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the amount of crop produced per unit of water increases. Improved efficiency may either be achieved by applying less water to an existing field or by using water more wisely thereby achieving higher yields in the same area of land. In some parts of the world, farmers are charged for irrigation water hence over-application has a direct financial cost to the farmer. Irrigation often requires pumping energy (either electricity or fossil fuel) to deliver water to the field or supply the correct operating pressure. Hence increased efficiency will reduce both the water cost and energy cost per unit of agricultural production. A reduction of water use on one field may mean that the farmer is able to irrigate a larger area of land, increasing total agricultural production. Low efficiency usually means that excess water is lost through seepage or runoff, both of which can result in loss of crop nutrients or pesticides with potential adverse impacts on the surrounding environment.
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sometimes so large that a single sprinkler is combined with a valve and called a 'valve in head'. When used in a turf area, the sprinklers are installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the system is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the ground. In flower beds or shrub areas, sprinklers may be mounted on above ground risers or even taller pop-up sprinklers may be used and installed flush as in a lawn area.
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2546:, which took advantage of the annual ebb and flow of the Nile, with irrigation barrages in the lower Nile, which better suited cotton production. Egypt devoted 105,000 ha to cotton in 1861, which increased fivefold by 1865. Most of their exports were shipped to England, and the United-States-Civil-War-induced cotton scarcity in the 1860s cemented Egypt as England's cotton producer. As the Egyptian economy became more dependent on cotton in the 20th century, controlling even small Nile floods became more important. Cotton production was more at risk of destruction than more common crops like
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revolution; the
Americas account for 16% and Europe for 8% of the world total. India (76 million ha) and China (75 million ha) have the largest equipped area for irrigation, far ahead of the United States o fAmerica (27 million ha). China and India also have the largest net gains in equipped area between 2000 and 2020 (+21 million ha for China and +15 million ha for India). All the regions saw increases in the area equipped for irrigation, with Africa growing the fastest (+29%), followed by Asia (+25%), Oceania (+24%), the Americas (+19%) and Europe (+2%).
477:
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1915:
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45:
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are found in
Northern and Eastern India and Pakistan along the Ganges and Indus rivers; in the Hai He, Huang He and Yangtze basins in China; along the Nile river in Egypt and Sudan; and in the Mississippi-Missouri river basin, the Southern Great Plains, and in parts of California in the United States. Smaller irrigation areas are spread across almost all populated parts of the world.
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irrigation, due in part to the lack of control of applied depths. Surface irrigation involves a significantly lower capital cost and energy requirement than pressurised irrigation systems. Hence it is often the irrigation choice for developing nations, for low value crops and for large fields. Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes (
2330:, which channeled money from the sale of western public lands, in parcels up to 160 acres large, into irrigation projects on public or private land in the arid West. The Congressmen who passed the law and their wealthy supporters supported Western irrigation because it would increase American exports, âreclaimâ the West, and push the Eastern poor out West for a better life.
446:
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diameter aluminum pipe. The pipe doubles both as water transport and as an axle for rotating all the wheels. A drive system (often found near the centre of the wheel line) rotates the clamped-together pipe sections as a single axle, rolling the whole wheel line. Manual adjustment of individual wheel positions may be necessary if the system becomes misaligned.
1084:, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are found and used in all parts of the world and allow irrigation of all types of terrain. Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown in the image that follows.
2436:. The Soviet irrigation push stemmed mainly from their late 19th century fears of the American cotton monopoly and subsequent desire to achieve cotton self-sufficiency. They had built up their textile manufacturing industry in the 19th century, requiring increased cotton and irrigation, as the region did not receive enough rainfall to support cotton farming.
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other types of systems, with the exception of low-energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating
1128:. Most of the components of these irrigation systems are hidden under ground, since aesthetics are important in a landscape. A typical lawn sprinkler system will consist of one or more zones, limited in size by the capacity of the water source. Each zone will cover a designated portion of the landscape. Sections of the landscape will usually be divided by
862:, also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate), water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions.
2463:. Before diversion, the rivers delivered 55km3 of water to the Aral Sea per year, but after, they only delivered 6km3 to the Sea. Because of its reduced inflow, the Aral Sea covered less than half of its original seabed, which made the regional climate more extreme and created airborne salinization, lowering nearby crop yields.
2263:. One of the main attractions of irrigation in the West was its increased dependability compared to rainfall-watered agriculture in the East. Proponents argued that farmers with a dependable water supply could more easily get loans from bankers interested in this more predictable farming model. Most irrigation in the
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is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Traditional drip irrigation use individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinklers, and
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created an irrigation department and began investing in water storage infrastructure and irrigation. The government used irrigation and dam-building to further social goals like poverty relief by creating construction jobs for poor whites and by creating irrigation schemes to increase white farming.
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Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most
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Increased irrigation efficiency has a number of positive outcomes for the farmer, the community and the wider environment. Low application efficiency infers that the amount of water applied to the field is in excess of the crop or field requirements. Increasing the application efficiency means that
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There are several methods of irrigation. They vary in how the water is supplied to the plants. The goal is to apply the water to the plants as uniformly as possible, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Irrigation can also be understood whether it is
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developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006, advocating a âmultiple-barrier' approach wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight;
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plants if it contains nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are benefits of using recycled water for irrigation, including the lower cost compared to some other sources and consistency of supply regardless of season, climatic conditions and associated water restrictions. When
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Improving the efficiency of irrigation is usually achieved in one of two ways, either by improving the system design or by optimising the irrigation management. Improving system design includes conversion from one form of irrigation to another (e.g. from furrow to drip irrigation) and also through
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zone. Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.
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A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint, and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together. Water is supplied at one end using a large hose. After sufficient irrigation has been applied to one strip of the field, the hose is removed, the
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In 2000, the total fertile land was 2,788,000 km (689 million acres) and it was equipped with irrigation infrastructure worldwide. About 68% of this area is in Asia, 17% in the
Americas, 9% in Europe, 5% in Africa and 1% in Oceania. The largest contiguous areas of high irrigation density
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when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, surface irrigation is the most common method of irrigating agricultural land across most parts of the world. The water application efficiency of surface irrigation is typically lower than other forms of
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that rivaled the complexity of those used in the ancient Near East, Egypt, and China. These were constructed using relatively simple excavation tools, without the benefit of advanced engineering technologies, and achieved drops of a few feet per mile, balancing erosion and siltation. The
Hohokam
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dates to between 1200 BCE and 800 BCE and was discovered by Desert
Archaeology, Inc. in Marana, Arizona (adjacent to Tucson) in 2009. The irrigation-canal system predates the Hohokam culture by two thousand years and belongs to an unidentified culture. In North America, the Hohokam were the only
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Wheel line systems are limited in the amount of water they can carry, and limited in the height of crops that can be irrigated. One useful feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that can be easily disconnected, adapting to field shape as the line is moved. They are most
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may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these use a length of polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the
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and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 275 to 900 kPa (40 to 130 psi) and flows of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min),
300:
The scale of irrigation increased dramatically over the 20th century. In 1800, 8 million hectares globally were irrigated, in 1950, 94 million hectares, and in 1990, 235 million hectares. By 1990, 30% of the global food production came from irrigated land. Irrigation techniques across the globe
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Hose-end sprinklers are devices attached to the end of a garden hose, used for watering lawns, gardens, or plants. They come in a variety of designs and styles, allowing you to adjust the water flow, pattern, and range for efficient irrigation. Some common types of hose-end sprinklers include:
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This system is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor-intensive to operate â it does not travel automatically across the field: it applies water in a stationary strip, must be drained, and then rolled to a new strip. Most systems use 100 or 130 mm (4 or 5 inch)
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As of 2017 most center pivot systems have drops hanging from a U-shaped pipe attached at the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water
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The scale of global irrigation increased dramatically over the 20th century. In 1800, 8 million hectares were irrigated; in 1950, 94 million hectares, and in 1990, 235 million hectares. By 1990, 30% of the global food production came from irrigated land. Irrigation techniques across the globe
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There are two main types of sprinklers used in lawn irrigation, pop-up spray heads and rotors. Spray heads have a fixed spray pattern, while rotors have one or more streams that rotate. Spray heads are used to cover smaller areas, while rotors are used for larger areas. Golf course rotors are
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Lankford, Bruce; Closas, Alvar; Dalton, James; LĂłpez Gunn, Elena; Hess, Tim; Knox, Jerry W.; Van Der Kooij, Saskia; Lautze, Jonathan; Molden, David; Orr, Stuart; Pittock, Jamie; Richter, Brian; Riddell, Philip J.; Scott, Christopher A.; Venot, Jean-Philippe; Vos, Jeroen; Zwarteveen, Margreet
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about 800 BCE, are among the oldest known irrigation methods still in use today. They are now found in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. The system comprises a network of vertical wells and gently sloping tunnels driven into the sides of cliffs and steep hills to tap groundwater. The
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By 2021 the global land area equipped for irrigation reached 352 million ha, an increase of 22% from the 289 million ha of 2000 and more than twice the 1960s land area equipped for irrigation. The vast majority is located in Asia (70%), where irrigation was a key component of the green
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water drained from the system, and the assembly rolled either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism, so that the sprinklers are moved to a different position across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated in a pattern until the whole field has been irrigated.
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Negative impacts frequently accompany extensive irrigation. Some projects which diverted surface water for irrigation dried up the water sources, which led to a more extreme regional climate. Projects that relied on groundwater and pumped too much from underground aquifers created
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Negative impacts frequently accompany extensive irrigation. Some projects that diverted surface water for irrigation dried up the water sources, which led to a more extreme regional climate. Projects that relied on groundwater and pumped too much from underground aquifers created
2376:, Arizona sued California for increased access to the Colorado River, under the grounds that their groundwater supply could not sustain their almost entirely irrigation-based agricultural economy, which they won. California, which began irrigating in earnest in the 1870s in
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directly on the ground between crops. Crops are often planted in a circle to conform to the center pivot. This type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy
Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots were water-powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems (
832:), usually plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted by human or animal power to the level of the land.
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or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system using sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a
1662:, the application of which is estimated to have begun around 4500 BCE and drastically increased the size and prosperity of their agricultural settlements. The Indus Valley Civilization developed sophisticated irrigation and water-storage systems, including artificial
2239:. Governments also used irrigation schemes to encourage migration, especially of more desirable populations into an area. Additionally, some of these large nationwide schemes failed to pay off at all, costing more than any benefit gained from increased crop yields.
1322:. Governments also used irrigation schemes to encourage migration, especially of more desirable populations into an area. Additionally, some of these large nationwide schemes failed to pay off at all, costing more than any benefit gained from increased crop yields.
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field. When the sprinkler arrives back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a "waterreel" traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land application of waste water.
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There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated wastewater in agriculture. Municipal wastewater can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta. In
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A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato
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is increasingly using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation â often in an unsafe manner. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so they are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce
1123:
A lawn sprinkler system is permanently installed, as opposed to a hose-end sprinkler, which is portable. Sprinkler systems are installed in residential lawns, in commercial landscapes, for churches and schools, in public parks and cemeteries, and on
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for food and fiber. Their reliance on agricultural strategies based on canal irrigation, vital in their less-than-hospitable desert environment and arid climate, provided the basis for the aggregation of rural populations into stable urban centers.
205:, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons.
291:
By 2012, the area of irrigated land had increased to an estimated total of 3,242,917 km (801 million acres), which is nearly the size of India. The irrigation of 20% of farming land accounts for the production of 40% of food production.
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Modern irrigation methods are efficient enough to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Water use efficiency in the field can be determined as follows:
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irrigation' whereby crops rarely depend on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only happens in arid landscapes experiencing very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of any rainy seasons.
