4392:
in many cases ... found short of the needed knowledge, scholarship, and commitment." "Distinct textbooks and teaching materials" required have been found to "neither exist" nor be "easy to create." Despite shortcomings in academic writingâmost of the books are "not cohesive" and are "at best no more than extended papers on specific topics"âconstructive evaluations are not common and response to what there is even less common. The lack of an
Islamic economics textbook "looms large" for Muslim economists and scholars. Despite the holding of a workshop in November 2010 to arrange the writing of such a textbook, the participation of "a number of eminent Muslim economists", (at the International Institute of Islamic Thought in London) and the appointment of "a noted Muslim economist" to coordinate the production of the textbook, as of 2015 "no standard textbook of Islamic economics was available."
3850:(Islamic jurisprudence) as supporting material, but are grounded upon the ethical teachings within the Qu'rÄn. SharÄ«ah's basic tenets involve gharar and (fadl mÄl bilÄ 'iwad). Gharar insists all knowledge about a trade or transaction is known before two individuals complete a transaction and (fadl mÄl bilÄ 'iwad) warns against unjustified enrichment through trade and business. These tenets were "among the first economic regulations" and their philosophy can be seen today in modern Capitalism. Within SharÄ«ah, El-Sheikh states, Gharar functions as a divine deterrent against asymmetric information and allows trade to prosper. Riba, ensures each transaction is conducted at a fair price, not allowing one party to benefit exceedingly, which shares a parallel philosophy with Karl Marx "Das Kapital": seeking a greater outcome for the community.
4310:
economy in non-Islamic countries". No Muslim-majority country is among the top 25 countries in this ranking. Israel is in 27th place and thus much higher than Saudi Arabia which is in 91st place. Germany is in 26th place in this table. In the research conducted by
Shahrzad Rahman and Hossein Askari, two professors of George Washington University, an estimate of the extent of Islamic economy of 208 countries around the world was made, the results of which are very interesting and according to that, many countries that, although are not Islamic (such as Ireland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Sweden); But their economy has similarities with the economic model of Islam or the Islamic economy.
4375:" of Islamic Economics, economics and research in pure Islamic economics has been "shifted to the back burner". Funding for research has gone to Islamic Finance despite the lack of "scientific knowledge to back" the claims made for Islamic Finance. Enrollment has subsided in classes and second and third generation Islamic economists are scarce, some institutions have "lost their real direction and some have even been closed". and interest of economists in the field's "grand idea" of providing an alternative to capitalism and socialism has "yielded" to the "needs" of the "industry" of Islamic Finance.
4764:
distributed in just one sitting. Though the first Caliph earmarked a house for
Baitulmaal where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of his death there was only one dirham in the Baitulmaal. The second caliph besides developing the Central Baitulmaal also opened Baitulmaal at state and headquarters levels. He also carried census during his caliphate; and provisioned salaries to Government employees, stipend to poor and needy people along with social security to unemployed and retirement pensions.
8781:
3421:
12133:
1890:
2253:) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior. Therefore, it has its own economic system, which is based on its philosophical views and is compatible with the Islamic organization of other aspects of human behavior: social and political systems.
12122:
3410:
7509:
4575:, the "semi-judicial institution" operational from the "earliest days of Islam". It was "charged with responsibility of carrying out the spirit of the system, setting conditions that preserve and enhance the public health and interests, protect the consumers, solve business and labor disputes, promote good market behavior, and ensure their observance." M. A. Khan states, institution of
4301:. In banking this was done through the use of sales transactions (focusing on the fixed rate return modes) to support investing without interest-bearing debt. Many modern writers have strongly criticized this approach as a means of covering conventional banking with an Islamic facade. (Sohrab Behada has argued that the economic system proposed by Islam is essentially a capitalist one.)
4517:) considered conquered land to be state rather than private property (as was usual practice). The purported reason for this was that privatizing this property would concentrate resources in the hands of a few, and prevent it from being used for the general good. The property remained under the occupation of the cultivators, but taxes were collected on it for the state treasury.
4100:, "not until the mid-twentieth century" was there any body of thought that could be called "Islamic economics", that was "recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine". But around 1950 "campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior". The famous early-20th Century Muslim nationalist and author
57:
4214:, advocating for a syncretic system with a gold / silver standard, while also having heavy government regulations of the market. Hosein is notable for being among a faction of Islamic scholars with a strict interpretation of riba prohibitions in the Qur'an, with the general definition of interest being as broad as money increasing over time for a single purchase.
4992:) describes a "major difficulty" faced by Islamic reformers of Islamic economics and pointed out by other authors, namely that because a financial system is an "integrated and coherent structure", to create an Islamic system "based on trust, community and no interest" requires "changes and interventions on several different fronts simultaneously".
7541:
4561:
Hassan b. Thabit was afforded the garden of
Bayruha and Zubayr received oasis land at Khaybar and Banu Nadir. During the reign of Caliph Umar, a vast expanse of Persian royal family terrain had been acquired, this lead his successor Caliph Uthman to accelerate the allotment of land to individuals in return for a portion of the crop yield.
4980:, one of the pillars of Islam, M.A.Khan also criticizes the conservatism of Islamic Economics, complaining that "the insistence of Muslim scholars in implementing it in the same form as it was common practice in the days of the Prophet and the first four caliphs ... has made it irrelevant to the needs of a contemporary society."
4384:
and intolerable ... negligence" was made worse by the curriculum of the courses which failed to debate "the issues" the discipline or give "due thought to ... the future development of
Islamic financial industry" but rather attempted "to squeeze as much abstract information" as possible in their courses, according to Kayed.
4116:
dismissed the need for a "new science of economics, embodied in voluminous books, with high-sounding terminology and large organisation", as the true "economic problem of man"âalong with all his social, political and other problemsâ"can be easily understood" and is simply the failure to follow
Islamic law.
4767:
The concept of a public financial institution played a historic role in the
Islamic economy. The idea of state collected wealth being made available to the needy general public was relatively new. The resources in the Bayt-al-Mal were considered God's resources and a trust, money paid into the shared
4763:
The only financial institution under
Islamic Governance (Prophethood and Caliph Period) was Baitulmaal (public treasury) wherein the wealths were distributed instantly on the basis of need. During Prophethood the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting eight hundred thousands dirham which was
4693:
Nomani and
Rahnema say government interference in the market is justified in exceptional circumstances, such as the protection of public interest. Under normal circumstances, governmental non-interference should be upheld. When Muhammad was asked to set the price of goods in a market he responded, "I
4579:
as established to "supervise markets, to provide municipal services, and to settle petty disputes". In the contemporary era, Pakistan has attempted to re-create this institution, although it has jurisdiction only over the administrative excesses of the federal government departments and agencies, not
4492:
According to an analysis by Walid El-Malik in 1993, only the Maliki school took the position that all kinds of natural resources are state-owned; the Hanafi school took the opposite view and held that mineral ownership followed surface ownership, while the other two schools, Shafi'i and
Hanbali, drew
4391:
Despite its start in 1976, as of 2009, 2013 Islamic economics was called still in its infancy, its "curricula frames, course structures, reading materials, and research", "mostly" anchored in the "mainstream tradition", "lacking sufficiency, depth, coordination and direction," with teaching faculties
4949:
Instead of "fixating" on interest, Farooq urges a focus on "the larger picture" of "justice", and in economics on fighting exploitation from "greed and profit," and the concentration of wealth. He quotes an ayat in support: "What God has bestowed on his Messenger (and taken away) from the people of
4916:
We create the same type of products that we do for the conventional markets. We then phone up a Sharia scholar for a Fatwa . If he doesn't give it to us, we phone up another scholar, offer him a sum of money for his services and ask him for a Fatwa. We do this until we get Sharia compliance. Then we
4886:
failing to achieve its goals of abolishing interest on money, establishing economic equality, and a superior business ethic; but nonetheless "spared critical scrutiny out of ignorance, misguided tolerance", and because its methods and objectives are considered "too unrealistic to threaten prevailing
4501:
State property includes certain natural resources, as well as other property that cannot immediately be privatized. Islamic state property can be movable, or immovable, and can be acquired through conquest or peaceful means. Unclaimed, unoccupied and heir-less properties, including uncultivated land
4383:
rather than Islamic economics." Surveying Islamic economics and finance courses being offered as of 2008 by 14 universities in Muslim countries, Kayed found 551 courses in conventional economics and finance, and only 12 courses in Islamic economics and finance (only 2% of the total). This "appalling
4309:
In an interview with Professor Hossein Askari, a professor at George Washington University, the German newspaper "Suddeutsche" prepared a report on the ranking of countries that "respect Islamic values". Ireland, Luxembourg and Denmark are at the top of the said ranking table in relation to "Islamic
4225:
has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough (2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005) and Jeddah (2008), Iqbal (2008). In addition there have been hundreds of seminars, workshops and discussion groups around the world on Islamic economics and finance. In the U.S. a small
4107:
Islamic economics grew naturally from the Islamic revival and political Islam whose adherents considered Islam to be a complete system of life in all its aspects, rather than a spiritual formula and believed that it logically followed that Islam must have an economic system, unique from and superior
6677:
Indeed it is worth noting that "Islamic economics" is of modern 20th century origin. Even at the turn of the 19th century, the phrase was not used by major Islamic thinkers. The great philosopher Iqbal, who was inspirational to the movement for Pakistan, did not refer to religion in his treatise on
4533:, prohibition against stealing, legality of ownership, recommendation to give charity and other topics related to private property. Islam also guarantees the protection of private property by imposing stringent punishments on thieves. Muhammad said that he who dies defending his property was like a
2398:
In the mid-twentieth century, campaigns began promoting the idea of specifically Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior. By the 1970s, "Islamic economics" was introduced as an academic discipline in a number of institutions of higher learning throughout the Muslim world and in the West.
5154:
M.T. Usmani, for example states: "Unlike other religions, Islam is not confined to some moral teachings, some rituals or some modes of worship. It rather contains guidance in every sphere of life including socio-economic fields. The obedience from servants of Allah is required not only in worship,
4395:
Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi
4359:
Along with these achievements, some Islamic economists have complained of problems in the academic discipline: a shift in interest away from Islamic Economics to Islamic Finance since the 1980s, a shortage of university courses, reading materials that are "either scant or of poor quality", lack of
4685:
The above-mentioned reports are also used to justify the argument that the Islamic market is characterized by free information. Producers and consumers should not be denied information on demand and supply conditions. Producers are expected to inform consumers of the quality and quantity of goods
4560:
When Muhammad migrated to Madinah many of the Muslims owned agricultural land. Muhammad confirmed this ownership and allocated land to individuals. The land allotted would be used for housing, farming or gardening. For example, Bilal b. Harith was given land with mineral deposits at 'Aqiq Valley,
4387:
Another economist (Muhammad Akram Khan) lamented that "the real problem is that despite efforts for developing a separate discipline of Islamic economics, there is not much that can be genuinely called `economics`. Most of Islamic economics consists of theology on economic matters." Another (M.N.
4934:
to interest bearing loans originally envisioned for Islamic banking have not proven feasible. With the elimination of interest being both the basis of the industry and impractical, shari'a scholars have become "entrapped in a situation" where they are forced to approve transactions fundamentally
4771:
The shared bank was treated as a financial institution and therefore subjected to the same prohibitions regarding interest. Caliph Umar spoke on the shared bank saying: "I did not find the betterment of this wealth except in three ways: (i) it is received by right, (ii) it is given by right, and
4115:
More conservative salafi have shown less interest in socioeconomic issues, asking the question, "the prophet and his companions didn't study 'laws' of economics, look for patterns, strive for understanding of what happens in commerce, production, consumption. Why should we?" Maududi himself also
3529:
Zaman (2015) argues that confusion regarding appropriate definition of Islamic economics has arisen because of attempts to mix Western economics concepts with Islamic ideals, when the two are diametrically opposed to each other in many dimensions. He proposes a definition based on purely Islamic
4903:
One significant result of Islamic economics (and target of criticism) is the creation of Islamic banking and finance industry. According to several scholars it has bred a new "Power Alliance" of "wealth and Shari'ah scholarship",âwealthy banks and clients paying Islamic scholars to provide bank
4350:
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah hosted the first international conference on Islamic economics in 1976. Thereafter the International Association for Islamic Economics in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough
2480:, and other activities that Islam regards as sinful such as unlawful confiscation of land. Complementing Islamic economics, Islamic entrepreneurship has gained traction, focusing on Muslim entrepreneurs, ventures, and contextual factors at the intersection of Islamic faith and entrepreneurship.
4805:
Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world, but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. Hybrid approaches, which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern
5164:
Islamic economics itself exemplifies what has been called an `invented tradition.` ... not until the mid-twentieth century were campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior. Until that time the economic content of
4396:
Arabia, for example, "cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential" Saudi religious leadership. Despite "tall talk about ijtehad", Islamic economists "are shy" about "suggesting innovative ideas" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.
4583:
According to Nomani and Rahnema, Islam accepts markets as the basic coordinating mechanism of the economic system. Islamic teaching holds that the market, given perfect competition, allows consumers to obtain desired goods and producers to sell their goods at a mutually acceptable price.
4183:
developed an "Islamic economics" emphasizing a major role for the state in matters such as circulation and equitable distribution of wealth, and a reward to participants in the marketplace for being exposed to risk or liability. This version of Islamic economics, which influenced the
4166:
In their writings, Sadr and the other authors "sought to depict Islam as a religion committed to social justice, the equitable distribution of wealth, and the cause of the deprived classes," with doctrines "acceptable to Islamic jurists," while refuting existing non-Islamic theories of
7491:
3467:"that branch of knowledge which helps to realize human well-being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resources that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom or creating continued macroeconomic and ecological imbalances." (
5356:
The paper argues that the methods used in Fiqh are mainly designed to find out whether or not a certain act is permissible or prohibited. Islamic economics, on the other hand, is a social science. Like any other social science its proper unit of analysis is the society
4681:
over the market. The produce was later sold at a higher price within the city. Muhammad condemned this practice since it caused injury both to the producers (who in the absence of numerous customers were forced to sell goods at a lower price) and the inhabitants.
5950:
the two models projected by the First and the Second Worlds. Both are basically materialistic, have priorities ... which permit wholesale exploitation. In the West it is the big corporations and cartels and in the Socialist countries it is state capitalism and
3818:
to be meritorious as a separate field of inquiry, Islamic economics cannot confine itself just to explaining and deducing laws in economic matters based on core principles. Since this function is already performed by the discipline of Islamic jurisprudence ...
7527:
6678:
economics. Iqbal's IlmâulâIqtesaad, published in 1902, was notable in its absence of religion in the understanding of the economy. The intellectual father of Islamic economics is Maulana Maudoodi, the scholar whose views have shaped the Jamaat-e-Islami
4676:
Nomani and Rahnema say that Islam prohibits price fixing by a dominating handful of buyers or sellers. During the days of Muhammad, a small group of merchants met agricultural producers outside the city and bought the entire crop, thereby gaining a
4772:(iii) it is stopped from wrong. As regards my own position vis-a-vis this wealth of yours; it is like that of a guardian of an orphan. If I am well-off, I shall leave it, but if I am hard-pressed I shall take from it as is genuinely permissible."
4188:, called for public ownership of land and of large "industrial enterprises," while private economic activity continued "within reasonable limits." These ideas informed the large public sector and public subsidy policies of the Iranian Revolution.
3471:) (similarly, the "study of human behavior with regard to acquiring and using resources for the satisfaction of necessities, needs, and other desires," but "based on the assumptions" of the Islamic "outlook on life and humanity". (Monzer Kahf))
4467:
property of the community. Such property is placed under the guardianship and control of the Islamic state, and can be used by any citizen, as long as that use does not undermine the rights of other citizens, according to Nomani and Rahnema.
