1441:, there were a number of racist attacks, in some cases including violence against Arabs and Muslims, including property damage; Arab-owned shops were looted and vandalised and Islamic institutions received bomb threats. People with the surname "Hussein" received harassment calls. The Muslim community also dealt with stigmatisation as a result of ASIO's anti-terror efforts. The Australian media had reported that based on ASIO intelligence, New South Wales would be the target of a terrorist attack. In a counterterrorism effort, a number of Arabs and Muslims, including a number of political activists, were visited by ASIO personnel; ASIO also conducted a number of wiretaps on Arab and Muslim Australians. No such attack did occur, although the Jewish community experienced a number of racist attacks. Initially, Muslims were blamed for the attacks on the Jewish institutions. However, the New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board concluded that there was insufficient evidence that Muslims were behind the attack.
42:
1413:'s International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding released in 2016 found that 10 per cent of Australians have hostile attitudes towards Muslims. Older people, those who had not completed year 12 and people outside the workforce were more likely to report anti-Muslim attitudes in this poll. The accompanying report concluded that the poll shows that "most Australians display low levels of Islamophobia".
375:
1354:, and those perceived as following the religion. This social aversion and bias is often facilitated and perpetuated in the media through the stereotyping of Muslims as violent and uncivilised. Various Australian politicians and political commentators have capitalised on these negative stereotypes and this has contributed to the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion of the Muslim community.
1807:, verbal abuse, and online abuse. By comparison, the average number of weekly Islamophobic incidents prior to 7 October averaged 2.5 per week. Executive director of Islamophobia Register Australia, Sharara Attai, said that she believed that the number of Islamophobic incidents was higher than 133 and that Islamophobia and other hate crimes were often under-reported. In addition, the
1459:. The groups argued that the cost of certification increases the prices of food to all consumers, and that the fees charged for certification were used to fund terrorism. In November 2014 Fleurieu Milk & Yoghurt Company stopped producing halal products after being targeted by campaigners, and a number of other large and small companies were also reported to have been targeted.
1520:, mobilised residents and brought in outsiders to oppose the construction by conducting extensive protests. The society organised a meeting on 11 May 2014 with residents opposed to the building of the mosque to provide advice on protesting and also distributed pamphlets containing anti-Islam hate speech at the council meeting which voted to go ahead with the project. The
1479:
speech was given at a Q Society event that portrayed El-Mouelhy as "part of a conspiracy to destroy
Western civilisation from within" and "reasonably suspected of providing financial support to terrorist organisations". El-Mouelhy says that he has been defamed in relation to the proceeds of halal certification. This case has now been settled out of court.
1487:
process and extremist groups. It recommended that the federal government increase its oversight of domestic halal certifiers to address fraudulent conduct in the sector. It said that it had heard, "credible reports suggesting that the lack of regulation has been unscrupulously exploited". In tabling the report, committee chairman
1772:
released a statement shortly after the attacks. While Anning condemned the shooting, he identified the cause as "the immigration program which allowed Muslim fanatics to migrate to New
Zealand in the first place" and stated that the event reflects increasing Islamophobia in Australia and New Zealand.
1408:
Estimates of the prevalence of anti-Muslim sentiment in
Australia differ. A large-scale poll published in 2011 found that 48.6 percent of Australians had a negative opinion of Islam. Another survey published in 2014 found that a quarter of Australians held anti-Muslim views; this incidence was five
1486:
have stated that the commission has been on "heightened lookout" for links between halal certifiers and terrorism since the issue surfaced but has "not found any direct linkages". Furthermore, a Senate inquiry into food certification asserted that there was "no link" between the religious approval
1867:
In 2015, academic researcher Susie Latham and professor Linda
Briskman created the "Voices against Bigotry" website and network, which aim to raise an opposing voice against Islamophobia by encouraging ordinary people and community leaders, particularly politicians, to speak out on the issue. The
1591:
in
Australia and is considered Islamophobic. The group has attracted neo-Nazis and their involvement in promoting and attending Reclaim Australia rallies has been well documented. Speakers at Reclaim Australia rallies have been known to express extremist views, with one speaker in South Australia
1392:
According to some scholars, public discourse rectifying negative images of
Islamic culture result in an unfounded fear of actual Muslims; public discourse focusing on the Western values of women's rights enabled Islam and Islamic clerics to be portrayed as misogynist and oppressive towards women.
1388:
As part of
Islamophobia, Muslims were reduced to caricatures of misogynists and oppressed women; violent men were thought as inclined to terrorism. The Australian media is noted for presenting portrayals of Muslim immigrants in a negative manner, although in comparison to other Western countries,
1478:
was involved in a defamation lawsuit over its claims that the
Islamic certification industry is corrupt and funds "the push for sharia law in Australia". Legal proceedings against senior members of the Melbourne-based Q Society and Kirralie Smith, who runs the website HalalChoices, began after a
1491:
said, "Some certifiers are nothing more than scammers." The committee recommended a single halal certification authority. The committee in recommending clearer labelling, specifically referred to the need for meat processors to label products sourced from animals subject to religious slaughter.
1813:
By 2 December, the number of
Islamophobic incidents recorded by the Islamophobia Register had risen by 13-fold to 230 incidents over a period of seven weeks. Notable incidents included a young Christian boy being called a "terrorist" for his Palestinian ethnicity, Muslim women having their
1863:
when an
Iranian-Australian gunman took 17 hostages resulting in his death and the deaths of two hostages, a social media campaign in support of Australian Muslims was launched using the hashtag "#illridewithyou" to assist Muslims who may feel intimidated to use public transportation.
1396:
Some theorists maintain that, increasingly since 11 September 2001, the Australian public has attributed Australian Muslims with a sense of "otherness", using social constructions and generic misrepresentations of Muslims as a way to regain existential control in a post-9/11 world.