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production, often with the overarching goal of increasing self-sufficiency. In the 20th century, global anxiety, specifically about the
American cotton monopoly, fueled many empirical irrigation projects: Britain began developing irrigation in
2039:) in 1441. It was installed in irrigation tanks as part of a nationwide system to measure and collect rainfall for agricultural applications. Planners and farmers could better use the information gathered in the survey with this instrument.
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ILRI, 1989, Effectiveness and Social/Environmental
Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 â 34 . On line:
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to restore salted land, and underground irrigation channels. Russians dismissed these techniques as crude and inefficient. Despite this, tsarist officials maintained these systems through the late 19th century without other solutions.
2349:, transferring a significant amount of irrigation decision-making power regarding irrigation projects from the Reclamation Service to Congress, was in many ways a result of increasing political unpopularity of the Reclamation Service.
819:) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Water moves by following gravity or the slope of the land. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow,
2345:, head of the Reclamation Service, proving uncompromising and challenging to work with, falling crop prices, resistance to delay debt payments, and refusal to begin new projects until the completion of old ones all contributed. The
1314:. Salinization of irrigation water in turn damaged the crops and seeped into drinking water. Pests and pathogens also thrived in the irrigation canals or ponds full of still water, which created regional outbreaks of diseases like
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By 1975, the USSR used eight times as much water as they had in 1913, mostly for irrigation. Russia's expansion of irrigation began to decrease in the late 1980s, and irrigated hectares in
Central Asia capped out at 7 million.
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Ekbladh, David. ââMr. TVAâ: Grass-Roots
Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933-1973.â Diplomatic History 29, no. 3 (Summer 2002):
2231:. Salinization of irrigation water damaged the crops and seeped into drinking water. Pests and pathogens also thrived in the irrigation canals or ponds full of still water, which created regional outbreaks of diseases like
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included canals redirecting surface water, groundwater pumping, and diverting water from dams. National governments led most irrigation schemes within their borders, but private investors and other nations, especially the
683:
As of November 2019 a Glasgow-based startup has helped a farmer in Scotland to establish edible saltmarsh crops irrigated with sea water. An acre of previously marginal land has been put under cultivation to grow
2566:. Perennial irrigation decreased local control over water and made traditional subsistence farming or the farming of other crops incredibly difficult, eventually contributing to widespread peasant bankruptcy and the
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culture known to rely on irrigation canals to water their crops, and their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by CE 1300. The Hohokam constructed various simple canals combined with
696:; these plants yield a higher profit than potatoes. The land is flood irrigated twice a day to simulate tidal flooding; the water is pumped from the sea using wind power. Additional benefits are soil remediation and
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for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor savings through reduced system maintenance and
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cultivated cotton, tobacco, maize, beans, and squash varieties and harvested an assortment of wild plants. Late in the Hohokam Chronological Sequence, they used extensive dry-farming systems, primarily to grow
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small changes in the current system (for example changing flowrates and operating pressures). Irrigation management refers to the scheduling of irrigation events and decisions around how much water is applied.
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Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow
634:
applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw; cleaning vegetables with disinfectant; or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.
145:
is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation.
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to be eaten raw or for crops which are intended for human consumption to be eaten raw or unprocessed. For processed food crops: crops which are intended for human consumption not to be eaten raw but after
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Before conquering the area, the Russian government accepted a 1911 American proposal to send hydraulic experts to Central Asia to investigate the potential for large-scale irrigation. A 1918 decree by
1248:. This consists of a planter suspended over a reservoir with some type of wicking material such as a polyester rope. The water is drawn up the wick through capillary action. A similar technique is the
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to carry the salts away. When using drip lines, the leaching is best done regularly at certain intervals (with only a slight excess of water), so that the salt is flushed back under the plant's roots.
1132:, type of plant material, and type of irrigation equipment. A landscape irrigation system may also include zones containing drip irrigation, bubblers, or other types of equipment besides sprinklers.
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after WWII, which made irrigation significantly easier. By the 1970s farmers drained the aquifer ten times faster than it could recharge, and by 1993 they had removed half of the accessible water.
1143:. Each zone has one or more of these valves that are wired to the controller. When the controller sends power to the valve, the valve opens, allowing water to flow to the sprinklers in that zone.
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and pesticides). Irrigation with wastewater can have both positive and negative effects on soil and plants, depending on the composition of the wastewater and on the soil or plant characteristics.
5415:
Visser, Wessel. âWater as Agent for Social Change, 1900â1939âŻ: Two Case Studies of Developmental State Approaches in Establishing Irrigation Schemes.â Historia 63, no. 2 (November 2018): 40â61.
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Hukkinen, Janne, Emery Roe, and Gene I. Rochlin. "A salt on the land: A narrative analysis of the controversy over irrigation-related salinity and toxicity in California's San Joaquin Valley."
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could refill them. This can lead to permanent loss of aquifer capacity, decreased water quality, ground subsidence, and other problems. The future of food production in such areas as the
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usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and
591:(i.e. cooked, industrially processed). It can also be used on crops which are not intended for human consumption (e.g. pastures, forage, fiber, ornamental, seed, forest and turf crops).
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Parker, James. âA âJuggernaut of Progressâ? Irrigation and Statecraft in Late-Colonial Kenya.â International Journal of African Historical Studies 53, no. 3 (September 2020): 335â59.
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Johnson, Matthew P. âSwampy Sugar Lands: Irrigation Dams and the Rise and Fall of Malaria in Puerto Rico, 1898â1962.â Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 2 (May 2019): 243â71.
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are available, so the field does not have to be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that extend from a computerized set of
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Clogging of filters: algae can clog filters, drip installations, and nozzles. Chlorination, algaecide, UV and ultrasonic methods can be used for algae control in irrigation systems.
154:
has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising the water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants.
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Different irrigation schemes with various goals and success rates have been implemented across Africa in the 20th century but have all been influenced by colonial forces. The
1856:, a water wheel with clay pots around the rim powered by the flow of the stream (or by animals where the water source was still), first came into use at about this time among
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killed a proposed plan to reverse the Ob and Yenisei for irrigation in 1986, and the breakup of the USSR in 1991 ended Russian investment in Central Asian cotton irrigation.
1301:, short periods of recovery have been mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.
1882:, and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to underground canals, the
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zone of plants, one drop at a time. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly; evaporation and runoff are minimized. The field
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Pisani, Donald J. Water and American Government: The Reclamation Bureau, National Water Policy, and the West, 1902-1935. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
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Impact (or Pulsating) Sprinklers: These create a rotating, pulsating spray, which can cover a circular or semi-circular area. They are useful for watering large lawns.
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pumping, and diverting water from dams. National governments lead most irrigation schemes within their borders, but private investors and other nations, especially the
3250:
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and making it much saltier. Depletion and salinization scourged other areas of the Russian irrigation project. In the 1950s, Soviet officials began also diverting the
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Complications in accurately measuring irrigation performance which changes over time and space using measures such as productivity, efficiency, equity and adequacy.
546:
is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this.
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used minimal irrigation. The Slavic immigrants pushed into the area by the Tsarist government brought their irrigation methods, including waterwheels, the use of
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Rosegrant, Mark W., and Hans P. Binswanger. "Markets in tradable water rights: potential for efficiency gains in developing country water resource allocation."
2318:. At first, plans to increase irrigated farmland, largely by giving land to farmers and asking them to find water, failed across the board. Congress passed the
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Ross, Corey. Ecology and Power in the Age of Empire: Europe and the Transformation of the Tropical World. First edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
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reclaimed water is used for irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a
5386:
McNeill, John Robert. Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.
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to deliver the Saharan water to the coast. The water largely contributed to irrigation but cost four to ten times more than the crops it produced were worth.
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Peterson, Maya. âUS to USSR: American Experts, Irrigation, and Cotton in Soviet Central Asia, 1929â32.â Environmental History 21, no. 3 (July 2016): 442â66.
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While the National Reclamation Act was the most successful piece of federal irrigation legislation, the implementation of the act did not go as planned. The
1080:
Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation utilising several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminium) joined and supported by
718:, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water humans presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for
2519:, begun in 1916 to elevate the living conditions of the âpoor whitesâ in the region and eventually completed as a âwhites onlyâ employment opportunity. The
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Until the 1960s, there were fewer than half the number of people on the planet as of 2024. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and
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Irrigation schemes involve solving numerous engineering and economic problems while minimizing negative environmental consequences. Such problems include:
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are also made of canvas or foil sheets. Using condensate from air conditioning units as a water source is also becoming more popular in large urban areas.
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Drawbacks or risks often mentioned include the content of potentially harmful substances such as bacteria, heavy metals, or organic pollutants (including
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chose to push most of the Act's money toward construction rather than settlement, so the Service overwhelmingly prioritized building large dams like the
9147:
922:
Drip irrigation, also known as microirrigation or trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system, water is delivered at or near the
3739:
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disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from
5682:
2487:, completed between 1948 and 1963, opened up new lands for agriculture. The Kenyan government attempted to resettle the area with detainees from the
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permitting agricultural communities to construct and operate needed irrigation works. The Colorado River also irrigates large fields in California's
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in their various agricultural pursuits. Between the 7th and 14th centuries, they built and maintained extensive irrigation networks along the lower
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5748:
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Clynick T (2007). "A Search for Origins: Science, history and South Africa's "Cradle of Humankind"". In Esterhuysen A, Jenkins T, Bonner P (eds.).
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Worster, Donald. Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West. New YorkâŻ; Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Oscillating Sprinklers: These spray water back and forth in a rectangular or square pattern. They are good for covering large, flat areas evenly.
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1655:, in present-day Iraq on the border with Iran, is believed to be the earliest to show the first canal irrigation in operation at about 6000 BCE.
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1776:. Irrigation began in Nubia between the third and second millennia BCE. It largely depended upon the flood waters that would flow through the
4577:
2287:
to draw groundwater. These windpumps had limited power, but the development of gas-powered pumps in the mid-1930s pushed wells deep into the
4119:
1886:
were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs to store water. These reservoirs and canal systems were used primarily to irrigate
9500:
9009:
629:, where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The
3877:
1560:, also known as viscous fingering, where an unstable drainage front results in a pattern of fingers and viscous entrapped saturated zones.
1012:
Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms connected to the water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as
7272:
6145:
5859:
5550:
5530:
3642:
3479:
3324:"ISO 16075-1:2015 â Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects â Part 1: The basis of a reuse project for irrigation"
90:
for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and
9332:
8783:
5769:
5381:
McCully, Patrick. Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. Enlarged&Updated ed. LondonâŻ; New York: Zed Books, 2001.
2904:
3589:
Provenzano, Giuseppe (2007). "Using HYDRUS-2D Simulation Model to Evaluate Wetted Soil Volume in Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems".
2341:. Over the 20th century, Congress and state governments grew more frustrated with the Reclamation Service and the irrigation schemes.
804:
Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In
130:, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation.
7638:
5718:
5581:
1898:, because of the advanced and precise engineering. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King
1860:
settlers in North Africa. By 150 BCE, the pots were fitted with valves to allow smoother filling as they were forced into the water.
4767:
4240:"A scale-based framework to understand the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges"
2271:. Euro-American farmers who colonized the region in the 19th century tried to grow the commodity crops that they were used to, like
835:
9656:
5833:
5708:
5596:
4389:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 34 (reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2012). p. 13.
3764:
2883:
1791:
region cultures and civilizations by the first or second millennium BCE and was based on wet-season flooding and water harvesting.
1534:
Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) may result in rising water tables which in some instances will lead to problems of irrigation
1115:
often used for small, rectilinear, or oddly-shaped fields, hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive.