4540:
Islamic economists classify the acquisition of private property into involuntary, contractual and non-contractual categories. Involuntary means are inheritances, bequests, and gifts. Non-contractual acquisition involves the collection and
3489:. And which seeks to achieve a "transformation of human beings from followers of base desires to people concerned with achieving higher goals". (Feisal Khan describing the ideas of M.R. Zaman, M.U. Chapra, and M.N. Khan & M.I. Bhatti.)
6404:
Islamic economics is not a science of political economy. Rather it is a revolution (that is a revolutionary ideology) for changing the corrupt reality and turning it into a pure one. It is clearly not an objective analysis of existing
4689:
Bribery is also forbidden in Islam and can therefore not be used to secure a deal or gain favor in a transaction, it was narrated that Muhammad cursed the one who offers the bribe, the one who receives it, and the one who arranges it.
4686:
they claim to sell. Some scholars hold that if an inexperienced buyer is swayed by the seller, the consumer may nullify the transaction upon realizing the seller's unfair treatment. The Qur'an also forbids discriminatory transactions.
4797:. This model looks at removing the interest-based banking and in replacing market inefficiencies such as subsidization of loans over profit-sharing investments due to double taxation and restrictions on investment in private equity.
4296:
The term lived on in the Muslim world, shifting form to the less ambitious goal of interest-free banking. Some Muslim bankers and religious leaders suggested ways to integrate Islamic law on usage of money with modern concepts of
4199:(The Economic System of Islam) by Taqiuddin Nabhani (1953)) combined public ownership of large chunks of the economy (utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land), with use of the
4108:
to non-Islamic economic systems. "Islamic economics" "emerged" in the 1940s according to the Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Maulana ala Maududi's 1941 address "The economic problem of man and its Islamic solution" (
3751:) comes after the one on pilgrimage and present economic questions as individual acts open to moral analysis: `To lend is among the good works that are particularly recommended in the verses of the Quran and in the Traditions.`
4958:
As an example of the neglect of this issue, Farooq complains that one "rather comprehensive" bibliography of Islamic economics and finance, contains "not a single citation for exploitation or injustice" among its 700 entries.
3520:(Islamic law), and systematizing and conceptualizing them "to construct a coherent and functional ensemble offering a middle ground between the two systems of the twentieth century, Marxism and capitalism." (Social scientist
4285:(meaning both Islamic economics and economy) ... once a revolutionary shibboleth, is indubitably absent in all official documents and the media. It disappeared from Iranian political discourse" about 1990. During the era of
3807:, Omar Norman) have noted the recentness of reflecting on economic issues in the Islamic world, and the difference between economics the social science based on data, and Islamic jurisprudence based on revealed truth.
4520:
Muhammad said "Old and fallow lands are for God and His Messenger (i.e. state property), then they are for you". Jurists draw from this the conclusion that, ultimately, private ownership takes over state property.
3831:"sets terms and conditions of conduct for economic and financial relationships in the Islamic economy" and provides the "grounds on which new instruments" of Islamic financing are developed, but that the "nature of
4378:
According to economist Rasem Kayed, while a number of universities and institutes of higher learning now offer courses on Islamic economics and finance "most of the courses offered by these institutions pertain to
4218:
9511:
A. Basir Bin Mohamad. "The Islamic Law of Tort: A Study of the Owner and Possessor of Animals with Special Reference to the Civil Codes of the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan and Iraq" in
3530:
sources: "Islamic Economics is the EFFORT/STRUGGLE to implement the orders of Allah pertaining to economic affairs in our individual lives (Micro), in our communities (Meso), and at the level of Ummah (Macro)."
4419:
According to authors F. Nomani and A. Rahnema, the Qur'an states that God is the sole owner of all matter in the heavens and the earth, but man is God's viceregent on earth and holds God's possessions in trust
3995:(social cohesion), which he cited as the cause of the advancement of some civilizations. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there could be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern.
3462:
According to Hasan Raza, after more than six decades of its formal/ informal existence, a consensus on the definition of Islamic economics has not yet emerged. Some definitions that have been offered include:
4548:
A tradition attributed to Muhammad, with which both Sunni and Shi'a jurists agree, in cases where the right to private ownership causes harm to others, then Islam favors curtailing the right in those cases.
7430:"Declining balance co-ownership financing arrangement" (an allegedly Sharia compliant financing arrangement for home purchases and refinances that does not involve the payment of interest), since abandoned.
3726:
but not `economics` or `economy`. Some brief works might contain almost nothing related to matters of property, sales, finance Others do not gather questions on economic issues in one heading, the case in
3869:
Classical scholars in the Muslim world did however, make valuable contributions to Islamic thought on issues involving production, consumption, income, wealth, property, taxation, land ownership, etc. are
4837:
being "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas" in theory, and "nothing more than inefficient state control of the economy and some almost equally ineffective redistribution policies" in practice
3495:"restatements of Islamic economic teachings", using "modern economic jargon". (What most of the knowledge content in the body of Islamic economics amounts to according to economist Muhammad Akram Khan)
3501:"a revolutionary ideology" to change "the corrupt reality ... into a pure one", and "not a science of political economy" or "an objective analysis of existing reality". (Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari)
2442:, but as a "third way", an ideal mean with none of the drawbacks of the other two systems. Among the assertions made for an Islamic economic system by Islamic activists and revivalists are that the
3637:
constructed on the basis of isolated prescriptions, anecdotes, examples, words of the Prophet, all gathered together and systematized by commentators according to an inductive, casuistic method."
4714:
Islamic banking has been called "the most visible practical achievement" of Islamic economics, and the "most visible mark" of Islamic revivalism. By 2009, there were over 300 "shariah compliant
4601:
Security of contract: the Qur'an calls for the fulfillment and observation of contracts. The longest verse of the Qur'an deals with commercial contracts involving immediate and future payments.
6166:
4855:
claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither
4529:
There is consensus amongst Islamic jurists and social scientists that Islam recognizes and upholds the individual's right to private ownership. The Qur'an extensively discusses taxation,
3765:
Other works divided the subjects of fiqh into four "quarters": typically worship (al-`Ibadat), marriage and family law (al-Munakahat), criminal law (Jinayat), commercial transaction law (
4924:
One critic (Muhammad O. Farooq) argues that this unfortunate situation has arisen because the "preoccupation" among supporters of Islamic Economics that any and all interest on loans is
4006:, the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both
4427:
Some Muslims believe that the Shariah provides "specific laws and standards regarding the use and allocation of resources including land, water, animals, minerals, and manpower."
4203:
and specific instructions for the gold and silver weights of coins, arguing this would "demolish ... American control and the control of the dollar as an international currency."
4557:
jurists argue that if private ownership endangers public interest, then the state can limit the amount an individual is allowed to own. This view, however, is debated by others.
8592:
2867:
2580:
4411:
for governmentâlocking out non-Muslim and even not Arabic speaking readers from the content of Islamic economics and even "giving legitimacy" to "pendantry" in the field.
4124:
In the 1960s and 1970s, Shi'a thinkers worked to describe Islamic economics' "own answers to contemporary economic problems." Several works were particularly influential:
4346:
One schoolâthe Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)âhas produced over 2000 graduates in 25 years as of 2009.
4270:
3846:, a tax on wealth and income. According to another contemporary writer Salah El-Sheikh, "Islamic economic principles" (what he calls a "FiqhiConomic model") utilize the
8378:
4021:
Medieval Islamic economics appears to have somewhat resembled a form of capitalism, some arguing that it laid the foundations for the development of modern capitalism.
5165:
discourses grounded in Islam's traditional sources lacked systematization; they hardly formed a body of thought recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine.
5145:
also called the father of modern Historiography and Sociology. Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well
9170:
8937:
3971:, who has been called "the father of modern economics" by I.M. Oweiss. Ibn Khaldun wrote on what is now called economic and political theory in the introduction, or
11872:
4966:, also called for "comprehensive Islamic reform to establish an exploitation-free economic system" and not just "mechanical substitution of profit for interest."
11754:
10534:
10512:
6290:
11122:
4045:
underwent substantial increases in per capita income and population, and a sustained pace of technological innovation. A significant event was the creation of
2320:) has traditionally dealt with determining what is required, prohibited, encouraged, discouraged, or just permissible. according to the revealed word of God (
9630:
7986:
6553:
5290:"A Review of Fiqh al-Mua'malat Subjects in Economics and Related Programs at International Islamic University Malaysia and University of Brunei Darussalam"
4545:
that have not previously been claimed as private property. Contractual acquisition includes activities such as trading, buying, renting, hiring labor etc.
4018:
development, and technological developments effects on development. In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.
7253:
Maulana Maududi: The Economic Problem Of Man And Its Islamic Solution. Being an Address delivered in the Muslim University, Atigarh. on 20th October, 1941
11739:
10517:
4673:(forbidden)", consequently "the Islamic economic model is based on the freedom of trade and freedom of contract so far as the limits of Shariâah allow".
4509:
During the life of Muhammad, one fifth of military equipment captured from the enemy in the battlefield was considered state property. During his reign,
2862:
2575:
2282:, which is "labour-based exchange and exchange-based labour". While there are differences between the two, Islamic economics still tends to be closer to
9554:
9183:
7425:
7366:
6380:
3474:"the study of an ... economy which abides by the rules of the Shariah", i.e. an Islamic economy. (A definition used by some, according to M. Anas Zarqa)
5011:
4217:
In the Sunni world the first international conference on Islamic economics was held at the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah in 1976. Since then the
1920:
8454:
4646:
Proponents such as M. A. Khan, Nomani and Rahnema also contend that the "Islamic economy" forbids or at least discourages market manipulation such as
2229:
4443:
and made the rulers accountable to the people". Scholars F. Nomani and A. Rahnema state that public property in Islam refers to natural resources (
11838:
10539:
4743:
The most noticeable and/or important objective of Islamic Banking has been a ban on the charging of interest on loans. The Quran (3: 130) condemns
3960:, intended as advice to businessmen "in their endeavors to create income opportunities". Abu 'Ubaid al Qasim bin Sallam (d.839) was the author of
2984:
2951:
2102:
17:
9434:
Zaman, Asad (June 2008). "Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature". University of Birmingham: Religions and Development Research Programme.
6691:
2996:
9603:
4605:
Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) claims that the general doctrine of fairness in sharia law creates "an ethical economic model" and forbids
10341:
5912:
3296:
8701:
Monzer KAHF. "Islamic Banks: The Rise of a New Power Alliance of Wealth and Shari'ah Scholarship," in Clement HENRY and Rodney WILSON (eds.).
3835:
imposes a concern about individual transactions and their minute legalistic characteristics", so that analyzing Islamic economics in terms of
3948:—literally "the return or revenue" but was used by the author to mean "public revenues and taxation"—which was a policy guide to
3899:
3614:
3477:
a discipline that goes beyond the practice of Western economicsâwhich seeks to make "positive analysis" and give an objective description of
2936:
987:
9019:
9405:
3564:, with an eye to allocating these taxes to eight expenditures that are also explicitly defined in the Quran, such as aid to those in need."
3021:
2946:
11769:
10554:
9571:
2972:
2122:
9944:
4388:
Siddiqi) notes Islamic economics has been teaching "conventional economics from an Islamic perspective", rather than Islamic economics.
4289:, several Islamic economic concepts and practices were introduced into the domestic economy, as part of Zia's Islamisation reforms (see
7307:
6868:
3449:
3842:
According to economist Muhammad Akram Khan the "main plank" of Islamic economics is the "theory of riba", while "another landmark" is
3492:"a discipline that is guided by the Shariah and studies all human societies" (A definition used by others, according to M. Anas Zarqa)
11843:
11759:
10544:
10346:
10170:
9623:
3286:
2109:
8063:
4904:
products with Islamic "shariah compliance". Journalist John Foster, quotes an investment banker based in the Islamic Banking hub of
2352:, and, studied how to best achieve policy goals, such as full employment, price stability, economic equity and productivity growth.
11860:
10566:
8971:
8942:
8479:
6531:
A Translation of Qazi Thanaa Ullah's Ma La Budda Minhu, by Maulana Yusuf Talal Ali al-Amriki, (Kazi Publications, Lahore, Pakistan)
2941:
9528:
Immanuel Naveh. "The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings" in
4895:
On economic reforms, Timur Kuran said it is a "vehicle for asserting the primacy of Islam" with reforms being a secondary motive.
4364:
without data-based research to substantiate claim made for themâthat interest causes economic problems or that zakat solves them.
12162:
11823:
11744:
10522:
10482:
7268:
4239:
3291:
2142:
2097:
1759:
878:
9560:
7758:
7736:
6240:
5894:
11764:
10654:
10549:
9753:
6779:
5086:
5016:
4624:
Further, "uninformed speculation" not based on a proper analysis of available information is forbidden because it is a form of
4587:
Three necessary conditions for an operational market are said (by Nomani and Rahnema) to be upheld in Islamic primary sources:
4277:
level achieved by the regime it overthrew, and communist states and socialist parties in the non-Muslim world turned away from
2117:
1913:
7148:
4632:(unearned income). Commercial contracting under conditions of "excessive uncertainty" (however that is defined) is a form of
11774:
11731:
10561:
10504:
9273:
9060:
8879:
8834:
8815:
7195:
7052:
7028:
6149:
5869:
5765:
5735:
5702:
5522:
2222:
2088:
4962:
A former director of Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and the head of Pakistan's Economic Affairs Division, Syed
2332:). This applied to issues like property, money, employment, taxes, loans, along with everything else. The social science of
12177:
10062:
9616:
9047:
6238:. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1â3 April, Jeddah. p.30
4591:
Freedom of exchange: the Qur'an calls on believers to engage in trade, and rejects the contention that trade is forbidden.
7251:
5329:
5289:
7756:
Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1â3 April, Jeddah, p.80
866:
10032:
9152:
6880:
6430:
5562:
4921:
Foster explains that the fee for services provided by "top" scholars is "often" in six-figures, i.e. over US$ 100,000.
3588:(modern Islamic economists reached consensus that Riba is any kind of interest, rather than just usury)" is prohibited.
1348:
286:
4238:
What has been called one of "two versions" of "Islamic economy" existed during the first ten years (1979â1989) of the
11626:
11580:
11240:
11234:
10240:
9368:
9342:
9088:
9029:
8604:
8073:
7132:
7107:
7076:
6915:
6818:
6390:
6302:
5672:
5647:
5616:
5591:
5465:
4542:
4530:
3143:
2921:
2079:
1906:
1283:
851:
5884:
Financial Regulation in Crisis?: The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray, Orkun Akseli p. 97
11497:
11353:
10830:
10726:
10487:
10427:
10326:
10097:
5550:
2215:
1982:
436:
8025:
7987:"SEEING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ISLAMIC EYES: Application of Shariah to Natural Resources Planning and Management"
7734:
Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1â3 April, Jeddah
4731:
rather than risk-sharing products, has driven even some leading advocates and experts in Islamic banking (such as
4163:
Al-Sadr in particular was described as having "almost single-handedly developed the notion of Islamic economics".
11991:
11797:
10455:
8458:
6561:
5394:
2058:
1991:
7340:
7332:
6324:
4333:
200 Ph.D. dissertations completed at different universities of the world, literature published English, Arabic,
493:
12056:
11604:
11502:
9768:
3442:
2068:
2043:
1449:
1074:
1008:
533:
34:
7895:
Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges."
7870:
Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges."
12182:
11414:
11173:
10850:
10321:
10163:
10087:
9882:
9793:
9731:
7370:
5001:
4290:
3539:
Fiqh (religious law) has developed several traditional concepts having to do with economics. These included:
3153:
2063:
1977:
1894:
1789:
1509:
1499:
9877:
6474:
Mersadi Tabari, Nima (February 2012). "The Sharia'h Dimension of the Persian Gulf's Hydrocarbon Resources".
