955:. The name was changed in 2006. The Community Service Police is in charge of enforcing regulations on certain personal behaviors, including indecent clothing, alcohol consumption, offensive acts and seduction, among others. In June 2015, 10 female students were charged with "indecent dress" after exiting their church. All of the women were wearing long-sleeved shirts and either skirts or trousers. In December 2017, 24 women were arrested at a private gathering for wearing trousers. They were later released. Punishment can include flogging and the payment of fines. The Public Order Court, which handles such cases, is a parallel court system which exercises summary judgements. Many Sudanese resent the activity of the religious police as oppressive and arbitrarily intrusive, although it is supported by
783:, as of 2004, Human Rights Watch sees as problematic the fact that "the majority" of hisbah members have "a low level of formal education, no background in law, and no training in law enforcement or procedures for arrest, investigation, or gathering of evidence. Human Rights Watch is not aware of any women joining the hisbah in Nigeria." While there are not set laws on hisbah procedure, according to a "common understanding" of what hisbah are allowed to do, "they are expected to arrest criminals", but not "to enter people’s private homes or spy on them merely on the basis of suspicion". In practice, "these and other guidelines" have often been disregarded and people’s "right to privacy" violated. Although abuses by the hisbah "appear to have decreased" since their introduction in 2000–2002.
963:, Sudan began a "transition to democracy". In December 2019, it repealed a public order law that granted police the power to arrest women "who were found dancing, wearing trousers, vending on the streets or mixing with men who weren’t their relatives", who might then be punished by "flogging, fines and, in rare cases, stoning and execution". A 3 September 2020 agreement (as part of a 2019 'legal reform program and rebuilding and developing the justice and rights') declared Sudan "a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society", where the state would "not establish an official religion" and where no citizen would "be discriminated against based on their religion", thus eliminating the
750:, the offense of being in close proximity to any forbidden member of the opposite sex. Adultery is also an offense and may lead to up to two years in prison. According to local newspapers, the moral police have stopped hundreds of couples. Other offenses include extra-marital sex, alcohol consumption, not fasting during Ramadan, and not visiting the mosque during Friday prayer. The department also punishes gay Muslims. Malaysian morality police are often accused of overstepping their mandate, with legal confusion resulting from overlapping and ambiguously defined jurisdictions of secular and sharia-based laws.
553:
814:(NPF). The duties of the Hisbah Corps include arbitrating disputes on a voluntary basis, verbally chastising violators of Sharia, and maintaining public order at religious celebrations. Hisbah are also trained to assist with disaster response operations. The Hisbah Corps has had a contentious relationship with the NPF, with the latter frequently refusing to cooperate in enforcement of religious law, and on multiple occasions arresting Hisbah members for trespassing private property.
1001:
573:
658:
51:
772:, "religious police" are organized by state and called "Hisbah". Nigeria has twelve states—all in the north—where Islam is the dominant religion. In 1999 the states made a "declaration of full Sharia law", and consequently each state created institutions such as Sharia and Zakat commissions, and "to promote Islamic virtue" and discourage vice, "hisbah", groups.
809:
security units. It operates under the jurisdiction of a Hisbah Board composed of government officials, secular police officers, and religious leaders, and is highly decentralized with local units supervised by committees composed of officials and citizens in the communities in which they operate. The
868:
Established in its best known form in the mid-1970s, by the early 2010s, the committee was estimated to have 3,500–4,000 officers on the streets, assisted by thousands of volunteers and administrative personnel. Its head held the rank of cabinet minister and reported directly to the king. Committee
620:
reinstated it in 2003. In 2006 the Karzai regime submitted draft legislation to create a new department, under the
Ministry for Haj and Religious Affairs, devoted to the "Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice". When the Taliban took power again in August 2021, they established a new "Ministry
817:
An example of a Kano State Hisbah Board activity was the destruction of 1,975,000 bottles of beer worth over N200 million (almost US$ 500,000) in 2020 that had been confiscated within metropolitan Kano. Another 2020 news report alleged frustration by
Nigerian youths with zealous enforcement of
1110:
In 2009, Iranian police warned shopkeepers not to display female mannequins with bodily curves or without a hijab. In 2010, to protect "public morality", the
Palestinian Islamic militant group Hamas ordered the removal of scantily-clad mannequins and pictures of models in underwear from clothing
726:
two days later. Bruises on her legs and face suggested to many that she was beaten, despite police denials. Multiple medical officials and detainees that witness her arrest claim that
Guidance Patrol officials tortured her in the back of a van before arriving to the station. Her arrest and death
903:
in private ceremonies. In some cases, the Saudi religious police were broadly condemned in the country, including cases of breaking into private homes on suspicion of illicit behavior, and being staffed by "ex-convicts whose only job qualification was that they had memorized the
775:
As of 2016, each of these hisbah is "unique", varying from state sanctioned, organized, commissioned, funded groups with thousand of people on salary in large states (Kano and
Zamfara), to all-unpaid, volunteer groups (Gombe), and hisbah that "exist only on paper" (Borno).