1923:
Protesters have been critical of discrimination in the workforce by Muslims in circumstances that relate to religious based employment positions. However all states provide for exceptions to their respective laws regarding discrimination where it occurs for religious purposes.
1868:
network has active members across Australia who write articles for the media and academic journals and make public comment. The website acts as a clearing house for alleged anti-Muslim bigotry, advertising events and centralising research and information.
1798:
following the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and Hamas on 7 October. The Islamophobia Register Australia recorded 133 Islamophobic incidents between 7 October and 6 November 2023, including spitting attacks, threats to mosques and Muslim schools,
1698:
off buildings." adding that "I can't stand Muslims". The cartoonist also auctioned an overtly Islamophobic work depicting the rape of a woman in a niqab by her son-in-law. Another Larry Pickering cartoon auctioned at the fundraiser depicted an
1409:
times higher than that for any other religion. The latter survey also found that 27 percent of Muslim Australians have experienced discrimination, which was also the highest of any of the religions covered in the study. A poll conducted by the
3567:
1719:. Kirralie Smith has denied supporting Pickerings statements, however Smith has reiterated parts of the speech stating that "there are Muslims that actually do throw gays off buildings!". Sitting members of the Australian Government,
1495:
As of 27 February 2017, as part of a settlement agreement, Smith and the Q Society have publicly apologised and agreed to display notice of the settlement on their respective websites for one year. The case was settled out of court.
1376:
Islamophobia in Australia is understood as a set of negative beliefs concerning the religion of Islam, as well as a contemporary outlet for general public anger and resentment towards migration and multiculturalism.
1855:
is being harassed by a young man; in another it is a young boy who is the target of the discriminatory abuse. Saleh's film showed non-Muslim Australians standing up to the abuse and defending the Muslim victim.
2554:
1919:
Critics maintain that legislation concerning Islamophobia has been too restrictive in its development, and that the state's response to discriminatory practices against Arabs and Muslims has been too slow.
3498:
1835:, ten parties were listed by the "My vote matters" campaign, an initiative of the Islamic Council of Victoria, as openly Islamophobic, with a number of minor parties including such policies as well.
1400:
Some scholars have argued that the rise of militant Islam in Australia has led to the increase in Islamophobia and undone efforts by Muslims to foster positive relations with the Australian public.
924:
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was removed after threats and abuse were directed at the advertising company. The billboard featured two Muslim girls in hijabs waving Australian flags and celebrating Australia Day.
3456:
3203:
3229:
2666:
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1851:
In 2014, filmmaker Kamal Saleh orchestrated a social experiment to test how Australians would react if they witnessed a Muslim person being abused. In one scene a woman in a
3432:
3534:
2746:
2058:
Khan, Fazal Rahim; Iqbal, Zafar; Gazzaz, Osman B.; Ahrari, Sadollah (Spring 2012). "Global Media Image of Islam and Muslims and the Problematics of a Response Strategy".
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2558:
1645:
and the approval given by the council to construct a mosque in Bendigo. In September 2017, they were convicted of "inciting serious contempt of Muslims" under the
1385:
Anti-Muslim prejudices are thought to be sourced from a perceived lack of integration among Muslim migrants, and reconfiguration of community and ethnic politics.
579:
2720:
2609:
974:
3508:
2637:
3622:
3378:
611:
3821:
3308:
2124:
Poynting, Scott; Mason, Victoria (March 2007). "The resistible rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001".
1524:
openly supported the building and funding of a mosque and closed the account of the Stop the Mosque group, saying that the group did not share its values.
1131:
341:
3133:
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3029:
1970:
says the use of this type of word, "brushes aside opinions we dislike by invalidating the people who hold them ... and closes the door on dialogue".
1783:
3152:
3917:, April 2019. (Works "...authored by Australian Muslims on the subject of Islamophobia, race and ‘the War on Terror’ from the early 2000s to now".)
3769:
3177:
2835:
2365:
1983:
in support of, "legitimate and increasingly necessary" open discussion about Islam says, "critiquing Islam Islamophobia racism anti-Muslim."
1950:" by Muslims and faces the death penalty in her country of origin. The council told organisers that there would be 5,000 protesters outside the
1836:
3708:
2808:
1592:
warning of the risks of "Islamic barbarity" and encouraging those in attendance to "insult and vilify Islam five times a day if you want to".
3247:
1876:
Discriminatory acts against Muslims is prohibited under Australian law, both on a state and federal level. Some acts of legislation include:
1103:
1038:
763:
539:
395:
196:
3470:
2783:
2502:
2322:
2244:
Ho, Christina (July–August 2007). "Muslim women's new defenders: Women's rights, nationalism and Islamophobia in contemporary Australia".
2161:
Gardner, Rod; Karakaşoğlus, Yasemin; Luchtenberg, Sigrid (2008). "Islamophobia in the media: a response from multicultural education 1".
1892:
1483:
2693:
1455:
In 2014, anti-Islam groups campaigned against Australian food companies in an attempt to stop them having their food certified as being
4124:
713:
3638:
3356:
1822:, receiving death threats, and dismissed from their jobs for expressing pro-Palestinian viewpoints or attending pro-Palestine rallies.
2399:
1464:
1266:
849:
599:
171:
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3669:
Bloul, Rachel AD (2008). "Anti-discrimination laws, Islamophobia, and ethnicization of Muslim identities in Europe and Australia".
1937:
919:
703:
668:
334:
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and other police officers were assigned to oversee the rallies, and two arrests were made for carrying knives, one for carrying a
2342:
1902:
1647:
3544:
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1330:
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801:
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stating that "If they (Muslims) are in the same street as me, I start shaking", and that "They are not all bad, they do chuck
3942:
3499:"This article is more than 1 month old Islamophobic and antisemitic incidents record large spike in Australia, advocates say"
3099:
2953:
2926:
2464:
1271:
844:
1727:, attracted criticism for speaking at the Q Society of Australia. The event received protests who called the event racist.