4950:
the townships, - belongs to God, - to his Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer;
3193:
12167:
11976:
11953:
11563:
11419:
11409:
11315:
10968:
10582:
10258:
10037:
9990:
9658:
9378:
8360:
7464:
Behdad, Sohrab (1989). "Property Rights in Contemporary Islamic Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective".
7278:
6657:
5806:
Kuran, Timur (1986). "The Economic System in Contemporary Islamic Thought: Interpretation and Assessment".
4709:
3859:
3343:
1819:
740:
695:
322:
2375:
and various Islamic kingdoms and sultanates led to systemic changes in their economy. particularly in the
2293:
Islamic commercial jurisprudence entails the rules of transacting finance or other economic activity in a
12078:
11943:
11749:
11517:
11310:
10687:
10527:
10477:
10460:
10417:
10412:
10316:
10268:
10092:
10007:
9980:
9867:
9798:
9721:
9639:
7421:
5081:
4732:
4703:
2613:
1965:
808:
9521:"Vicarious Liability: A Study of the Liability of the Guardian and his Ward in the Islamic Law of Tort"
6599:
12157:
11828:
11711:
11228:
10647:
10360:
10215:
10012:
10000:
9055:. Islamabad, Pakistan: THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT and INSTITUTE OF POLICY STUDIES.
3263:
2916:
2730:
2537:
2287:
2074:
973:
251:
8898:
Chaney, E. "Religion, Political Power and Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Islamic History". In
8644:
11921:
11908:
11609:
11438:
11134:
10856:
10819:
6907:
3775:
is "closely related" to Islamic Economics. (However even with the "quarters" division of fiqh topics
3435:
3390:
2695:
2205:
1742:
1670:
1091:
1039:
341:
9476:
4694:
will not set such a precedent, let the people carry on with their activities and benefit mutually."
4330:
484 research projects in various universities of ten countries including the US, the UK and Germany.
12073:
11792:
11616:
11389:
10869:
10450:
10156:
10017:
9934:
9872:
9653:
9334:
5850:
Quran (Al-Baqarah 2:275), (Al-Baqarah 2:276â80), (Al-'Imran 3:130), (Al-Nisa 4:161), (Ar-Rum 30:39)
4807:
4222:
2341:
1987:
1937:
1278:
883:
717:
9216:
9021:
Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic
9013:. 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1â3 April, Jeddah.
7333:"Review of The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi'i International"
5420:
4010:, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods. He also noted
11931:
10742:
10122:
10042:
9939:
9929:
9917:
9907:
9680:
8985:
8844:
Ali, S. Nazim (2008). "Islamic finance and economics as reflected in research and publications".
6641:
Fiqh al-Munakahat: it deals with marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship and related matters
5583:
5076:
4931:
4073:
3915:
3800:
3521:
3333:
2384:
2345:
1844:
1794:
1675:
1403:
1273:
465:
10896:
6016:
International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 202
3065:
978:
12088:
12017:
11986:
11916:
10840:
10835:
10753:
10331:
9922:
9892:
9860:
9803:
9713:
9485:
8827:
Risk Management in Islamic Finance: An Analysis of Derivatives Instruments in Commodity Markets
5554:
4176:
4140:
4061:
3931:
3509:
3208:
2619:
2337:
2279:
1854:
1253:
889:
514:
441:
9582:
9455:
9078:
8928:
7093:
6487:
6449:
5945:
5725:
5692:
5633:
5237:
4751:, doubled and redoubled, and be careful of Allah; but fear Allah that you may be successful."
12172:
12034:
12012:
10763:
10640:
10047:
9995:
9970:
9778:
9758:
9463:
9283:
Platteau, J.P. "Strategic Interactions Between Religion and Politics: The Case of Islam". In
7817:
6505:
5920:
5061:
5056:
4081:
3281:
3100:
2906:
2388:
2283:
1849:
1494:
1184:
1154:
1139:
8404:
7314:
5755:
4112:) is "generally considered to be one of the founding documents of modern Islamic economics"
11691:
11598:
11543:
10422:
10273:
10200:
10132:
10112:
10052:
9887:
9835:
8425:
referring to Siddiqi, 1983 (Mohammad Nejatullah SIDDIQI. Issues in Islamic Banking , p. 125
8001:
6857:, BOSC FrĂšres, M. et L. RIOU, Lyon, is an early treatise on Ibn Khaldun's economic thought.
6131:
5538:
5103:
5041:
4211:
4192:
3919:
3891:
3875:
3505:
3198:
3105:
2977:
2542:
2403:
are often summarized as: (1) the "behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the
2147:
1754:
1562:
1459:
1423:
1268:
1201:
1149:
956:
9117:(1997). "The Genesis of Islamic Economics: A Chapter in the Politics of Muslim Identity".
6621:
4868:
being little more than a mimicry of conventional economics embellished with verses of the
4261:, and state-run": It was "little by little supplanted" by a more liberal economic policy.
8:
11926:
11802:
11696:
11512:
10951:
10748:
10368:
10205:
10117:
9912:
9845:
9815:
9741:
9736:
9703:
6130:
Ramadani, Veland; Dana, LĂ©o-Paul; GĂ«rguri-Rashiti, Shqipe; Ratten, Vanessa, eds. (2017).
5046:
4606:
4286:
4150:
4050:
3513:
3378:
3328:
2522:
2443:
2152:
1999:
1864:
1809:
1804:
1737:
1727:
1413:
1248:
551:
500:
8487:
8005:
6622:"The Originality of Qard and its Implication on the Loan Theory: Does Intention Matter?"
4822:
its alleged "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance", driven by "
4327:
Eight magazines recently started "exclusively devoted to Islamic economics and finance",
12093:
12007:
11938:
11848:
11784:
11592:
11568:
11245:
11223:
11183:
11025:
10928:
10879:
10845:
10736:
10442:
10336:
10220:
9897:
9840:
9589:"An Economic Explanation of the Prohibition of Riba in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence"
9514:
9443:
9422:
9313:
9203:
9126:
8017:
7840:
6945:
6751:
El-Sheikh, Salah (2008). "The Moral Economy of Classical Islam: A FiqhiConomic Model".
6194:
6112:
5833:
5543:
5495:
5369:
5267:
5006:
4963:
4880:
4247:
4227:
4185:
3810:
Salman Ahmed Shaikh and Monzer Kahf insist on a clear distinction between the roles of
3549:
3303:
3148:
3133:
2911:
2886:
2796:
2649:
2360:
2349:
2160:
1960:
1869:
1829:
1700:
1605:
1224:
1206:
1196:
1189:
1067:
712:
454:
258:
11091:
3785:) (which at least often comes under marriage and family law), or calculation of alms (
12068:
12063:
11968:
11958:
11948:
11621:
11507:
11459:
11213:
10916:
10906:
10901:
10891:
10886:
10719:
10283:
10278:
10107:
10027:
9965:
9958:
9788:
9451:
9426:
9364:
9338:
9327:
9269:
9207:
9148:
9084:
9056:
9025:
8924:
8875:
8830:
8811:
8600:
8509:
8069:
8021:
7751:
7729:
7191:
7128:
7103:
7072:
7048:
7024:
7020:
6949:
6911:
6876:
6873:
New Light on Manichaeism: Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism
6814:
6764:
6483:
6426:
6386:
6233:
6145:
6116:
6104:
5936:
5898:
5865:
5837:
5761:
5731:
5698:
5668:
5643:
5612:
5587:
5558:
5518:
5499:
5461:
5091:
5071:
5051:
5021:
4823:
4298:
4274:
4254:
4180:
4085:
4057:
4034:
4007:
3999:
3953:
3736:
3383:
3313:
3248:
3213:
3188:
3168:
3070:
3031:
3007:
2756:
2708:
2669:
2659:
2635:
2592:
2587:
2494:
2392:
2372:
2368:
1722:
1474:
1454:
1234:
1229:
472:
393:
331:
229:
208:
9588:
9447:
9080:
What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda
9008:
8323:. They also point out that a chapter is devoted to such fraudulent practices: Quran
7844:
7125:
Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800, (Volume 1)
6787:
5665:
Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800, (Volume 1)
4658:. Government intervention in the economy is tolerated under specific circumstances.
4068:
to become the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP, while the region of
12098:
12083:
11833:
11538:
11260:
11198:
11188:
11178:
11163:
10911:
10814:
10786:
10674:
10385:
10308:
9975:
9435:
9414:
9305:
9195:
8009:
7832:
7473:
7156:
7099:
6937:
6850:
6760:
6137:
6096:
5823:
5815:
5721:
5639:
5487:
5457:
5435:
5259:
5108:
5026:
4790:
4436:
4281:, Muslim interest shifted away from government ownership and regulation. In Iran, "
4157:
Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective
3253:
3203:
2786:
2684:
2679:
2664:
2477:
2363:
from the 9th century and later became dominant in European Muslim territories like
2167:
1955:
1715:
1650:
1635:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1544:
1529:
1300:
1263:
398:
272:
8540:
8510:"MODERN ISLAMIC FINANCE PRACTICES AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA"
3967:
Perhaps the most well-known Islamic scholar who wrote about economical issues was
12024:
11721:
11666:
11466:
11152:
11112:
11001:
10957:
10731:
10619:
10235:
10179:
10137:
10057:
9902:
9850:
9808:
9726:
9592:
9142:
8921:
The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Re-examination of the Traditional Arguments
7762:
7740:
6244:
5694:
Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets
5066:
4827:
4786:
4486:
4440:
4380:
4368:
4207:
3949:
3740:
3425:
3358:
3163:
3123:
3060:
2891:
2801:
2725:
2570:
2565:
2527:
2469:
2446:
will be reduced and prosperity enhanced by such means as the discouraging of the
2261:
2246:
2191:
1945:
1839:
1799:
1764:
1660:
1620:
1615:
1582:
1428:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1373:
1353:
1288:
1174:
1099:
1050:
600:
379:
358:
4768:
bank was common property of all the Muslims and the ruler was just the trustee.
4340:"Over a thousand unique titles on Islamic economics and finance" in IFP databank
12136:
11853:
11706:
11548:
11250:
10614:
10472:
10230:
10210:
9234:
9010:
Appraisal of the status of research on labor economics in the Islamic framework
6928:
Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist".
4952:
in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you.
4609:
such as "inflating the price of commodities by creating artificial shortages (
4243:
4101:
4054:
4038:
3697:
3371:
3318:
3228:
3178:
3138:
3128:
3095:
3055:
2989:
2901:
2881:
2852:
2827:
2781:
2465:
2422:
2174:
1824:
1640:
1534:
1378:
372:
203:
9608:
9418:
9392:
Islamic Banking & Finance in South-East Asia: Its Development & Future
7477:
6141:
6100:
5819:
5491:
5340:
5300:
4617:) and concealment of vital information in a transaction from the other party (
4463:
etc.) to which all humans have equal right. Such resources are considered the
12151:
12039:
11866:
11716:
11255:
11218:
11193:
11030:
10432:
10225:
10067:
10022:
9985:
9773:
9663:
8564:
Kuran, "The Economic Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism," in Marty and Appleby
6108:
5895:"Islam and Economic Justice: A 'Third Way' Between Capitalism and Socialism?"
5862:
The Islamic Moral Economy: A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments
5439:
4839:
4747:(which is usually translated as "interest"): "O, you who believe! Devour not
4569:
According to M. S. Naz, regulation of markets is among the main functions of
4482:
4424:). Islamic jurists divide properties into public, state, private categories.
4399:
Use of Islamic terminology not only for distinctive Islamic concepts such as
4200:
4069:
4015:
4011:
3987:
3911:
3907:
3695:
Works of fiqh are typically divided into different "books" such as a Book of
3323:
3238:
3223:
3173:
3158:
3090:
3075:
3001:
2896:
2737:
2674:
2418:
2380:
2376:
2186:
1874:
1859:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1630:
1610:
1539:
1383:
1305:
1216:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1060:
122:
6291:"Usury (riba) and the place of bank interest in Islamic banking and finance"
6236:
Duality of sources in Islamic economics, and its methodological consequences
6084:
6053:
The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment
3621:"the overriding doctrine of fairness in commercial dealings is established."
12126:
12051:
11701:
11553:
11431:
11147:
10996:
10981:
10695:
10604:
9748:
9693:
7861:
Jeddah: King Abdulaziz University, Centre for Research in Islamic Economics
7542:"Ú©ŰŽÙ۱ÙŰ§Û ŰșÛ۱ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û "ŰčۯۧÙŰȘ ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û" ۱ۧ ŰšÛŰŽŰȘ۱ ۱ŰčۧÛŰȘ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙŰŻ â DW â Û±ÛłÛčÛł/Û±Û°/Û±Û·"
6855:
Les Idées Economiques d'Ibn Khaldoun (The Economic Thought of Ibn Khaldoun)
6658:"5. The Profit Motive in Islam: Religion and Economics in the Muslim World"
4794:
4647:
4046:
4042:
3572:â"uncertainty". The presence of any element of excessive uncertainty, in a
3414:
3395:
3353:
3348:
3258:
3243:
3183:
3050:
2847:
2832:
2791:
2720:
2691:
2256:
Islamic economics is a broad field, related to the more specific subset of
2053:
2004:
1749:
1625:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1464:
1418:
1393:
1368:
1363:
1310:
1164:
689:
680:
657:
609:
486:
365:
307:
8597:
Production, Consumption, Business and the Economy: Structural Ideals And âŠ
6055:
By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari p. 75
6025:
Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene p. 119
4735:) to talk about "a crisis of identity of the Islamic financial movement."
11678:
11168:
11076:
10976:
10863:
10298:
10187:
9783:
9698:
9439:
9199:
9138:
9114:
8907:
8862:
8316:
7836:
7713:
Tahir, Sayyid (January 2009) "Islamic finance: Undergraduate education".
7095:
How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850
5635:
How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850
5031:
4888:
4879:
claiming to call for a return to Islamic practices that are actually an "
4831:
4725:
However, the domination of the industry by debt-like instruments such as
4722:
around the world, and around $ 2 trillion were sharia-compliant by 2014.
4719:
4661:
Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) states that in Islam "everything is
4464:
4097:
3968:
3923:
3887:
3804:
3468:
3338:
3233:
3218:
3085:
3014:
2133:
1814:
1769:
1732:
1710:
1705:
1318:
1293:
798:
157:
9598:
9572:"Understanding Islamic Finance: Local Innovation and Global Integration"
9130:
8320:
8284:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8238:
8234:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
4351:(2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005), Jeddah (2008) and Iqbal (2008).
3420:
11981:
11063:
11020:
10991:
9953:
9855:
9688:
9583:
Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum?
9317:
9293:
8805:
8324:
8312:
8261:
8230:
8166:
Monzer Kahf (1996) Principles of Islamic Economics, IIUM. 41, 115, 123.
8013:
5987:
5963:
5271:
4989:
4955:
4856:
4168:
4135:
4104:, for example, did not refer to religion in his treatise on economics.
4065:
3973:
3927:
3895:
3879:
3308:
3080:
2842:
2604:
2439:
2383:, a major trading nation of the medieval world, signaled the period of
2364:
2356:
2295:
1144:
1112:
427:
8253:
8065:
Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry
5828:
11686:
11117:
11059:
11006:
10874:
10492:
10195:
10102:
9395:
6423:
Islamic Economics: Basic Concepts, New Thinking and Future Directions
5036:
4860:
4460:
4304:
4278:
4258:
4251:
3941:
3935:
3903:
3871:
3679:
2857:
2654:
2435:
2333:
2303:
1834:
1358:
1323:
1258:
1122:
1117:
1029:
293:
266:
9309:
8970:
Jaliz, Abdullaah; Ramli, Asharaf Mohd; Shahwan, Syahidawati (2014).
