Insular cortex - Knowledge

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have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.

1068:, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by "anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, "signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity." Picard notes that "the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty," and refers to Archimedes' "Eureka!" Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking " 1188: 1176: 1152: 1128: 1140: 922:, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli. Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia. Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention. 55: 40: 521:

prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus). Subvocal, or silent, speech has also been shown to activate right insular cortex, further supporting the theory that the motor control of speech proceeds from the insula.

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can disrupt the arcuate fasciculus. Functional imaging studies on the cerebral correlates of language production also suggest that the anterior insula forms part of the brain network of speech motor control. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the posterior insular can evoke speech disturbances such as speech arrest and reduced voice intensity.

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for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as

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The sensory speech region, Wernicke’s area, and the motor speech region, Broca’s area, are interconnected by a large axonal fiber system known as the arcuate fasciculus which passes directly beneath the insular cortex. On account of this anatomical architecture, ischemic strokes in the insular region

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concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex. A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient

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One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula

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Lesion of the pre-central gyrus of the insula can also cause “pure speech apraxia” (i.e. the inability to speak with no apparent aphasic or orofacial motor impairments). This demonstrates that the insular cortex forms part of a critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements

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A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that

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and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is

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Studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the insular cortex can impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and social behavior. The insula is considered a key brain structure in the neural circuitry underlying complex decision-making processes. It plays a significant role in integrating

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well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the

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The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty, disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural

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and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry

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emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the

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revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right

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Fox, Kieran C.R.; Nijeboer, Savannah; Dixon, Matthew L.; Floman, James L.; Ellamil, Melissa; Rumak, Samuel P.; Sedlmeier, Peter; Christoff, Kalina (June 2014). "Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation

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It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune

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is judged as to its degree. Lesion of the insula is associated with dramatic loss of pain perception and isolated insular infarction can lead to contralateral elimination of pinprick perception. Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while

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injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable

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The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning.

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Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is

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quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that

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Billeke, Pablo; Ossandon, Tomas; Perrone-Bertolotti, Marcela; Kahane, Philippe; Bastin, Julien; Jerbi, Karim; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Fuentealba, Pablo (1 June 2020). "Human Anterior Insula Encodes Performance Feedback and Relays Prediction Error to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex".

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thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch.

1064:. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy. According to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in 2434:

Song GH, Venkatraman V, Ho KY, Chee MW, Yeoh KG, Wilder-Smith CH (December 2006). "Cortical effects of anticipation and endogenous modulation of visceral pain assessed by functional brain MRI in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls".

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could have affected the results. More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to

508:. Research in rhesus monkeys has also reported that apart from numerous taste-sensitive neurons, the insular cortex also responds to non-taste properties of oral stimuli related to the texture (viscosity, grittiness) or temperature of food. 320:

The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the

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that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including

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Blenkmann, Alejandro O.; Collavini, Santiago; Lubell, James; Llorens, Anaïs; Funderud, Ingrid; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, Pål G.; Meling, Torstein R.; Bekinschtein, Tristan; Kochen, Silvia; Endestad, Tor (December 2019).

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Physiological studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that neurons in the insula respond to skin stimulation. PET studies have also revealed that the human insula can also be activated by vibrational stimulation to the skin.

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A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including

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has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of

668:. Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences. It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke. 4461: 885:

created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system). This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might

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and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty," which will be experienced as emotional confidence. Picard concludes that "his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals."

857:. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the 2750:

Matsuura S, Kakizaki H, Mitsui T, Shiga T, Tamaki N, Koyanagi T (November 2002). "Human brain region response to distention or cold stimulation of the bladder: a positron emission tomography study".

5786:"A systematic review of resting-state functional-MRI studies in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body-signal integration" 2199:

Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Mitchell JH, Raven PB, Morgan WP (April 2001). "Hypnotic manipulation of effort sense during dynamic exercise: cardiovascular responses and brain activation".

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In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement, swallowing, gastric motility, and speech articulation. It has been identified as a "central command” centre that ensures that

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Ramírez-Amaya V, Alvarez-Borda B, Ormsby CE, Martínez RD, Pérez-Montfort R, Bermúdez-Rattoni F (June 1996). "Insular cortex lesions impair the acquisition of conditioned immunosuppression".

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Weiller C, Ramsay SC, Wise RJ, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (February 1993). "Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction".

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Quarto, Tiziana; Blasi, Giuseppe; Maddalena, Chiara; Viscanti, Giovanna; Lanciano, Tiziana; Soleti, Emanuela; Mangiulli, Ivan; Taurisano, Paolo; Fazio, Leonardo (2016-02-09).

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Olausson H, Charron J, Marchand S, Villemure C, Strigo IA, Bushnell MC (November 2005). "Feelings of warmth correlate with neural activity in right anterior insular cortex".

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Ramírez-Amaya V, Bermúdez-Rattoni F (March 1999). "Conditioned enhancement of antibody production is disrupted by insular cortex and amygdala but not hippocampal lesions".

5144:"Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: A study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients: Functional Organization of the Insula" 5508:

Marco Contreras; Francisco Ceric; Fernando Torrealba (January 2007). "Inactivation of the Interoceptive Insula Disrupts Drug Craving and Malaise Induced by Lithium".

2535:"Tactile-Vibration-Activated Foci in Insular and Parietal-Opercular Cortex Studied with Positron Emission Tomography: Mapping the Second Somatosensory Area in Humans" 1007:. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical 365:

projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei.

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Kakigia R, Nakataa H, Inuia K, Hiroea N, et al. (October 2005). "Intracerebral pain processing in a Yoga Master who claims not to feel pain during meditation".

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Papathanasiou ES, Papacostas SS, Charalambous M, Eracleous E, Thodi C, Pantzaris M (2006). "Vertigo and imbalance caused by a small lesion in the anterior insula".

732:-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, 838:

was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.

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interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.

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Farrer C, Frith CD (March 2002). "Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: the neural correlates of the experience of agency".

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There is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other

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Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Ginsburg M, Mitchell JH (September 1999). "Activation of the insular cortex is affected by the intensity of exercise".

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Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (June 2002). "Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI".

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Anderson TJ, Jenkins IH, Brooks DJ, Hawken MB, Frackowiak RS, Kennard C (October 1994). "Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man. A PET study".

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JAKAB, A; MOLNAR, P; BOGNER, P; BERES, M; BERENYI, E (1 Oct 2011). "Connectivity-based parcellation reveals interhemispheric differences in the insula".