3404:
Moreira da Silva, Manuela; Resende, FlĂĄvia C.; Freitas, BĂĄrbara; AnĂbal, Jaime; Martins, AntĂłnio; Duarte, AmĂlcar (January 2022).
5785:
5743:
5560:
4045:
1228:. Water is delivered from below, absorbed by upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution of water and
2372:, which irrigates more than 4.5 million acres of land, with a less significant amount coming from groundwater. In the 1952 case
1183:
Traveling Sprinklers: These move along the hose path on their own, watering as they go, ideal for covering long, narrow spaces.
7352:
6179:
5852:
5728:
5667:
5616:
5545:
2251:
increased from 300,000 acres in 1880 to 4.1 million in 1890 to 7.3 million in 1900. Two thirds of this irrigation sources from
1232:
floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10â20 minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding
5088:
4806:
4604:
3673:
2725:
228:
caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme. Amongst some of these problems is depletion of underground
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5820:
5795:
5733:
5677:
5641:
5611:
5284:
4143:
3558:
3196:
2938:
2599:
2105:
The oldest known irrigation canals in the Americas are in the desert of northern Peru in the Zaña Valley near the hamlet of
1974:
was built in 256 BCE to irrigate a vast area of farmland that today still supplies water. By the 2nd century CE, during the
141:, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices.
7779:
7244:
5713:
5703:
5698:
5672:
5586:
3224:
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through increased trade with Europeâspecifically cotton exportation. His administration proposed replacing the traditional
2302:
Large-scale federal funding and intervention pushed through the majority of irrigation projects in the West, especially in
2053:
3545:
3270:
WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater â Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture
1732:
as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during dry seasons. The lake swelled annually from the flooding of the
456:
5805:
5636:
5606:
5535:
5495:
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1678:
2600 BCE. Large-scale agriculture was practiced, with an extensive network of canals used for the purpose of irrigation.
4638:
9646:
7633:
5914:
4648:
2551:
1550:, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of
1369:
1361:
1288:
1020:
Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable.
3790:
3252:
Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries
3180:
World Food and Agriculture â Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2158:, funded and organized some schemes within other nations. Irrigation enabled the production of more crops, especially
8910:
7816:
7503:
7061:
4614:
4539:
4500:
4444:
4394:
4358:
4319:
2804:
2737:
1478:
Overirrigation because of poor distribution uniformity in the furrows. Potato plants were oppressed and turned yellow
1497:
Underirrigation or irrigation giving only just enough water for the plant (e.g. in drip line irrigation) gives poor
1293:
137:, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In
9117:
9004:
6685:
5468:
1709:. The flood water remained until the fertile sediment had settled before the engineers returned the surplus to the
1186:
Each type offers different advantages based on garden size and shape, water pressure, and specific watering needs.
1890:, which require a lot of water to cultivate. Most of these irrigation systems still exist undamaged up to now, in
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7563:
7533:
6138:
4686:
2845:
2701:
7307:
2820:
1613:
Assisting smallholders in sustainably and collectively managing irrigation technology and changes in technology.
5488:
2224:
1557:
1307:
1982:
which lifted water from a lower elevation to a higher one. These were powered by manual foot-pedal, hydraulic
9142:
8672:
7932:
7583:
7407:
7367:
6202:
5947:
5631:
3732:
2773:
2492:
1869:
1543:
1426:
597:
260:
8000:
4886:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
4136:
Drainage Manual: A Guide to Integrating Plant, Soil, and Water Relationships for Drainage of Irrigated Lands
3406:"Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, PortugalâEnvironmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes"
2113:
dated to at least 3400 BCE and possibly as old as 4700 BCE. The canals at that time irrigated crops such as
1505:
with consequent buildup of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either
1417:. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation
9137:
8677:
8150:
6754:
6589:
5990:
4609:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 309.
1967:
1135:
Although manual systems are still used, most lawn sprinkler systems may be operated automatically using an
251:. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation
7826:
3602:
3342:
8103:
7508:
7078:
5576:
3616:
3001:
1298:
937:, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as
328:
in areas which otherwise could not support them. Countries frequently invested in irrigation to increase
31:
4160:"Free articles and software on drainage of waterlogged land and soil salinity control in irrigated land"
3706:
2162:
in areas that otherwise could not support them. Countries frequently invested in irrigation to increase
9405:
9206:
7648:
7415:
7211:
7095:
7039:
6131:
6018:
5626:
5480:
4302:
Venot, Jean-Philippe (July 6, 2017). Venot, Jean-Philippe; Kuper, Marcel; Zwarteveen, Margreet (eds.).
3826:
Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (December 19, 2022).
2898:
2691:
1180:
Rotary Sprinklers: These use spinning arms to distribute water in a circular or semi-circular pattern.
967:
17:
271:
9666:
9211:
9026:
7420:
6626:
2592:
2432:
and other Soviet leaders prioritized large-scale, ambitious hydraulic projects, especially along the
1659:
630:
3564:
843:
Surface irrigation is even used to water urban gardens in certain areas, for example, in and around
556:
9661:
9400:
8492:
8037:
7337:
7237:
6611:
5995:
4464:
2327:
2069:
1943:
1721:
1332:: In the mid-20th century, the advent of diesel and electric motors led to systems that could pump
1177:
Stationary Sprinklers: These have a fixed spray pattern and are best for smaller areas or gardens.
8564:
8559:
4581:
2283:, but rainfall stifled their growing capacity. Between the late 1800s and the 1930s, farmers used
1994:, providing water for urban residential quarters and palace gardens, but mostly for irrigation of
1739:
1635:
Archaeological investigation has found evidence of irrigation in areas lacking sufficient natural
9517:
9427:
8599:
8366:
8185:
8118:
7850:
7608:
7548:
7475:
7317:
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6075:
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5723:
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2296:
2228:
1568:
1520:
1458:
1403:
1311:
1136:
1074:
1029:
237:
5436:
4687:"Africa, Emerging Civilizations In Sub-Sahara Africa. Various Authors; Edited By: R. A. Guisepi"
9605:
9479:
9085:
8976:
8964:
8660:
8401:
8240:
7877:
7811:
7795:
7465:
7460:
7425:
7189:
7032:
6904:
6028:
5810:
2964:"The Digital Global Map of Irrigation Areas â Development and Validation of Map Version 4"
2878:
2681:
2636:
1506:
1491:
1446:
4417:
3650:
2554:, the British intensified the conversion to perennial irrigation with the construction of the
9344:
9280:
9154:
8847:
8773:
8547:
8542:
8480:
8419:
8356:
8304:
8297:
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5904:
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then encouraged irrigation development in the region, which began in the 1930s. When it did,
2373:
1585:
1524:
1498:
1430:
1407:
1245:
972:
753:
Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However,
465:
241:
8729:
5373:
3284:"Enhancement of a Spent Irrigation Water Recycling Process: A Case Study in a Food Business"
9610:
9561:
9556:
9539:
9534:
9512:
9302:
9016:
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8143:
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7117:
7044:
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6781:
6599:
6420:
5800:
5738:
4931:
4731:
4637:
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven (June 18, 2008).
3839:
3354:
2962:
Siebert, S.; J. Hoogeveen; P. Döll; J-M. FaurÚs; S. Feick; K. Frenken (November 10, 2006).
2764:
2671:
2626:
2585:
2543:
2504:
2292:
2078:
1702:
1094:) and electric-motor-driven systems (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Many modern pivots feature
962:
697:
693:
543:
500:
162:
138:
8113:
4716:
3544:
Frenken, K. (2005). "Irrigation in Africa in figures â AQUASTAT Survey â 2005".
3269:
3039:
2991:
1798:
occurs in pre-Columbian America, early Syria, India, and China. In the Zana Valley of the
8:
9641:
9600:
9265:
9070:
8903:
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8309:
8190:
8165:
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7528:
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6162:
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3323:
3178:
2696:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2631:
2401:
1919:
1640:
1380:
as a result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in
946:
852:
279:
216:
as a result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in
208:
The environmental effects of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of
202:
4735:
4072:"Management of aquifer recharge and discharge processes and aquifer storage equilibrium"
3843:
3768:
3358:
2326:
in 1894, which only marginally increased irrigation. Only in 1902 did Congress pass the
1516:
617:
with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use
476:
133:
There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants.
9551:
9454:
9356:
9169:
8351:
8081:
8047:
7714:
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2971:
Tropentag 2006 â Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development
2888:
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2480:
2381:
2377:
2068:
The earliest agricultural irrigation canal system known in the area of the present-day
1840:
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1814:
1810:
1784:
1644:
1539:
1422:
784:
626:
605:
256:
134:
107:
5352:
Bosshard, Peter. âChina Dams the World.â World Policy Journal 26, no. 4 (2009): 43â51.
2963:
1658:
Irrigation was used as a means of manipulation of water in the alluvial plains of the
1643:. Some of the earliest known use of the technology dates to the 6th millennium BCE in
1265:
Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop Ă· Water Applied to Field) x 100
9651:
9593:
9583:
9573:
9522:
9179:
9097:
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4496:
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4390:
4354:
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4139:
3867:
3828:"Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought"
3554:
3390:
3378:
3370:
3305:
3192:
2944:
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2780:
2567:
2516:
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1694:
1607:
1385:
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735:
731:
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524:
221:
186:
30:
This article is about irrigation for agriculture and landscapes. For other uses, see
4849:
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4256:
4239:
3510:
Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems
3366:
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7107:
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6936:
6834:
6366:
6270:
6154:
6013:
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4814:
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4486:
4338:
4307:
4261:
4251:
4209:
4193:
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3184:
2893:
2744:
2288:
2106:
2018:
1883:
1438:
1160:
927:
871:
859:
844:
794:
715:
582:
The irrigation water can be used in different ways on different crops, such as for
573:
469:
449:
142:
9080:
9036:
5416:
5111:
4353:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (published 2007). p. 89.
3812:
930:
of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90% when managed correctly.
9469:
9439:
9201:
9129:
9107:
9065:
8960:
8930:
8795:
8790:
8441:
8324:
7895:
7704:
7578:
7292:
7124:
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6976:
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6866:
6515:
6481:
6415:
6212:
6197:
5894:
5540:
5511:
4527:
4490:
4434:
4382:
4346:
4343:"Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East"
4342:
4123:
3522:
2524:
2496:
2491:. Italian oil drillers discovered Libya's underground water resources during the
2385:
2319:
2236:
2030:
1799:
1755:
1627:
1528:
1414:
1319:
909:
727:
719:
650:
618:
614:
588:
520:
489:
248:
182:
147:
79:
5844:
3220:
1101:
9578:
9505:
9327:
9292:
9223:
9112:
8984:
8692:
8277:
8267:
8088:
8069:
7729:
7709:
7699:
7694:
7684:
7664:
7603:
7498:
7430:
7372:
7357:
7302:
7165:
7112:
7022:
6941:
6926:
6921:
6873:
6761:
6557:
6505:
6488:
6322:
5972:
4724:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3852:
2795:
2559:
2539:
2369:
2353:
2180:
2155:
2087:
2014:
2010:
1951:
1899:
1857:
1832:
1752:
1690:
1589:
1341:
1140:
754:
709:
677:
668:
In countries where humid air sweeps through at night, water can be obtained by
662:
532:
314:
194:
3218:
2100:
1244:
Another type of subirrigation is the self-watering container, also known as a
9635:
9464:
9449:
9395:
9373:
9270:
9258:
9174:
9043:
8925:
8886:
8874:
8862:
8574:
8485:
8414:
8155:
8098:
8076:
7985:
7917:
7912:
7890:
7387:
7312:
7129:
6966:
6856:
6813:
6594:
6471:
6357:
6307:
6171:
6059:
5962:
5937:
5646:
5555:
4275:
3374:
3309:
2948:
2858:
2563:
2555:
2500:
2444:
2429:
2248:
2147:
1971:
1748:
1717:
1685:
plain used irrigation from at least the third-millennium BCE. They developed
1572:
1551:
1535:
1502:
1462:
1434:
1418:
1349:
1194:
1070:
934:
747:
743:
306:
252:
151:
8005:
5364:
4744:
1139:, sometimes called a clock or timer. Most automatic systems employ electric
789:
340:
production, often with the overarching goal of increasing self-sufficiency.