7045:
Capitalism and Freedom: The Contradictory Character of Globalisation
6811:
Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State
6418:
5913:"Muhammad Qutb and his book Islam : the Misunderstood Religion"
5263:
4785:
An alternative Islamic savings-investment model can be built around
4403:
but also for concepts that do not have specific Islamic connotationâ
12029:
11525:
11383:
11335:
11129:
11035:
10986:
10714:
10127:
9763:
9184:"Islam and Economic Performance: Historical and Contemporary Links"
7528:"Ù
Ù
ۧÙÙ ŰșÛ۱ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û "ŰčۯۧÙŰȘ ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û" ۱ۧ ŰšÛŰŽŰȘ۱ ۱ŰčۧÛŰȘ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙŰŻ! â ŰšÛÙۧÙÛÙŰČ"
7308:"Revolutionary Surge and Quiet Demise of Islamic Economics in Iran"
6941:
5757:
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)
4848:
4727:
4678:
4651:
4435:
According to M. A. Khan, "Islam introduced the distinction between
3883:
3767:
3666:) are employed, to create laws that determine whether actions were
3625:
These concepts, like others in Islamic law, came from study of the
3573:
3553:
3504:
an "ideological construct" developed by 20th century Islamists (by
2837:
2713:
2560:
2502:
2473:
2447:
2325:
2275:
2270:
1211:
967:
924:
826:
138:
10148:
4489:
of public property is subject to debate amongst Islamic scholars.
4360:
intellectual freedom, "narrow focus" on interest-free banking and
4343:
1500 conferences (whose proceedings are available in IFP databank)
3847:
3747:
as the classical ulamas do ... the chapter on selling and buying (
12044:
11640:
11328:
11208:
11086:
11081:
11068:
11052:
11045:
11040:
10772:
10587:
10405:
10400:
7227:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 103â106.
6382:
The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian
6129:
5174:
During an "earlier phase" of the Islamic Banking movement in 1981
4655:
4554:
4448:
4172:
4077:
3839:" risks losing "the ability to provide a macro economic theory".
3688:
3561:
2822:
2599:
2400:
2300:
1567:
1343:
945:
833:
781:
578:
279:
131:
76:
9403:
Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation".
8893:. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan.
8577:"The Discontents of Islamic Economic Mortality" by Timur Kuran,
5975:
International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment
4471:
The owner of previously public property that is privatized pays
4230:
have been filed for Sharia compliant financial service methods.
2434:
Advocates of Islamic economics generally describe it as neither
2336:, on the other hand, works to describe, analyse and understand
11558:
11532:
11491:
11452:
11369:
11282:
11203:
11105:
11015:
10946:
10941:
10708:
10632:
10609:
10597:
10592:
10356:
10263:
5730:. Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
4873:
4634:
4571:
4550:
4534:
4456:
4444:
4372:
4091:
4030:
3671:
3651:
3646:
3630:
3568:
3517:
2743:
2641:
2461:
2451:
2408:
2329:
2311:
2022:
2012:
1889:
1695:
931:
706:
699:
556:
479:
300:
111:
66:
8986:"1. Relevance definition and methodology of Islamic Economics"
8965:. 3rd Islamic Economics Congress, 12â14 January, Kuala Lumpur.
8963:
Research in Islamic economics: The missing fard 'ayn component
7091:
6667:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 74
6534:
5631:
4613:), overbidding for the sole purpose of driving the prices up (
11807:
11632:
11586:
11574:
11376:
11362:
11321:
11098:
10936:
10793:
10779:
10700:
10663:
10465:
10395:
10378:
8160:
7818:"Treatment of Consumption in Islamic Economics: An Appraisal"
6902:
I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics",
4976:
4937:
4909:
4905:
4869:
4852:
4669:
4663:
4477:
4452:
4361:
3843:
3787:
3732:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3642:
3626:
3605:
3585:
3544:
2762:
2750:
2702:
2517:
2456:
2413:
2404:
2321:
2307:
1023:
1016:
938:
917:
910:
896:
840:
774:
767:
760:
748:
646:
635:
589:
545:
420:
411:
404:
224:
217:
198:
177:
104:
97:
85:
7784:
7782:
6492:
King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2014-10.
3592:
Another source lists "general rules" include prohibition of
11473:
11445:
11395:
11342:
11287:
10800:
10390:
10373:
10293:
10288:
9564:
8135:
6165:
Iqbal, Dunawar; Syed Ali, Salman; Muljawan, Dadang (2007).
4926:
4715:
4510:
4334:
4064:'s family, through which the Indian subcontinent surpassed
3781:
3721:
3683:
3658:
3580:
3557:
2427:
2316:
2034:
903:
819:
787:
618:
567:
507:
347:
186:
168:
150:
42:
7779:
7302:
7300:
5905:
5330:"Methods and Methodologies in Fiqh and Islamic Economics"
5250:
Philipp, Thomas (1990). "The Idea of Islamic Economics".
4514:
3864:
2371:. The Islamic economic concepts taken and applied by the
56:
8625:
8623:
8343:
8341:
7682:
7680:
5478:
Labib, Subhi Y. (1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".
4493:
a distinction between "hidden" and "unhidden" minerals.
4337:, Bahasa Malaysia, Turkish and other regional languages.
9221:. Translated by Husain, R. Lahore: Islamic Publications
9144:
Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism
7697:
7695:
7604:
7602:
7017:
Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism
6510:
4754:
4037:, which led to their commercial expansion. Chiefly the
8187:
8185:
7825:
Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics
7767:
7665:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7557:
7555:
7297:
7231:
6869:"How We KNow the Exact Year the Archegos Left Baghdad"
6732:
6692:"Difference between Islamic Economics and Islamic Law"
4084:
after English dominance was established following the
9175:
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition
8744:
8732:
8708:
8683:
8620:
8397:
8338:
7902:
7677:
7638:
7636:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7589:
7587:
7445:
7403:
7401:
6784:
EH.net: Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History
6581:
6579:
6425:. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 58â76.
6362:
6360:
6351:
Developments in Islamic Banking: The Case of Pakistan
6269:
6267:
6164:
6133:
Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5580:
Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance
5421:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism"
9294:"Islamic Economics: The Emergence of a New Paradigm"
8872:
Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas
8769:
8720:
7877:
7794:
7692:
7599:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6780:"Islamic Economics: What It Is and How It Developed"
6342:
6325:"Islamic economics: what it is and how it developed"
6254:
6252:
5944:. New York : Oxford University Press. pp.
27:
Handling of economics based on Islamic jurisprudence
8671:
8659:
8290:
8182:
8043:
7914:
7648:
7567:
7552:
7066:
5606:
9326:
9239:Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance
8889:Carvalho, J.P.; Iyer, S.; Rubin, J., eds. (2019).
7725:
7723:
7633:
7614:
7584:
7398:
7204:
6720:
6708:
6576:
6357:
6264:
6212:
5935:
5774:
5542:
5210:Monzer, Al Iqtisad al Islami , pp 90 - 28 , 1981 ,
4305:Similarity of Islamic economy with other countries
2387:, making direct contribution to the world's first
9284:
9247:
8969:
8899:
8888:
7811:
7809:
7122:
6827:
6540:
6249:
5859:
5662:
12149:
9599:Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic
8807:Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic
8534:
8532:
8530:
7994:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
7889:
6284:
6282:
6229:
6227:
5720:
4941:" manipulation to "maintain an Islamic veneer".
4367:A number of economists have lamented that while
3779:would not include inheritance or wedding dower (
9638:
9486:"Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature"
9291:
9268:. New Jersey: Zed books limited. pp. 7â9.
9246:Naghavi, A. "Islam, Trade, and Innovation". In
9215:Maududi, S. Abul A'al (n.d.). Ahmad, K. (ed.).
8973:The Four Introductory Theories of FiQh Muamalat
8636:
8584:
8452:
8385:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Sep 13, 2014
8353:
7720:
7343:on October 7, 2008 – via www.meforum.org.
6860:
6353:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
5887:
4219:International Association for Islamic Economics
4131:(Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951),
2483:
2299:compliant manner, i.e., a manner conforming to
9555:Economic Insaf, An Islamic Economics Framework
8825:Al-Amine, Muhammad al-Bashir Muhammad (2008).
8371:
7864:
7806:
7745:
7707:
6663:. In Hathaway, Robert M.; Lee, Wilson (eds.).
6473:
6421:. In Egri, Taha; Kizilkaya, Necmettin (eds.).
6085:"Entrepreneurship from an Islamic Perspective"
4917:are free to distribute the product as Islamic.
4793:; restructured corporations; and restructured
3481:âto provide normative policy prescriptions of
10648:
10164:
9624:
9263:
9147:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8979:. Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Wisdom Publication.
8870:Behdad, Sohrab; Nomani, Farhad, eds. (2006).
8527:
8308:
8280:
8249:
8226:
8214:
8093:
7972:
7932:
6279:
6224:
6073:Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 634; Vol 4 Hadith 418
6064:Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 632; Vol 4 Hadith 419
5690:
4110:Insaan ka Maashi Maslah aur aus ka Islami Hul
3771:). At least one author (M. Kahf) writes that
3534:
3443:
2324:) and the religious practices established by
2223:
1914:
1068:
9406:International Journal of Middle East Studies
9292:Presley, John R.; Sessions, John G. (1994).
8869:
8379:"Islamic finance: Big interest, no interest"
8210:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8089:
8087:
8085:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7225:Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism
7163:
6651:
6649:
6295:International Journal of Banking and Finance
5808:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5799:
5753:
4313:
2985:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
9433:
8787:
8141:
7190:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 596â7.
6904:Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses
6598:Hassan, Mohamed Fadzli (10 February 2008).
6546:
6416:
6316:
6288:
5716:
5714:
5243:
5155:but also in their economic activities, ..."
4628:, or gambling, and results in accumulating
3827:and Islamic economics "often intermingle",
3686:for Muslims. The different school of fiqh (
10655:
10641:
10171:
10157:
9631:
9617:
9498:– via Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
9257:Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis
8764:Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis
8541:"How Sharia-compliant is Islamic banking?"
8179:, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1981.
7859:Teaching economics in Islamic perspective.
7754:Contributions of the last six conferences.
7492:"ۧÙŰȘ۔ۧۯ ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û Ú©ŰŽÙ۱ÙۧÛÛ Ú©Ù Ű§ŰłÙۧÙ
Û ÙÛŰłŰȘÙŰŻ!"
7188:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
6554:"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Muamalat"
6348:
6010:
5968:
5937:"Islamic Approach to Economic Development"
4847:In a political and regional context where
4818:Islamic economics has been criticised for
3450:
3436:
2359:are thought to have been developed in the
2230:
2216:
1921:
1907:
1075:
1061:
8599:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 139.
8197:
8082:
7957:
7243:
7216:
7179:
6750:
6646:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6410:
6168:Advances in Islamic Economics and Finance
5827:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
4935:similar to conventional loans but using "
4780:
3287:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
9358:
9282:
8951:
8943:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
8935:
8824:
8507:
8061:
7732:Obstacles to Islamic economics research.
7433:
7391:Iqbal, Zamir and Abbas Mirakhor (2008).
7186:Martin, Richard C., ed. (2004). "Riba".
7069:Money and the Market in India, 1100â1700
6927:
6516:
5711:
5609:Money and the Market in India, 1100â1700
5323:
5321:
4813:
4096:According to Turkish-American economist
3956:. Muhammad bin al-Hasan (d.805) wrote
3516:, etc.) taking basic prescriptions from
9245:
9214:
9107:Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism
9104:
8919:Farooq, Mohammad Omar (November 2005).
8856:
8645:"Islamic Economics: What Does It Mean?"
7457:
7353:
7274:
7249:
7092:Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy (2009).
6977:, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276â78
6808:
6372:
6192:
6082:
5933:
5927:
5749:
5747:
5686:
5684:
5632:Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy (2009).
5537:
5512:
5249:
14:
12150:
9264:Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali. (1994).
8960:
8918:
8897:
8750:
8738:
8714:
8689:
8568:, U of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 302â41
8538:
8480:"Savings & Investments | Noorbank"
8347:
7978:
7701:
7608:
7463:
7185:
6866:
6777:
6689:
6665:Islamization and the Pakistani Economy
6655:
6619:
6597:
6495:
6454:
6378:
6322:
5864:. Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker Press.
5577:
5418:
5327:
5216:
5087:Economic history of the Ottoman Empire
5017:Female labor force in the Muslim world
4697:
4667:(allowed) unless it has been declared
4580:provincial ones or private companies.
4024:
3865:Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics
11893:
11661:
11277:
10636:
10152:
9794:Marxian critique of political economy
9612:
9402:
9241:. Islamic Publications International.
9181:
9168:
9137:
9113:
9006:
8891:Advances in the Economics of Religion
8803:
8665:
8642:
8590:
8155:Islami Riyasat men Muhtasib ka Kirdar
7984:
7815:
7788:
7686:
7330:
7237:
7042:
7002:
6986:
6974:
6962:
5805:
5793:
5477:
5412:
5318:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5134:The Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh
4595:
4506:), can be considered state property.
4149:(The Economics of Divine Harmony) by
3910:(d.1328), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d. 1329),
3814:and Islamic Economics, Shaikh saying
11662:
11278:
9389:
9385:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
9377:
9259:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
9233:
9076:
9045:
9017:
8983:
8914:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation.
8775:
8726:
8677:
8643:Pipes, Daniel (September 26, 2007).
8434:K-al-Mabsut, Al-Sarakhsi, Shamsuddin
8405:"Bank of London and the Middle East"
8296:
8191:
8049:
7920:
7908:
7883:
7800:
7773:
7671:
7659:
7642:
7627:
7593:
7451:
7419:An example of a patent application:
7407:
7222:
7210:
7014:
6838:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6585:
6366:
6273:
6258:
6218:
6186:
5744:
5681:
5387:
4930:and forbidden by Islam, and because
4475:and, according to Shi'ite scholars,
3998:His ideas about the benefits of the
3633:âor as one observer put it, were
10178:
9484:——— (June 2008).
9324:
8843:
8508:Abdi Ali, Muhamed (December 2019).
8132:al-Maqrizi, al-Mawa'iz wa'l-I'tibar
7730:Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah, 2008
7578:
7561:
7510:"ÙÙ ŰȘŰÙÙÙ Ű§ÙŰȘ۔ۧۯÙ: Ù
Ù
ۧÙÙ ŰșÛ۱ۧ۳ÙۧÙ
Û"
7439:
7393:An Introduction to Islamic finance.
6690:Shaikh, Salman Ahmed (2014-03-11).
6501:
6445:
5727:The Islamic World: Past and Present
5454:Labor in the Medieval Islamic World
5233:
4524:
2399:The central features of an Islamic
2265:
2250:
24:
8906:
8797:
5278:
4988:A supporter of Islamic economics (
4430:
4092:Development of "Islamic economics"
3743:approached the subject of economy
3692:) vary slightly in their rulings.
3649:, sometimes other sources such as
3552:taxing of certain assets, such as
2997:Principles of State and Government
2973:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
12194:
9548:
9542:An outline of Islamic law of tort
9285:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019)
9248:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019)
9049:Introduction to Islamic Economics
8900:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019)
8539:Foster, John (11 December 2009).
6529:Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh
6349:Khan, M.N.; Bhatti, M.I. (2008).
6083:GĂŒmĂŒsay, Ali Aslan (2015-08-01).