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Wright P, He G, Shapira NA, Goodman WK, Liu Y (October 2004). "Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination".

543:, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in 1033:

A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine

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Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as

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Binder DK, Schaller K, Clusmann H (November 2007). "The seminal contributions of Johann-Christian Reil to anatomy, physiology, and psychiatry".

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Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, Gray JR, Greve DN, Treadway MT, McGarvey M, Quinn BT, Dusek JA, Benson H, Rauch SL, Moore CI, Fischl B (2005).

2395:"Inner experience of pain: imagination of pain while viewing images showing painful events forms subjective pain representation in human brain" 4003:"A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways" 1893: 1656:"Primate Insular/Opercular Taste Cortex: Neuronal Representations of the Viscosity, Fat Texture, Grittiness, Temperature, and Taste of Foods" 159: 155: 918:

recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in

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Singer T (2006). "The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research".

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Sanfey AG, Rilling JK, Aronson JA, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD (June 2003). "The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game".

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The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency, and sense of body ownership.

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An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the

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lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to

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Zhang, Yang; Zhou, Wenjing; Wang, Siyu; Zhou, Qin; Wang, Haixiang; Zhang, Bingqing; Huang, Juan; Hong, Bo; Wang, Xiaoqin (2019-02-01).

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Ackermann H, Riecker A (May 2004). "The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: a review and a hypothesis".

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Sander K, Scheich H (October 2005). "Left auditory cortex and amygdala, but right insula dominance for human laughing and crying".

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Bushara, KO; Hanakawa, T; Immisch, I; Toma, K; Kansaku, K; Hallett, M (February 2003). "Neural correlates of cross-modal binding".

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both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a

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Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM (September 2004). "Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems".

711:(EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using 648:

Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music, laughter and crying, empathy and compassion, and language.

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Bamiou DE, Musiek FE, Luxon LM (May 2003). "The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing. Literature review".

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Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC (September 1992). "Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation".

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Hamaguchi T, Kano M, Rikimaru H, et al. (June 2004). "Brain activity during distention of the descending colon in humans".

1799:"Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: A study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients" 6136: 5000: 4311:

Wager, Tor (June 2002). "Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation Studies in PET and fMRI".

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Kikuchi M, Naito Y, Senda M, et al. (April 2009). "Cortical activation during optokinetic stimulation — an fMRI study".

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Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (February 2004). "Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness".

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Gschwind, Markus; Picard, Fabienne (2016), "Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: a glimpse into the multiple roles of the insula",

1127: 1037:, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to 704:

In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms.

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Fink GR, Frackowiak RS, Pietrzyk U, Passingham RE (April 1997). "Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex".

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Pritchard, TC; Macaluso, DA; Eslinger, PJ (August 1999). "Taste perception in patients with insular cortex lesions".

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system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007 has shown that

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Hölzel, Britta K.; Ott, Ulrich; Gard, Tim; Hempel, Hannes; Weygandt, Martin; Morgen, Katrin; Vaitl, Dieter (2008).

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MUFSON, E; MESULAM, M; PANDYA, D (1 July 1981). "Insular interconnections with the amygdala in the rhesus monkey".

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and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into

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As for fMRI recording, there were remarkable changes in levels of activity in the...SII-insula (mainly the insula)

5426:"Basal Ganglia Plus Insula Damage Yields Stronger Disruption of Smoking Addiction Than Basal Ganglia Damage Alone" 637:

sensations extends into the insula, with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of

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or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or

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Picard, Fabienne (2013), "State of belief, subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfuntion",

6623: 6315: 2980: 376: 4246:"Association between Ability Emotional Intelligence and Left Insula during Social Judgment of Facial Emotions" 7238: 6024: 2785:

von Leupoldt, A.; Sommer, T.; Kegat, S.; Baumann, H. J.; Klose, H.; Dahme, B.; Buchel, C. (24 January 2008).

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stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.

539:. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the 6703: 4976: 1878: 1728: 7277: 7115: 6671: 1080:

The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders, emotion dysregulation, and

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EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of

294: 5193:"Progressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula" 5030: 3555:

Critchley HD (December 2005). "Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration".

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awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue, and the ability to time one's own

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Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (February 2000). "Thermosensory activation of insular cortex".

2256: 130: 7282: 6946: 6893: 6814: 6781: 6681: 6497: 6480: 6420: 6017: 1701: 593: 113: 2981:"Interview with Tania Singer | the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education" 2006:"The impact of prior risk experiences on subsequent risky decision-making: The role of the insula" 6898: 6788: 6432: 6173: 6168: 975: 934: 854: 850: 2534: 1892:

Kato, Yutaka; Muramatsu, Taro; Kato, Motoichiro; Shintani, Masuro; Kashima, Haruo (2007-03-26).

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Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio-visual integration tasks.

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volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with

166: 150: 89: 329:). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. 7146: 7005: 6919: 6819: 3410:

Mutschler I, Schulze-Bonhage A, Glauche V, Demandt E, Speck O, Ball T (2007). Fitch T (ed.).

3314:""Central command" and insular activation during attempted foot lifting in paraplegic humans" 1093: 940:

Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping.

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In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an

483:. As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure. 408: 384: 350: 5340:

Vorel SR, Bisaga A, McKhann G, Kleber HD (July 2007). "Insula damage and quitting smoking".

2668:"Gastric distention correlates with activation of multiple cortical and subcortical regions" 1851: 1460: 7272: 7119: 6967: 6859: 6536: 6396: 6293: 6242: 6099: 5519: 5296: 4921: 4257: 4069: 4014: 3423: 3378: 3227: 3128:"Functional brain imaging of swallowing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis" 1960: 1391: 1273:

Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000). "Thermosensory activation of insular cortex".

967: 835: 809: 612: 3911:"Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust" 2787:"The Unpleasantness of Perceived Dyspnea Is Processed in the Anterior Insula and Amygdala" 8: 7096: 6506: 4922:"The Roles of Subdivisions of Human Insula in Emotion Perception and Auditory Processing" 3782:

Craig AD (January 2009). "How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness".

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has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex.

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pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.

459:), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula. 436: 380: 298: 5523: 5300: 5280: 4261: 4073: 4018: 3427: 3231: 3218:

Dronkers NF (November 1996). "A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation".