374:, the Islamic religious police has had a contentious relationship with the civil police forces; some incidents where the Islamic religious police has been involved were widely viewed as overstepping their mandate and have received broad public condemnation in the country.
826:“Hisbah is punishing youths for keeping afro hair and sometimes it is accompanied with beating. They have also prevented women and girls from using smartphones, claiming that it is used to spread unIslamic behaviours. They are just terrorising us."
865:(pl.)), are tasked with enforcing conservative Islamic norms of public behavior, as defined by Saudi authorities. They monitor observance of the dress code, gender segregation in public spaces, and whether shops are closed during prayer times.
1111:
shops in the Gaza Strip. In 2021, the
Islamic police force or "Hisbah" in Kano, a Muslim-majority state in Nigeria, ordered shops to use only headless mannequins to advertise clothing, and for the mannequins to be covered at all times.
452:
as an individual obligation to police religious observance has become more widespread. This has led to the appearance of activists around the world who urge fellow
Muslims to observe Islamic rituals, dress code, and other aspects of
343:(market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order, and infractions against public morality. This last part of public morality was missing in early and medieval Islam but the office was revived in
2600:
707:) for the latter, and preventing other types of behavior that are un-Islamic. It has been viewed as a scourge by urban women, particularly those from more affluent circles, who try to push the boundaries of dress code. President
2106:
745:
The
Malaysian religious authority, known as the Federal Territories Islamic Religious Department (JAWI), enforces religious standards. Its Chief of enforcement is Wan Jaafar Wan Ahmad. Punishable offenses include
1140:
836:
601:
592:
519:
420:
1090:, hijab was made compulsory in stages. In 1980 it was made mandatory in government and public offices, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women, including non-Muslims and non-citizens. From 2017–2019
2671:
810:
Hisbah Corps does not have authority to execute arrests and are allowed to carry only non-lethal weapons for self-defense. Hisbah officers who observe violations of Sharia are expected to alert the
2904:
1909:
486:(1979) as a "universal and reciprocal duty", incumbent upon both the government and the people. Its implementation has been carried out by official committees as well as volunteer forces (
2602:
Political
Agreement on establishing the structures and institutions of the transitional period between the Transitional Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces
347:, and later instituted as a committee, aided by a volunteer force focused on enforcing religious observance. Similar institutions later appeared in several other countries and regions.
2578:
1515:
695:. It was established in 2005, succeeding institutions of similar nature. Its mission is to impose Islamic dress codes and norms of conduct in public, particularly regarding the
1218:
2110:
943:
The
Community Service Police serves as the Sudanese religious police. Originally called the Public Order Police, the enforcement agency was established in 1993 by President
464:
2157:
354:
of public opinion, their activities are often disliked by other segments of the population, especially liberals, urban women, and younger people. Legal reforms made by
1694:
158:
251:; prior, the administration of public morality in most Muslim-majority countries was considered a socio-religious matter, and was enforced through application of
1767:
408:
to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called
703:. In addition, the patrol also enforces Islamic codes of conduct in public, such as preventing the mingling of unrelated men and women without a male guardian (
612:
when they took power in 1996. Taliban's department was modeled on a similar organization in Saudi Arabia. It was closed when the Taliban was ousted, but the
565:
414:(market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order and infractions against public morality. In 1976, the committees of
2700:
2914:
350:
Islamic religious police organizations have been controversial, both locally and internationally. Although these institutions tend to have support from
2470:
692:
1542:
1718:
1239:
Each year, the religious police mobilise ahead of 14 February and descend on gift and flower shops, confiscating all red items, including flowers.
1918:
927:
The institution had general support among conservative currents of public opinion, but was widely disliked by liberals and younger people. In
531:
460:
258:
The powers and responsibilities of Islamic religious police vary by country, but in contrast to the enforcement of laws against crimes like
1743:
626:
479:
363:
2522:
2759:
1643:
2645:
740:
108:
1226:
1091:
786:
While Hisbah members have been responsible for "flogging and beating suspected criminals", unlike some vigilante groups" as of 2004,
935:, and it was banned "from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime".
2497:
2240:
1482:
191:
113:
2315:
1575:
1355:
437:
1394:
2955:
2950:
2262:
2553:
The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan: Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir
840:
400:
329:
153:
2960:
2859:
2561:
2360:
1823:
1525:
1199:
333:, and refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. In
2985:
2945:
2796:
2431:
2193:
1279:
1075:
123:
2257:
909:
805:—was established by the state government in 2003. It institutionalized the formerly local and privately maintained
118:
28:
728:
622:
433:
2889:
920:(black robes), and not accompanied by a male guardian. The firemen who arrived to help, were also beaten by the
1012:
877:, and daily prayer attendance; but also banning Western products/activities such as the sale of dogs and cats,
314:
forces that mostly give citations and warnings, but some have powers similar to police officers, including the
148:
2929:
2808:
2710:
492:). Elsewhere, policing of various interpretations of sharia-based public morality has been carried out by the
2975:
644:
711:
had expressed opposition to the Guidance Patrol, but it did not fall under his constitutional jurisdiction.