3593:
3000:
3466:
3357:"Anti-Islam group Q Society dinner disrupted by protesters in Melbourne – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
1974:
1690:
fundraising dinner, with numerous guest speakers including current members of the Australian Government present. Speaker
1627:
989:
789:
750:
442:
327:
3115:
1954:
in Melbourne if she was to speak at that venue. Their threats achieved their aim and her Australian tour was cancelled.
4119:
4089:
1897:
1126:
594:
150:
2309:
4094:
4004:
3730:
1516:. Some residents created a "Stop the Mosque in Bendigo" group and certain far-right organisations, in particular the
1057:
954:
805:
606:
559:
181:
166:
156:
755:
2747:"Halal certifier's defamation case against Kirralie Smith and Q Society settled out of court | Australia news"
2086:
2023:
2007:
1832:
1708:
1450:
82:
3880:
3744:
4129:
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2002:
1532:
1155:
894:
825:
564:
62:
3829:
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1908:
653:
627:
733:
1736:
1622:
1410:
1165:
768:
678:
191:
186:
1584:. The group was formed in 2015, holding street rallies in cities across Australia to protest against Islam.
1389:
Australian media exhibits less bias as a result of its coverage of the everyday life of Australian Muslims.
4114:
3457:"Islamophobic and anti-Semitic incidents in Australia at unprecedented levels as the Israel-Gaza war rages"
2398:. Scanlon Foundation, Australian Multicultural Foundation and Monash University. p. 24. Archived from
2033:
1886:
1880:
1215:
1117:
964:
929:
673:
643:
425:
105:
1749:. The perpetrator was identified as Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old who was born in Australia and lived in
1004:
4079:
3530:
1913:
1296:
1090:
745:
589:
309:
161:
25:
4084:
3885:
3004:
1979:
1860:
1840:
1323:
994:
708:
658:
130:
3656:"Islamophobia and anti-discrimination laws: ethnoreligion as a legal category in the UK and Australia"
4069:
4029:
3935:
3230:"Far-right extremist Blair Cottrell loses appeal against conviction for inciting contempt of Muslims"
2671:
2175:
1992:
1951:
1660:
1521:
1184:
1160:
1024:
959:
874:
638:
544:
454:
420:
410:
229:
2770:
1843:
candidates were disendorsed after their views previously expressed on social media were publicized.
1467:
told a journalist in July 2014 that these groups were attempting to exploit anti-Muslim sentiments.
3979:
3568:"Federal election 2019: How-not-to-vote cards flag Islamophobic parties in 'dark' poll for Muslims"
1750:
1695:
1642:
884:
447:
314:
294:
648:
4044:
4019:
4009:
3994:
3969:
3964:
1967:
1656:
1536:
1505:
1286:
1043:
854:
820:
663:
534:
529:
504:
499:
125:
115:
3248:"Australia Day billboard featuring girls in hijabs taken down after advertiser receives threats"
4074:
4059:
4054:
4034:
4014:
3999:
3984:
3503:
3492:
3490:
3488:
2170:
1773:
Anning's comments were roundly criticised by other Australian politicians and left-wing media.
1605:
1365:
1141:
1079:
999:
984:
723:
683:
584:
574:
569:
549:
524:
514:
469:
459:
176:
2916:
1942:
The council's intolerance of their critics was on display when an Australian speaking tour of
1811:
recorded 12 Islamophobic incidents between 7 October and 9 November, resulting in one arrest.
4064:
4039:
4024:
3989:
3089:
2887:
2862:"Bendigo's anti-mosque protest: United Patriots Front nationalist group behind demonstration"
1601:
1540:
1528:
1316:
1261:
1067:
693:
688:
554:
519:
358:
244:
72:
3485:
2453:
Islamophobia, social distance and fear of terrorism in Australia : A Preliminary Report
1364:
in the United States. For example, Muslim immigration to Australia was restricted under the
3928:
3461:
3204:"Far-right extremist and convicted racist Blair Cottrell fails in supreme court appeal bid"
3061:"Truck driver who abused cyclist identified as neo-Nazi connected to United Patriots Front"
2126:
1716:
1672:
1361:
1226:
1097:
1014:
939:
859:
269:
3655:
3450:
3448:
3446:
8:
2546:
2028:
1741:
On 15 March 2019, 51 people were killed in shooting attacks that targeted two mosques in
1170:
979:
944:
810:
794:
390:
259:
219:
2973:"ASIO monitoring of right-wing extremists uncovered alleged plan to attack radical left"
728:
3914:
3686:
3443:
3034:
2528:
2327:
2300:
2226:
2188:
2143:
2067:
2012:
1997:
1724:
1588:
1281:
1276:
1198:
934:
909:
904:
889:
740:
698:
279:
249:
234:
67:
33:
3116:"Anti-Islam group protests outside ABC building over Zaky Mallah's Q&A appearance"
2809:"Bendigo and Adelaide Bank concerned about potential damage from anti-mosque campaign"
2487:
Islamophobia, social distance and fear of terrorism in Australia: a preliminary report
2087:"Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media"
3774:
3690:
3539:
3095:
2949:
2922:
2460:
2304:
2230:
2147:
2105:
2038:
1947:
1839:
was included in the list. The issue only arose briefly as an election issue when two
1754:
1671:
In 2016, a billboard promoting Australia Day celebrations in the Melbourne suburb of
1566:
1513:
949:
914:
879:
830:
474:
415:
274:
239:
214:
2192:
1062:
3678:
3433:"Right-wing Australian senator blames 'immigration' for New Zealand mosque attacks"
2943:
2292:
2263:
2255:
2218:
2180:
2135:
2101:
2017:
1808:
1236:
1111:
1009:
864:
784:
264:
254:
2721:"Halal certification defamation case against Kirralie Smith settled out of court"
2638:"Overhaul 'lacklustre' halal certification to root out exploitation, report says"
2582:"Anti-halal campaigner sued over claims Islamic certification supports terrorism"
2283:
Saniotis, Arthur (2004). "Embodying ambivalence: Muslim Australians as 'other'".