1964: 982:. It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex. 7154: 6977: 6951: 6802: 6552: 6522: 6444: 6376: 6364: 6265: 6261: 5995: 5953: 5918: 5864: 5852: 5818: 5727: 5637: 5596: 5553: 5450: 5425: 5365: 5317: 5282: 5258: 5233: 5173: 5124: 5066: 4992: 4957: 4858: 4833: 4806: 4754: 4741: 4716: 4692: 4667: 4643: 4618: 4599: 4550: 4541: 4525: 4492: 4435: 4380: 4355: 4336: 4288: 4245: 4226: 4179: 4136: 4093: 4037: 4002: 3983: 3940: 3850: 3807: 3759: 3734: 3715: 3672: 3624: 3599: 3580: 3537: 3494: 3446: 3411: 3387: 3362: 3338: 3313: 3294: 3251: 3165: 3152: 3127: 3108: 3030: 2962: 2919: 2849: 2732: 2648: 2605: 2515: 2460: 2362: 2345: 2321: 2296: 2277: 2224: 2137: 2079: 2054: 2030: 2005: 1981: 1948: 1929: 1779: 1655: 1576: 1528: 1519: 1503: 1438: 1413: 1341: 1298: 1255: 954: 742: 468: 290: 5762: 5046: 4572: 4480: 3927: 3910: 3870:"Neural signatures of body ownership: a sensory network for bodily self-consciousness" 3282: 3018: 2763: 2479: 1352: 7233: 7062: 7028: 7023: 7018: 6607: 6217: 6196: 6069: 5987: 5958: 5856: 5810: 5766: 5719: 5642: 5600: 5588: 5545: 5510: 5490: 5455: 5406: 5357: 5322: 5287: 5263: 5214: 5191:

Nestor PJ, Graham NL, Fryer TD, Williams GB, Patterson K, Hodges JR (November 2003).

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Afif, Afif; Minotti, Lorella; Kahane, Philippe; Hoffmann, Dominique (November 2010).

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Benedetto De Martino; Dharshan Kumaran; Ben Seymour; Raymond J. Dolan (August 2006).

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Afif, Afif; Minotti, Lorella; Kahane, Philippe; Hoffmann, Dominique (November 2010).

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Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons (Insula labeled at upper right)

1101: 1055: 963: 958: 919: 716: 642: 638: 634: 416: 322: 45: 5999: 5925: 5822: 5805: 5731: 5557: 5070: 5031:"The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing: Literature review" 4961: 4758: 4619:"Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry" 4587: 4496: 4199:"Correlation between insula activation and self-reported quality of orgasm in women" 4183: 4167: 3719: 3676: 3598:

Pacheco-López G, Niemi MB, Kou W, Härting M, Fandrey J, Schedlowski M (March 2005).

3584: 3541: 3498: 3298: 3169: 3112: 3034: 2923: 2853: 2736: 2609: 2519: 2464: 2141: 1345: 1259: 118: 7185: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7106: 7101: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7067: 7050: 7040: 6972: 6903: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6852: 6824: 6806: 6798: 6793: 6743: 6724: 6691: 6686: 6527: 6511: 6502: 6356: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6282: 6270: 6191: 6183: 6155: 6146: 6132: 6127: 6114: 6109: 5979: 5948: 5868: 5848: 5800: 5758: 5715: 5711: 5632: 5622: 5580: 5535: 5527: 5482: 5445: 5437: 5396: 5369: 5349: 5312: 5304: 5253: 5245: 5204: 5177: 5155: 5106: 5098: 5086: 5042: 4988: 4933: 4891: 4853: 4845: 4801: 4785: 4736: 4728: 4717:"Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex" 4687: 4679: 4638: 4630: 4583: 4545: 4537: 4476: 4439: 4419: 4375: 4367: 4340: 4320: 4283: 4265: 4230: 4210: 4163: 4140: 4120: 4097: 4077: 4032: 4022: 3987: 3967: 3922: 3881: 3834: 3811: 3791: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3699: 3656: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3564: 3521: 3478: 3441: 3431: 3382: 3374: 3333: 3325: 3278: 3255: 3235: 3192: 3147: 3139: 3092: 3057: 3014: 2966: 2946: 2903: 2833: 2798: 2759: 2716: 2679: 2652: 2632: 2589: 2546: 2491: 2444: 2406: 2357: 2316: 2308: 2281: 2261: 2228: 2208: 2171: 2119: 2111: 2074: 2066: 2025: 2017: 1976: 1968: 1933: 1905: 1810: 1783: 1755: 1667: 1628: 1580: 1560: 1523: 1515: 1433: 1425: 1325: 1302: 1282: 1239: 1081: 1069: 1038: 886: 870: 862: 805: 707:

The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured

622:

One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived

577: 505: 428: 240: 5353: 4832:

Eckert MA, Menon V, Walczak A, Ahlstrom J, Denslow S, Horwitz A, Dubno JR (2009).

3944: 3909:

Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (October 2003).

3854: 2160:"Exercise-induced decrease in insular cortex rCBF during postexercise hypotension" 342:

The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four

7054: 6982: 6776: 6640: 6628: 6591: 6584: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6490: 6485: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6369: 6252: 6247: 6235: 6230: 6141: 6104: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6041: 5983: 5584: 5401: 5384: 5102: 4270: 4027: 3735:"Awareness of the functioning of one's own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?" 3436: 3183:

Penfield W, Faulk ME (1955). "The insula; further observations on its function".

2593: 2265: 2212: 2176: 2159: 2003: 1909: 1429: 1113: 937:, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons. 733: 616: 452: 444: 314: 220: 143: 73: 5936: 5507: 5486: 4774:"Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function" 2666:

Ladabaum U, Minoshima S, Hasler WL, Cross D, Chey WD, Owyang C (February 2001).

2158:

Lamb K, Gallagher K, McColl R, Mathews D, Querry R, Williamson JW (April 2007).

1632: 1060:

A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which

6941: 6936: 6847: 6676: 6656: 6346: 6277: 5904: 5899: 5281:

Nasir H. Naqvi; David Rudrauf; Hanna Damasio; Antoine Bechara. (January 2007).

4773: 4198: 3061: 2950: 2802: 2480:"A modality-specific somatosensory area within the insula of the rhesus monkey" 2448: 996: 661: 581: 479:. It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a 286: 224: 5747:"A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation" 5473:

Hyman, Steven E. (2005-08-01). "Addiction: A Disease of Learning and Memory".