2672:"Syrian schoolgirl arrested by religious police for 'inappropriate clothing' freed after classmate protest"
1850:
908:
in order to reduce their sentences". Perhaps the most serious incident for which they were blamed was the
617:
613:
597:
279:
128:
2107:"Sharia Court 'Hisbah' Bans Muslim Girls/Ladies In Kaduna From Using Mobile Phones And Wearing Sunglasses"
1552:
1164:
287:
78:
869:
officers and volunteers patrolled public places, with volunteers focusing on enforcing strict rules of
2970:
2705:
2284:
1669:
184:
2788:
1167:
in the southwest of the country, who have committed numerous extrajudicial killings and other abuses.
731:
in Iran. The Alleged dissolution of Morality Police in Iran was later denied by Iranian state media.
226:
163:
88:
83:
2630:
1326:
138:
1060:. In Afghanistan, it was reported on 25 January 2001 that the Taliban had arrested 28 barbers in
916:
prevented them from escaping a burning school, because the girls were not wearing headscarves and
418:
were united under an official of ministerial rank, acting under direct royal command. The unified
362:
has criticized Iran's religious police, but the president does not have control over it under the
759:
493:
133:
2851:
Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first Century: The Military and International Security Dimensions
1191:
Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first Century: The military and international security dimensions
358:
in 2016 sharply curtailed the authority of the Saudi religious police. Former Iranian president
252:
2352:
1464:
2421:
2292:
2183:
1911:
Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria Over 15 Years. Policy Brief No.2 The Case of Hisbah
239:. Modern Islamic religious police forces were first established in the late-1970s amidst the
177:
98:
93:
1877:
1255:
2980:
2376:
1412:
Olaniyi, Rasheed Oyewole (2011). "Hisbah and Sharia Law Enforcement in Metropolitan Kano".
928:
811:
715:
271:
103:
1903:
1901:
1899:
8:
1070:
932:
621:
of Invitation, Guidance and Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice", taking over the
605:
143:
891:
gifts. Officers were authorized to pursue, detain and interrogate suspected violators,
700:
2618:
2014:
1976:
1896:
1429:
1125:
1087:
888:
787:
780:
552:
483:
291:
240:
1768:"Mustafa Akyol: Jawi didn't like my talk on commonalities between Islam, Christianity"
1614:
924:. Widespread public criticism followed, both internationally and within Saudi Arabia.
2965:
2855:
2830:
2792:
2557:
2448:
2427:
2356:
2345:
2221:
2189:
2158:"With youth pounding at kingdom's gates, Saudi Arabia begins religious police reform"
2135:
2018:
1968:
1950:
1744:"Iran's state media denies abolition of 'morality police' as three-day strike begins"
1521:
1487:
1460:
1433:
1361:
1351:
1321:
1285:
1275:
1195:
1120:
1065:
977:
763:
652:
1492:
1347:
2894:
2185:
Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: A Socio-legal Study on Conflicts
2006:
1997:
Olaniyi, Rasheed (2011). "Hisbah and Sharia Law Enforcement in Metropolitan Kano".
1421:
1343:
1339:
1041:
948:
794:
676:
506:
334:
222:
2076:
1317:
873:(which in Saudi Arabia meant covering all of the body except the hands and eyes),
2849:
2736:
2676:
2551:
1619:
1189:
1102:
Iranian government started a new program in 2023 to enforce chastity living law.
952:
874:
672:
638:
441:
244:
230:
73:
24:
2605:. Transitional Military Council & Forces of Freedom and Change. 17 July 2019
2010:
1425:
1194:. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. pp. 294–96, 298.
987:
used religious police, commonly known as the Hisbah, in areas under its control.
947:. The Public Order Law was initiated by the Sudanese government in the state of
321:
The practice is generally justified with reference to the religious doctrine of
1141:
Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)
960:
944:
900:
837:
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)
708:
699:
of women, but also some men who are deemed improperly dressed according to the
593:
Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)
359:
299:
270:, Islamic religious police have focused more on such issues as preventing the
2939:
2579:"Sudan repeals public order law that let police flog women for wearing pants"
2037:
1695:""Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law""
1365:
1263:
719:
511:
355:
267:
233:
on behalf of national or regional authorities based on its interpretation of
1449:"Religious Freedom Implications of Sharia Implementation in Aceh, Indonesia"
1448:
2909:
2527:
1855:
1800:
1795:
1160:
1130:
892:
819:
580:
415:
351:
344:
315:
248:
68:
50:
42:
2208:
2876:
2032:
959:
and other religious conservatives. Following the July 2019 overthrow of
662:
572:
2905:"Minneapolis Muslims protest 'sharia' vigilante in Cedar-Riverside area"
1000:
1772:
1719:""Mahsa Amini: dozens injured in Iran protests after death in custody""
1547:
1037:
688:
523:
497:
367:
311:
219:
2737:"Nigeria's Kano state moves to ban mannequin heads on Islamic grounds"
2394:
883:
2471:"More than 40,000 public order cases annually in Sudan capital: SDFG"
2242:
CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Saudi Arabia
1576:"Taliban Seize Women's Ministry Building for Use by Religious Police"
1271:
1045:
956:
905:
515:
445:
337:, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called
295:
2320:
1574:
Huylebroek, Jim; Arian, Wali; Gladstone, Rick (17 September 2021).