2222:
1943:
1691:
1638:
1291:
1241:
969:
815:
718:
224:
3283:"Inside the far-right Q Society's explosive dinner, where Muslims are fair game"
2629:
1626:, a television programme, by roasting a pig outside the Melbourne office of the
3857:
3798:
3396:
2259:
1652:
1544:
1482:
In response to the comments made by Smith and HalalChoices, officials from the
1048:
110:
41:
3682:
3178:"Far-right nationalists found guilty of inciting serious contempt for Muslims"
2296:
2209:(2011). "Islamophobia as a constraint to world peace: the case of Australia".
2184:
1527:
In October 2015, around 1,000 people turned up for a protest organised by the
374:
4108:
2139:
1795:
1769:
1720:
1531:(UPF), many having travelled from far afield. Members of the extremist group
1149:
869:
405:
120:
2610:"No 'direct linkages' between halal certifiers and terrorism, inquiry hears"
2614:
2586:
2529:"Why are some Australians campaigning against Halal and what's its effect?"
2459:. International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding. p. 6.
1742:
1683:
1569:
rallies have been held across Australia since 2015. Reclaim Australia is a
1563:
1488:
1357:
1084:
437:
432:
366:
135:
3920:
1761:
who sought to foster an "atmosphere of fear" within the Muslim community.
3618:
3309:"LGBTI groups condemn homophobic comments at far-right Q Society meeting"
2667:"'Nothing more than scammers': Senate committee calls for halal overhaul"
1758:
1617:
1609:
1573:
1460:
1204:
1192:
1052:
899:
464:
2426:"One in 10 Australians 'highly Islamophobic' and have a fear of Muslims"
2071:
1946:
was organised for April 2017. As a former Muslim, she is considered an "
1416:
A report from Australia has found that the levels of Islamophobia among
2836:"Bendigo Bank stands by decision to close account of anti-mosque group"
2366:"One in four Australians has negative attitude towards Muslims: report"
2206:
1963:
1765:
1746:
1581:
1548:
1221:
3911:
Australian Muslim Voices on Islamophobia, Race and the "War on Terror"
2268:
1703:
as a pig (in Islam the consumption of all pork products is considered
1804:
1791:
1687:
1634:
1570:
1517:
1475:
1471:
1417:
1301:
1231:
3745:"Association extract for Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia"
3415:"Outrage as Fraser Anning blames NZ attacks on 'Muslim immigration'"
3134:"Far-right anti-Islam group to rally at Victorian Parliament House"
2914:
1800:
1613:
1577:
1438:
1346:
is highly speculative and affective distrust and hostility towards
3623:"'Muslim hate in Australia' social experiment will make you proud"
1973:
Brian McNair, Professor of Journalism, Media and Communication at
1424:
are significantly higher than among followers of other religions.
3731:"Justifications for laws that interfere with freedom of religion"
3333:
3065:
2977:
2771:
https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2017/02/27/Settlement_Announcement.pdf
1209:
3535:"Young boy called terrorist as Islamophobia surges in Australia"
3397:"New Zealand mosque shooting: What is known about the suspects?"
1819:
1421:
1347:
3091:
Accommodating Muslims Under Common Law: A Comparative Analysis
2945:
Accommodating Muslims Under Common Law: A Comparative Analysis
2918:
The Precarious Generation: A Political Economy of Young People
2389:"Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation surveys 2014"
2160:
3153:"Anti-Islam group beheads dummy in protest of Bendigo mosque"
2660:
2658:
1927:
1852:
1815:
1712:
1704:
1552:
1456:
1351:
1558:
3594:"List of Openly Islamophobic Parties Running in the Senate"
3529:
2555:"Halal conspiracy theorists bullying Australian businesses"
1715:" was also up for grabs, along with a signed photograph of
1700:
1444:
2655:
1360:
and intolerance towards Muslims existed well prior to the
3001:"Reclaiming Australia: Liberalism's Role in Islamophobia"
1666:
3379:"What do we know about the Christchurch attack suspect?"
3087:
2941:
3639:"Martin Place Siege illridewithyou hashtag goes viral."
3359:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 February 2017
3030:"Reclaim Australia Rally drowns out Counter Protesters"
1730:
3334:
Corporate or institutional Author (11 February 2017).
2910:
2908:
2694:"Australian Senate Committee Inquiry Recommendations"
2496:
2494:
2057:
2784:"Q Society spreading anti-mosque message in Bendigo"
1784:
Islamophobia during the Israel–Hamas war § Australia
1630:
building, in an apparent attempt to offend Muslims.
1499:
2905:
2343:"Nearly half of Australians are anti-Muslim: study"
3881:"Islam and the media – let's not fear open debate"
3770:"Ayaan Hirsi Ali: Islam's most devastating critic"
2491:
1962:The term and its use, is criticised. Professor of
1818:yanked off, and Arab and Muslim Australians being
1633:In October of the same year, the group beheaded a
4106:
3653:
3081:
2915:Judith Bessant; Rys Farthing; Rob Watts (2017).
3819:
2363:
16:Prejudice towards Islam or Muslims in Australia
2364:Chalkley-Rhoden, Stephanie (29 October 2014).