4789: 4371: 3096: 2837: 2550: 1414:"A volumetric comparison of the insular cortex and its subregions in primates" 1329: 451:

input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of

7266: 7251: 7169: 7164: 6757: 6736: 6719: 6698: 6515: 6465: 5627: 5054: 4945: 4895: 4797: 4279: 3600:"Neural substrates for behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression in the rat" 3196: 2784: 2558: 2503: 2371: 1917: 1824: 1767: 1679: 1065: 823:

found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that

738: 728:

The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a

698: 565: 561: 556: 530: 476: 472: 392: 282: 254: 232: 228: 171: 5531: 5308: 5087:"Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study" 4937: 4683: 4668:"Persistence of Feelings and Sentience after Bilateral Damage of the Insula" 4081: 3886: 3869: 2866: 2684: 2667: 2411: 2394: 1972: 881:

created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of

607:

Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful

349:

The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the

6289: 6053: 5991: 5962: 5860: 5814: 5770: 5723: 5646: 5592: 5549: 5494: 5459: 5410: 5361: 5326: 5267: 5218: 5209: 5192: 5169: 5120: 5062: 5010: 4953: 4903: 4867: 4815: 4750: 4701: 4652: 4595: 4559: 4488: 4431: 4389: 4332: 4324: 4297: 4222: 4175: 4132: 4124: 4089: 4046: 3979: 3936: 3895: 3846: 3838: 3803: 3768: 3711: 3703: 3660: 3633: 3576: 3455: 3396: 3347: 3290: 3204: 3161: 3026: 2958: 2915: 2880: 2845: 2810: 2771: 2728: 2693: 2644: 2601: 2478:

Schneider, Richard J.; Friedman, David P.; Mishkin, Mortimer (1993-09-03).

2456: 2420: 2379: 2330: 2273: 2220: 2185: 2133: 2088: 2039: 1990: 1925: 1832: 1775: 1687: 1640: 1572: 1537: 1447: 1337: 1294: 1061: 813: 432: 236: 4634: 3668: 3533: 3525: 3490: 3482: 3247: 3104: 3069: 2566: 2511: 2312: 1671: 1654:

Verhagen, Justus V.; Kadohisa, Mikiko; Rolls, Edmund T. (September 2004).

1504:"Neural correlates of auditory-visual stimulus onset asynchrony detection" 1251: 6996: 6045: 5441: 4834:"At the heart of the ventral attention system: the right anterior insula" 1894:"Activation of right insular cortex during imaginary speech articulation" 1109: 1021: 608: 573: 480: 262: 5540: 5234:"Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia" 4975:

Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf (2012-01-01), Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (eds.),

3646: 196: 5111: 4880: 4526:"Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness" 3312:

Nowak M, Holm S, Biering-Sørensen F, Secher NH, Friberg L (June 2005).

1097: 657: 569: 278: 266: 125: 5385:"Smoking Cessation 1 Year Poststroke and Damage to the Insular Cortex" 5249: 4849: 4732: 3568: 3409: 3329: 3143: 551:

processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as

6579: 6039: 5929: 4354:

Vilares I, Howard JD, Fernandes HL, Gottfried JA, Kording KP (2012).

3239: 1012: 785: 544: 536: 5746: 5232:

Gorno-Tempini ML, Dronkers NF, Rankin KP, et al. (March 2004).

4423: 3795: 2984: 2070: 7195: 2115: 1026: 1008: 1004: 834:

Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced

824: 801: 769: 627: 475:

by some authorities. Other sources see the insula as a part of the

448: 440: 358: 137: 2636: 2344:

Birklein, Frank; Rolke, Roman; Müller-Forell, Wibke (2005-11-08).

1564: 1286: 1030:

not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.

5702:

Paulus MP, Stein MB (August 2006). "An insular view of anxiety".

5029:

Bamiou, Doris-Eva; Musiek, Frank E; Luxon, Linda M (2003-05-01).

3412:"A rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex" 2393:

Ogino Y, Nemoto H, Inui K, Saito S, Kakigi R, Goto F (May 2007).

1949:"Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain" 1618: 1000: 992: 911: 890: 882: 789: 781: 694: 623: 552: 548: 491: 310: 270: 258: 54: 4405:"How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness" 3868:

Tsakiris M, Hesse MD, Boy C, Haggard P, Fink GR (October 2007).

3363:"Lesion correlates of conversational speech production deficits" 3082: 2579: 2004:

Gui Xue; Zhonglin Lu; Irwin P. Levin d; Antoine Bechara (2010).

1702:

https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/103/2/337/378338

1193:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

796:

beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states.

39: 6731: 5677: 5083: 4353: 4196: 3311: 2241: 2198: 2055:"Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication" 1315: 1016: 729: 597: 302: 244: 84: 5783: 5283:"Damage to the Insula Disrupts Addiction to Cigarette Smoking" 4001:

Jabbi M, Bastiaansen J, Keysers C (2008). Lauwereyns J (ed.).

3511: 592:

thinking about their happening to one's own body. Those with

7190: 5926:

Stained brain slice images which include the "insular cortex"

3689: 1181:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images

773: 427:

The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or

274: 247: 101: 77: 5937:"The Insula: Anatomic Study and MR Imaging Display at 1.5 T" 4243: 3597: 2665: 2101: 1169:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images

1112:

and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains

1049: 754:

olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function

5231: 4059: 3360: 3047: 2749: 902:

internal and external cues to facilitate adaptive choices.

777: 765: 761: 588: 415:

that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the

306: 4831: 4197:

Ortigue S, Grafton ST, Bianchi-Demicheli F (August 2007).

2791:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

2533:

Burton, H.; Videen, T. O.; Raichle, M. E. (January 1993).

2343: 2157: 1550: 1476: 1096:

while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses.

910:

Research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in

357:. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the 5969: 5190: 5141: 3908: 1891: 1852:

https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/31/8/3723/6213947

1796: 1229: 853:

research suggests the insula is involved in two types of

752:. To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to 5339: 3468: 3361:

Borovsky A, Saygin AP, Bates E, Dronkers N (June 2007).

2477: 353:

of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the

5784:

Gaudio S, Wiemerslage L, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB (2016).

5688: 5686: 4110: 4000: 3867: 1744:"An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production" 1598:. Boston: Benjamin Cummings/Pearson. pp. 391–395. 1015:

smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a

764:

have revealed that the insula has an important role in

257:

and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to

5838: 4523: 3957: 1502:

Bushara, KO; Grafman, J; Hallett, M (1 January 2001).

701:-like link between external and internal experiences. 4715:

Taylor KS, Seminowicz DA, Davis KD (September 2009).

4714: 2706: 2433: 1653: 1501: 1366:"Sobotta's Atlas and Text-book of human anatomy 1909" 5683: 4665: 2893: 2622: 2392: 1742:

Bohland, Jason W.; Guenther, Frank H. (2006-08-15).