5362:
4543:exploitation of natural resources
4496:
3958:al Iktisab fi al Rizq al Mustatab
2922:List of Islamic political parties
2444:gap between the rich and the poor
1895:Business and economics portal
12132:
12131:
12120:
11641:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
10831:Timeline of the history of Islam
10662:
10347:Reception in early modern Europe
10342:Contributions to Medieval Europe
10098:History of macroeconomic thought
9923:NeoclassicalâKeynesian synthesis
9254:
8912:Islam and the Economic Challenge
8756:
8695:
8571:
8558:
8501:
8472:
8446:
8437:
8428:
8419:
8329:
8302:
8274:
8243:
8220:
8169:
8147:
8126:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8055:
7926:
7851:
7534:
7520:
7502:
7484:
7413:
7385:
7359:
7347:
7324:
7294:, Basic Books, c1984, pp. 167â68
6765:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00213.x
5551:University of Pennsylvania Press
5168:
5158:
4076:, making direct contribution to
3944:(d. 798) was author of the book
3419:
3408:
2258:Islamic commercial jurisprudence
1888:
55:
18:Islamic economical jurisprudence
11992:List of ex-Muslim organisations
9171:"Islamic economic institutions"
8954:100 Myths about the Middle East
8703:The Politics of Islamic Finance
8631:100 Myths about the Middle East
7284:
7172:Introduction to Islamic Finance
7141:
7116:
7085:
7060:
7036:
7008:
6996:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6921:
6896:
6844:
6802:
6771:
6744:
6683:
6613:
6591:
6541:Jaliz, Ramli & Shahwan 2014
6522:
6476:International Energy Law Review
6439:
6419:"Re-Defining Islamic Economics"
6158:
6123:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6001:
5992:
5980:
5977:By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 203
5956:
5878:
5853:
5844:
5656:
5625:
5600:
5571:
5531:
5506:
5480:The Journal of Economic History
5471:
5446:
5328:Saleem, Muhammad Yusuf (n.d.).
5148:
5139:
5126:
4641:
4318:
4269:In the 1980s and 1990s, as the
4033:were introduced throughout the
3991:). He discussed what he called
584:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
12163:Islamic economic jurisprudence
9398:: World Scientific Publishing.
9329:The Failure of Political Islam
9188:Journal of Economic Literature
8335:Reported by Ahmad and al-Hakim
7331:Pipes, Daniel (June 1, 1994).
7169:
6600:"INTRODUCTION TO USUL AL-FIQH"
6193:ILYASLI, Omer (Apr 17, 2013).
5940:. In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
5545:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
5202:
5188:
13:
1:
10088:Critique of political economy
9379:Siddiqui, Muhammad Nejatullah
9077:Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013).
9046:Khan, Muhammad Akram (1994).
8566:Fundamentalisms and the State
8453:Meinhaj Hussain (June 2010).
8105:al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan
7047:, Anthem Press, p. 277,
6558:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
5114:
5002:Islamic economics in Pakistan
4354:
4291:Islamic economics in Pakistan
4210:preached a similar system to
4014:forces of population growth,
3154:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
1790:Commons-based peer production
1510:Socialism of the 21st century
11977:Apostasy in Islam by country
11844:Liberalism and progressivism
10583:Arab Agricultural Revolution
9996:Rational expectations theory
9538:Liaquat Ali Khan Niazi, 1988
8595:. In Wood, Donald C. (ed.).
7256:. Australian Islamic Library
7149:"The Economic Life of Islam"
7067:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998).
6930:Journal of Political Economy
6782:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.).
6620:Wan Yussof, Wan Nor Aisyah.
6195:"What is Islamic Economics?"
6043:Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154
5760:. Routledge. pp. 7â10.
5607:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998).
5288:Mat, Ismail; Ismail, Yusof.
5181:
4775:
4710:History of Islamic economics
4159:by Habibullah Peyman (1979).
3860:History of Islamic economics
3739:, who although a pioneer of
2484:Definitions and descriptions
2278:of economics similar to the
7:
12178:Schools of economic thought
10093:History of economic thought
9640:Schools of economic thought
9567:article on Islamic finance.
9083:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
8961:Haneef, Mohamed A. (2009).
8859:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
8846:Review of Islamic Economics
7985:Hamed, Safei-Eldin (1993).
7292:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
7071:. Oxford University Press.
6379:Davari, Mahmood T. (2005).
6007:Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289
5998:Al-Bukhari Vol 2 Hadith 514
5934:Ishaque, Khalid M. (1983).
5611:. Oxford University Press.
5339:. p. 1. Archived from
5299:. p. 1. Archived from
5082:Islamic banking and finance
4995:
4899:Islamic banking and finance
4738:
4733:Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi
4704:Islamic banking and finance
4414:
4197:Nidham ul-Iqtisad fil Islam
4029:Economic policies based on
2933:Militant Islamism based in
2379:. its wealthiest region of
10:
12199:
11894:
10013:New neoclassical synthesis
10001:Real business-cycle theory
9604:Islamic Economics booklist
9561:Putting Faith into Finance
9105:Koehler, Benedikt (2014).
8936:El-Gamal, Mahmoud (2009).
8443:Uyun-al-Akhbar, ad-Dinawri
8123:Futuh al-Buldan, Abu Ubayd
8062:Daintith, Terence (2010).
7123:Abhay Kumar Singh (2006).
6871:. In BeDuhn, Jason (ed.).
6089:Journal of Business Ethics
5860:Karim, Shafiel A. (2010).
5697:. CRC Press. p. 151.
5663:Abhay Kumar Singh (2006).
5515:The Long Twentieth Century
5513:Arrighi, Giovanni (2010).
5196:Ű”ŰŻŰ±Ű Ű§ÙŰȘ۔ۧۯÙŰ§Ű Û±ÛŽÛČÛŽÙŰ Ű”ÛŽÛČÛ±
4800:
4707:
4701:
4564:
4513:(on the recommendation of
4221:in collaboration with the
4195:proposed economic system (
3936:Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir
3857:
3853:
3535:Fiqh and Islamic economics
3264:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2917:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
2581:Salafism by country/region
2460:) but not trade, exposing
2314:). Islamic jurisprudence (
12115:
12000:
11967:
11907:
11903:
11889:
11816:
11783:
11755:Geography and cartography
11730:
11677:
11673:
11657:
11483:
11405:
11352:
11301:
11297:
11273:
11143:
10967:
10927:
10810:
10762:
10686:
10682:
10671:
10575:
10535:Geography and cartography
10503:
10441:
10355:
10307:
10249:
10241:Influences on Western art
10186:
10080:
9824:
9712:
9679:
9672:
9646:
9419:10.1017/S0020743800061560
9359:Schirazi, Asghar (1997).
9255:Naqi, Syed Nawab Haider.
8762:Syed Nawab Haider NAQVI.
8309:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
8281:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
8250:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
8227:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
8215:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
8094:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
7973:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
7933:Nomani & Rahnema 1994
7478:10.1080/00346768900000020
7250:Maududi, Maulana (1941).
6908:New York University Press
6696:Islamic Economics Project
6385:. Routledge. p. 90.
6142:10.1007/978-3-319-39679-8
6101:10.1007/s10551-014-2223-7
5942:Voices of Resurgent Islam
5917:gemsofislamism.tripod.com
5820:10.1017/S0020743800029767
5492:10.1017/S0022050700097837
5452:Maya Shatzmiller (1994),
5370:"Definition of ECONOMICS"
4932:risk-sharing alternatives
4481:as well. In general, the
4314:As an academic discipline
3391:Islam and other religions
3344:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
2863:International propagation
2576:International propagation
2454:, taxing wealth (through
2206:Islamization of knowledge
2089:Science in medieval times
1284:Socialist-oriented market
12074:Islamic view of miracles
9570:Shamshad Akhtar et al.,
9544:Abdul-Qadir Zubair, 1990
9532:Volume 9, Number 1, 2002
9505:
9383:Muslim Economic Thinking
9361:The Constitution of Iran
9335:Harvard University Press
9266:Islamic Economic Systems
9218:Economic System of Islam
9007:Kayed, Rasem N. (2008).
8633:, Saqi Books, 2005 p. 89
8591:Tobin, Sarah A. (2014).
8579:American Economic Review
7897:Islamic Economic Studies
7872:Islamic Economic Studies
7715:Islamic Economic Studies
7466:Review of Social Economy
7127:. Northern Book Centre.
6778:Chapra, M. Umar (2010).
6323:Chapra, M. Umar (2008).
6234:Zarqa, M. Anas. (2008),
5667:. Northern Book Centre.
5578:Chapra, M. Umar (2014).
5440:10.1163/156920607X171591
5119:
4808:human development theory
4755:Islamic public finance (
4257:. This was an "Islamist
4240:Islamic Republic of Iran
4223:Islamic Development Bank
3025:Governance of the Jurist
605:("spreading corruption")
11829:Creationism (evolution)
10123:Post-autistic economics
9530:Islamic Law and Society
9458:. Working Paper No. 22.
8952:Halliday, Fred (2005).
8857:Bakhash, Shaul (1984).
8593:"Is it really Islamic?"
5584:Edward Elgar Publishing
5419:Banaji, Jairus (2007).
5077:Economy of Saudi Arabia
4638:and so also forbidden.
4594:Private ownership (see
4323:As of 2008 there were:
4074:proto-industrialization
3144:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
2423:prohibition of interest
2385:proto-industrialization
12089:Persecution of Muslims
11987:List of former Muslims
10836:Succession to Muhammad
9861:Modern Monetary Theory
9581:Mohammad Omar Farooq,
9471:Cite journal requires
8804:Addas, Waleed (2008).
8177:Public Duties in Islam
7816:Hasan, Zubair (2005).
7752:Iqbal, Munawar. 2008.
7395:Lahore; Vanguard Books
7015:Heck, Gene W. (2006),
6875:. Brill. p. 138.
6867:Glasse, Cyril (2005).
5691:Junie T. Tong (2016).
5517:. Verso. p. 120.
5428:Historical Materialism
5136:by Qazi Thanaa Ullah).
4919:
4887:economic structures" (
4876:(Muhammad Akram Khan);
4865:
4781:Savings and investment
4177:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
4141:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
4062:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
3964:(plural of "wealth").
3821:
3799:A number of scholars (
3763:
3639:
3510:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
3209:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
2620:Islamic fundamentalism
2280:labour theory of value
11873:Conversion to mosques
11740:Alchemy and chemistry
10518:Alchemy and chemistry
9945:KeynesâMarx synthesis
9325:Roy, Olivier (1994).
9182:Kuran, Timur (2018).
9169:Kuran, Timur (2008).
9018:Khan, Feisal (2015).
8984:Kahf, Monzer (2003).
8457:. 2.0. Archived from
7857:Siddiqi, M.N., 1996,
7761:May 13, 2009, at the
7739:May 13, 2009, at the
7514:ÙŸŰ§ÛÚŻŰ§Ù ŰźŰšŰ±Û ŰšÙۧ۱ ÙÛÙŰČ
7337:Middle East Quarterly
7223:Nasr, S.V.R. (1996).
7043:Nolan, Peter (2007),
6809:Jackson, Roy (2010).
6656:Norman, Omar (2006).
6243:May 13, 2009, at the
5754:Indrajit Ray (2011).
5539:Ruggles, D. Fairchild
5062:Economy of Kazakhstan
5057:Economy of Azerbaijan
4914:
4845:
4814:Criticism and dispute
4451:, uncultivated land,
4401:riba, zakat, mudaraba
4206:Likewise, Sunni imam
4082:Industrial Revolution
3876:Muhammad bin al-Hasan
3858:Further information:
3816:
3745:
3635:
3618:(mutual cooperation),
3612:the encouragement of
3282:Criticism of Islamism
3276:Criticism of Islamism
3194:Necip Fazıl KısakĂŒrek
3101:Hibatullah Akhundzada
2389:Industrial Revolution
43:Islamic jurisprudence
12183:Economy and religion
11599:Ma malakat aymanukum
11174:Association football
11073:Moderate Kharijites
10133:World-systems theory
10113:Mainstream economics
10053:Technocracy movement
10033:Saltwater/freshwater
9557:from GrandeStrategy.
9440:10.2139/ssrn.1282786
9390:Venardos, Angelo M.
9337:. pp. 132â147.
9200:10.1257/jel.20171243
8114:Sahih al-Bukhari, 17
7837:10.4197/islec.18-2.2
7442:, pp. 138, 140.
7320:on January 17, 2012.
6989:, p. 31 quotes
6417:Zaman, Asad (2015).
6301:: 28. Archived from
6289:Zaman, M.R. (2008).
6034:Abu Daud Hadith 2015
5104:Muhammad Taqi Usmani
5042:Economics of fascism
4908:on the practice of "
4273:failed to reach the
4265:Post-socialist trend
4193:Taqiuddin al-Nabhani
4072:entered a period of
3983:History of the World
3823:M. Kahf writes that
3106:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
3066:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
3023:Islamic Government:
2478:food for speculation
2431:) charged on loans.
2411:; (2) collection of
2017:(Islamic monotheism)
1983:Early social changes
1978:Early historiography
1820:Newly industrialized
1563:Collective ownership
1424:Vertical archipelago
12168:Economic ideologies
10428:Early social change
10327:Early social change
10118:Heterodox economics
9846:Capability approach
9722:American (National)
9704:School of Salamanca
9536:Islamic law of tort
8006:1993JAEE....6..145H
7498:. January 21, 1392.
7367:"Untitled Document"
5901:on January 7, 2008.
5252:Die Welt des Islams
5047:Economy of Malaysia
4698:Banking and finance
4607:market manipulation
4242:during the life of
4228:patent applications
4151:Abolhassan Banisadr
4139:(Our Economics) by
4129:Eslam va Malekiyyat
4025:Early modern period
3916:Sayyid Ali Hamadani
3756:Ruhollah Khomeini,
3514:Abolhassan Banisadr
3426:Politics portal
3379:Islam and modernity
3027:("Velayat-e faqih")
3009:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
1805:Inclusive Democracy
12094:Quran and miracles
12008:Criticism of Islam
11712:Geometric patterns
11564:Gender segregation
11135:Non-denominational
9754:English historical
9587:Mahmoud el-Gamal,
9523:Arab Law Quarterly
9515:Arab Law Quarterly
9109:. Lexington Books.
8581:, 1996, pp. 438â42
8031:on 23 January 2015
8014:10.1007/BF01965481
7791:, p. 190â191.
7516:. January 8, 2015.
7356:, pp. 172â173
7159:on April 19, 2016.
6741:, pp. xvâxvi.
6199:Islamiceconomy.net
6136:. Cham: Springer.
5586:. pp. 62â63.
5346:on 22 January 2015
5306:on 23 January 2015
5012:Economy of the OIC
5007:Islamic philosophy
4964:Nawab Haider Naqvi
4881:invented tradition
4371:was originally a "
4271:Islamic revolution
4208:Imran Nazar Hosein
4186:Iranian Revolution
3792:which comes under
3662:(consensus of the
3304:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
3149:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
3134:Abu Hamza al-Masri
2952:Sub-Saharan Africa
2912:Muslim Brotherhood
2887:Iranian Revolution
2797:Islamic Golden Age
2650:Islamic governance
2472:, discouraging of
2361:Islamic Golden Age
2350:goods and services
1743:Material balancing
1225:Buddhist economics
696:Gender segregation
259:Islamic leadership
12158:Islamic economics
12145:
12144:
12111:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12079:Domestic violence
12069:Islamic terrorism
12064:Islamic extremism
11885:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11653:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11439:Marriage contract
11269:
11268:
11229:Political aspects
10958:Story of Prophets
10727:Prophets of Islam
10630:
10629:
10598:elementary school
10216:Geometric pattern
10146:
10145:
10108:Political economy
10076:
10075:
10008:New institutional
9981:Neo-Schumpeterian
9789:Marxist economics
9769:German historical
9595:, Houston, Texas.
9275:978-1-85649-058-0
9062:978-1-56564-079-5
8938:"Islamic finance"
8881:978-0-415-36823-0
8836:978-90-04-15246-5
8829:. Leiden: Brill.