1934:Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia Inc
1651:(Vic), and each were fined $ 2,000 Appeals by
3936:
3878:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
2607:
2579:
2573:
2123:
1794:experienced a surge in both Islamophobia and
1324:
335:
3850:
2833:
2664:
2503:"Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics"
2449:
1957:
1711:" stamp on its rump. A case of wine called "
1427:
3950:
3794:"Islam critic Ayaan Hirsi Ali cancels tour"
2744:
2500:
2323:"Australian Jihadist fuelling Islamophobia"
1893:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
1837:Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
1707:or forbidden), being spit roasted, with a "
1484:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
3943:
3929:
3822:"Islam critic Hirsi Ali cancels Aust tour"
3791:
3266:
2320:
2237:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1928:Council for the Prevention of Islamophobia
1678:
1595:
1543:to that of the far-right groups. Over 420
1331:
1317:
342:
328:
3336:"I do not incite hate speech I expose it"
2267:
2174:
1559:Rallies and violent confrontations (2015)
1512:m mosque and Islamic community centre in
1465:Australian Federation of Islamic Councils
1432:
2885:
2282:
1938:Islamic Research and Educational Academy
1445:Opposition to Halal certification (2014)
3787:
3785:
2635:
2276:
2154:
2112:
1903:Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001
1648:Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001
1608:protest group which is associated with
1576:protest group which is associated with
1539:was also represented. There was also a
4107:
3662:
3647:
3454:
3055:
3053:
3024:
3022:
2967:
2965:
2859:
2636:Medhora, Shalailah (1 December 2015).
2423:
2020:, founder of the Islamophobia Register
1667:Australia Day billboard removal (2016)
3924:
3668:
3574:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3565:
3496:
2921:. Taylor & Francis. p. 180.
2860:Morris, Madeleine (12 October 2015).
2552:
2205:
2084:
1272:Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism
3782:
2886:Strømmen, Øyvind (20 October 2015).
2553:Ma, Wenlei; AAP (12 November 2014).
2526:
2424:Brooth, Meredith (20 January 2016).
2321:Akbarzadeh, Shahran (26 June 2004).
2211:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
2199:
1731:Christchurch mosque shootings (2019)
3467:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3150:
3088:Salim Farrar; Ghena Krayem (2016).
3050:
3019:
2962:
2942:Salim Farrar; Ghena Krayem (2016).
2781:
2718:
2450:Hassan, Riaz; Martin, Bill (2015).
2247:Women's Studies International Forum
1975:Queensland University of Technology
1790:Between October and December 2023,
1776:
1628:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1535:travelled from interstate, and the
13:
3904:
3671:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2608:Safi, Michael (24 February 2015).
2580:Safi, Michael (11 February 2015).
2501:Masanauskas, John (18 July 2014).
2386:
2243:
2051:
1898:Disability Discrimination Act 1992
151:Islamic organisations in Australia
14:
4141:
4125:Anti-Islam sentiment in Australia
3851:Haslam, Nick (17 December 2008).
3566:Breen, Jacqueline (17 May 2019).
2078:
1500:Bendigo mosque protests (2014–15)
3820:Tasker, Belinda (3 April 2017).
3497:Dumas, Daisy (9 November 2023).
3455:Chamas, Zena (2 December 2023).
2745:Ben Doherty (28 February 2017).
2665:Aston, Heath (2 December 2015).
2106:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00039.x
2024:Online Hate Prevention Institute
2008:Far-right terrorism in Australia
1833:2019 Australian federal election
1782:This section is an excerpt from
1508:announced the construction of a
1451:Halal certification in Australia
373:
83:Halal certification in Australia
40:
3879:McNair, Brian (20 April 2015).
3872:
3853:"Bigots are just sick at heart"
3844:
3813:
3762:
3737:
3723:
3697:
3632:
3612:
3586:
3559:
3523:
3425:
3407:
3389:
3371:
3349:
3327:
3301:
3240:
3222:
3196:
3170:
3144:
3126:
3108:
2993:
2935:
2879:
2853:
2827:
2801:
2775:
2764:
2738:
2712:
2686:
2601:
2527:Mann, Alex (20 November 2014).
2520:
2480:
2443:
2417:
2380:
2357:
2003:Far-right politics in Australia
1555:and another for minor assault.
1533:Right Wing Resistance Australia
1156:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
826:Palestinian genocide allegation
2335:
2314:
1909:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1871:
1826:
1663:were both thrown out in 2019.
1655:to have his case heard in the
838:Massacres, torture, expulsion:
1:
2888:"Fear, loathing and factions"
2834:Simon Lauder (8 April 2014).
2557:. News.com.au. Archived from
2285:Journal of Australian Studies
2044:
1737:Christchurch mosque shootings
1411:University of South Australia
1371:
895:Cave of the Patriarchs (1994)
3913:- Bibliography compiled by
2345:. ABC News. 23 February 2011
2223:10.1080/09596410.2011.606189
2085:Saeed, Amir (October 2007).
2034:Racial violence in Australia
1936:has been established by the
1887:Anti-Discrimination Act 1977
1881:Anti-Discrimination Act 1991
1846:
1753:. Tarrant was regarded as a
1587:Reclaim Australia primarily
1403:
1118:Muslim Massacre (video game)
1039:Almondbury bullying incident
310:Prominent Australian Muslims
7:
3792:Maly, Paul (4 April 2017).
3531:Australian Associated Press
1986:
1914:Sex Discrimination Act 1984
1380:
1297:Southern Poverty Law Center
10:
4146:
2260:10.1016/j.wsif.2007.05.002
1781:
1734:
1448:
4120:Islamophobia in Australia
3956:
3749:Consumer Affairs Victoria
3683:10.1080/13602000802011036
3654:Bloul, Rachel AD (2003).
3642:The Sydney Morning Herald
3120:The Sydney Morning Herald
3094:. Routledge. p. 33.
2948:. Routledge. p. 33.