1272: 626:

is processed in the right human anterior insula and

375:

The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the

5935:Thomas P. Naidicha; et al. (1 February 2004). 4616: 2532: 768:experience and the experience of a number of basic 750:

emotionally relevant context for sensory experience

7250:Some categorizations are approximations, and some 5934: 5895:. Location and literature citations for the insula 3732: 3125: 2294: 756:, whereas the posterior insula is related more to 693:The anterior insula processes a person's sense of 587:The insular cortex also is where the sensation of 580:experience. It is also involved in the control of 5028: 4919: 3004: 2823: 2295:Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV (February 2009). 948: 914:. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using 7264: 3268: 368:The posterior part of the insula is formed by a 2052: 1741: 443:portion. The insula also receives differential 5612: 1157:Horizontal section of left cerebral hemisphere 492:Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding 6025: 4772:Menon, Vinod; Uddin, Lucina Q. (2010-05-29). 4666:Damasio, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. (2013). 4462:"A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion" 3733:Karnath HO, Baier B, Nägele T (August 2005). 3182: 3126:Sörös P, Inamoto Y, Martin RE (August 2009). 2936: 1411: 4517: 3554: 1363: 1133:Location and structure of the insular cortex 1075: 467:The insular cortex is considered a separate 5777: 5701: 5382: 4974: 4623:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3824: 3217: 1593: 572:. Moreover, greater right anterior insular 504:The anterior insula is part of the primary 253:The insulae are believed to be involved in 6032: 6018: 5834: 5832: 5744: 4977:"Chapter 7 - The insular cortex: A review" 4771: 564:. The right anterior insula is engaged in 524: 313:. In relation to these, it is involved in 38: 5952: 5804: 5636: 5626: 5539: 5449: 5400: 5316: 5257: 5208: 5159: 5110: 4857: 4827: 4825: 4805: 4740: 4691: 4642: 4566: 4549: 4379: 4287: 4269: 4036: 4026: 3926: 3885: 3758: 3623: 3548: 3445: 3435: 3386: 3337: 3151: 2683: 2410: 2361: 2320: 2255: 2175: 2123: 2078: 2029: 1980: 1814: 1527: 1437: 1412:Bauernfeind A; et al. (April 2013). 1388:"Definition: 'Circular Sulcus Of Insula'" 1104:is responsible for it being known as the 1050:Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures 4576:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 4153: 3781: 1594:Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja (2008). 943: 27:Portion of the mammalian cerebral cortex 5829: 5423: 2153: 2151: 1596:Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition 14: 7265: 5570: 4822: 3902: 3379:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.023 905: 44:Right insula, exposed by removing the 6013: 5915:Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator 5472: 4915: 4913: 4459: 4402: 4310: 3994: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1479:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology 1477:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). 5745:Thayer JF, Lane RD (December 2000). 5615:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2148: 1119: 6942:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal) 5348:(5836): 318–9, author reply 318–9. 859:pregenual anterior cingulate cortex 619:also activates the insular cortex. 422: 24: 5941:American Journal of Neuroradiology 5853:10.1227/01.neu.0000303205.15489.23 4993:10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6 4983:, Evolution of the Primate Brain, 4910: 4542:10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19 2539:Somatosensory & Motor Research 2363:10.1212/01.wnl.0000181351.82772.b3 1839: 1520:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00300.2001 1212:List of regions in the human brain 1092:The insula was first described by 896: 688: 25: 7294: 5878: 758:auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor 419:in the front, above, and behind. 391:A human neuroimaging study using 5738: 5695: 5670: 5161:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x 4215:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.026 3972:10.1097/00001756-200410250-00009 2908:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00008 2721:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00498.x 2022:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.097 1816:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x 1760:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.173 1186: 1174: 1162: 1150: 1138: 1126: 867:posterior mid-cingulate cortices 651: 261:or the regulation of the body's 191:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy 53: 7036:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus 6978:Collateral (temporal+occipital) 5893:Technical University of Denmark 5806:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.032 5661: 5652: 5606: 5564: 5501: 5466: 5417: 5376: 5333: 5274: 5225: 5184: 5135: 5077: 5022: 4968: 4874: 4765: 4708: 4659: 4610: 4588:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016 4453: 4396: 4347: 4304: 4237: 4190: 4168:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011 4147: 4104: 4053: 3951: 3861: 3818: 3775: 3726: 3683: 3640: 3591: 3505: 3462: 3403: 3354: 3305: 3262: 3211: 3176: 3119: 3076: 3041: 2998: 2973: 2930: 2887: 2860: 2817: 2778: 2743: 2700: 2659: 2616: 2573: 2526: 2471: 2427: 2386: 2337: 2288: 2235: 2192: 2095: 2053:Emeran A. Mayer (August 2011). 2046: 1997: 1940: 1885: 1790: 1735: 1694: 1647: 1612: 1587: 1544: 957:is the deterioration of normal 633:The cerebral cortex processing 355:central nucleus of the amygdala 6624:Secondary somatosensory cortex 6316:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 5911:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1" 5847:(5): 1091–6, discussion 1096. 5716:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042 3751:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005 3616:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4230-04.2005 2869:Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1495: 1470: 1454: 1405: 1380: 1309: 1266: 1223: 949:Progressive expressive aphasia 933:(MMN) potential, a well known 762:Functional imaging experiments 671: 462: 377:secondary somatosensory cortex 337: 13: 1: 7239:Poles of cerebral hemispheres 6973:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate) 5763:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4 5354:10.1126/science.317.5836.318c 5047:10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00172-3 4481:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00123-1 3928:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2 3283:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00347-X 3019:10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00172-3 2764:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64290-5 1390:. MediLexicon. Archived from 1217: 829:brain activity and meditation 59:3D view of the insular cortex 6612:Primary somatosensory cortex 5984:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.006 5585:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.006 