410:
387:
339:
1670:"Rouhani clashes with Iranian police over undercover hijab agents"
1289:
602:
Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
520:
Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
1483:"Afghanistan: Proposed Morality Department Recalls Taliban Times"
769:
609:
576:
527:
501:
405:
371:
275:
259:
216:
2258:"The Saudi Media Debates Flogging by the Saudi Religious Police"
1316:
Thielmann, Jörn (2012). "Ḥisba (modern times)". In Fleet, Kate;
980:, which is ruled by Syrian rebels linked and allied to Al-Qaeda.
847:
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
421:
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
1517:
Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia
1335:
1331:
1267:
1135:
1057:
1053:
896:
878:
806:
798:
704:
666:
657:
455:
394:
383:
323:
263:
235:
1917:. Nigeria Stability and Reconciliation Program. Archived from
19:"Morality Police" redirects here. For the religious police in
2785:
Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers
1395:"Iran's Basij Force – The Mainstay Of Domestic Security"
1061:
917:
870:
696:
648:
584:
561:
557:
488:
429:
425:
424:
has been assisted by volunteers, who enforce strict rules of
307:
303:
283:
2809:"Jailed Iranian Anti-Hijab Campaigner Goes On Hunger Strike"
912:, where fifteen girls died and fifty were injured after the
1049:
984:
723:
471:
20:
2854:. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
2701:"Life Under ISIS Religious Police is Brutal and Merciless"
2646:"Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State"
1543:"Despite Karzai election, Afghan conservatives soldier on"
976:
A religious police called al-Hisba operated as of 2017 in
537:
2523:"Sudanese women arrested 'for wearing trousers' released"
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1824:"Malaysia: The sordid failures of the illicit sex police"
1379:
Mack, Gregory (2018). "Ḥisbah". In Jonathan Brown (ed.).
2101:
2099:
2097:
1573:
159:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
2285:"Saudi Arabia: Gross Human Rights Abuses Against Women"
1969:"The enforcement of Shari'a and the role of the hisbah"
1951:"The enforcement of Shari'a and the role of the hisbah"
1094:, with authorities announcing the arrests of 29 women.
556:
A religious policeman beating a woman for removing her
1936:
718:, a 22-year-old Iranian woman who they claim suffered
306:, and that Muslims are not skipping attendance to the
2094:
2068:
1878:"Nigeria International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
1219:"Saudi religious police see red over Valentine's Day"
970:
566:
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
2730:
2728:
2440:
1520:(1st Pan ed.). London: Pan Books. p. 106.
714:
On September 16, 2022, the Guidance Patrol arrested
2419:
2316:"Catholic priest arrested and expelled from Riyadh"
2077:"Nigeria: Hisbah Destroys Over N200m Beers in Kano"
1262:. Routledge Islamic Studies Series (1st ed.).
1159:... in contrast to other vigilante groups like the
931:the power of the CPVPV was drastically reduced by
2344:
2181:
1567:
1534:
741:Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM)
2760:"Taliban ban DiCaprio HairstyleTitanic hairstyle"
2725:
693:Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran
2937:
2801:
2570:
2245:(3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 180.
2209:"Cats and dogs banned by Saudi religious police"
1908:Mustapha, Abdul Raufu; Ismail, Mustapha (2016).
857:(committee), whose enforcers are referred to as
822:in particular, quoting one resident as saying,
1644:"When Freedom Is the Right to Stay Under Wraps"
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1476:
1474:
1907:
1249:
1247:
327:, which is based on the Quranic injunction of
2751:
2449:"Rise and fall of the Saudi religious police"
2202:
2109:. NAIJAPLEDGE. 8 October 2020. Archived from
790:was not aware of killings by hisba members".
185:
2643:
2347:Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
2308:
2062:Community Vigilantes in Metropolitan Nigeria
1594:
1471:
1260:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God
1064:for giving customers a haircut styled after
895:offenders for certain misdeeds, and arrest
480:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
398:, associated with the Quranic injunction of
364:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
2887:
2155:
2130:
2128:
2033:"Nigeria's religious police: Out on patrol"
1244:
1092:protests were held against compulsory hijab
687:) is the main Islamic religious police, or
2932:(March 2016) DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v15i1.2843
2446:
2232:
1851:"Here comes the Malaysian morality police"
1667:
1480:
818:hisbah in northern Nigeria in general and
192:
178:
109:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang
2847:
2831:"Iran is Set to Make Hijab Laws Stricter"
2779:
2777:
2136:"Saudi minister rebukes religious police"
1315:
1187:
797:force responsible for the enforcement of
661:A Guidance Patrol van parked in front of
544:Islamic religious police forces include:
534:(1996–2001), as well as by other groups.