2892:Hate Speech International
2725:The Sydney Morning Herald
2672:The Sydney Morning Herald
2297:10.1080/14443050409387955
2185:10.1080/14675980801889658
2108:– via Academia.edu.
1993:Anti-Arabism in Australia
1958:Criticism of term and use
1661:Supreme Court of Victoria
1522:Bendigo and Adelaide Bank
1428:Incidents of Islamophobia
1344:Islamophobia in Australia
1161:Xinjiang internment camps
975:Northern Sri Lanka (1990)
920:İşkodra and Niş (1877–78)
88:Islamophobia in Australia
2719:NSW (27 February 2017).
2396:scanlonfoundation.org.au
2140:10.1177/1440783307073935
1751:Grafton, New South Wales
1643:2015 Parramatta shooting
1641:chambers to protest the
1596:Serious contempt (2015)
995:Sabra and Shatila (1982)
315:Grand Mufti of Australia
295:National Mosque Open Day
3951:Islamophobia by country
2163:Intercultural Education
1968:University of Melbourne
1966:, Nick Haslam from the
1861:2014 Martin Place siege
1679:Q Society Dinner (2017)
1657:High Court of Australia
1616:hate groups. protested
1537:Rise Up Australia Party
1506:City of Greater Bendigo
1287:Muslim American Society
1044:Bendigo mosque protests
1005:Sétif and Guelma (1945)
821:Pacification of Algeria
460:Muslim immigration bans
126:Central Adelaide Mosque
116:Auburn Gallipoli Mosque
4130:Persecution of Muslims
3975:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3504:The Guardian Australia
1745:, New Zealand, during
1606:Australian nationalist
1580:and other nationalist
1433:First Gulf War (1990s)
1366:White Australia Policy
1080:Haridwar hate speeches
1602:United Patriots Front
1541:counter-demonstration
1529:United Patriots Front
1262:Amnesty International
1216:Politically Incorrect
1068:Flying imams incident
73:Battle of Broken Hill
3533:(27 November 2023).
2127:Journal of Sociology
1717:Dame Joan Sutherland
1686:was documented at a
1639:Bendigo City Council
1362:September 11 attacks
1098:Innocence of Muslims
870:Big Excursion (1989)
402:Conspiracy theories
78:Contemporary society
4115:Racism in Australia
3711:on 20 February 2015
3644:. 16 December 2014.
3511:on 13 December 2023
3473:on 18 December 2023
3437:The Washington Post
3236:. 19 December 2019.
2029:Racism in Australia
1803:, property damage,
1171:Trojan Horse affair
1123:Quran desecrations
850:Albanians (1912–13)
633:Attacks on mosques:
3915:Randa Abdel-Fattah
3547:on 3 December 2023
3315:. 11 February 2017
3289:. 10 February 2017
3184:. 5 September 2017
3151:Worrall, Allison.
3035:The Canberra Times
2815:. 11 November 2015
2328:The Canberra Times
2013:Islam in Australia
1998:Criticism of Islam
1725:George Christensen
1600:In June 2015, the
1282:Islamophobia Watch
1277:Human Rights Watch
1199:FrontPage Magazine
940:Kulen Vakuf (1941)
910:Guangzhou (878–79)
875:Bossemptélé (2014)
845:Abu Ghraib (2000s)
802:Chechen and Ingush
600:Conservative Party
510:Bosnia–Herzegovina
131:Baitul Huda Mosque
34:Islam in Australia
4102:
4101:
3775:Independent.co.uk
3629:, 7 October 2014.
3540:Otago Daily Times
3254:. 17 January 2017
3101:978-1-317-96422-3
3038:. 6 February 2016
2981:. 13 January 2016
2955:978-1-317-96422-3
2928:978-1-317-28917-3
2700:. 1 December 2015
2466:978-0-9874076-2-7
2094:Sociology Compass
2039:Reclaim Australia
1755:white nationalist
1620:'s appearance on
1567:Reclaim Australia
1514:Bendigo, Victoria
1341:
1340:
1166:Swiss minaret ban
945:Kafr Qasim (1956)
900:Granada (1482–92)
764:California (2001)
488:Status by country
475:Quran desecration
416:Great Replacement
391:Airport profiling
352:
351:
4137:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3886:The Conversation
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3828:. Archived from
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3778:. 10 April 2015.
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3707:. Archived from
3701:
3695:
3694:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3543:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:. Archived from
3494:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3469:. Archived from
3452:
3441:
3440:
3439:. 15 March 2019.
3429:
3423:
3422:
3421:. 15 March 2019.
3411:
3405:
3404:
3403:. 16 March 2019.
3393:
3387:
3386:
3385:. 16 March 2019.
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3069:. 31 August 2016
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3005:The Conversation
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2782:Patrick, Hatch.
2779:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:Markus, Andrew.
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2176:10.1.1.1029.9391
2158:
2152:
2151:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2018:Mariam Veiszadeh
1980:The Conversation
1809:Victorian Police
1777:Israel–Hamas war
1511:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1237:Brussels Journal
1112:Kathua rape case
1032:Other incidents:
1025:Walisongo (2000)
990:Sri Lanka (2018)
935:Karantina (1976)
930:Jerusalem (1099)
790:Ethnic cleansing
760:Planned attacks
448:Karnataka, India
377:
354:
353:
344:
337:
330:
68:Afghan cameleers
63:Makassan Traders
44:
21:
20:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
3952:
3949:
3907:
3905:Further reading
3902:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3832:on 5 April 2017
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3790:
3783:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3648:
3637:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3598:My vote matters
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3495:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3453:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3145:
3140:. 12 July 2015.
3132:
3131:
3127:
3122:. 27 June 2015.
3114:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2913:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2405:on 1 March 2015
2402:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2319:
2315:
2310:Online version.