8817:978-983-3855-28-5
7975:, pp. 66â70.
7776:, pp. 13â14.
7674:, pp. 14â15.
7240:, pp. 84â86.
7197:978-0-02-865912-1
7054:978-1-84331-280-2
7030:978-3-11-019229-2
7021:Walter de Gruyter
6851:Mahmassani, Sobhi
6564:on April 12, 2015
6151:978-3-319-39677-4
5871:978-1-59942-539-9
5767:978-1-136-82552-1
5737:978-0-19-516520-3
5704:978-1-317-13522-7
5524:978-1-84467-304-9
5092:Christian finance
5072:Economy of Jordan
5052:Economy of Brunei
5022:Law and economics
4824:cultural identity
4461:oceanic resources
4299:ethical investing
4275:per capita income
4255:Ruhollah Khomeini
4181:Mahmoud Taleghani
4147:Eqtesad-e Towhidi
4086:Battle of Plassey
4058:Aurangzeb Alamgir
4035:gunpowder empires
4008:supply and demand
4000:division of labor
3902:(d. after 1175),
3758:Tawzih al-masa'il
3737:Ruhollah Khomeini
3729:Tawzih al-masa'il
3584:â"referred to as
3506:Abul A'la Maududi
3460:
3459:
3314:Abdelwahab Meddeb
3249:Haji Shariatullah
3214:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3199:Abul A'la Maududi
3189:Ruhollah Khomeini
3169:Rached Ghannouchi
3071:Ruhollah Khomeini
2978:RashÄ«d RÄ«Äha 1922
2868:by country/region
2757:Two-nation theory
2709:Islamic terrorism
2670:Islamic socialism
2660:Islamic democracy
2636:Apostasy in Islam
2593:Deobandi jihadism
2588:Deobandi movement
2393:British conquests
2373:gunpowder empires
2369:Emirate of Sicily
2288:subjective theory
2274:). It is also an
2271:fiqh al-mu'ÄmalÄt
2251:ۧÙۧÙŰȘ۔ۧۯ ۧÙŰ„ŰłÙۧÙ
Ù
2243:Islamic economics
2240:
2239:
1992:Modern philosophy
1931:
1930:
1441:By regional model
1235:Sabbath economics
1085:
1084:
999:
998:
857:
856:
671:
670:
524:
523:
449:
448:
242:
241:
16:(Redirected from
12190:
12135:
12134:
12127:Islam portal
12125:
12124:
12123:
11905:
11904:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11732:Medieval science
11675:
11674:
11665:
11659:
11658:
11316:Economic history
11299:
11298:
11275:
11274:
11261:Islam by country
11046:Bektashi Alevism
10684:
10683:
10675:Outline of Islam
10657:
10650:
10643:
10634:
10633:
10505:Medieval science
10173:
10166:
10159:
10150:
10149:
10138:Economic systems
9677:
9676:
9659:Medieval Islamic
9633:
9626:
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9386:
9374:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9332:
9321:
9304:(424): 584â596.
9298:Economic Journal
9288:
9279:
9260:
9251:
9242:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9211:
9194:(4): 1292â1359.
9178:
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8999:
8990:
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8978:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8945:, Online Edition
8932:
8915:
8903:
8894:
8885:
8866:
8853:
8840:
8821:
8791:
8788:Zaman, Asad 2008
8785:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8760:
8754:
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8736:
8730:
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8718:
8712:
8706:
8699:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8647:. Jerusalem Post
8640:
8634:
8629:Halliday, Fred,
8627:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8588:
8582:
8575:
8569:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8486:. Archived from
8484:www.noorbank.com
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8455:"Economic Model"
8450:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8426:
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8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8361:"Sharia calling"
8357:
8351:
8345:
8336:
8333:
8327:
8306:
8300:
8294:
8288:
8278:
8272:
8247:
8241:
8224:
8218:
8217:, pp. 55â58
8212:
8195:
8189:
8180:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8158:
8153:M.S. Naz (1991)
8151:
8145:
8142:Zaman, Asad 2008
8139:
8133:
8130:
8124:
8121:
8115:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8097:
8096:, pp. 71â77
8091:
8080:
8079:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8024:. Archived from
7991:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7955:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7911:, pp. 9â10.
7906:
7900:
7899:, 16 (1â2):92â93
7893:
7887:
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7684:
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7524:
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7517:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7461:
7455:
7454:, pp. 216â.
7449:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7396:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7369:. Archived from
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7339:. Archived from
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7313:. Archived from
7312:
7304:
7295:
7290:Bakhash, Shaul,
7288:
7282:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7220:
7214:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7183:
7177:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7155:. Archived from
7153:www.islam101.com
7145:
7139:
7138:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7100:Brill Publishers
7089:
7083:
7082:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6965:, pp. 29â30
6960:
6954:
6953:
6936:(5): 1105â1118.
6925:
6919:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6864:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6825:
6824:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6786:. Archived from
6775:
6769:
6768:
6753:The Muslim World
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6662:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6626:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6560:. Archived from
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6471:
6452:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6286:
6277:
6271:
6262:
6256:
6247:
6231:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5939:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5919:. Archived from
5909:
5903:
5902:
5897:. Archived from
5891:
5885:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5831:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5772:
5771:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5722:John L. Esposito
5718:
5709:
5708:
5688:
5679:
5678:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5640:Brill Publishers
5629:
5623:
5622:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5548:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5475:
5469:
5458:Brill Publishers
5450:
5444:
5443:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5395:"ECONOMIC GOALS"
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5258:(1/4): 117â139.
5247:
5241:
5231:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5130:
5109:Nathif Jama Adam
5027:State capitalism
4974:On the issue of
4883:" (Timur Kuran);
4791:investment banks
4525:Private property
4437:private property
4283:eqtesad-e Eslami
4179:and also cleric
4051:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
3761:
3483:what ought to be
3452:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3423:
3415:Islam portal
3413:
3412:
3411:
3297:in North America
3254:Hassan Al-Turabi
3204:Abul Hasan Nadwi
2787:Anti-imperialism
2685:Islamic republic
2680:Islamic monarchy
2665:Islamic feminism
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2464:to risk through
2267:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2177:
2170:
2168:Classical Arabic
2026:
2018:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1892:
1651:Municipalization
1636:Financialization
1606:Collectivization
1588:Social ownership
1578:Private property
1572:Common ownership
1530:Common ownership
1344:Closed (autarky)
1301:State capitalism
1279:Socialist market
1264:Market socialist
1100:Economic systems
1087:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1040:Prisoners of war
1035:
993:
988:Comparison with
872:
871:
737:
736:
664:
653:
642:
625:
615:
606:
596:
585:
574:
563:
539:
538:
451:
450:
328:
327:
287:Wilayat al-faqih
273:Majlis-ash-Shura
72:
71:
59:
30:
29:
21:
12198:
12197:
12193:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12148:
12147:
12146:
12141:
12121:
12119:
12103:
12025:Cultural Muslim
11996:
11963:
11909:Other religions
11899:
11895:
11877:
11812:
11779:
11726:
11669:
11667:Islamic studies
11663:
11645:
11479:
11424:
11401:
11348:
11293:
11292:
11265:
11214:Moral teachings
11157:
11139:
11113:Nation of Islam
11026:Twelver Shi'ism
10963:
10929:Religious texts
10923:
10841:Early conquests
10824:
10806:
10758:
10678:
10667:
10661:
10631:
10626:
10571:
10499:
10488:Early sociology
10437:
10401:decision-making
10351:
10332:Early conquests
10303:
10245:
10182:
10180:Islamic studies
10177:
10147:
10142:
10072:
10058:Thermoeconomics
9829:21st centuries)
9828:
9826:
9820:
9708:
9668:
9654:Ancient schools
9642:
9637:
9593:Rice University
9551:
9525:V. 17, N.1 2002
9508:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9483:
9472:
9470:
9461:
9460:
9371:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9310:10.2307/2234633
9276:
9235:Mirakhor, Abbas
9224:
9222:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9119:Social Research
9095:
9093:
9091:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9052:
9036:
9034:
9032:
8997:
8995:
8993:monzer.kahf.com
8988:
8976:
8908:Chapra, M. Umar
8882:
8837:
8818:
8800:
8798:Books, articles
8795:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8774:
8770:
8761:
8757:
8749:
8745:
8737:
8733:
8725:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8700:
8696:
8688:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8664:
8660:
8650:
8648:
8641:
8637:
8628:
8621:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8589:
8585:
8576:
8572:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8537:
8528:
8518:
8516:
8506:
8502:
8493:
8491:
8478:
8477:
8473:
8464:
8462:
8451:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8346:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8307:
8303:
8295:
8291:
8279:
8275:
8248:
8244:
8225:
8221:
8213:
8198:
8190:
8183:
8174:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8152:
8148:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8092:
8083:
8076:
8060:
8056:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8028:
7989:
7983:
7979:
7971:
7958:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7894:
7890:
7886:, pp. 7â8.
7882:
7878:
7869:
7865:
7856:
7852:
7820:
7814:
7807:
7803:, pp. 6â7.
7799:
7795:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7763:Wayback Machine
7750:
7746:
7741:Wayback Machine
7728:
7721:
7712:
7708:
7700:
7693:
7685:
7678:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7649:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7615:
7607:
7600:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7568:
7560:
7553:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7399:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7298:
7289:
7285:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7248:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7221:
7217:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7184:
7180:
7168:
7164:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7102:. p. 174.
7090:
7086:
7079:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6997:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6926:
6922:
6901:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6865:
6861:
6849:
6845:
6837:
6828:
6821:
6807:
6803:
6793:
6791:
6776:
6772:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6700:
6698:
6688:
6684:
6670:
6668:
6660:
6654:
6647:
6634:
6632:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6527:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6500:
6496:
6472:
6455:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6415:
6411:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6358:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6321:
6317:
6308:
6306:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6250:
6245:Wayback Machine
6232:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6128:
6124:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5932:
5928:
5923:on May 3, 2016.
5911:
5910:
5906:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5775:
5768:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:. p. 174.
5630:
5626:
5619:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5511:
5507:
5476:
5472:
5451:
5447:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5374:Merriam-Webster
5368:
5367:
5363:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5292:
5286:
5279:
5264:10.2307/1571048
5248:
5244:
5232:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5067:Economy of Iran
4998:
4834:, John Foster);
4828:problem solving
4816:
4803:
4787:venture capital
4783:
4778:
4761:
4741:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4644:
4567:
4527:
4499:
4487:nationalization
4441:public property
4433:
4431:Public property
4417:
4381:Islamic finance
4369:Islamic Finance
4357:
4321:
4316:
4307:
4094:
4027:
4002:also relate to
3950:Harun al-Rashid
3867:
3862:
3856:
3762:
3755:
3749:Kharid o forush
3741:political Islam
3641:In addition to
3609:(gambling) and
3537:
3456:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3359:Magnus Ranstorp
3277:
3269:
3268:
3164:Hassan al-Banna
3124:Osama bin Laden
3119:
3111:
3110:
3061:Muammar Gaddafi
3046:
3038:
3037:
3024:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2892:Jamaat-e-Islami
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:Islamic revival
2777:
2769:
2768:
2726:Political Islam
2631:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2571:Salafi jihadism
2566:Salafi movement
2556:
2548:
2547:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2470:venture capital
2355:Early forms of
2236:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2126:
2120:
2073:
2024:
2016:
2009:
1970:
1946:Islamic studies
1927:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1845:Post-industrial
1840:Post-capitalist
1800:Hunter-gatherer
1785:
1777:
1776:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1661:Nationalization
1621:Demutualization
1616:Corporatization
1601:
1593:
1592:
1583:State ownership
1558:
1550:
1549:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1404:Robinson Crusoe
1339:
1338:By coordination
1331:
1330:
1315:Traditionalist
1175:Neomercantilist
1135:
1127:
1108:
1081:
1051:Islamic studies
1045:
1044:
1033:
1011:
1001:
1000:
986:
983:
951:
869:
859:
858:
846:
794:
734:
724:
723:
722:
683:
673:
672:
662:
651:
641:(discretionary)
640:
623:
613:
604:
601:Mofsed-e-filarz
594:
583:
572:
561:
536:
526:
525:
520:
433:
385:
353:
325:
315:
314:
313:
254:
244:
243:
238:
146:
145:
117:
69:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12196:
12186:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12143:
12142:
12140:
12139:
12129:
12116:
12113:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12060:
12059:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12027:
12022:
12021:
12020:
12015:
12004:
12002:
12001:Related topics
11998:
11997:
11995:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11973:
11971:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11935:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11913:
11911:
11901:
11900:
11887:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11875:
11870:
11863:
11858:
11857:
11856:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11820:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11789:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11736:
11734:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11683:
11681:
11671:
11670:
11655:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11643:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11624:
11622:Sources of law
11619:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11602:
11595:
11590:
11583:
11578:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11529:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11500:
11495:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11392:
11387:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11358:
11356:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11318:
11313:
11307:
11305:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11285:
11279:
11271:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11246:Social welfare
11243:
11238:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11155:
11150:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11115:
11110:
11109:
11108:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11071:
11057:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11049:
11048:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11018:
11013:
11012:
11011:
11010:
11009:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10973:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10961:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10933:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10872:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10851:Historiography
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10783:
10776:
10768:
10766:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10712:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10692:
10690:
10680:
10679:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10660:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10637:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10585:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10531:
10530:
10520:
10515:
10509:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10396:use of analogy
10388:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10365:
10363:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10322:Historiography
10319:
10313:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10253:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10192:
10190:
10184:
10183:
10176:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10153:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10018:Organizational
10015:
10010:
10005:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9966:Neo-Malthusian
9963:
9962:
9961:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9883:Disequilibrium
9880:
9875:
9873:Constitutional
9870:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9832:
9830:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9759:French liberal
9756:
9751:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9718:
9716:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9636:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9585:
9579:
9568:
9558:
9550:
9549:External links
9547:
9546:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9518:V.16, N.4 2001
9507:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9473:|journal=
9431:
9400:
9387:
9375:
9369:
9356:
9343:
9322:
9289:
9280:
9274:
9261:
9252:
9243:
9231:
9212:
9179:
9166:
9154:978-1400837359
9153:
9135:
9125:(2): 301â338.
9111:
9102:
9089:
9074:
9061:
9043:
9030:
9015:
9004:
8981:
8967:
8958:
8949:
8933:
8916:
8904:
8895:
8886:
8880:
8867:
8854:
8841:
8835:
8822:
8816:
8799:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8780:
8778:, p. xvi.
8768:
8755:
8743:
8731:
8729:, p. 317.
8719:
8707:
8694:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8635:
8619:
8605:
8583:
8570:
8557:
8526:
8500:
8471:
8445:
8436:
8427:
8418:
8396:
8370:
8352:
8337:
8328:
8301:
8289:
8273:
8242:
8219:
8196:
8181:
8168:
8159:
8146:
8144:, p. 111.
8134:
8125:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8081:
8074:
8054:
8042:
8000:(2): 145â164.
7977:
7956:
7925:
7913:
7901:
7888:
7876:
7863:
7850:
7805:
7793:
7778:
7766:
7744:
7719:
7706:
7691:
7689:, p. 193.
7676:
7664:
7647:
7632:
7613:
7598:
7583:
7581:, p. 164.
7566:
7564:, p. 155.
7551:
7533:
7519:
7501:
7483:
7472:(2): 185â211.
7456:
7444:
7432:
7412:
7397:
7384:
7373:on 4 July 2004
7358:
7346:
7323:
7296:
7283:
7267:
7242:
7230:
7215:
7203:
7196:
7178:
7162:
7140:
7133:
7115:
7108:
7084:
7077:
7059:
7053:
7035:
7029:
7007:
6995:
6979:
6967:
6955:
6942:10.1086/259818
6920:
6895:
6882:978-9004172852
6881:
6859:
6843:
6826:
6819:
6801:
6790:on 9 June 2011
6770:
6759:(1): 116â144.