229:, which enforce religious observance and
2698:
2669:
2495:
2387:
2125:
1668:Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr (20 April 2016).
1641:
1381:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law
991:
656:
571:
551:
434:gender segregation between men and women
2902:
2734:
2549:
2447:BASHRAHEEL, ASEEL (22 September 2019).
2255:
2151:
2149:
2059:
1996:
1411:
1253:
1040:Nigerian Islamic police shaved off the
538:Formal legalized enforcement by country
2938:
2888:Simanjuntak, Hotli (8 February 2010).
2774:
2576:
2342:
2214:
1540:
1513:
629:building for use as its headquarters.
114:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2670:McKernan, Bethan (16 February 2017).
2074:
1848:
1741:
1446:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1213:
1211:
1097:
64:Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern
2757:
2637:
2377:"Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue"
2263:Middle East Media Research Institute
2239:Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2009).
2146:
2025:
1615:"Who are Islamic 'morality police'?"
1453:University of St. Thomas Law Journal
1387:
1378:
1181:
995:
255:and/or through more informal means.
2877:"Sharia police block women's rally"
2699:Charters, Justen (11 August 2014).
2498:"The Middle East's Morality Police"
2395:"Haia can't chase, arrest suspects"
1796:"Jawi ramps up Ramadan enforcement"
1541:Franco, Claudio (7 December 2004).
1481:Esfandiari, Golnaz (18 July 2006).
841:Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia
680:
401:enjoining good and forbidding wrong
154:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons
13:
2841:
2577:Berger, Meriam (1 December 2019).
1990:
1742:Turak, Natasha (5 December 2022).
1661:
1635:
1296:
1225:. 12 February 2010. Archived from
1208:
971:Al-Qaeda and ISIL-controlled areas
967:for the Community Service Police.
951:in 1992, and later applied to all
330:enjoining good and forbidding evil
310:. They are sometimes portrayed as
14:
2997:
2869:
2735:Orjinmo, Nduka (16 August 2021).
2644:Michael Atit (4 September 2020).
2550:Köndgen, Olaf (30 October 2017).
2496:Eltahawy, Mona (19 August 2015).
2256:Feldner, Yotam (8 January 2004).
2075:Bello, Bashir (8 November 2020).
1076:Embassy of Afghanistan, Islamabad
1044:of young men on the pavements of
604:was first instituted by the 1992
302:(but also sometimes men) observe
124:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
2903:Mahamud, Faiza (13 April 2017).
1320:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1074:, according to officials at the
999:
119:Islamization of the Sudan region
49:
2823:
2758:SHAH, AAMIR (25 January 2001).
2692:
2663:
2593:
2543:
2515:
2489:
2463:
2413:
2369:
2336:
2277:
2249:
2175:
2053:
1961:
1870:
1849:Salvá, Ana (22 February 2017).
1842:
1816:
1788:
1760:
1735:
1711:
1687:
1642:Erdbrink, Thomas (7 May 2014).
1507:
1348:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30485
1153:
830:
467:resulting in criminal charges.
2890:"Sharia police: who are they?"
2848:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003).
2188:. Quid Pro Books. p. 45.
1882:US Department of State Archive
1440:
1405:
1372:
1188:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003).
564:, 2001 (image obtained by the
547:
459:, with vigilante incidents in
247:that the event brought to the
149:Conversion to Islam in prisons
1:
2211:, NBC News, 18 December 2006.
1830:. Singapore. 18 February 2017
1327:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
1174:
1105:
1048:. Another report state that
910:2002 Mecca girls' school fire
875:segregation between the sexes
645:Islamic Revolution Committees
2420:Commins, David Dean (2015).
1399:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
618:Supreme Court of Afghanistan
290:, Western practices such as
129:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
16:Religious enforcement agency
7:
2956:Islam-related controversies
2951:Sex segregation enforcement
2426:. I.B. Tauris. p. 66.
2351:. New York: Knopf. p.
2238:
2182:Antoinette Vlieger (2012).
2156:Louise Lief (23 May 2013).
2011:10.2979/africatoday.57.4.71
1426:10.2979/africatoday.57.4.71
1114:
1056:in another Nigerian state,
1031:
734:
627:Ministry of Women’s Affairs
608:regime, and adopted by the
288:public display of affection
79:Islamic missionary activity
10:
3002:
2706:Independent Journal Review
1383:. Oxford University Press.
834:
757:
753:
738:
642:
636:
590:
392:The classical doctrine of
381:
377:
18:
2961:Islamic legal occupations
2789:Syracuse University Press
2783:Milani, Farzaneh (1992).
2343:Wright, Lawrence (2006).
2060:Olaniyi, Rasheed (2005).
1254:Gauvain, Richard (2013).