2281:
2277:
2242:
2238:
2204:
2200:
2159:
2155:
2122:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2060:Islamic Studies
2056:
2052:
2047:
1989:
1960:
1944:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
1930:
1874:
1849:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1779:
1739:
1733:
1709:halal certified
1692:Larry Pickering
1681:
1669:
1598:
1561:
1509:
1502:
1474:and anti-Islam
1453:
1447:
1435:
1430:
1406:
1383:
1374:
1337:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1292:Muslims Condemn
1256:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1242:Gates of Vienna
1187:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1105:Jyllands-Posten
1029:
1020:Spain (1500–26)
1000:Šahovići (1924)
960:Moriscos (1609)
925:Japan (1937–45)
915:Harmanli (1878)
880:Bukovica (1943)
860:Ayyadieh (1191)
835:
775:
630:
620:
619:
618:
489:
481:
480:
479:
385:
348:
319:
284:
201:
140:
106:List of mosques
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4090:United Kingdom
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3871:
3858:The Australian
3843:
3812:
3799:The Australian
3781:
3761:
3736:
3733:. alrc.gov.au.
3722:
3696:
3661:
3646:
3631:
3611:
3585:
3558:
3522:
3484:
3442:
3424:
3419:SBS World News
3406:
3388:
3370:
3348:
3326:
3300:
3265:
3239:
3221:
3210:. 16 July 2019
3195:
3169:
3143:
3125:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3049:
3018:
3007:. 17 July 2015
2992:
2961:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2904:
2878:
2852:
2826:
2800:
2774:
2763:
2737:
2711:
2685:
2654:
2628:
2600:
2572:
2561:on 21 May 2015
2545:
2519:
2490:
2479:
2465:
2442:
2430:The Australian
2416:
2379:
2356:
2334:
2313:
2275:
2254:(4): 290–298.
2236:
2217:(4): 433–441.
2207:Bouma, Gary D.
2198:
2169:(2): 119–136.
2153:
2111:
2077:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1959:
1956:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1859:Following the
1848:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1732:
1729:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1665:
1653:Blair Cottrell
1604:, a far-right
1597:
1594:
1560:
1557:
1545:mounted police
1501:
1498:
1449:Main article:
1446:
1443:
1439:First Gulf War
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1405:
1402:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1063:Erklärung 2018
1060:
1055:
1049:Bulli Bai case
1046:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Shadian (1975)
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Myanmar (2015)
962:
957:
952:
950:Lasithi (1897)
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:Gujarat (2002)
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
865:Baghdad (1258)
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Crimean Tatars
799:
798:
797:
792:
781:
774:
773:
772:
771:
766:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
737:
736:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
615:
614:
604:
603:
602:
595:United Kingdom
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
451:
450:
445:
440:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
370:
369:
363:
362:
350:
349:
347:
346:
339:
332:
324:
321:
320:
318:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
291:
290:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
111:Lakemba Mosque
108:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4142:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4096:
4095:United States
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3352:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(82): 49–59.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1952:Festival Hall
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1796:anti-Semitism
1793:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1770:Fraser Anning
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:Cory Bernardi
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:pillow-biters
1693:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1589:opposes Islam
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1368:(1901–1975).
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:Serbia Strong
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Sohmor (1984)
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Norway (2011)
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Nellie (1983)
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:Beirut (1975)
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
782:
780:
779:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Sweden (2014)
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
629:
624:
623:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:United States
605:
601:
598:
597:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
485:
484:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
421:Halal-related
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Counter-jihad
404:
403:
401:
397:
396:United States
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
381:
380:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
360:
356:
355:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
326:
325:
323:
322:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
305:
304:
300:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
287:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
205:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:Organisations
144:
143:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
121:Marree Mosque
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Early history
56:
55:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3959:
3890:. Retrieved
3884:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3856:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3825:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3797:
3773:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:the original
3705:"Exceptions"
3699:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3649:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3619:Panahi, Rita
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3600:. 9 May 2019
3597:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3538:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:the original
3502:
3475:. Retrieved
3471:the original
3460:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3383:The Guardian
3382:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:The Guardian
3312:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3286:
3256:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3234:the Guardian
3233:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:The Guardian
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3181:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3064:
3040:. Retrieved
3033:
3009:. Retrieved
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2976:
2944:
2937:
2917:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2751:The Guardian
2750:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2670:
2645:. Retrieved
2642:The Guardian
2641:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:The Guardian
2613:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:The Guardian
2585:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2452:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2395:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2337:
2326:
2316:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2134:(1): 61–86.
2131:
2125:
2100:(2): 12–18.
2097:
2093:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2053:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1830:
1789:
1764:Independent
1763:
1743:Christchurch
1740:
1684:Islamophobia
1682:
1670:
1646:
1637:outside the
1632:
1621:
1599:
1586:
1562:
1526:
1504:In 2014 the
1503:
1494:
1489:Sam Dastyari
1481:
1470:In 2015 the
1469:
1454:
1436:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1358:Islamophobia
1356:
1343:
1342:
1214:
1197:
1148:
1116:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1085:Hindutva pop
1051: /
1031:
1030:
985:Paris (1961)
955:Mecca (600s)
855:Assam (2014)
837:
836:
804: /
777:
776:
679:Christchurch
654:Babri Masjid
632:
494:
433:Hijabophobia
367:Islamophobia
136:Perth Mosque
87:
77:
57:
18:
4080:Switzerland
4050:Netherlands
3677:(1): 7–25.
3551:20 December
3515:20 December
3477:20 December
3341:11 February
3319:11 February
3293:10 February
3188:6 September
2621:12 February
2533:7:30 Report
2066:(1): 5–25.