5402:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.630004 5103:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.002 4778:Brain Structure and Function 4271:10.1371/journal.pone.0148621 4028:10.1371/journal.pone.0002939 3437:10.1371/journal.pone.0000259 2594:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.065 2496:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90305-7 2266:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1213 2213:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1392 2177:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04e0 1910:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280586862 1430:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.12.003 1244:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90184-6 1062:cannot be expressed in words 1035:conditioned place preference 985: 596:have abnormal processing of 439:portion to agranular in the 332: 227:(the fissure separating the 7: 6704:Transverse occipital sulcus 5487:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1414 4460:Craig, A. D. (Bud) (2002). 4412:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4403:Craig, A. D. (Bud) (2009). 3784:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2059:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1633:10.1037/0735-7044.113.4.663 1508:The Journal of Neuroscience 1198: 927:auditory deviance detection 845: 723: 486: 295:interpersonal relationships 10: 7299: 7116:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 6937:Central (frontal+parietal) 6672:Occipital pole of cerebrum 5917:. Elsevier. Archived from 4981:Progress in Brain Research 2951:10.1162/089892905774597227 2803:10.1164/rccm.200712-1821OC 2449:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.017 1660:Journal of Neurophysiology 1202: 1087: 1053: 821:magnetic resonance imaging 528: 401:circular sulcus of insula' 385:ventral posterior inferior 265:. These functions include 7247: 7226: 7208: 7178: 7145: 7049: 7004: 6995: 6960: 6929: 6918: 6835: 6773:Transverse temporal gyrus 6765: 6756: 6712: 6664: 6655: 6636:Posterior parietal cortex 6600: 6545: 6473: 6464: 6389: 6355: 6216: 6209: 6182: 6068: 6061: 6052: 4790:10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0 4372:10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.010 3097:10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.2164 3007:Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev 2838:10.1080/00016480802610226 2709:Neurogastroenterol. Motil 2551:10.3109/08990229309028839 2125:21.11116/0000-0001-A2FB-D 1481:(5th ed.). : Worth. 1330:10.1007/s10548-011-0205-y 1076:Other clinical conditions 972:corticobasal degeneration 929:. Researchers observed a 869:, and, second, a general 664:increase at the onset of 541:anterior cingulate cortex 511: 189: 177: 165: 149: 136: 124: 112: 100: 95: 83: 69: 64: 52: 37: 32: 6894:Inferior temporal sulcus 6815:Superior temporal sulcus 6498:Inferior parietal lobule 6481:Superior parietal lobule 6421:Supplementary motor area 5667:Picard 2013, p.2497-2498 5658:Picard 2013, p.2496-2498 5628:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021 5383:Suner-Soler, R. (2011). 3062:10.1093/brain/117.5.1073 594:irritable bowel syndrome 499: 393:diffusion tensor imaging 379:and receives input from 6899:Inferior temporal gyrus 6843:Occipitotemporal sulcus 6789:Superior temporal gyrus 6682:Lateral occipital gyrus 6433:Supplementary eye field 6174:Inferior frontal sulcus 6169:Superior frontal sulcus 5532:10.1126/science.1145590 5309:10.1126/science.1135926 4469:Trends in Neurosciences 4082:10.1126/science.1082976 2685:10.1053/gast.2001.21201 1973:10.1126/science.1128356 1621:Behavioral Neuroscience 976:frontotemporal dementia 935:event related potential 865:) and the anterior and 851:Functional neuroimaging 680: 525:Interoceptive awareness 223:folded deep within the 7160:Fimbria of hippocampus 6226:Superior frontal gyrus 6124:Inferior frontal gyrus 6078:Superior frontal gyrus 5035:Brain Research Reviews 4896:10.1093/cercor/bhaa017 4325:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 4125:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 3839:10.1006/nimg.2001.1009 3704:10.1006/brbi.1998.0547 3661:10.1006/brbi.1996.0011 3197:10.1093/brain/78.4.445 1205:anatomical terminology 827:. Other research into 709:emotional intelligence 351:ventral medial nucleus 219:) is a portion of the 7147:Hippocampal formation 7006:Parahippocampal gyrus 6820:Middle temporal gyrus 5793:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4987:, Elsevier: 123–163, 4938:10.1093/cercor/bhx334 4684:10.1093/cercor/bhs077 4156:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 3887:10.1093/cercor/bhl131 3526:10.1212/wnl.42.9.1727 3483:10.1002/ana.410330208 2412:10.1093/cercor/bhl023 2313:10.1152/jn.91100.2008 1672:10.1152/jn.00321.2004 1094:Johann Christian Reil 944:Clinical significance 529:Further information: 291:cognitive functioning 7120:Retrosplenial cortex 6968:Longitudinal fissure 6860:Medial temporal lobe 6537:Intraparietal sulcus 6397:Primary motor cortex 6294:Orbitofrontal cortex 6243:Medial frontal gyrus 6100:Middle frontal gyrus 5424:Gaznick, N. (2013). 5210:10.1093/brain/awg240 2164:Med Sci Sports Exerc 968:motor neuron disease 836:Vipassana meditators 810:orbitofrontal cortex 613:abdominal distension 407:) is a semicircular 299:homeostatic emotions 7097:Posterior cingulate 6507:Supramarginal gyrus 5692:Picard 2013, p.2498 5524:2007Sci...318..655C 5301:2007Sci...315..531N 5238:Annals of Neurology 4635:10.1093/scan/nsm038 4262:2016PLoSO..1148621Q 4074:2003Sci...300.1755S 4019:2008PLoSO...3.2939J 3471:Annals of Neurology 3428:2007PLoSO...2..259M 3232:1996Natur.384..159D 1965:2006Sci...313..684D 1553:Nature Neuroscience 980:Alzheimer's disease 931:mismatch negativity 912:auditory perception 906:Auditory perception 879:selective attention 457:von Economo neurons 297:, and awareness of 7155:Hippocampal sulcus 7075:Anterior cingulate 6952:Preoccipital notch 6553:Paracentral lobule 6523:Parietal operculum 6445:Frontal eye fields 6377:Paracentral sulcus 6365:Paracentral lobule 6266:Paraolfactory area 6262:Paraterminal gyrus 5442:10.1093/ntr/ntt172 5203:(Pt 11): 2406–18. 3692:Brain Behav. Immun 3649:Brain Behav. Immun 1364:Johannes Sobotta. 1203:This article uses 955:expressive aphasia 743:embodied cognition 717:facial expressions 578:negative emotional 7278:Human homeostasis 7260: 7259: 7204: 7203: 7029:Postrhinal cortex 7024:Perirhinal cortex 7019:Entorhinal cortex 6991: 6990: 6947:Parieto-occipital 6914: 6913: 6752: 6751: 6651: 6650: 6608:Postcentral gyrus 6460: 6459: 6385: 6384: 6205: 6204: 6197:Precentral sulcus 6160:Pars triangularis 5930:BrainMaps project 5250:10.1002/ana.10825 5154:(11): 2305–2315. 5002:978-0-444-53860-4 4850:10.1002/hbm.20688 4733:10.1002/hbm.20705 4366:(18): 1641–1648. 3569:10.1002/cne.20749 3330:10.1002/hbm.20097 3144:10.1002/hbm.20680 3056:(Pt 5): 1073–84. 1873:Missing or empty 1809:(11): 2305–2315. 