1163:in the southeast and the
532:first rule of Afghanistan
465:Wuppertal, Germany (2014)
227:Muslim-majority countries
207:(also sometimes known as
164:List of converts to Islam
89:Islamization of Jerusalem
84:Islamization of Palestine
2986:Religious discrimination
2946:Islamic religious police
2930:Law Enforcement in Islam
1146:
1081:
938:
853:and colloquially termed
404:, refers to the duty of
298:gifts, making sure that
205:Islamic religious police
139:Islamization in Pakistan
1165:Oodua People’s Congress
803:Kano State Hisbah Corps
760:Kano State Hisbah Corps
632:
583:patrolling a street in
494:Kano State Hisbah Corps
438:international influence
280:mixing of men and women
134:Islamization of Albania
2787:, Syracuse, New York:
1514:Rashid, Ahmed (2001).
828:
669:
588:
569:
316:power to detain people
272:consumption of alcohol
27:. For other uses, see
2811:. RFE/RL. 13 May 2021
2556:. Brill. p. 85.
2423:Islam in Saudi Arabia
2293:Amnesty International
1052:hair was punished by
992:Issues of enforcement
824:
758:Further information:
660:
575:
560:headpiece in public,
555:
478:was enshrined in the
430:Islamic daily prayers
352:conservative currents
308:Islamic daily prayers
99:Islamization of Egypt
94:Islamization of Syria
2976:Islam and government
1447:Uddin, Asma (2010).
1223:Syney Morning Herald
812:Nigeria Police Force
448:, the conception of
104:Islamization of Iran
2296:. 27 September 2000
2064:. IFRA. p. 66.
1884:. 19 September 2008
1776:. 28 September 2017
1495:on 14 December 2008
983:The militant group
933:Mohammed bin Salman
793:In Kano state, the
225:agencies, often in
144:Conversion to Islam
37:Part of a series on
2883:. 19 January 2009.
2531:. 11 December 2017
2502:The New York Times
2228:. October 7, 2022.
2142:. 4 November 2002.
1977:Human Rights Watch
1955:Human Rights Watch
1648:The New York Times
1580:The New York Times
1401:. 15 January 2009.
1322:Rowson, Everett K.
1229:on 25 January 2014
1126:Criticism of Islam
1098:Taboo and chastity
1088:Iranian Revolution
1011:. You can help by
788:Human Rights Watch
781:Human Rights Watch
729:a wave of protests
670:
589:
570:
484:Iranian Revolution
474:, the doctrine of
461:London (2013-2014)
436:. With the rising
426:Islamic dress code
304:Islamic dress code
241:Iranian Revolution
2971:Islamic extremism
2833:. 17 August 2023.
2581:. Washington Post
1555:on 13 August 2008
1488:Radio Free Europe
1357:978-90-04-22545-9
1121:Ban on sharia law
1066:Leonardo DiCaprio
1042:Mohawk hairstyles
1029:
1028:
764:Sharia in Nigeria
653:Hezbollah of Iran
202:
201:
2993:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2913:. Archived from
2899:
2895:The Jakarta Post
2884:
2865:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2805:
2799:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:on 19 April 2018
2709:. Archived from
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2650:Voice of America
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2477:. 7 January 2018
2475:Dabangasudan.org
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2383:. 15 March 2002.
2373:
2367:
2366:
2350:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1611:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:. New York Times
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1551:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1491:. Archived from
1478:
1469:
1468:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1340:Brill Publishers
1313:
1294:
1293:
1274:. pp. 8–9.
1251:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1185:
1168:
1157:
1024:
1021:
1003:
996:
795:religious police
682:
507:Wilayatul Hisbah
428:, attendance of
335:pre-modern Islam
266:by conventional
194:
187:
180:
53:
34:
33:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2936:
2935:
2920:
2918:
2917:on 26 July 2020
2875:
2872:
2862:
2844:
2842:Further reading
2839:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2782:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:The Independent
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2401:. 14 April 2016
2393:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2324:. 10 April 2006
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2113:on 21 July 2021
2105:
2104:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1828:The Independent
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1623:. 22 April 2016
1620:BBC News Online
1613:
1612:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1479:
1472:
1445:
1441:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1358:
1330:. Vol. 3.
1314:
1297:
1282:
1252:
1245:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1086:After the 1979
1084:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1009:needs expansion
994:
973:
941:
889:Valentine's Day
849:, (abbreviated
843:
835:Main articles:
833:
766:
756:
743:
737:
673:Guidance Patrol
655:
641:
639:Guidance Patrol
635:
595:
587:, in July 2001.