1977:writing in
1872:Legislation
1827:In politics
1759:neo-fascist
1618:Zaky Mallah
1610:nationalist
1582:hate groups
1574:nationalist
1461:Keysar Trad
1437:During the
1205:Jihad Watch
1193:Document.no
1091:Holy Terror
1073:Jerry Klein
1053:Sulli Deals
890:Boyo (2021)
746:Quebec City
674:Bloomington
659:Banya Bashi
612:Stereotypes
590:Switzerland
565:Netherlands
470:Persecution
465:Orientalism
438:Netherlands
230:Bangladeshi
4109:Categories
4085:Tajikistan
3826:Yahoo News
3715:10 January
3627:Herald Sun
2704:2 December
2678:2 December
2647:1 December
2593:28 January
2507:Herald Sun
2472:24 January
2435:24 January
2368:. ABC News
2269:10453/3255
2045:References
1964:Psychology
1905:(Victoria)
1766:Queensland
1735:See also:
1713:72 Virgins
1673:Cranbourne
1564:Anti-Islam
1549:riot squad
1372:Definition
1255:Opposition
1227:Stormfront
1222:Rebel News
811:Circassian
795:Srebrenica
709:Kattankudy
669:Beit Lahia
426:Love jihad
245:Indonesian
4070:Sri Lanka
4030:Indonesia
3960:Australia
3864:6 January
3691:143819883
3162:4 October
3073:3 January
3042:3 January
3011:3 January
2985:3 January
2845:7 January
2819:7 January
2793:27 August
2565:4 January
2538:4 January
2512:4 January
2409:5 January
2372:5 January
2349:5 January
2305:144697397
2231:145548744
2171:CiteSeerX
2148:145065236
1847:Responses
1805:hate mail
1792:Australia
1688:Q Society
1635:mannequin
1571:far-right
1518:Q Society
1476:Q Society
1472:far-right
1463:from the
1418:Buddhists
1404:Incidence
1302:Tell MAMA
1232:WikiIslam
1058:CAA, 2019
778:Genocide:
769:Singapore
741:Palimbang
699:Hyderabad
689:Escondido
644:Al-Nurayn
639:Al-Hidaya
545:Indonesia
495:Australia
270:Pakistani
3980:Bulgaria
3892:23 April
3572:ABC News
3462:ABC News
3401:BBC News
3363:30 March
3252:ABC News
3182:ABC News
2871:29 March
2866:ABC News
2840:ABC News
2813:ABC News
2756:30 March
2730:30 March
2193:34648611
2072:23643922
1987:See also
1948:apostate
1801:graffiti
1768:senator
1659:and the
1614:neo-Nazi
1578:neo-Nazi
1381:Theories
1107:cartoons
831:Rohingya
724:Malegaon
628:Examples
359:a series
357:Part of
260:Lebanese
220:Albanian
26:a series
24:Part of
4045:Myanmar
4020:Iceland
4010:Germany
4005:Georgia
3995:Denmark
3970:Belgium
3965:Austria
3836:4 April
3805:4 April
3754:4 April
3287:The Age
3214:16 July
3157:The Age
3138:The Age
3066:The Age
2978:The Age
2897:1 April
2788:The Age
1841:Liberal
1831:In the
1747:Jumu'ah
1623:Q&A
1348:Muslims
1210:OpIndia
1142:2019–23
785:Bosnian
734:2009–10
704:Ibrahim
684:Corsica
664:Bayonne
560:Myanmar
535:Iceland
530:Germany
505:Belgium
500:Austria
411:Eurabia
280:Turkish
250:Iranian
235:Bosnian
97:Mosques
49:History
4075:Sweden
4060:Poland
4055:Norway
4035:Israel
4015:Greece
4000:France
3985:Canada
3689:
3604:17 May
3578:17 May
3098:
2952:
2925:
2463:
2303:
2229:
2191:
2173:
2146:
2070:
1816:hijabs
1757:and a
1422:Hindus
816:Libyan
756:Zürich
719:Manili
714:Kosovo
694:Gondar
585:Sweden
580:Russia
575:Poland
570:Norway
550:Israel
525:France
515:Canada
443:France
384:Issues
301:People
289:Events
275:Somali
240:Indian
215:Afghan
206:Groups
4065:Spain
4040:Italy
4025:India
3990:China
3687:S2CID
3258:9 May
2457:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2392:(PDF)
2301:S2CID
2227:S2CID
2189:S2CID
2144:S2CID
2090:(PDF)
2068:JSTOR
1889:(NSW)
1883:(Qld)
1853:hijab
1820:doxed
1705:haram
1553:flare
1457:halal
1352:Islam
1185:Media
729:Malmö
649:Bærum
555:Italy
540:India
520:China
455:Media
265:Malay
255:Iraqi
197:MWNNA
3894:2015
3866:2015
3838:2017
3807:2017
3756:2017
3717:2015
3606:2019
3580:2019
3553:2023
3517:2023
3479:2023
3365:2017
3343:2017
3321:2017
3295:2017
3260:2018
3216:2019
3190:2017
3164:2015
3096:ISBN
3075:2017
3044:2017
3013:2017
2987:2017
2950:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2899:2021
2873:2021
2847:2016
2821:2016
2795:2014
2758:2017
2732:2017
2706:2015
2680:2015
2649:2015
2623:2017
2595:2017
2567:2015
2540:2015
2514:2015
2474:2016
2461:ISBN
2437:2016
2411:2015
2374:2015
2351:2015
1723:and
1701:Imam
1612:and
1510:A$ 3
1420:and
1267:CAIR
1137:2011
1132:2010
1127:2005
225:Arab
182:ANIC
172:AFIC
167:ANIC
3679:doi
2698:APH
2293:doi
2264:hdl
2256:doi
2219:doi
2181:doi
2136:doi
2102:doi
192:MWA
187:ICQ
177:AMC
162:ICV
157:LMA
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