6743:
6731:
6719:
6707:
6682:
6645:
6612:
6590:
6575:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6519:, p. 170.
6509:
6494:
6453:
6438:
6432:978-1443874564
6431:
6409:
6391:
6371:
6356:
6341:
6315:
6278:
6263:
6248:
6223:
6211:
6185:
6157:
6150:
6122:
6095:(1): 199â208.
6075:
6066:
6057:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5979:
5967:
5955:
5926:
5904:
5886:
5877:
5870:
5852:
5843:
5814:(2): 135â164.
5798:
5773:
5766:
5743:
5736:
5724:, ed. (2004).
5710:
5703:
5680:
5673:
5655:
5648:
5624:
5617:
5599:
5592:
5570:
5564:978-0812240252
5563:
5530:
5523:
5505:
5470:
5456:, pp. 402â03,
5445:
5411:
5386:
5361:
5317:
5277:
5242:
5215:
5201:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5138:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4972:
4971:
4947:
4946:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4844:
4843:
4835:
4826:" rather than
4815:
4812:
4802:
4799:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4760:
4753:
4740:
4737:
4702:Main article:
4699:
4696:
4643:
4640:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4592:
4566:
4563:
4526:
4523:
4498:
4497:State property
4495:
4432:
4429:
4416:
4413:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4267:
4266:
4244:Supreme Leader
4236:
4235:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4144:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4102:Muhammad Iqbal
4093:
4090:
4055:Mughal Emperor
4053:, compiled by
4039:Ottoman Empire
4026:
4023:
3954:Abbasid Caliph
3866:
3863:
3855:
3852:
3753:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3610:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:is prohibited.
3565:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3475:
3472:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3372:Related topics
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Maryam Namazie
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Ata Abu Rashta
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Muhammad Iqbal
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Muhammad Abduh
3136:
3131:
3129:Mohammed Yusuf
3126:
3120:
3118:Key ideologues
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:House of Thani
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Omar al-Bashir
3053:
3047:
3045:Heads of state
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3018:
3011:("Milestones")
3005:
2993:
2981:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:Southeast Asia
2944:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Salafist Front
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Hizb ut-Tahrir
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2853:Sahwa movement
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Dawat-e-Islami
2825:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Anti-communism
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2485:
2482:
2466:profit sharing
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2005:Concept of God
2002:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Resource-based
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
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1778:
1775:
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1762:
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1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Liberalization
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1557:Property types
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1506:Latin America
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
994:
982:
981:
976:
971:
963:
960:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
881:
875:
870:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
823:
815:
812:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
793:
792:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
715:
710:
703:
693:
685:
684:
679:
678:
675:
674:
669:
668:
667:
666:
663:(compensation)
655:
644:
630:
629:
628:
627:
616:
607:
598:
587:
576:
565:
554:
549:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
461:
458:
457:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
432:
431:
424:
417:
416:
415:
408:
396:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
362:
354:
352:
351:
344:
338:
335:
334:
326:
321:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
263:
262:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
237:
236:
221:
214:
206:
194:
191:
190:
182:
181:
173:
172:
164:
163:
162:
161:
154:
147:
144:
143:
135:
126:
120:
116:
115:
108:
101:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12195:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12138:
12130:
12128:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12050:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12040:Post-Islamism
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12006:
12005:
12003:
11999:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11966:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11933:
11932:Protestantism
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11892:
11888:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11868:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11815:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11770:Ophthalmology
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11737:
11735:
11733:
11729:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11660:
11656:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11576:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11534:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11518:Death penalty
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11493:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:Other aspects
11482:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11469:
11468:
11464:
11462:
11461:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11443:
11441:
11440:
11436:
11434:
11433:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11372:
11371:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11360:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11326:
11324:
11323:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11289:
11288:Jurisprudence
11286:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11161:
11159:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11142:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11104:
11100:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11061:
11058:
11054:
11051:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10969:Denominations
10966:
10960:
10959:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10859:
10858:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10791:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10782:
10781:
10777:
10775:
10774:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10761:
10755:
10754:Holiest sites
10752:
10750:
10749:Judgement Day
10747:
10745:
10744:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10676:
10670:
10665:
10658:
10653:
10651:
10646:
10644:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10556:
10555:ophthalmology
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10525:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10391:Jurisprudence
10389:
10387:
10384:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10174:
10169:
10167:
10162:
10160:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10079:
10069:
10068:Social credit
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10043:Structuralist
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10023:Public choice
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9993:
9992:
9991:New classical
9989:
9987:
9986:Neoliberalism
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9976:Neo-Ricardian
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9952:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9908:Institutional
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9823:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9743:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9671:
9665:
9664:Scholasticism
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9634:
9629:
9627:
9622:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9487:
9482:
9481:
9478:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9370:1-86064-253-5
9366:
9362:
9357:
9346:
9344:9780674291416
9340:
9336:
9331:
9330:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9290:
9286:
9281:
9277:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9220:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9092:
9090:9781782544159
9086:
9082:
9081:
9075:
9064:
9058:
9051:
9050:
9044:
9033:
9031:9781317366539
9027:
9024:. Routledge.
9023:
9022:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9005:
8994:
8987:
8982:
8975:
8974:
8968:
8964:
8959:
8956:. Saqi Books.
8955:
8950:
8946:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8883:
8877:
8874:. Routledge.
8873:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8855:
8852:(1): 151â168.
8851:
8847:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8772:
8765:
8759:
8753:, p. 31.
8752:
8747:
8741:, p. 36.
8740:
8735:
8728:
8723:
8717:, p. 27.
8716:
8711:
8704:
8698:
8692:, p. 34.
8691:
8686:
8680:, p. 88.
8679:
8674:
8667:
8662:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8626:
8624:
8608:
8606:9781784410551
8602:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8574:
8567:
8561:
8546:
8542:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8515:
8514:Research Gate
8511:
8504:
8490:on 2018-01-31
8489:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8461:on 2013-01-24
8460:
8456:
8449:
8440:
8431:
8422:
8406:
8400:
8384:
8383:The Economist
8380:
8374:
8367:. 2009-11-12.
8366:
8365:The Economist
8362:
8356:
8350:, p. 33.
8349:
8344:
8342:
8332:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8305:
8299:, p. 10.
8298:
8293:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8216:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8194:, p. 83.
8193:
8188:
8186:
8178:
8175:Ibn Tamiyah,
8172:
8163:
8156:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8102:
8095:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8077:
8075:9781936331765
8071:
8068:. Earthscan.
8067:
8066:
8058:
8052:, p. 20.
8051:
8046:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7923:, p. 12.
7922:
7917:
7910:
7905:
7898:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7874:, 16 (1â2):81
7873:
7867:
7860:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7810:
7802:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7783:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7726:
7724:
7716:
7710:
7703:
7698:
7696:
7688:
7683:
7681:
7673:
7668:
7662:, p. 11.
7661:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7644:
7639:
7637:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7610:
7605:
7603:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7580:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7529:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7436:
7423:
7422:US 2003233324
7416:
7409:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7388:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7316:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7293:
7287:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7255:
7254:
7246:
7239:
7234:
7226:
7219:
7213:, p. 57.
7212:
7207:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7173:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7136:
7134:9788172112011
7130:
7126:
7119:
7111:
7109:9789047429975
7105:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7080:
7078:9780521257589
7074:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6916:0-88706-698-4
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6820:9781136950360
6816:
6813:. Routledge.
6812:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6735:
6729:, p. 49.
6728:
6723:
6717:, p. 47.
6716:
6711:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6650:
6642:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6601:
6594:
6588:, p. 46.
6587:
6582:
6580:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6530:
6525:
6518:
6517:Schirazi 1997
6513:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6394:
6392:9781134294886
6388:
6384:
6383:
6375:
6369:, p. xv.
6368:
6363:
6361:
6352:
6345:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6305:on 2016-12-13
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6283:
6276:, p. 66.
6275:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6253:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6221:, p. 25.
6220:
6215:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5687:
5685:
5676:
5674:9788172112011
5670:
5666:
5659:
5651:
5649:9789047429975
5645:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5618:9780521257589
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5593:9781783475728
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5466:90-04-09896-8
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5358:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4840:Fred Halliday
4836:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:privatization
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4412:
4410:
4407:for justice,
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4311:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4201:gold standard
4198:
4194:
4191:Sunni cleric
4189:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4070:Mughal Bengal
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:human capital
4013:
4012:macroeconomic
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:Kitab al-Ibar
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3912:Ibn al-Qayyim
3909:
3908:Ibn Taymiyyah
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:by Ayatollah
3734:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:(custom), or
3654:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:, and also
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Maajid Nawaaz
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Navvab Safavi
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Tariq Ramadan
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Safwat Hegazi
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Muhammad Asad
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:House of Saud
3089:
3087:
3086:Mohammed Omar
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Mohamed Morsi
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3032:Khomeini 1970
3029:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Salafist Call
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:Post-Islamism
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:Islamic state
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2614:Shia Islamism
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2419:Islamic taxes
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:Mughal Empire
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:ÙÙÙ Ű§ÙÙ
ŰčۧÙ
ÙۧŰȘ
2263:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2123:Ophthalmology
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:Jurisprudence
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Post-scarcity
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Expeditionary
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:Socialization
1669:
1667:
1666:Privatization
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Mutualization
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Marketization
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Expropriation
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Communization
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Decentralized
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Social credit
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Participatory
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Social market
1183:
1181:
1180:Protectionist
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Laissez-faire
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1004:
992:
991:
985:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
958:
955:
954:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
906:
905:
901:
899:
898:
894:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
863:
862:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
816:
814:
813:
810:
807:
806:
801:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
783:
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
757:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
691:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
665:
660:
656:
654:
652:(retaliation)
649:
645:
643:
638:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
597:
592:
588:
586:
581:
577:
575:
573:(illicit sex)
570:
566:
564:
559:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
529:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
505:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
491:
489:
488:
484:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
462:
460:
459:
456:
453:
452:
443:
442:Breastfeeding
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
401:
400:
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389:
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382:
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377:
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363:
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298:
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284:
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260:
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234:
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227:
226:
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220:
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212:
211:
207:
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201:
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196:
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189:
188:
184:
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180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
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166:
165:
160:
159:
155:
153:
152:
148:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:Sunnah prayer
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
107:
106:
102:
100:
99:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
48:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
12173:Economic law
12052:Islamophobia
11917:Christianity
11865:
11798:Contemporary
11692:Architecture
11631:
11597:
11585:
11573:
11531:
11524:
11490:
11472:
11467:Nikah mut'ah
11465:
11458:
11451:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11394:
11382:
11375:
11368:
11361:
11341:
11334:
11327:
11320:
11302:
11233:
10956:
10880:
10862:
10855:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:Five Pillars
10741:
10707:
10696:God in Islam
10673:
10605:Sufi studies
10576:Other fields
10456:Contemporary
10379:consultation
10250:
10201:Architecture
9893:Evolutionary
9825:Contemporary
9804:Neoclassical
9749:Distributist
9694:Mercantilism
9681:Early modern
9578:, July 2008.
9575:
9541:
9535:
9529:
9522:
9513:
9494:29 September
9492:. Retrieved
9464:cite journal
9413:(1): 29â37.
9410:
9404:
9391:
9382:
9360:
9348:. Retrieved
9328:
9301:
9297:
9265:
9256:
9238:
9223:. Retrieved
9217:
9191:
9187:
9174:
9158:. Retrieved
9143:
9139:Kuran, Timur
9122:
9118:
9115:Kuran, Timur
9106:
9094:. Retrieved
9079:
9068:28 September
9066:. Retrieved
9048:
9035:. Retrieved
9020:
9009:
8996:. Retrieved
8992:
8972:
8962:
8953:
8941:
8920:
8911:
8890:
8871:
8858:
8849:
8845:
8826:
8806:
8783:
8771:
8763:
8758:
8746:
8734:
8722:
8710:
8705:, pp. 17-36.
8702:
8697:
8685:
8673:
8668:, p. 5.
8661:
8649:. Retrieved
8638:
8630:
8612:23 September
8610:. Retrieved
8596:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8565:
8560:
8550:22 September
8548:. Retrieved
8544:
8517:. Retrieved
8513:
8503:
8492:. Retrieved
8488:the original
8483:
8474:
8463:. Retrieved
8459:the original
8448:
8439:
8430:
8421:
8409:. Retrieved
8399:
8389:15 September
8387:. Retrieved
8382:
8373:
8364:
8355:
8331:
8304:
8292:
8276:
8245:
8222:
8176:
8171:
8162:
8154:
8149:
8137:
8128:
8119:
8110:
8101:
8064:
8057:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8026:the original
7997:
7993:
7980:
7935:quote Quran
7928:
7916:
7904:
7896:
7891:
7879:
7871:
7866:
7858:
7853:
7831:(2): 29â46.
7828:
7824:
7796:
7769:
7753:
7747:
7731:
7717:16 (1â2): 71
7714:
7709:
7704:, p. 2.
7667:
7645:, p. 8.
7630:, p. 7.
7611:, p. 4.
7596:, p. 5.
7545:
7536:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7447:
7435:
7415:
7410:, p. 6.
7392:
7387:
7375:. Retrieved
7371:the original
7361:
7354:Bakhash 1984
7349:
7341:the original
7336:
7326:
7315:the original
7291:
7286:
7275:Maududi n.d.
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7252:
7245:
7233:
7224:
7218:
7206:
7187:
7181:
7171:
7165:
7157:the original
7152:
7143:
7124:
7118:
7094:
7087:
7068:
7062:
7044:
7038:
7016:
7010:
7005:, p. 33
6998:
6990:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6903:
6898:
6886:. Retrieved
6872:
6862:
6854:
6846:
6841:, p. 2.
6810:
6804:
6792:. Retrieved
6788:the original
6783:
6773:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6699:. Retrieved
6695:
6685:
6676:
6669:. Retrieved
6664:
6640:
6633:. Retrieved
6631:. p. 13
6628:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6593:
6566:. Retrieved
6562:the original
6557:
6548:
6543:, p. 8.
6536:
6528:
6524:
6512:
6497:
6479:
6475:
6441:
6422:
6412:
6403:
6396:. Retrieved
6381:
6374:
6350:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6328:
6318:
6307:. Retrieved
6303:the original
6298:
6294:
6261:, p. 4.
6235:
6214:
6202:. Retrieved
6198:
6188:
6176:. Retrieved
6167:
6160:
6132:
6125:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5958:
5951:bureaucracy.
5949:
5941:
5929:
5921:the original
5916:
5907:
5899:the original
5889:
5880:
5861:
5855:
5846:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5796:, p. x.
5756:
5726:
5693:
5664:
5658:
5634:
5627:
5608:
5602:
5579:
5573:
5544:
5533:
5514:
5508:
5486:(1): 79â96.
5483:
5479:
5473:
5453:
5448:
5434:(1): 47â74.