550:
540:
390:
382:Main articles:
380:
292:Valentine's Day
245:Islamic revival
243:(1979) and the
231:public morality
215:) are official
209:morality police
198:
169:
168:
74:Spread of Islam
61:
32:
29:Morality police
25:Guidance Patrol
17:
12:
11:
5:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2900:
2885:
2871:
2870:External links
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:978-0275980917
2860:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2822:
2800:
2773:
2750:
2724:
2691:
2662:
2636:
2592:
2569:
2563:978-9004357082
2562:
2542:
2514:
2488:
2462:
2439:
2432:
2412:
2386:
2368:
2362:978-0375414862
2361:
2335:
2307:
2276:
2248:
2231:
2213:
2201:
2194:
2174:
2145:
2124:
2093:
2067:
2052:
2024:
1989:
1960:
1935:
1924:on 5 June 2021
1895:
1869:
1841:
1815:
1787:
1759:
1734:
1710:
1686:
1660:
1634:
1593:
1566:
1533:
1527:978-0330492218
1526:
1506:
1470:
1439:
1404:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1318:Krämer, Gudrun
1295:
1280:
1256:"Introduction"
1243:
1207:
1201:978-0275980917
1200:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1083:
1080:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1006:
1004:
993:
990:
989:
988:
981:
972:
969:
961:Omar al-Bashir
945:Omar al-Bashir
940:
937:
832:
829:
755:
752:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
709:Hassan Rouhani
637:Main article:
634:
631:
591:Main article:
549:
546:
539:
536:
379:
376:
360:Hassan Rouhani
200:
199:
197:
196:
189:
182:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2797:9780815602668
2794:
2791:, pp. 37–38,
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2620:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2433:9781848858015
2429:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2195:9781610271295
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2038:The Economist
2034:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1804:. 28 May 2017
1803:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1459:(3): 603–48.
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1281:9781138115514
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:In 2020, the
1023:
1014:
1010:
1007:This section
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
986:
982:
979:
975:
974:
968:
966:
965:raison d'être
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
838:
827:
823:
821:
815:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
779:According to
777:
773:
771:
765:
761:
751:
749:
742:
732:
730:
725:
721:
720:heart failure
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
674:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
640:
630:
628:
624:
619:
615:
614:Chief Justice
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
563:
559:
554:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:during their
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Aceh province
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:, playing of
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:police forces
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:sharia police
210:
206:
195:
190:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:
173:
172:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
60:Islamizations
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2910:Star Tribune
2908:
2893:
2880:
2850:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2803:
2784:
2764:. Retrieved
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2704:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2675:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:
2639:
2607:. Retrieved
2601:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2572:
2552:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:The New Arab
2526:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2442:
2422:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:arabnews.com
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2346:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2204:
2184:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2139:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2084:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2002:
1999:Africa Today
1998:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1954:
1926:. Retrieved
1919:the original
1910:
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:The Diplomat
1854:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1801:Malaysiakini
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1726:. Retrieved
1723:The Guardian
1722:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1699:The Guardian
1698:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1618:
1586:24 September
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1546:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1486:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1420:(4): 71–96.
1417:
1414:Africa Today
1413:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1325:
1259:
1238:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1222:
1190:
1183:
1161:Bakassi Boys
1155:
1131:Islamization
1109:
1101:
1085:
1069:
1068:in the film
1035:
1017:
1013:adding to it
1008:
964:
942:
926:
921:
913:
882:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
831:Saudi Arabia
825:
820:Kaduna state
816:
802:
792:
785:
778:
774:
767:
747:
744:
713:
685:Gašt-e Eršād
684:
671:
596:
581:pickup truck
579:police in a
543:
541:
505:
487:
475:
469:
454:
449:
419:
416:Saudi Arabia
409:
399:
393:
391:
356:Saudi rulers
349:
345:Saudi Arabia
338:
328:
322:
320:
300:Muslim women
257:
249:Muslim world
234:
212:
208:
204:
203:
69:Islamization
63:
43:Islamization
2981:Prohibition
2655:8 September
2627:|work=
2455:28 February
2451:. Arab News
2328:13 November
2269:13 November
2167:19 February
1233:22 November
1020:August 2021
899:for saying
727:instigated
716:Mahsa Amini
663:Mellat Park
598:Afghanistan
548:Afghanistan
2940:Categories
2739:. BBC News
2162:CS Monitor
2081:All Africa
1773:Malay Mail
1753:2022-12-07
1728:2021-09-18
1704:2021-09-18
1548:Eurasianet
1499:28 October
1290:2012016460
1175:References
1106:Mannequins
1038:Kano State
701:dress code
689:vice squad
643:See also:
623:old regime
524:Gaza Strip
498:Kano State
482:after the
368:Kano State
312:parapolice
253:civil laws
220:vice squad
2815:30 August
2766:30 August
2743:30 August
2629:ignored (
2619:cite book
2019:154801688
2005:(4): 71.
1679:12 August
1653:12 August
1434:154801688
1366:1873-9830
1272:Routledge
1046:Kano City
957:Salafists
681:گشت ارشاد
526:, by the
518:, by the
516:Indonesia
446:Wahhabism
366:. In the
296:Christmas
2966:Islamism
2921:17 April
2881:BBC News
2717:18 April
2680:. London
2535:18 April
2507:18 April
2481:18 April
2405:14 April
2381:BBC News
2321:AsiaNews
2226:Fox News
2140:BBC News
1862:18 April
1834:18 April
1808:18 April
1780:18 April
1559:4 August
1324:(eds.).