9383:
9339:
9320:
9275:
9075:
8999:
8756:
8751:
8707:
8334:
8216:
8180:
8160:
8012:
7990:
7902:
7734:
7618:
7568:
7440:
7397:
6931:
6889:
6665:
6616:
6552:
6408:
6312:
6054:
5441:
4763:
4223:
4197:
3871:
3382:
2528:
2417:
2264:
2216:
2212:
1991:
1891:
1879:
1729:
1564:
1454:
1399:
1353:
1325:
1225:
1129:
1042:
900:
mini-bubbler irrigation all belong to this category of irrigation methods.
739:
669:
233:
91:
9432:
4311:
3894:
1206:
9422:
9412:
9368:
9363:
9315:
9253:
9216:
9189:
9090:
9060:
8935:
8857:
8778:
8766:
8527:
8512:
8502:
8473:
8431:
8346:
8314:
8262:
8195:
8032:
7907:
7764:
7724:
7719:
7643:
7598:
7558:
7455:
7362:
7027:
6971:
6793:
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6510:
6476:
6464:
6352:
6275:
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6005:
4523:
3432:
3341:
Ofori, Solomon; PuĆĄkĂĄÄovĂĄ, AdĂ©la; RĆŻĆŸiÄkovĂĄ, Iveta; Wanner, JiĆĂ (2021).
3300:
3283:
3014:
2873:
2448:
2440:
2368:, the states derive irrigation water largely from rivers, especially the
2252:
2126:
2110:
1995:
1975:
1963:
1914:
1895:
1887:
1788:
1710:
1693:
by coaxing water through a matrix of small channels formed in the field.
1682:
1603:
1442:
1381:
1333:
1249:
1198:
1155:
1125:
984:
938:
609:
496:
302:
217:
158:
87:
44:
5510:
5397:
3422:
3405:
2933:. Vol. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2577:
1241:. It is similar in principle and action to subsurface basin irrigation.
757:
is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world.
38:
9566:
9459:
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9233:
9196:
9159:
9055:
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8554:
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7553:
7253:
7134:
6951:
6909:
6851:
6459:
6391:
6329:
6302:
6265:
5471:
at the Water Quality Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture
5276:
White South Africa's 'weak sons': Poor whites and the Hartbeespoort Dam
4266:
4205:
2538:
in the mid-1800s, who sought to achieve Egyptian independence from the
2397:
2338:
2303:
2256:
2082:
2022:
1983:
1979:
1903:
1818:
1777:
1767:
1725:
1652:
1487:
1238:
1233:
1221:
746:. Farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing
583:
569:
564:
539:
516:
504:
178:
166:
5372:
Lyster, Rosa. âAlong the Water.â London Review of Books, May 6, 2021.
4690:
4186:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3480:"Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change"
1201:. It is a method of artificially raising the water table to allow the
1058:
979:
9474:
9243:
9228:
8826:
8811:
8736:
8719:
8637:
8522:
8463:
8453:
8448:
8371:
8250:
8138:
8064:
7831:
7821:
7523:
7470:
7322:
7017:
6899:
6707:
6702:
6680:
6569:
6562:
6381:
6376:
6283:
6260:
3188:
2961:
2760:
2456:
2452:
2323:
2159:
2118:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1875:
1822:
1663:
1547:
1389:
1000:
irrigation system. Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called
770:
to rainfall as happens in many parts of the world, or whether it is '
750:, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.
673:
485:
481:
325:
225:
111:
49:
6123:
4534:(reprint ed.). London: Routledge (published 2013). p. 18.
3403:
9248:
9184:
9031:
8989:
8724:
8632:
8507:
8329:
8292:
8272:
7450:
7342:
7277:
7144:
6712:
6638:
6579:
6574:
6522:
6432:
6403:
6396:
6386:
6317:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6112:
6095:
5924:
4182:"Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia"
3449:"Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water"
2811:
2520:
2460:
2413:
2361:
2307:
2284:
2196:
2058:
1744:
1636:
1510:
1450:
1395:
1392:
caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme.
1329:
1229:
1218:
685:
658:
528:
229:
190:
127:
5274:
4418:
City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems.
876:
851:
and the water is delivered according to a schedule set by a local
649:
Irrigation water can also come from non-conventional sources like
9310:
9102:
9048:
8994:
8816:
8622:
8532:
8386:
8287:
8245:
8108:
8027:
7980:
7968:
7377:
7012:
6808:
6803:
6749:
6655:
6584:
6427:
6228:
6090:
2405:
2357:
2311:
2295:
at intervals, a labor-intensive process, until the advent of the
2291:. Farmers irrigated fields by laying pipes across the field with
2280:
2268:
2232:
2204:
2192:
2048:
1959:
1955:
1714:
1337:
1315:
1050:
1006:
914:
4920:. Woongjin Wiin Jeon-gi ì
ì§ììžì êž° 11. Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd.
4046:"A new report says we're draining our aquifers faster than ever"
3700:"Managing Wheel - Lines and Hand - Lines for High Profitability"
2388:, fed by the National Reclamation Act-built All-American Canal.
1843:
to grow barley in areas with insufficient natural rainfall. The
1821:. These canals provide the earliest record of irrigation in the
563:
Irrigation with recycled municipal wastewater can also serve to
9378:
8915:
8893:
8746:
8682:
8627:
8017:
7995:
7963:
7937:
7392:
7382:
6861:
6826:
6650:
6606:
6454:
6252:
4891:
4878:
2547:
2409:
2365:
2315:
2200:
2188:
2171:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2006:
1970:
devised by the Qin Chinese hydrologist and irrigation engineer
1923:
1848:
1667:
1394:
Amongst some of these problems is the depletion of underground
1197:
has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high
1034:
950:
689:
577:
337:
123:
119:
5451:
World Food and Agriculture â Statistical Yearbook 2023
5113:
Dividing western waters: Mark Wilmer and Arizona v. California
4984:
How Center Pivot Irrigation Brought the Dust Bowl Back to Life
4900:
4715:
Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling, Herbert H. Jr.; Rossen, Jack (2005).
4640:
The Earth and Its Peoples, Volume I: A Global History, to 1550
4567:
Hill, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
4383:"Ancient Agricultural Systems in Dry Regions of the Old World"
4236:
3791:"DIY instructions for making self-watering system using ropes"
1878:, the earliest dating from about 300 BCE in the reign of King
1297:
Within a long period of groundwater depletion in California's
933:
In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with
734:
practices. This creates increasing competition for water from
9444:
9164:
8898:
8852:
8714:
8569:
8517:
8093:
8059:
7297:
7222:
6894:
6734:
6660:
6447:
5932:
4636:
3340:
2484:
2433:
2425:
2276:
2272:
2184:
2176:
2163:
2151:
2134:
2074:
2062:
1935:
1853:
1844:
1807:
1772:
1763:
1706:
1671:
1410:
1377:
1102:
Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheelmove)
1081:
1063:
829:
798:
508:
329:
310:
244:
213:
170:
103:
95:
67:
324:
Irrigation enables the production of more crops, especially
317:, also fund and organize some schemes within other nations.
9390:
9351:
8831:
8687:
8617:
8537:
8409:
7922:
6839:
6695:
6690:
6670:
6544:
6495:
6339:
4944:
James M. Bayman, "The Hohokam of Southwest North America."
4932:"Earliest Canals in America â Archaeology Magazine Archive"
4159:
3553:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2515:
One of their first significant irrigation projects was the
2208:
2167:
1987:
1836:
1803:
1733:
1648:
1373:
1210:
1202:
923:
848:
512:
461:
333:
209:
198:
174:
115:
99:
83:
75:
71:
5477:: FAO's global information system on water and agriculture
5464:
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)
3471:
3282:
Garcia-Garcia, Guillermo; Jagtap, Sandeep (January 2021).
3264:
3262:
1571:
water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of
1461:
water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of
672:
onto cold surfaces. This is practiced in the vineyards at
8702:
8468:
8426:
6798:
6442:
5374:
https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n09/rosa-lyster/diary
4333:
4331:
3733:"Wheelmove Sprinkler Irrigation Operation and Management"
2447:
Rivers for irrigation, removing freshwater flow from the
2260:
1429:. However, if the soil is under-irrigated, it gives poor
1095:
730:
of food produced by water-thirsty animal agriculture and
37:"Watering" redirects here. For the river in Germany, see
4532:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
4351:
The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals
3825:
3343:"Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: Pros and cons"
1806:, archaeologists have found remains of three irrigation
445:
7445:
5463:
5178:
Slavic peasant settlers in Russian Turkestan, 1886-1917
4463:. Minnesota State University "e-museum". Archived from
4385:. In Hall, A. E.; Cannell, G. H.; Lawton, H.W. (eds.).
3259:
3244:
3242:
2930:
Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics
542:
harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods,
4813:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from
4495:. Routledge Worlds. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.
4328:
3272:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
4439:. International Association of Hydrological Science.
4717:"Preceramic irrigation canals in the Peruvian Andes"
3819:
3643:"Center pivot irrigation revolutionizes agriculture"
3617:"Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture"
3239:
3219:
Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept.
2835:
2531:
all followed in the same vein in the 1920s and 30s.
1705:
to inundate land plots which had been surrounded by
858:
A special form of irrigation using surface water is
839:
Residential flood irrigation in Phoenix, Arizona, US
275:
Share of agricultural land which is irrigated (2015)
150:
delivers water directly to the root zone of plants.
66:) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of
27:
Agricultural artificial application of water to land
4714:
3281:
1163:
watering a lawn, an example of a hose-end sprinkler
452:
in Switzerland, collecting water from the high Alps
4416:Alexander R. Thomas, Gregory M. Fulkerson (2021),
1751:irrigation system in 1847 during the reign of the
1588:, where also are used agrochemicals, often causes
1372:relates to the changes in quantity and quality of
703:
549:
5874:
4807:"Qanat Irrigation Systems and Homegardens (Iran)"
4710:
4708:
3440:
1038:A small center pivot system from beginning to end
9633:
4915:
4730:(47). National Academy of Science: 17241â17244.
4179:
2926:
1954:period, both of whom worked on large irrigation
1631:Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca. 1846
621:with urban waste directly to water their crops.
440:
349:Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs
201:, which is common in many parts of the world as
5417:https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2018/v63n2a3
4811:Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems
4138:. Interior Dept., Bureau of Reclamation. 1993.
4029:
4027:
4025:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
4705:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3967:
3965:
3922:
3920:
3765:"Polyester ropes natural irrigation technique"
3591:Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
983:A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre,
7780:
7238:
6139:
5860:
5496:
5196:
5194:
4850:"Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries"
4432:
4012:
4010:
3997:
3995:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3935:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3640:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3125:
2593:
2259:, while the other one third comes from large
1825:. Traces of a canal possibly dating from the
1817:, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century
598:Reclaimed water § Risks in agricultural reuse
5440: This article incorporates text from a
4433:Rodda, J. C.; Ubertini, Lucio, eds. (2004).
4022:
3813:"Water use efficiency - agriwaterpedia.info"
3248:
3112:
3110:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3060:
2034:
1713:. There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian
1356:of the US is threatened by this phenomenon.
726:on the planet, increasing the likelihood of
722:is much more intense, because there are now
5279:. Wits University Press. pp. 248â274.