1723:Missing or empty 1605:978-0-8053-0094-9 1488:978-0-7167-5300-1 1120:Additional images 1070:negative emotions 1056:Ecstatic seizures 959:language function 381:spinothalamically 205: 204: 200: 16:(Redirected from 7290: 7186:Indusium griseum 7051:Cingulate cortex 7041:Prepyriform area 7002: 7001: 6927: 6926: 6807:Planum temporale 6763: 6762: 6744:Calcarine sulcus 6662: 6661: 6471: 6470: 6342:Olfactory sulcus 6328:Subcallosal area 6214: 6213: 6192:Precentral gyrus 6151:Pars opercularis 6066: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5966: 5956: 5922: 5873: 5872: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5808: 5790: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5704:Biol. Psychiatry 5699: 5693: 5690: 5681: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5640: 5630: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5579:(9): 2494–2500, 5568: 5562: 5561: 5543: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5404: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5114: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5017: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4890:(7): 4011–4025. 4878: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4784:(5–6): 655–667. 4769: 4763: 4762: 4744: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4574:practitioners". 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4499:. Archived from 4466: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4442:. Archived from 4409: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4273: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4068:(5626): 1755–8. 4057: 4051: 4050: 4040: 4030: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3930: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3439: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3367:Neuropsychologia 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3240:10.1038/384159a0 3226:(6605): 159–61. 3215: 3209: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3155: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2983:. Archived from 2977: 2971: 2970: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2826:Acta Otolaryngol 2821: 2815: 2814: 2797:(9): 1026–1032. 2782: 2776: 2775: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2672:Gastroenterology 2663: 2657: 2656: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2324: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2259: 2244:J. Appl. Physiol 2239: 2233: 2232: 2201:J. Appl. Physiol 2196: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2127: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1984: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1837: 1836: 1818: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1666:(3): 1685–1699. 1651: 1645: 1644: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1474: 1468: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1361: 1350: 1349: 1318:Brain Topography 1313: 1307: 1306: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1238:(7): 1231–1248. 1227: 1190: 1178: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1130: 1082:anorexia nervosa 1039:lithium chloride 916:intracranial EEG 871:salience network 863:Brodmann area 33 812:, as well as to 806:ventral striatum 506:gustatory cortex 431:, changing from 429:cytoarchitecture 423:Cytoarchitecture 197:edit on Wikidata 194: 107:cortex insularis 57: 42: 30: 29: 21: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7283:Cerebral cortex 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7243: 7222: 7200: 7174: 7141: 7045: 6987: 6983:Callosal sulcus 6961:Medial/inferior 6956: 6921: 6910: 6836:Medial/inferior 6831: 6803:Wernicke's area 6777:Auditory cortex 6748: 6713:Medial/inferior 6708: 6647: 6596: 6592:Marginal sulcus 6546:Medial/inferior 6541: 6456: 6409:Premotor cortex 6381: 6351: 6210:Medial/inferior 6201: 6178: 6048: 6042:cerebral cortex 6040:Anatomy of the 6038: 5909: 5881: 5876: 5837: 5830: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5751:J Affect Disord 5743: 5739: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5680:in Japanese Zen 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5611: 5607: 5569: 5565: 5518:(5850): 655–8. 5506: 5502: 5475:Am J Psychiatry 5471: 5467: 5422: 5418: 5381: 5377: 5338: 5334: 5295:(5811): 531–4. 5279: 5275: 5230: 5226: 5189: 5185: 5140: 5136: 5082: 5078: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5013: 5003: 4973: 4969: 4926:Cerebral Cortex 4918: 4911: 4884:Cerebral Cortex 4879: 4875: 4838:Hum. Brain Mapp 4830: 4823: 4770: 4766: 4713: 4709: 4672:Cerebral Cortex 4664: 4660: 4615: 4611: 4571: 4567: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4424:10.1038/nrn2555 4407: 4401: 4397: 4360:Current Biology 4352: 4348: 4309: 4305: 4256:(2): e0148621. 4242: 4238: 4195: 4191: 4152: 4148: 4109: 4105: 4058: 4054: 3999: 3995: 3966:(15): 2347–51. 3956: 3952: 3907: 3903: 3880:(10): 2235–44. 3866: 3862: 3823: 3819: 3796:10.1038/nrn2555 3780: 3776: 3731: 3727: 3688: 3684: 3645: 3641: 3596: 3592: 3557:J. Comp. Neurol 3553: 3549: 3510: 3506: 3467: 3463: 3408: 3404: 3373:(11): 2525–33. 3359: 3355: 3310: 3306: 3267: 3263: 3216: 3212: 3181: 3177: 3124: 3120: 3085:J. Neurophysiol 3081: 3077: 3046: 3042: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2945:(10): 1519–31. 2939:J Cogn Neurosci 2935: 2931: 2892: 2888: 2865: 2861: 2822: 2818: 2783: 2779: 2748: 2744: 2705: 2701: 2664: 2660: 2621: 2617: 2578: 2574: 2531: 2527: 2476: 2472: 2432: 2428: 2391: 2387: 2342: 2338: 2301:J. Neurophysiol 2293: 2289: 2257:10.1.1.492.2730 2240: 2236: 2197: 2193: 2156: 2149: 2100: 2096: 2071:10.1038/nrn3071 2051: 2047: 2002: 1998: 1945: 1941: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1840: 1795: 1791: 1740: 1736: 1724: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1652: 1648: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1592: 1588: 1549: 1545: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1475: 1471: 1463:, MSN Encarta. 1459: 1455: 1418:Human Evolution 1410: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1362: 1353: 1314: 1310: 1271: 1267: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1167: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1143: 1134: 1131: 1122: 1114:spindle neurons 1090: 1078: 1058: 1052: 988: 951: 946: 908: 899: 897:Decision making 848: 734:Antonio Damasio 726: 691: 689:Social emotions 683: 674: 654: 533: 527: 514: 502: 494: 489: 465: 453:spindle neurons 425: 340: 335: 315:psychopathology 221:cerebral cortex 201: 158: 90:Middle cerebral 74:Cerebral cortex 60: 48: 28: 23: 22: 18:Islands of Reil 15: 12: 11: 5: 7296: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7258: 7257: 7252:Brodmann areas 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7218:Insular cortex 7214: 7212: 7210:Insular cortex 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7063:Subgenual area 7059: 7057: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7010: 7008: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6924: 6922:sulci/fissures 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6848:Fusiform gyrus 6845: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6796: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6677:Occipital gyri 6674: 6668: 6666: 6659: 6657:Occipital lobe 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6509: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6477: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6347:Orbital sulcus 6344: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6278:Straight gyrus 6275: 6274: 6273: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6153: 6139: 6137:Pars orbitalis 6130: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5967: 5932: 5923: 5921:on 2014-11-07. 