1264:New York
1115:See also
1032:Haircuts
949:Khartoum
922:mutaween
914:mutaween
863:mutaween
735:Malaysia
724:comatose
722:, dying
456:sharīʿah
442:Salafism
411:muhtasib
388:Muhtasib
340:muhtasib
236:sharīʿah
2609:20 July
2585:20 July
2222:"Islam"
2117:21 July
2086:21 July
2045:27 June
1982:27 June
1973:hrw.org
1957:. 2004.
1928:21 July
1888:21 July
1674:Reuters
1465:1885776
1071:Titanic
897:priests
884:Pokémon
881:dolls,
859:muttawa
770:Nigeria
754:Nigeria
748:khalwat
691:in the
677:Persian
616:of the
610:Taliban
606:Rabbani
577:Taliban
528:Taliban
522:in the
510:in the
502:Nigeria
496:in the
406:Muslims
378:History
372:Nigeria
276:Muslims
260:robbery
217:Islamic
2858:
2795:
2684:2 July
2560:
2430:
2359:
2300:2 July
2192:
2041:. 2010
2017:
1627:2 July
1524:
1463:
1432:
1364:
1354:
1336:Boston
1332:Leiden
1288:
1278:
1268:London
1198:
1136:Sharia
1058:Kaduna
1054:hisbah
953:states
918:abayas
906:Qur'an
887:, and
879:Barbie
807:hisbah
799:Sharia
705:mahram
667:Tehran
651:, and
432:, and
384:Hisbah
274:among
264:murder
223:police
23:, see
2762:. UPI
2288:(PDF)
2015:S2CID
1922:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1430:S2CID
1147:Notes
1082:Hijab
1062:Kabul
978:Idlib
939:Sudan
871:hijab
855:hai’a
851:CPVPV
801:—the
697:hijab
649:Basij
585:Herat
562:Kabul
558:burqa
504:, by
489:basij
476:ḥisba
450:ḥisba
395:ḥisba
324:ḥisba
284:music
2923:2017
2856:ISBN
2817:2021
2793:ISBN
2768:2021
2745:2021
2719:2018
2686:2018
2657:2020
2631:help
2611:2020
2587:2021
2558:ISBN
2537:2018
2509:2018
2483:2018
2457:2021
2428:ISBN
2407:2016
2357:ISBN
2330:2014
2302:2018
2271:2014
2190:ISBN
2169:2014
2119:2021
2088:2021
2047:2015
1984:2015
1930:2021
1890:2021
1864:2018
1836:2018
1810:2018
1782:2018
1748:CNBC
1681:2016
1655:2016
1629:2018
1588:2021
1561:2008
1522:ISBN
1501:2008
1461:SSRN
1362:ISSN
1352:ISBN
1334:and
1286:LCCN
1276:ISBN
1266:and
1235:2013
1196:ISBN
1050:afro
985:ISIL
929:2016
901:Mass
893:flog
845:The
839:and
762:and
633:Iran
472:Iran
463:and
444:and
386:and
286:and
262:and
21:Iran
2353:149
2007:doi
1422:doi
1344:doi
1015:.
768:In
683:,'
625:'s
600:'s
514:of
500:of
470:In
440:of
370:of
294:or
211:or
2942::
2907:.
2892:.
2879:.
2776:^
2727:^
2703:.
2674:.
2648:.
2623::
2621:}}
2617:{{
2525:.
2500:.
2473:.
2397:.
2379:.
2355:.
2318:.
2290:.
2260:.
2224:.
2160:.
2148:^
2138:.
2127:^
2096:^
2079:.
2035:.
2013:.
2003:57
2001:.
1975:.
1971:.
1953:.
1938:^
1898:^
1880:.
1853:.
1826:.
1798:.
1770:.
1746:.
1721:.
1697:.
1672:.
1646:.
1617:.
1596:^
1578:.
1545:.
1485:.
1473:^
1455:.
1451:.
1428:.
1418:57
1416:.
1397:.
1360:.
1350:.
1342:.
1338::
1298:^
1284:.
1270::
1258:.
1246:^
1237:.
1221:.
1210:^
1078:.
861:,
679::
665:,
647:,
318:.
278:,
2925:.
2898:.
2864:.
2819:.
2770:.
2747:.
2721:.
2688:.
2659:.
2633:)
2613:.
2589:.
2566:.
2539:.
2511:.
2485:.
2459:.
2436:.
2409:.
2365:.
2332:.
2304:.
2273:.
2198:.
2171:.
2121:.
2090:.
2049:.
2021:.
2009::
1986:.
1932:.
1892:.
1866:.
1838:.
1812:.
1784:.
1756:.
1731:.
1707:.
1683:.
1657:.
1631:.
1590:.
1563:.
1530:.
1503:.
1467:.
1457:7
1436:.
1424::
1368:.
1346::
1292:.
1204:.
1022:)
1018:(
675:(
568:)
193:e
186:t
179:v
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