4793:The History of Technology â Irrigation
4380:
3976:
3962:
3917:
3477:
2731:The hub of a center-pivot irrigation system
1829:were found under the 4th-millennium canal.
1780:and other rivers in what is now the Sudan.
357:Crop water needs mm / total growing period
343:
301:includes canals redirecting surface water,
7794:
7787:
7773:
7245:
7231:
6146:
6132:
5867:
5853:
5503:
5489:
5191:
4602:
4007:
3992:
3947:
3932:
3898:
3805:
3588:
3152:
3137:
3122:
2600:
2586:
2495:. This water lay dormant until 1969, when
2017:, under the active direction of the king,
1986:, or rotating mechanical wheels pulled by
1766:developed a form of irrigation by using a
1689:, regularly watering crops throughout the
6098:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
5365:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X18000743
4888:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 344â346.
4753:
4743:
4461:"Ancient India Indus Valley Civilization"
4436:The Basis of Civilization--water Science?
4265:
4255:
4213:
3861:
3851:
3431:
3421:
3299:
3107:
3072:
3057:
2927:Snyder, R. L.; Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005).
2607:
2527:, and Buchuberg irrigation scheme on the
1527:wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to
1453:to carry the salts away. Irrigation with
1402:. Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor
1118:
236:. Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor
5834:List of countries by irrigated land area
5444:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
4847:
4795:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, 1994 edition.
4485:
4428:
4426:
4337:
4152:
2884:List of countries by irrigated land area
2052:
1913:
1738:
1626:
1473:
1292:
1282:
1154:
1069:
1057:
1049:
1046:Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler
1041:
1033:
978:
966:
913:
875:
847:. The irrigated area is surrounded by a
834:
788:
519:) or from non-conventional sources like
475:
455:
444:
278:
270:
181:) or from non-conventional sources like
43:
5272:
4874:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica,1994 edition.
3603:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(342)
3543:
2534:In Egypt, modern irrigation began with
1469:
1441:on the soil surface in areas with high
956:
638:pharmaceuticals, personal care products
14:
9634:
5109:
4852:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization
4560:
4558:
4173:
3671:
3446:
2573:
2391:
1509:to remove these salts and a method of
1150:
507:), from surface water (withdrawn from
283:Area equipped For irrigation by region
169:), from surface water (withdrawn from
86:. Irrigation has been a key aspect of
52:, Spain. Irrigation canal on the left.
8958:
8597:
7863:
7768:
7226:
6153:
6127:
5848:
5484:
5398:https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emw006
4423:
4387:Agriculture in Semi-Arid Environments
4301:
3888:
3886:
2581:
1839:) used irrigation as far back as the
1449:to remove these salts or a method of
1437:with the consequent buildup of toxic
880:Drip irrigation â a dripper in action
778:
760:
197:. Irrigation can be supplementary to
48:Irrigation of agricultural fields in
8959:
5395:
5351:
5200:
5174:
4773:from the original on October 9, 2022
4580:. Britannica Concise. Archived from
4522:
4381:Lawton, H. W.; Wilke, P. J. (1979).
3745:from the original on October 9, 2022
3447:McDill, Stuart (November 27, 2019).
3249:Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (2018).
3227:from the original on 16 January 2012
3146:
3102:
2061:at Jang Yeong-sil Science Garden in
1388:. The effects stem from the altered
918:Drip irrigation layout and its parts
557:Reclaimed water § Agricultural reuse
484:, Brazil only made possible in this
224:. The effects stem from the altered
5423:
5385:
5380:
5362:
5356:
5323:
5260:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5162:
5150:
5138:
5126:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4969:
4957:
4906:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 33, 110.
4897:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 340â343.
4689:. History-world.org. Archived from
4555:
4033:
4001:
3956:
3941:
3926:
3911:
3793:. Instructables.com. March 17, 2008
3672:Gaines, Tharran (January 7, 2017).
3171:
3165:
3131:
3116:
3081:
3066:
2552:British occupation of Egypt in 1882
1998:canals and channels in the fields.
865:
24:
7634:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
5414:
5409:
5390:
5371:
5248:
5075:
5063:
5051:
4016:
3987:
3971:
3883:
3697:
3674:"GPS SWING ARMS PROVE THEIR WORTH"
3255:. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan.
2154:, and European countries like the
1622:
1413:water, chemicals, and may lead to
1370:environmental impact of irrigation
1362:Environmental impact of irrigation
1289:Environmental impact of irrigation
1252:; this too uses capillary action.
1217:Subirrigation is also used in the
903:
313:, and European countries like the
295:
247:water, chemicals, and may lead to
25:
9678:
8911:Megalithic architectural elements
7504:Agricultural wastewater treatment
5457:
2905:All pages with titles containing
2347:Reclamation Extension Act of 1914
2140:
1747:restoring and developing the old
1596:
1054:Center pivot with drop sprinklers
8598:
7748:
7747:
7207:
7206:
5915:Irrigation environmental impacts
5435:
5404:
5335:
5329:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5218:
4528:"2: Irrigation and Water supply"
3730:
3347:Science of the Total Environment
2838:
2819:
2803:
2787:
2772:
2752:
2736:
2724:
2267:region derived from underground
2242:
2094:
2042:
1874:The irrigation works of ancient
1728:) using the natural lake of the
1670:dated to 3000 BCE, and an early
1360:This section is an excerpt from
1189:
1062:Wheel line irrigation system in
821:border strip or basin irrigation
676:using stones to condense water.
644:
596:This section is an excerpt from
555:This section is an excerpt from
435:
9657:Environmental issues with water
9530:Evolutionary origin of religion
7564:Industrial wastewater treatment
7534:Decentralized wastewater system
5206:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5120:
5103:
5081:
5069:
5057:
5045:
5033:
5021:
5009:
4997:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4938:
4924:
4909:
4864:
4841:
4829:
4799:
4785:
4679:
4657:
4630:
4606:Ancient civilizations of Africa
4596:
4570:
4516:
4479:
4453:
4420:Rowman & Littlefield. p.137
4410:
4374:
4304:Drip Irrigation for Agriculture
4295:
4282:
4257:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102182
4230:
4128:
4105:
4096:
4064:
4038:
3783:
3767:. Entheogen.com. Archived from
3757:
3724:
3691:
3665:
3634:
3609:
3582:
3537:
3515:
3502:
3478:O'Toole, Emer (July 29, 2019).
3397:
3367:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144026
3334:
3316:
3275:
3212:
2846:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
2439:The Russians built dams on the
1352:in India and Pakistan, and the
1023:
704:Competition for water resources
550:Treated or untreated wastewater
495:Irrigation water can come from
157:Irrigation water can come from
7252:
4603:G. Mokhtar (January 1, 1981).
3641:Mader, Shelli (May 25, 2010).
3032:
3007:
2985:
2955:
2920:
2035:
724:more than seven billion people
450:Traditional irrigation channel
13:
1:
9143:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
8673:British megalith architecture
7584:Rotating biological contactor
5948:Drainage system (agriculture)
5875:Agricultural water management
4643:. Wadsworth. pp. 53â56.
4626:– via Books.google.com.
2914:
2493:Italian colonization of Libya
2483:Irrigation Scheme in eastern
2021:, invented the world's first
1870:Sri Lankan irrigation network
1675:
1584:Macro-irrigation, typical in
1277:
1255:
468:, seen in the background, in
441:Groundwater and surface water
9138:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
8678:Nordic megalith architecture
6172:Pollution / quality
5991:Hydrological transport model
5446:license statement/permission
5430:
5090:Colorado River Basin Studies
4102:EOS magazine, September 2009
1968:Dujiangyan Irrigation System
1863:
7:
4946:Journal of World Prehistory
4292:(1994) 22#11 pp: 1613â1625.
4244:Global Environmental Change
3508:Chartres, C. and Varma, S.
3486:. Newsquest Media Group Ltd
3002:Central Intelligence Agency
2831:
2013:, a Korean engineer of the
1433:, which leads to increased
1328:(depletion) of underground
32:Irrigation (disambiguation)
10:
9683:
9286:British Isles and Brittany
9207:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
7649:Wastewater treatment plant
7416:Adsorbable organic halides
6019:Groundwater energy balance
5512:Water resources management
5344:
4665:"Traditional technologies"
4349:; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.).
3853:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x
3523:"Flood Irrigation Service"
2899:Water use in alluvial fans
2717:
2098:
2046:
1867:
1617:
1558:Drainage front instability
1359:
1286:
1027:
960:
907:
869:
782:
707:
595:
554:
460:Irrigation is underway by
110:. It is also used to cool
36:
29:
9647:Agricultural soil science
9488:
9301:
9128:
8975:
8971:
8954:
8840:
8804:
8653:
8610:
8606:
8593:
8400:
8231:
8204:
8129:
8055:
8046:
7951:
7876:
7872:
7864:
7859:
7802:
7743:
7657:
7484:
7421:Biochemical oxygen demand
7406:
7260:
7202:
7143:
7008:
7001:
6882:
6743:Types / location
6742:
6733:
6543:
6338:
6251:
6221:
6170:
6161:
6105:
6069:Agro-hydro-salinity group
6068:
6042:
6004:
5971:
5923:
5880:
5829:
5778:
5757:
5691:
5660:
5569:
5523:
4916:Baek Seok-gi ë°±ìêž° (1987).
4180:Gordon L., D. M. (2003).
3208:– via FAODocuments.
2613:
2474:
1990:. The water was used for
1950:(5th century BCE) of the
1942:(6th century BCE) of the
1787:, irrigation reached the
1660:Indus valley civilization
1501:which leads to increased
631:World Health Organization
464:extraction directly from
266:
6096:SahysMod polygonal model
6091:SaltMod integrated model
5996:Runoff model (reservoir)
4884:Needham, Joseph (1986).
4838:, 1911 and 1989 editions
3525:. City of Tempe, Arizona
3019:European Investment Bank
2759:Sprinkler irrigation of
2328:National Reclamation Act
2001:
1978:, the Chinese also used
1962:region belonging to the
1944:Spring and Autumn period
1909:
1602:Competition for surface
1544:subsurface land drainage
1427:subsurface land drainage
1224:production, usually for
344:Example values for crops
261:subsurface land drainage
9518:Evolutionary musicology
8921:Oldest extant buildings
8848:Archaeological features
8367:Prepared-core technique
7609:Sewage sludge treatment
7549:Fecal sludge management
7509:API oilâwater separator
7476:Wastewater surveillance
6076:Hydrology (agriculture)
4848:de Silva, Sena (1998).
4836:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4745:10.1073/pnas.0508583102
3647:The Fence Post Magazine
2568:1879-1882 âUrabi revolt
2109:. The canals have been
1847:, developed in ancient
1674:irrigation system from
1521:distribution uniformity
1445:. This requires either
1404:distribution uniformity
1390:hydrological conditions
1209:from below the plants'
1075:Center pivot irrigation
1030:Center pivot irrigation
238:distribution uniformity
226:hydrological conditions
9480:Unchambered long cairn
9328:Mound Builders culture
8661:Neolithic architecture
7796:Prehistoric technology
7466:Total suspended solids
7461:Total dissolved solids
7426:Chemical oxygen demand
6029:Hydraulic conductivity
4198:10.1098/rstb.2003.1381
4115:23.4 (1990): 307â329.
3040:"Water in Agriculture"
2879:Lift irrigation scheme
2297:center-pivot sprinkler
2247:Irrigated land in the
2065:
1966:of ancient China, the
1927:
1770:-like device called a
1759:
1758:in Indian subcontinent
1632:
1492:New Orleans, Louisiana
1479:
1302:
1164:
1119:Lawn sprinkler systems
1077:
1067:
1055:
1047:
1039:
988:
976:
919:
881:
840:
801:
492:
473:
453:
284:
276:
53:
9155:List of Stone Age art
8357:Microblade technology
8305:Langdale axe industry
7903:Ard / plough
7333:Industrial wastewater
6086:Leaching model (soil)
6081:Soil salinity control
5910:Irrigation management
5905:Irrigation statistics
4948:15.3 (2001): 257â311.
