
753:
735:. To make a
733:pure culture
726:
715:(plague) or
697:
693:mycobacteria
670:
652:petri dishes
635:
593:ph indicator
561:a particular
560:
538:
516:
509:
494:in order to
489:
466:
445:
425:parasitology
421:bacteriology
410:
397:parasitology
393:bacteriology
356:
354:
339:
323:
313:
306:
299:
292:
280:
256:
226:
217:
198:
164:
158:January 2016
155:
132:
102:
96:January 2016
93:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1530:Durham tube
1362:Urease test
1171:and testing
545:agar plates
535:Inoculation
441:Robert Koch
212:introducing
1506:Agar plate
1302:DNAse test
1202:Gram stain
1003:2023-04-21
920:: 100622.
894:2023-04-21
870:References
842:are used,
737:subculture
667:Incubation
640:blood agar
613:blood agar
589:phenol red
519:fastidious
481:oral flora
477:skin flora
473:soil flora
377:oral flora
373:skin flora
296:newspapers
195:references
142:improve it
39:improve it
1540:Incubator
1499:Equipment
1428:MALDI-TOF
1327:ONPG test
1287:CAMP test
1190:Hemolysis
1057:Isolation
934:2052-2975
776:pathogens
681:incubator
673:incubated
617:hemolysis
547:with the
541:inoculate
485:gut flora
381:gut flora
357:isolation
266:talk page
146:verifying
45:talk page
1565:Category
1404:RPR test
1312:KOH test
1272:ALA test
1242:Catalase
1229:Wet prep
1197:Staining
952:31956419
828:16S rRNA
816:genomics
625:charcoal
597:mannitol
496:identify
492:cultured
469:microbes
448:virology
417:microbes
401:virology
385:identify
365:microbes
220:May 2019
1523:Gas-pak
1237:Oxidase
1077:Asepsis
1062:culture
998:ASM.org
943:6961714
407:History
310:scholar
208:improve
140:Please
82:Please
1247:Indole
973:
950:
940:
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854:as in
729:colony
427:using
361:strain
312:
305:
298:
291:
283:
197:, but
1476:Etest
1438:VITEK
1367:rapid
1307:IMViC
317:JSTOR
303:books
1060:and
971:ISBN
948:PMID
930:ISSN
814:and
782:for
762:and
711:for
702:and
658:and
642:and
603:for
577:salt
423:and
411:The
395:and
369:soil
289:news
1252:PYR
938:PMC
922:doi
838:or
695:).
615:by
512:CSF
503:or
483:or
379:or
272:by
144:by
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