5907: 5896: 5889:Brede Database 5885:Insular cortex 5880: 5879:External links 5877: 5875: 5874: 5828: 5776: 5737: 5694: 5682: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5605: 5563: 5500: 5481:(8): 1414–22. 5465: 5436:(4): 445–453. 5416: 5395:(1): 131–136. 5375: 5332: 5273: 5224: 5183: 5134: 5076: 5041:(2): 143–154. 5021: 5001: 4967: 4932:(2): 517–528. 4909: 4873: 4844:(8): 2530–41. 4821: 4764: 4727:(9): 2731–45. 4721:Hum Brain Mapp 4707: 4678:(4): 833–846. 4658: 4609: 4565: 4536:(17): 1893–7. 4516: 4475:(6): 303–307. 4452: 4449:on 2013-01-07. 4395: 4346: 4303: 4236: 4189: 4146: 4103: 4052: 3993: 3950: 3901: 3860: 3833:(3): 596–603. 3817: 3774: 3745:(31): 7134–8. 3725: 3682: 3639: 3590: 3547: 3520:(9): 1727–32. 3504: 3461: 3402: 3353: 3318:Hum Brain Mapp 3304: 3261: 3210: 3175: 3138:(8): 2426–39. 3132:Hum Brain Mapp 3118: 3091:(4): 2164–74. 3075: 3040: 2997: 2972: 2929: 2902:(13): 2033–7. 2886: 2859: 2816: 2777: 2742: 2715:(3): 299–309. 2699: 2658: 2615: 2582:Neurosci. Lett 2572: 2545:(3): 297–308. 2525: 2490:(1): 116–120. 2484:Brain Research 2470: 2443:(1–3): 79–90. 2426: 2405:(5): 1139–46. 2385: 2336: 2287: 2234: 2191: 2147: 2116:10.1038/nn1176 2094: 2065:(8): 453–466. 2045: 2016:(2): 709–716. 1996: 1959:(6): 684–687. 1939: 1904:(5): 505–509. 1884: 1838: 1789: 1754:(2): 821–841. 1734: 1693: 1646: 1611: 1604: 1586: 1543: 1494: 1487: 1469: 1453: 1424:(4): 263–279. 1404: 1379: 1351: 1324:(3): 264–271. 1308: 1265: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1106:Island of Reil 1102:Gray's Anatomy 1089: 1086: 1077: 1074: 1054:Main article: 1051: 1048: 987: 984: 964:Pick's disease 950: 947: 945: 942: 920:Heschl's gyrus 907: 904: 898: 895: 847: 844: 819:A study using 814:motor cortices 725: 722: 690: 687: 682: 679: 673: 670: 662:blood pressure 653: 650: 582:blood pressure 526: 523: 513: 510: 501: 498: 493: 490: 488: 485: 464: 461: 424: 421: 405:sulcus of Reil 339: 336: 334: 331: 287:self-awareness 239:) within each 225:lateral sulcus 209:insular cortex 203: 202: 193: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 153: 147: 146: 141: 134: 133: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 43: 35: 34: 33:Insular cortex 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7295: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7255: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7170:Rhinal sulcus 7168: 7166: 7165:Dentate gyrus 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930:Superolateral 6928: 6925: 6923: 6917: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766:Superolateral 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Temporal lobe 6755: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737:Lingual gyrus 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6720:Visual cortex 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Lunate sulcus 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665:Superolateral 6663: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6516:Angular gyrus 6513: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474:Superolateral 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:Parietal lobe 6463: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062:Superolateral 6060: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5947:(2): 222–32. 5946: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5905:Who Named It? 5902: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757:(3): 201–16. 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5244:(3): 335–46. 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4506:on 2010-06-22 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319:(2): 331–48. 4318: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209:(2): 551–60. 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162:(6): 855–63. 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119:(2): 331–48. 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3921:(3): 655–64. 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874:Cereb. Cortex 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3655:(2): 103–14. 3654: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3610:(9): 2330–7. 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563:(1): 154–66. 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324:(2): 259–65. 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191:(4): 445–70. 3190: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013:(2): 143–54. 3012: 3008: 3001: 2987:on 2010-07-14 2986: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2875:(3): 185–92. 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758:(5): 2035–9. 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2678:(2): 369–76. 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:10.1038/72131 2634: 2631:(2): 184–90. 2630: 2626: 2625:Nat. Neurosci 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Cereb. Cortex 2396: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307:(2): 875–87. 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2250:(3): 1213–9. 2249: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207:(4): 1392–9. 2206: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110:(2): 189–95. 2109: 2105: 2104:Nat. Neurosci 2098: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1867: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1717: 1703: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627:(4): 663–71. 1626: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:10.1038/nn993 1562: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1394:on 2013-06-04 1393: 1389: 1383: 1368:. p. 145 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:10.1038/72131 1284: 1281:(2): 184–90. 1280: 1276: 1275:Nat. 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Urol 2653:7077496 2567:8237217 2512:8221062 2322:3815214 2282:1078691 2229:8653997 2080:3845678 2031:2828040 1982:2631940 1961:Bibcode 1953:Science 1934:2040545 1784:9909543 1581:1098979 1529:6762435 1439:3756831 1303:7077496 1252:6167896 1088:History 1001:opiates 997:alcohol 993:cocaine 891:anxiety 887:fatigue 883:arousal 790:sadness 782:disgust 720:faces. 695:disgust 643:vertigo 639:balance 624:dyspnea 617:bladder 553:empathy 471:of the 435:in the 413:fissure 311:fatigue 271:empathy 259:emotion 243:of the 70:Part of 65:Details 6732:Cuneus 5998: 5990: 5961: 5951: 5867: 5859: 5821: 5813: 5769: 5730: 5722: 5678:satori 5645: 5635: 5621:: 21, 5599: 5591: 5573:Cortex 5556: 5548: 5493: 5458: 5448: 5409: 5389:Stroke 5368: 5360: 5325: 5315: 5266: 5256: 5217: 5176: 5168: 5127: 5119: 5091:Cortex 5069: 5061: 5053: 5009: 4999: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4902: 4866: 4856: 4814: 4804: 4796: 4757: 4749: 4739: 4700: 4690: 4651: 4641: 4602: 4594: 4558: 4548: 4495: 4487: 4438: 4430: 4388: 4378: 4339: 4331: 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