4312:10.4324/9781315537146
4084:on September 21, 2018
3832:Nature Communications
2869:Irrigation statistics
2864:Irrigation management
2608:Irrigation by country
2544:Nile basin irrigation
2512:Union of South Africa
2374:Arizona v. California
2056:
1917:
1742:
1647:in the south-west of
1639:to support crops for
1630:
1586:intensive agriculture
1499:soil salinity control
1477:
1431:soil salinity control
1384:and downstream of an
1296:
1283:Environmental impacts
1246:sub-irrigated planter
1158:
1137:irrigation controller
1073:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
982:
973:Rio Vista, California
971:Crop sprinklers near
970:
961:Further information:
917:
893:low volume irrigation
879:
838:
823:. It is often called
792:
479:
459:
448:
282:
274:
220:and downstream of an
59:(also referred to as
47:
9562:Prehistoric medicine
9557:Prehistoric counting
9540:Prehistoric religion
9535:Paleolithic religion
9513:Behavioral modernity
8870:Causewayed enclosure
8762:Abri de la Madeleine
7886:Neolithic Revolution
7675:Groundwater recharge
7118:remnant natural area
6755:storage and recovery
6421:habitat conservation
6239:Deforestation (REDD)
5973:Surface water/runoff
4872:China â history
4238:(November 1, 2020).
3653:on September 8, 2016
3621:Agriculture land usa
3512:FT Press (USA), 2010
3301:10.3390/app112110355
2794:Irrigation ditch in
2765:Plainville, New York
2550:or wheat. After the
2505:Great Man-Made River
2404:in 1917, the native
1703:flooding of the Nile
1687:perennial irrigation
1470:Technical challenges
1014:traveling sprinklers
963:Irrigation sprinkler
957:Sprinkler irrigation
889:localized irrigation
698:carbon sequestration
606:developing countries
572:. This can make the
544:rainwater harvesting
139:sprinkler irrigation
106:fields, and prevent
9601:Prehistoric warfare
8347:Magdalenian culture
8310:Levallois technique
8241:Earliest toolmaking
7589:Secondary treatment
7574:Membrane bioreactor
7529:Constructed wetland
7328:Infiltration/Inflow
7072:Earth Overshoot Day
6646:Marine conservation
6627:non-timber products
6050:Acid sulphate soils
5925:Subsurface drainage
5801:Brazil - irrigation
5448:). Text taken from
4736:2005PNAS..10217241D
4467:on February 5, 2007
4192:(1440): 1973â1984.
3844:2022NatCo..13.7825L
3712:on October 21, 2016
3423:10.3390/su141710715
3359:2021ScTEn.76044026O
2798:, Pennsylvania, USA
2574:Examples by country
2525:Kammanassie project
2523:irrigation scheme,
2392:Soviet Central Asia
2335:Reclamation Service
2255:or small ponds and
1641:rainfed agriculture
1151:Hose-end sprinklers
887:, sometimes called
853:irrigation district
350:
203:rainfed agriculture
9552:Origin of language
9545:Spiritual drug use
9455:Rectangular dolmen
9357:Dartmoor kistvaens
9170:Carved stone balls
8882:Circular enclosure
8841:Other architecture
8784:Alp pile dwellings
8372:Solutrean industry
8283:Gravettian culture
7933:Secondary products
7754:Category: Sewerage
7715:Septic drain field
7680:Infiltration basin
7624:Stabilization pond
7544:Facultative lagoon
7408:Quality indicators
7288:Blackwater (waste)
7268:Acid mine drainage
7057:Ecosystem services
6180:Ambient standards
5986:Hydrological model
5953:Watertable control
5890:Surface irrigation
5714:Dominican Republic
5110:August JL (2007).
4918:Jang Yeong-sil ì„ìì€
4492:The Sumerian World
4122:2015-01-02 at the
3678:Successful Farming
3221:"Crops Need Water"
2997:The World Factbook
2889:Surface irrigation
2854:Deficit irrigation
2642:Dominican Republic
2536:Muhammad Ali Pasha
2497:Muammar al-Gaddafi
2382:Wright Act of 1887
2378:San Joaquin Valley
2285:wind-powered pumps
2066:
1928:
1841:6th millennium BCE
1827:5th millennium BCE
1815:4th millennium BCE
1796:terrace irrigation
1785:sub-Saharan Africa
1760:
1633:
1540:watertable control
1480:
1423:watertable control
1303:
1165:
1078:
1068:
1056:
1048:
1040:
989:
977:
920:
897:trickle irrigation
882:
841:
802:
785:Surface irrigation
779:Surface irrigation
761:Irrigation methods
651:treated wastewater
521:treated wastewater
493:
474:
454:
402:Barley/oats/wheat
348:
285:
277:
257:watertable control
183:treated wastewater
135:Surface irrigation
108:soil consolidation
54:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9574:Prehistoric music
9523:music archaeology
9180:Cup and ring mark
9005:Clothing/textiles
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8392:Yubetsu technique
8377:Striking platform
8342:Lithic technology
8227:
8226:
8212:Game drive system
8131:Projectile points
8023:Mortar and pestle
7762:
7761:
7539:Extended aeration
7486:Treatment options
7436:Oxygen saturation
7283:Blackwater (coal)
7261:Sources and types
7220:
7219:
7198:
7197:
6997:
6996:
6676:genetic resources
6612:genetic resources
6247:
6246:
6155:Natural resources
6121:
6120:
6024:Groundwater model
5981:Contour trenching
5963:Drainage by wells
5958:Drainage research
5943:Drainage equation
5842:
5841:
5286:978-1-86814-669-7
4487:Crawford, Harriet
4339:Flannery, Kent V.
4290:World development
4145:978-0-16-061623-5
4050:High Country News
3771:on April 12, 2012
3560:978-92-5-105414-7
3455:. Thomson Reuters
3330:. March 21, 2018.
3198:978-92-5-138262-2
2940:978-92-5-105328-7
2810:Water gardens in
2781:Tamil Nadu, India
2714:
2713:
2517:Hartbeespoort Dam
2469:Mikhail Gorbachev
2380:, had passed the
1930:The oldest known
1926:, Xinjiang, China
1811:radiocarbon-dated
1695:Ancient Egyptians
1608:territory defense
1546:. For example in
1386:irrigation scheme
1346:North China Plain
732:intensive farming
655:desalinated water
525:desalinated water
433:
432:
222:irrigation scheme
187:desalinated water
16:(Redirected from
9674:
9667:Water management
9589:Divje Babe flute
9496:Archaeoastronomy
9239:Petrosomatoglyph
8973:
8972:
8956:
8955:
8805:Water management
8608:
8607:
8595:
8594:
8498:Denticulate tool
8320:Lithic reduction
8053:
8052:
7874:
7873:
7861:
7860:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7751:
7750:
7670:Evaporation pond
7658:Disposal options
7629:Trickling filter
7614:Sewage treatment
7514:Carbon filtering
7494:Activated sludge
7247:
7240:
7233:
7224:
7223:
7210:
7209:
7161:
7108:Natural heritage
7067:overexploitation
7006:
7005:
6740:
6739:
6686:herbal medicines
6666:FAO Plant Treaty
6206:
6183:
6168:
6167:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6014:Groundwater flow
5900:Tidal irrigation
5869:
5862:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5439:
5425:
5420:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:on June 24, 2008
4803:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4757:
4747:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4693:on June 12, 2010
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4430:
4421:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4347:Ucko, Peter John
4335:
4326:
4325:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4132:
4126:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4077:. Archived from
4076:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4042:
4036:
4031:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3974:
3969:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3880:of chart itself)
3875:
3865:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3705:. Archived from
3704:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3649:. Archived from
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3563:. Archived from
3552:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3288:Applied Sciences
3279:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3189:10.4060/cc8166en
3175:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3011:
3005:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2924:
2910:
2894:Tidal irrigation
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2807:
2791:
2776:
2756:
2745:micro-irrigation
2740:
2728:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2562:, and the first
2489:Mau Mau uprising
2459:, which fed the
2343:Frederick Newell
2322:in 1877 and the
2289:Ogallala Aquifer
2129:, a relative of
2038:
2037:
2019:Sejong the Great
1699:basin irrigation
1677:
1563:Irrigation with
1542:by some form of
1519:because of poor
1425:by some form of
1161:impact sprinkler
987:, United Kingdom
928:water efficiency
885:Micro-irrigation
872:Micro-irrigation
866:Micro-irrigation
860:spate irrigation
845:Phoenix, Arizona
825:flood irrigation
795:flood irrigation
748:demands for food
627:emerging nations
574:reuse of excreta
499:(extracted from
351:
347:
259:by some form of
161:(extracted from
143:Micro-irrigation
80:landscape plants
21:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9662:Land management
9632:
9631:
9630:
9617:
9484:
9470:Stone box grave
9440:Megalithic tomb
9345:Cotswold-Severn
9297:
9202:Guardian stones
9130:Prehistoric art
9124:
8967:
8942:
8931:Timber trackway
8836:
8800:
8796:Wattle and daub
8649:
8628:Standing stones
8602:
8581:
8396:
8223:
8200:
8125:
8042:
7952:Food processing
7947:
7896:New World crops
7868:
7855:
7798:
7793:
7763:
7758:
7739:
7705:Reclaimed water
7653:
7579:Reverse osmosis
7480:
7402:
7368:Reverse osmosis
7293:Boiler blowdown
7256:
7251:
7221:
7216:
7194:
7159:
7139:
7125:Systems ecology
7091:Natural capital
6993:
6878:
6867:reclaimed water
6729:
6691:UPOV Convention
6539:
6334:
6243:
6217:
6213:Ozone depletion
6204:
6181:
6157:
6152:
6122:
6117:
6101:
6064:
6038:
6000:
5967:
5919:
5895:Drip irrigation
5876:
5873:
5843:
5838:
5825:
5796:Brazil - supply
5774:
5753:
5687:
5656:
5565:
5519:
5509:
5460:
5454:, FAO, FAO.