5431:
5427:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5399:amosweb.com/
5398:
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5373:
5364:
5355:
5348:. Retrieved
5341:the original
5337:kantakji.com
5336:
5308:. Retrieved
5301:the original
5297:kantakji.com
5296:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5209:
5204:
5195:
5190:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5141:
5133:
5128:
4987:
4984:Practicality
4975:
4973:
4961:
4951:
4948:
4936:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4902:
4894:
4846:
4817:
4804:
4795:stock market
4784:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4726:
4724:
4720:mutual funds
4713:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4648:price fixing
4645:
4642:Interference
4633:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4547:
4539:
4528:
4519:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4491:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4377:
4366:
4358:
4349:
4322:
4319:Achievements
4308:
4295:
4282:
4268:
4237:
4234:Khomeini era
4216:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4134:
4128:
4123:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4095:
4047:Muslim India
4043:Mughal India
4028:
4020:
4003:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:, the fifth
3945:
3940:
3868:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3731:, a work of
3728:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3636:
3624:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3543:
3538:
3508:, Ayatollah
3498:an ideology
3486:
3482:
3478:
3461:
3406:
3396:Islamophobia
3354:Shiraz Maher
3349:Gilles Kepel
3259:Ahmed Yassin
3244:Ali Shariati
3184:Ali Khamenei
3051:Ali Khamenei
3022:
3020:
3008:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2927:
2926:
2875:
2874:
2833:Ahl-i Hadith
2817:
2792:Anti-Zionism
2761:
2749:
2742:
2721:Pan-Islamism
2701:
2696:of knowledge
2692:Islamization
2640:
2532:
2512:Fundamentals
2455:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2397:
2354:
2342:distribution
2315:
2294:
2292:
2284:labor theory
2269:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2200:Other topics
2148:Architecture
2054:Etiquettical
2048:
2013:
1990: /
1760:Peer-to-peer
1755:Self-managed
1690:Coordination
1626:Deregulation
1311:Distributist
1241:
1165:Mercantilist
1030:
1022:
1015:
989:
966:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
839:
832:
825:
818:
797:
786:
780:
773:
766:
759:
747:
731:
705:
688:
658:
647:
636:
619:
614:("sedition")
595:("mischief")
590:
579:
568:
557:
544:
515:Masturbation
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
426:
419:
410:
403:
378:
371:
364:
357:
346:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
231:
223:
216:
209:
197:
185:
176:
167:
156:
149:
137:
130:
121:
110:
103:
96:
84:
75:
46:
11922:Catholicism
11817:Other areas
11808:Theological
11803:Eschatology
11760:Mathematics
11697:Calligraphy
11627:Theological
11581:Inheritance
11498:Cleanliness
10870:Shi'a Imams
10864:Ahl al-Bayt
10545:Mathematics
10206:Calligraphy
10048:Supply-side
9971:Neo-Marxian
9784:Marginalism
9714:Late modern
9699:Physiocrats
9576:Asia Policy
8863:Basic Books
8790:, p. .
8751:Farooq 2005
8739:Farooq 2005
8715:Farooq 2005
8690:Farooq 2005
8407:. Zawya.com
8348:Farooq 2005
8311:cite Quran
8283:cite Quran
8252:cite Quran
8229:cite Quran
7702:Haneef 2009
7609:Haneef 2009
7277:, pp.
6174:. p. 4
5553:. pp.
5032:Corporatism
4954:..." Quran
4912:shopping",
4889:Timur Kuran
4832:Timur Kuran
4757:Bayt-al-Mal
4531:inheritance
4098:Timur Kuran
3979:Prolegomena
3969:Ibn Khaldun
3938:(d. 1707).
3934:(d. 1501),
3930:(d. 1442),
3926:(d. 1406),
3924:Ibn Khaldun
3922:(d. 1388),
3918:(d. 1384),
3914:(d. 1350),
3906:(d. 1187),
3900:Al-Dimashqi
3898:(d. 1111),
3894:(d. 1093),
3890:(d. 1090),
3886:(d. 1064),
3882:(d. 1058),
3874:(d. 798),
3805:Timur Kuran
3801:Olivier Roy
3672:discouraged
3522:Olivier Roy
3469:Umar Chapra
3339:Bassam Tibi
3334:Olivier Roy
3234:Rashid Rida
3219:Sayyid Qutb
2990:Iqbal 1930s
2937:MENA region
2907:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
2346:consumption
2153:Calligraphy
2110:Mathematics
2080:Theological
2000:Eschatology
1865:Traditional
1815:Manorialism
1810:Information
1784:Other types
1770:Open access
1733:Cybernetics
1475:Anglo-Saxon
1460:Singaporean
1419:Underground
1414:Subsistence
1319:Corporatist
1294:Syndicalist
1254:Communalist
1140:Associative
1134:By ideology
1107:Major types
852:Inheritance
799:Bayt al-mal
158:Nafl prayer
12152:Categories
11982:Ex-Muslims
11867:Shu'ubiyya
11861:Psychology
11849:Literature
11839:Inventions
11785:Philosophy
11593:Leadership
11569:Honorifics
11224:Philosophy
11031:Isma'ilism
10992:Maturidism
10875:Caliphates
10846:Golden Age
10737:Revelation
10620:philosophy
10567:Psychology
10540:Inventions
10493:solidarity
10443:Philosophy
10423:Secularism
10337:Golden Age
10274:Capitalism
10221:Literature
10028:Regulation
9954:Monetarism
9940:Circuitism
9888:Ecological
9856:Chartalism
9836:Behavioral
9779:Manchester
9774:Malthusian
9732:Birmingham
9689:Cameralism
9673:Modern era
9647:Pre-modern
9363:. Tauris.
9350:22 January
9037:9 February
8666:Kuran 2004
8494:2018-01-31
8465:2010-08-24
8317:26:181-183
8268:and Quran
8237:and Quran
8035:23 January
7789:Kayed 2008
7687:Kayed 2008
7377:8 February
7238:Kuran 2004
7003:Weiss 1995
6991:Muqaddimah
6987:Weiss 1995
6975:Weiss 1995
6963:Weiss 1995
6701:2017-04-06
6629:jams92.org
6568:25 January
6504:, p.
6448:, p.
6309:2017-06-02
5829:10161/2561
5794:Kuran 2004
5404:22 January
5350:22 January
5310:22 January
5236:, p.
5115:References
4990:Asad Zaman
4857:capitalist
4708:See also:
4355:Challenges
4287:Zia-ul-Haq
4248:revolution
4226:number of
4212:al-Nabhani
4169:capitalism
4143:(1961) and
4136:Iqtisaduna
4066:Qing China
3981:), of his
3974:Muqaddimah
3928:Al-Maqrizi
3920:Al-Shatibi
3880:Al-Mawardi
3878:(d. 805),
3794:al-`Ibadat
3684:obligatory
3680:encouraged
3550:charitable
3329:Sam Harris
3309:Farag Foda
3081:Zia ul-Haq
2942:South Asia
2843:Madkhalism
2818:Scholastic
2776:Influences
2605:Khomeinism
2555:Ideologies
2543:Secularism
2440:capitalist
2417:and other
2391:after the
2365:Al-Andalus
2357:capitalism
2338:production
2161:Literature
2103:Inventions
2059:Hygienical
2023:Mysticism
1961:Philosophy
1870:Transition
1830:Plantation
1738:Indicative
1600:Transition
1450:East Asian
1221:Religious
1197:Democratic
1170:Neoliberal
1155:Democratic
1145:Capitalist
1113:Capitalism
713:Honorifics
562:(gambling)
12099:Symbolism
12057:Incidents
12035:Criticism
11927:Mormonism
11824:Astrology
11750:Cosmology
11745:Astronomy
11687:Arabesque
11554:Etiquette
11513:Blasphemy
11303:Economics
11118:Ahmadiyya
11060:Muhakkima
11007:Wahhabism
10997:Mu'tazili
10982:Ash'arism
10615:cosmology
10610:mysticism
10588:Education
10528:cosmology
10523:Astronomy
10483:Astrology
10466:dialectic
10374:consensus
10369:Democracy
10284:Socialism
10251:Economics
10196:Arabesque
10103:Economics
10038:Stockholm
9913:Keynesian
9878:Cracovian
9827:(20th and
9816:Socialist
9799:Mutualism
9742:Ricardian
9737:Classical
9427:162022220
9396:Singapore
9208:149654985
8776:Khan 2013
8727:Khan 2013
8678:Khan 2015
8519:April 13,
8297:Khan 1994
8192:Khan 1994
8050:Khan 1994
8022:153324104
7921:Khan 2013
7909:Khan 2013
7884:Khan 2013
7801:Khan 2013
7774:Khan 2013
7672:Khan 2013
7660:Khan 2013
7643:Khan 2013
7628:Khan 2013
7594:Khan 2013
7452:Khan 2013
7408:Khan 2013
7211:Khan 2015
6993:2: 272â73
6950:144078253
6839:Kahf 2003
6739:Khan 2013
6727:Kahf 2003
6715:Kahf 2003
6671:13 August
6586:Kahf 2003
6482:: 61â68.
6405:reality.`
6367:Khan 2013
6274:Khan 2015
6259:Khan 2013
6219:Kahf 2003
6117:140869670
6109:1573-0697
5838:162278555
5500:153962294
5182:Citations
5037:Dirigisme
4861:socialist
4776:Proposals
4279:socialism
4259:socialist
4252:Ayatollah
4250:founder)
4120:1960, 70s
4080:'s first
3946:al Kharaj
3942:Abu Yusuf
3904:Ibn Rushd
3872:Abu Yusuf
3829:mu'amalat
3825:mu'amalat
3777:mu'amalat
3773:Mu'amalat
3768:Mu'amalat
3668:forbidden
3384:Modernism
3292:in Europe
3015:Qutb 1965
3002:Asad 1961
2966:Key texts
2876:Political
2858:Wahhabism
2814:Movements
2655:Caliphate
2533:Economics
2436:socialist
2334:economics
2304:scripture
2143:Astrology
2098:Astronomy
2075:Political
1835:Plutonomy
1716:Regulated
1545:Voluntary
1471:European
1324:Feudalism
1269:Mutualist
1259:Communist
1249:Socialist
1230:Christian
1150:Corporate
1123:Communism
1118:Socialism
1031:Istijarah
681:Etiquette
624:(stoning)
552:Blasphemy
267:Caliphate
252:Political
12137:Category
12030:Islamism
12013:Muhammad
11969:Apostasy
11944:Hinduism
11834:Feminism
11765:Medicine
11605:Military
11559:Gambling
11508:Apostasy
11503:Criminal
11415:Marriage
11384:Tayammum
11336:Murabaha
11209:Madrasas
11199:Holidays
11189:Clothing
11184:Children
11179:Calendar
11130:Quranism
11064:Khawarij
11036:Alawites
10987:Atharism
10881:Rashidun
10720:In Islam
10715:Muhammad
10550:Medicine
10513:Timeline
10461:Theology
10418:Quietism
10386:Feminism
10361:politics
10317:Timeline
10128:Degrowth
10063:Virginia
9903:Freiburg
9898:Feminist
9851:Carnegie
9841:Buddhist
9809:Lausanne
9764:Georgism
9727:Austrian
9448:30936591
9141:(2004).
9131:40971187
9096:26 March
8810:. IIUM.
8651:5 August
8545:BBC News
8321:11:84-85
8319:, Quran
8315:, Quran
8264:, Quran
8260:, Quran
8256:, Quran
8233:, Quran
8157:IRI. 85.
7951:, Quran
7947:, Quran
7943:, Quran
7939:, Quran
7845:17674403
7759:Archived
7737:Archived
7579:Ali 2008
7562:Ali 2008
7440:Roy 1994
7260:19 March
7170:Usmani,
6853:(1932).
6502:Roy 1994
6446:Roy 1994
6241:Archived
5541:(2008).
5379:28 March
5234:Roy 1994
5132:such as
4996:See also
4849:Islamist
4739:Interest
4728:murabaha
4718:and 250
4679:monopoly
4652:hoarding
4449:pastures
4415:Property
4004:asabiyya
3993:asabiyya
3962:al-Amwal
3888:Sarakhsi
3884:Ibn Hazm
3760:, p. 543
3754:â
3574:contract
3554:currency
2928:Militant
2838:Deobandi
2714:Jihadism
2630:Concepts
2561:Islamism
2538:Politics
2503:Islamism
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2493:Part of
2474:hoarding
2448:hoarding
2367:and the
2326:Muhammad
2276:ideology
2118:Medicine
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2049:Economic
2044:Criminal
2025:(Sufism)
1966:Theology
1938:a series
1936:Part of
1723:Planning
1374:Informal
1359:Dirigist
1212:Georgist
1207:Feminist
1092:a series
1090:Part of
1034:(asylum)
1009:Military
968:Dhabihah
925:Tayammum
827:Murabaha
732:Economic
534:Criminal
473:Abortion
437:Adoption
394:Polygyny
342:Contract
332:Marriage
204:clothing
139:Tahajjud
35:a series
33:Part of
12084:Nursing
12045:Qutbism
11959:Sikhism
11954:Judaism
11949:Jainism
11939:Druzism
11775:Physics
11722:Pottery
11707:Gardens
11702:Carpets
11617:Slavery
11539:Divorce
11526:DhabiĄa
11354:Hygiene
11329:Takaful
11311:Banking
11241:Science
11235:Qurbani
11204:Mosques
11164:Animals
11153:Culture
11087:Nukkari
11082:Azzabas
11069:Azariqa
11053:Zaydism
11041:Alevism
10917:Ottoman
10907:Almohad
10902:Fatimid
10897:CĂłrdoba
10892:Abbasid
10887:Umayyad
10820:Leaders
10815:History
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10562:Physics
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10211:Gardens
10081:Related
9868:Chicago
9456:1282786
9318:2234633
9225:1 March
8998:7 April
8929:1579324
8766:, p.124
8411:12 July
8002:Bibcode
6888:7 April
6635:6 April
6605:6 April
6488:1997131
6398:15 July
6204:14 July
6178:22 June
5946:268â276
5357:itself.
5272:1571048
4945:Justice
4801:Hybrids
4656:bribery
4611:Ihtekar
4565:Markets
4555:Hanbali
4445:forests
4173:Marxism
4078:England
3932:Dawwani
3896:Ghazali
3854:History
3689:madhhab
3676:allowed
3664:jurists
3647:ahadith
3631:ahadith
3615:Taaâwon
3562:harvest
3548:â the "
3479:what is
2823:Barelvi
2731:aspects
2694: (
2600:Qutbism
2528:Culture
2523:History
2462:lenders
2401:economy
2301:Islamic
2296:Shari'a
2286:, than
2192:Pottery
2064:Marital
1956:History
1765:Sharing
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1568:Commons
1535:Private
1524:Sectors
1495:Rhenish
1465:Keralan
1455:Chinese
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1409:Sharing
1399:Planned
1389:Natural
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1190:Welfare
990:kashrut
974:Alcohol
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946:Istinja
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867:Hygiene
834:Takaful
809:Banking
785: (
782:Sadaqah
741:History
580:Hirabah
494:Hygiene
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399:Divorce
280:Imamate
228: (
202: (
132:Tarawih
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77:Shahada
11896:
11854:poetry
11664:
11549:Ethics
11533:Dhimmi
11492:Baligh
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11410:Family
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11370:Miswak
11123:Lahori
11106:Najdat
11002:Salafi
10952:Seerah
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10942:Hadith
10912:Sokoto
10857:Sahaba
10732:Angels
10709:Tawhid
10666:topics
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10473:Ethics
10264:Agency
10231:Poetry
9959:Market
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7174:, 1998
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6329:EH.net
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4874:sunnah
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4577:Hisbah
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4465:common
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4031:sharia
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3652:al-urf
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3518:sharia
3487:can be
2744:Sharia
2642:Takfir
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2409:Sunnah
2381:Bengal
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718:Toilet
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359:Misyar
323:Family
301:Dhimmi
294:Bay'ah
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11587:Jizya
11575:Hudud
11460:Nikah
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11322:Sukuk
11251:Women
11219:Music
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10937:Quran
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11432:Haya
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11343:Riba
11256:LGBT
11148:Life
11021:Shia
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10801:Hajj
10787:Sawm
10359:and
10188:Arts
9918:Neo-
9565:HSBC
9496:2016
9477:help
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9365:ISBN
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6206:2015
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