5433:
5428:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4943:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4584:on May 10, 2007
4578:"Amenemhet III"
4576:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4431:
4424:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4235:
4231:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4124:Wayback Machine
4113:Policy Sciences
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4052:. June 22, 2013
4044:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3570:on July 6, 2017
3567:
3561:
3550:
3547:Water Report 29
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3503:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3402:
3398:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3088:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2973:. Bonn, Germany
2966:
2960:
2956:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2903:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2827:
2826:Micro-sprinkler
2824:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2767:, United States
2757:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2609:
2606:
2576:
2477:
2394:
2386:Imperial Valley
2320:Desert Land Act
2245:
2237:schistosomiasis
2160:commodity crops
2143:
2103:
2097:
2051:
2045:
2004:
1912:
1872:
1866:
1800:Andes Mountains
1764:Ancient Nubians
1756:Bahadur Shah II
1722:twelfth dynasty
1681:Farmers in the
1625:
1623:Ancient history
1620:
1599:
1529:water pollution
1472:
1467:
1466:
1415:water pollution
1365:
1342:drainage basins
1320:schistosomiasis
1291:
1285:
1280:
1258:
1192:
1153:
1141:solenoid valves
1121:
1104:
1032:
1026:
965:
959:
912:
910:Drip irrigation
906:
904:Drip irrigation
874:
868:
787:
781:
763:
728:overconsumption
720:water resources
712:
706:
647:
642:
641:
615:water resources
601:
593:
592:
589:food processing
560:
552:
490:drip irrigation
443:
438:
346:
326:commodity crops
298:
296:Global overview
269:
249:water pollution
148:Drip irrigation
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9680:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9603:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9579:Alligator drum
9571:
9570:
9569:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9506:lunar calendar
9503:
9492:
9490:
9489:Other cultural
9486:
9485:
9483:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9393:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9337:
9336:
9335:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9318:
9307:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9293:Venus figurine
9290:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9224:Megalithic art
9221:
9220:
9219:
9214:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9182:
9177:
9175:Cave paintings
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9150:
9140:
9134:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9058:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9034:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8979:
8977:Material goods
8969:
8968:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8855:
8850:
8844:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8776:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8700:
8695:
8693:Cliff dwelling
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8625:
8620:
8614:
8612:
8604:
8603:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8412:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8278:Fire hardening
8275:
8270:
8268:Clovis culture
8265:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8237:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8191:Manis Mastodon
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8135:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8070:throwing stick
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7882:
7880:
7870:
7869:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7730:Surface runoff
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7710:Sanitary sewer
7707:
7702:
7700:Marine outfall
7697:
7695:Marine dumping
7692:
7687:
7685:Injection well
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7665:Combined sewer
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7604:Settling basin
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7499:Aerated lagoon
7496:
7490:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7431:Coliform index
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7373:Sanitary sewer
7370:
7365:
7360:
7358:Produced water
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7303:Combined sewer
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7227:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7160:(perpetuation)
7155:
7149:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7113:Nature reserve
7110:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7009:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:climate change
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6558:Bioprospecting
6555:
6549:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6440:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:Clean Air Act
6195:
6190:
6185:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6106:Related topics
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5683:United Kingdom
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5458:External links
5456:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
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5292:
5285:
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5229:
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5190:
5167:
5155:
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5131:
5119:
5102:
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5068:
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5032:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4937:
4923:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4877:
4863:
4840:
4828:
4798:
4784:
4704:
4678:
4656:
4650:978-0618992386
4649:
4629:
4615:
4595:
4569:
4554:
4540:
4515:
4501:
4489:, ed. (2013).
4478:
4452:
4445:
4422:
4409:
4395:
4373:
4359:
4327:
4320:
4294:
4281:
4229:
4172:
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4063:
4037:
4021:
4006:
3991:
3975:
3961:
3946:
3931:
3916:
3897:
3882:
3838:(7825): 7825.
3818:
3804:
3782:
3756:
3731:Hill, Robert.
3723:
3698:Peters, Troy.
3690:
3664:
3633:
3608:
3597:(4): 342â350.
3581:
3559:
3536:
3514:
3501:
3470:
3439:
3410:Sustainability
3396:
3333:
3315:
3274:
3258:
3238:
3211:
3197:
3170:
3151:
3136:
3121:
3106:
3086:
3071:
3056:
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3006:
2984:
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2849:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2796:Montour County
2793:
2786:
2784:
2779:Irrigation in
2778:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2560:Assiut Barrage
2476:
2473:
2393:
2390:
2370:Colorado River
2354:Colorado Basin
2244:
2241:
2156:United Kingdom
2142:
2141:Modern history
2139:
2096:
2093:
2047:Main article:
2044:
2041:
2015:Joseon dynasty
2011:Jang Yeong-sil
2003:
2000:
1952:Warring States
1911:
1908:
1900:Parakrama Bahu
1868:Main article:
1865:
1862:
1833:Ancient Persia
1753:Mughal Emperor
1691:growing season
1651:. The site of
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1598:
1597:Social aspects
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:eutrophication
1582:
1579:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1532:
1517:Overirrigation
1514:
1495:
1471:
1468:
1366:
1358:
1299:Central Valley
1287:Main article:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1191:
1188:
1152:
1149:
1120:
1117:
1103:
1100:
1091:T-L Irrigation
1028:Main article:
1025:
1022:
958:
955:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
762:
759:
755:water scarcity
710:Water scarcity
708:Main article:
705:
702:
678:Fog collectors
663:fog collection
659:drainage water
646:
643:
619:water polluted
602:
594:
561:
553:
551:
548:
533:fog collection
529:drainage water
442:
439:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
345:
342:
315:United Kingdom
297:
294:
268:
265:
195:fog collection
191:drainage water
122:, and support
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9679:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9465:Simple dolmen
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9450:Passage grave
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9396:Gallery grave
9394:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9338:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9311:Burial mounds
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9271:Statue menhir
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9259:Stone carving
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9098:Sewing needle
9096:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8926:Timber circle
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8875:Tor enclosure
8873:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8864:
8863:fulacht fiadh
8861:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8576:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8099:spear-thrower
8097:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8077:Bow and arrow
8075:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:Grinding slab
7984:
7982:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7918:Domestication
7916:
7914:
7913:Digging stick
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7891:Founder crops
7889:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7832:New Stone Age
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7776:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7755:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7594:Sedimentation
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7388:Sewage sludge
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:Cooling water
7311:
7309:
7308:Cooling tower
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Ballast water
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7243:
7241:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7213:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7191:
7190:Non-renewable
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Urban ecology
7128:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Privatization
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Surface water
6855:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6358:peak farmland
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:Problem soils
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5938:Tile drainage
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:South America
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5749:United States
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:North America
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5201:Peterson 2016
5197:
5195:
5180:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4933:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4618:
4616:9780435948054
4612:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4543:
4541:9781317761570
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4504:
4502:9781136219115
4498:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4448:
4446:9781901502572
4442:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4398:
4396:9783642673283
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4362:
4360:9780202365572
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4321:9781315537146
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4099:
4080:
4073:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3792:
3786:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3433:10400.1/18203
3429:
3424:
3419:
3416:(17): 10715.
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3294:(21): 10355.
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3243:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:Bosshard 2009
3143:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3103:Peterson 2016
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Gezira Scheme
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2836:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:United States
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:Delta Barrage
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:In 1912, the
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:Armand Hammer
2499:and American
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:In the lower
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:United States
2243:American West
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:United States
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2095:South America
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:United States
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2043:North America
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:engineers of
1933:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:Amenemhet III
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:alkaline soil
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:soil salinity
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1464:
1463:alkaline soil
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:soil salinity
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:Punjab region
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:out of major
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:potted plants
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Subirrigation
1190:Subirrigation
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
986:
981:
974:
969:
964:
954:
952:
948:
942:
940:
936:
935:plastic mulch
931:
929:
925:
916:
911:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
873:
863:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
837:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
800:
796:
791:
786:
776:
773:
769:
768:supplementary
758:
756:
751:
749:
745:
744:biofuel crops
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:ate less meat
711:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:Other sources
639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
599:
590:
585:
581:
579:
576:contained in
575:
571:
566:
558:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
487:
483:
478:
472:, Bangladesh.
471:
467:
463:
458:
451:
447:
436:Water sources
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
376:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
352:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:United States
304:
293:
289:
281:
273:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:Subirrigation
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:, dispose of
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:to help grow
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
9406:wedge-shaped
9391:Funeral pyre
9384:Great dolmen
9340:Chamber tomb
9321:Round barrow
9276:Stone circle
9148:Blombos Cave
9076:Grooved ware
9000:Chalcolithic
8904:Thornborough
8822:Flush toilet
8757:Blombos Cave
8752:Rock shelter
8708:Quiggly hole
8600:Architecture
8575:illustration
8217:Buffalo jump
8038:Storage pits
8001:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
7991:Ground stone
7927:
7827:Subdivisions
7735:Vacuum sewer
7689:
7619:Sewer mining
7569:Ion exchange
7519:Chlorination
7441:Heavy metals
7398:Urban runoff
7338:Ion exchange
7318:Fecal sludge
7188: /
7062:Exploitation
6947:Conservation
6890:Desalination
6825:
6820:
6718:conservation
6553:Biodiversity
6501:conservation
6348:Agricultural
6276:Fossil fuels
6060:Saline soils
6055:Alkali soils
5881:
5647:Turkmenistan
5627:Saudi Arabia
5551:South Africa
5531:Burkina Faso
5515:
5450:
5442:free content
5434:
5331:
5324:McNeill 2000
5319:
5307:
5295:
5275:
5268:
5261:McNeill 2000
5256:
5244:
5237:McNeill 2000
5232:
5225:McNeill 2000
5220:
5213:McNeill 2000
5208:
5182:, retrieved
5177:
5175:Morrison A,
5170:
5163:Worster 1992
5158:
5151:McNeill 2000
5146:
5139:Worster 1992
5134:
5127:Worster 1992
5122:
5116:. TCU Press.
5112:
5105:
5094:, retrieved
5089:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5040:Worster 1992
5035:
5028:Worster 1992
5023:
5016:Worster 1992
5011:
5004:McNeill 2000
4999:
4988:, retrieved
4983:
4977:
4970:Worster 1992
4965:
4958:McCully 2001
4953:
4945:
4940:
4926:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4843:
4835:
4831:
4819:. Retrieved
4815:the original
4810:
4801:
4792:
4787:
4777:November 20,
4775:. Retrieved
4727:
4723:
4695:. Retrieved
4691:the original
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4659:
4639:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4605:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4582:the original
4572:
4564:
4545:. Retrieved
4531:
4524:Hill, Donald
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4491:
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4465:the original
4455:
4435:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4386:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4350:
4303:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4247:
4243:
4232:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4154:
4135:
4130:
4112:
4107:
4098:
4088:February 11,
4086:. Retrieved
4079:the original
4066:
4056:February 11,
4054:. Retrieved
4049:
4040:
4034:McNeill 2000
4002:Worster 1992
3957:McNeill 2000
3942:Worster 1992
3927:McNeill 2019
3912:McNeill 2000
3835:
3831:
3821:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:the original
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3646:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3611:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3546:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3517:
3509:
3504:
3495:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:The National
3483:
3473:
3464:
3457:. Retrieved
3452:
3442:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3268:WHO (2006).
3251:
3229:. Retrieved
3214:
3204:December 13,
3202:. Retrieved
3179:
3173:
3166:McNeill 2000
3132:Ekbladh 2002
3117:McNeill 2000
3082:McNeill 2000
3067:McNeill 2000
3047:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:
3009:
2995:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2970:
2957:
2929:
2922:
2906:
2692:Saudi Arabia
2533:
2529:Orange River
2509:
2478:
2465:
2438:
2423:
2418:rice paddies
2402:Central Asia
2395:
2351:
2332:
2301:
2265:Great Plains
2246:
2229:salinization
2221:
2217:Central Asia
2144:
2133:, and later
2104:
2067:
2026:
2005:
1992:public works
1964:state of Qin
1929:
1892:Anuradhapura
1888:paddy fields
1880:Pandukabhaya
1873:
1835:(modern-day
1831:
1795:
1794:Evidence of
1793:
1782:
1771:
1761:
1730:Faiyum Oasis
1724:(about 1800
1698:
1686:
1683:Mesopotamian
1680:
1657:
1634:
1604:water rights
1481:
1400:overdrafting
1382:river basins
1367:
1354:Great Plains
1340:faster than
1326:Overdrafting
1324:
1312:salinization
1304:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1243:
1216:
1199:water tables
1193:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1145:
1134:
1130:microclimate
1126:golf courses
1122:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1024:Center pivot
1019:
1013:
1011:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
943:
932:
921:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
857:
842:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
803:
771:
767:
764:
752:
740:urbanisation
713:
682:
670:condensation
667:
648:
623:
603:
580:attractive.
562:
537:
503:or by using
494:
462:pump-enabled
323:
319:
299:
290:
286:
234:overdrafting
218:river basins
207:
165:or by using
156:
132:
126:operations.
63:
60:
56:
55:
9428:unchambered
9423:Long barrow
9413:Grave goods
9369:Court cairn
9364:Clava cairn
9316:Bowl barrow
9254:Rock cupule
9197:Golden hats
9190:Hill figure
9091:Unstan ware
9071:Cord-marked
8936:Sweet Track
8858:Burnt mound
8779:Stilt house
8767:Sibudu Cave
8560:Tally stick
8528:Quern-stone
8513:Hammerstone
8503:Fire plough
8474:Pesse canoe
8432:Bannerstone
8402:Other tools
8315:Lithic core
8263:Aurignacian
8151:Bare Island
8033:Quern-stone
7725:Storm drain
7720:Sewage farm
7644:Vermifilter
7599:Septic tank
7559:Imhoff tank
7456:Temperature
7363:Return flow
7353:Papermaking
7181:Nationalism
7153:Common-pool
6794:Hydrosphere
6787:remediation
6772:Groundwater
6367:Degradation
6006:Groundwater
5770:New Zealand
5719:El Salvador
5622:Philippines
5577:Afghanistan
5249:Parker 2020
5076:Pisani 2002
5064:Pisani 2002
5052:Pisani 2002
5018:pp.156-157.
4856:January 10,
4821:January 10,
4588:January 10,
4547:January 12,
4508:January 12,
4471:January 10,
4402:January 12,
4366:January 12,
4267:1885/224453
4017:Pisani 2002
3988:Visser 2018
3972:Parker 2020
3914:pp.164-165.
3683:February 1,
3490:December 2,
3459:December 2,
3168:pp.169-170.
3069:pp.180â181.
3049:December 7,
3024:December 7,
2874:Leaf Sensor
2814:, Sri Lanka
2761:blueberries
2449:Sea of Azov
2434:Volga River
2253:groundwater
2111:radiocarbon
2101:Zaña Valley
2083:Gila Rivers
2081:and middle
2033::
1984:waterwheels
1980:chain pumps
1976:Han dynasty
1902:(1153â1186
1896:Polonnaruwa
1789:Niger River
1711:watercourse
1569:high-sodium
1459:high-sodium
1443:evaporation
1334:groundwater
1250:wicking bed
985:Oxfordshire
939:fertigation
817:level basin
610:agriculture
497:groundwater
303:groundwater
159:groundwater
98:, suppress
88:agriculture
9642:Irrigation
9636:Categories
9567:trepanning
9460:Ring cairn
9418:Jar burial
9401:transepted
9333:U.S. sites
9234:Petroglyph
9160:Bird stone
9118:wine press
8791:Stone roof
8774:Roundhouse
8666:long house
8643:Stonehenge
8611:Ceremonial
8555:Stone tool
8382:Tool stone
8352:Metallurgy
8256:Mousterian
8233:Toolmaking
8171:Cumberland
8144:Transverse
8114:Schöningen
8006:Qesem cave
7974:Earth oven
7928:Irrigation
7839:Technology
7807:Prehistory
7690:Irrigation
7554:Filtration
7254:Wastewater
7176:Extraction
7135:Wilderness
7096:accounting
7079:Management
7045:ecological
7033:tragedy of
6952:Peak water
6937:Efficiency
6910:Sanitation
6852:Stormwater
6845:harvesting
6821:Irrigation
6723:management
6681:gene banks
6622:management
6600:management
6516:resilience
6482:phosphorus
6438:industrial
6416:Management
6392:soundscape
6298:Geothermal
6034:Watertable
5882:Irrigation
5709:Costa Rica
5582:Bangladesh
5518:by country
5516:irrigation
5469:Irrigation
5042:pp.166-67.
5006:pp. 151-52
4972:pp.114-15.
4250:: 102182.
4004:pp.156-57.
3944:pp.112-13.
3353:: 144026.
3044:World Bank
3015:"On Water"
2915:References
2907:irrigation
2747:drip lines
2503:built the
2481:Tana River
2400:conquered
2398:Bolsheviks
2339:Hoover Dam
2304:California
2293:sprinklers
2257:reservoirs
2225:subsidence
2197:Portuguese
2099:See also:
2023:rain gauge
1922:tunnel at
1778:Nile River
1768:waterwheel
1701:using the
1697:practiced
1664:reservoirs
1653:Choga Mami
1552:salination
1538:requiring
1525:management
1488:subsidence
1421:requiring
1408:management
1308:subsidence
1278:Challenges
1256:Efficiency
1239:automation
1222:greenhouse
1219:commercial
1066:, US, 2001
584:food crops
570:fertilizer
540:floodwater
517:reservoirs
480:Grapes in
373:1200â2200
365:1500â2500
362:Sugarcane
255:requiring
242:management
179:reservoirs
102:growth in
92:revegetate
57:Irrigation
18:Irrigating
9611:symbolism
9475:Tor cairn
9433:GrĂžnsalen
9374:Cremation
9266:Sculpture
9244:Pictogram
9229:Petroform
9049:amber use
9017:Cosmetics
8827:Reservoir
8812:Check dam
8742:Pueblitos
8737:Pit-house
8720:Longhouse
8654:Dwellings
8523:Microlith
8454:Bow drill
8449:Bone tool
8442:prismatic
8251:Acheulean
8166:Cresswell
8139:Arrowhead
8065:Boomerang
7981:Granaries
7943:Terracing
7822:Stone Age
7524:Clarifier
7471:Turbidity
7323:Greywater
7186:Renewable
7171:Depletion
7158:Conflict
7040:Economics
7018:enclosure
6977:Resources
6957:Pollution
6874:Watershed
6777:pollution
6708:Seed bank
6703:Rangeland
6585:Fisheries
6570:Biosphere
6563:biopiracy
6506:fertility
6382:cityscape
6377:Landscape
6284:peak coal
6271:Resources
6222:Emissions
5786:Argentina
5765:Australia
5744:Nicaragua
5724:Guatemala
5632:Sri Lanka
5597:Indonesia
5338:p. 37-38.
5336:Ross 2017
5312:Ross 2017
5300:Ross 2017
5227:pp. 164-5
4667:. Fao.org
4276:0959-3780
3574:March 14,
3391:229341652
3375:0048-9697
3310:2076-3417
2992:The World
2977:March 14,
2949:1684-8241
2743:Leaks in
2652:Guatemala
2617:Australia
2564:Aswan Dam
2457:Amu Darya
2453:Syr Darya
2396:When the
2324:Carey Act
2127:chenopods
2027:uryanggye
1958:. In the
1948:Ximen Bao
1940:Sunshu Ao
1932:hydraulic
1918:Inside a
1884:Sinhalese
1876:Sri Lanka
1864:Sri Lanka
1823:New World
1813:from the
1745:engineers
1645:Khuzistan
1548:Australia
1230:nutrients
1207:moistened
1098:devices.
998:solid-set
993:sprinkler
694:sea aster
690:sea blite
674:Lanzarote
565:fertilize
486:semi arid
482:Petrolina
466:the Gumti
381:900â1200
114:, reduce
112:livestock
64:of plants
50:Andalusia
9652:Agronomy
9249:Rock art
9212:painting
9185:Geoglyph
9010:timeline
8990:Beadwork
8730:Mehrgarh
8725:Mudbrick
8633:megalith
8508:Fire-saw
8330:debitage
8325:analysis
8293:Hand axe
8273:Cupstone
7851:Glossary
7812:Timeline
7451:Salinity
7343:Leachate
7278:Bathroom
7212:Category
7145:Resource
7084:adaptive
6982:improved
6942:Conflict
6927:Security
6922:Scarcity
6915:improved
6905:Leaching
6782:recharge
6762:Drinking
6713:Wildlife
6580:Bushmeat
6575:Bushfood
6528:planning
6433:gemstone
6428:Minerals
6409:property
6397:viewshed
6387:seascape
6318:sunlight
6292:peak oil
6288:peak gas
6113:Sand dam
5811:Colombia
5729:Honduras
5617:Pakistan
5561:Tanzania
5475:AQUASTAT
4768:Archived
4764:16284247
4697:June 19,
4671:June 19,
4622:June 19,
4526:(1984).
4341:(1969).
4224:14728792
4165:July 28,
4120:Archived
3872:36535940
3797:June 19,
3775:June 19,
3740:Archived
3626:March 7,
3529:July 29,
3383:33341618
3231:17 March
3225:Archived
3183:. 2023.
2832:See also
2812:Sigiriya
2682:Pakistan
2637:Colombia
2540:Ottomans
2521:Pretoria
2461:Aral Sea
2455:and the
2414:Turkmens
2362:Colorado
2308:Colorado
2269:aquifers
2181:Ottomans
2059:Cheugugi
1996:farmland
1956:projects
1637:rainfall
1536:salinity
1511:drainage
1507:leaching
1451:drainage
1447:leaching
1419:salinity
1398:through
1396:aquifers
1338:aquifers
1330:aquifers
947:emitters
736:industry
686:samphire
488:area by
429:350â500
421:350â550
413:350â500
410:Cabbage
405:450â650
397:400â800
389:500â700
253:salinity
232:through
230:aquifers
199:rainfall
128:Drainage
61:watering
39:WĂ€tering
9606:Symbols
9217:pigment
9103:Weaving
9066:Cardium
9061:Pottery
9056:Mirrors
9044:Jewelry
8985:Baskets
8965:culture
8817:Cistern
8623:Pyramid
8565:Weapons
8543:Scraper
8533:Racloir
8493:Cleaver
8481:Chopper
8387:Uniface
8298:Grooves
8288:Hafting
8246:Oldowan
8205:Systems
8156:Cascade
8119:woomera
8109:harpoon
8082:history
8048:Hunting
8028:Pottery
7969:Cooking
7878:Farming
7844:history
7817:Outline
7378:Septage
7013:Commons
7002:Related
6967:Quality
6883:Aspects
6809:glacial
6750:Aquifer
6656:Pasture
6607:Forests
6533:reserve
6308:Nuclear
6278: (
6234:Trading
6229:Airshed
5821:Uruguay
5791:Bolivia
5758:Oceania
5734:Jamaica
5668:Belgium
5652:Vietnam
5546:Morocco
5431:Sources
5358:335â74.
5345:Sources
5141:p. 108.
5129:p. 102.
5030:p. 161.
4960:p. 166.
4755:1288011
4732:Bibcode
4215:1693281
4206:3558315
3959:pp.171.
3878:Archive
3863:9763392
3840:Bibcode
3749:May 29,
3716:May 29,
3657:June 6,
3453:Reuters
3355:Bibcode
3134:pp.337.
3119:pp.153.
3084:pp.174.
2718:Gallery
2707:Vietnam
2622:Bolivia
2406:Kazakhs
2358:Arizona
2312:Arizona
2281:alfalfa
2233:malaria
2213:Soviets
2205:Germans
2193:Algeria
2115:peanuts
2107:Nanchoc
2049:Hohokam
1972:Li Bing
1960:Sichuan
1720:in the
1715:pharaoh
1618:History
1486:Ground
1316:malaria
1082:trusses
1007:logging
810:furrow,
806:surface
501:springs
470:Comilla
418:Onions
394:Tomato
386:Potato
378:Citrus
370:Banana
163:springs
9584:flutes
9379:Dolmen
9303:Burial
9113:winery
9086:Linear
8916:Midden
8894:Cursus
8887:Goseck
8747:Pueblo
8698:Dugout
8683:Burdei
8362:Mining
8186:Lamoka
8181:Folsom
8161:Clovis
8018:Metate
7996:Hearth
7964:Basket
7938:Sickle
7752:
7393:Toilet
7383:Sewage
7348:Manure
7023:global
6987:policy
6932:Supply
6895:Floods
6862:Sewage
6835:Marine
6827:huerta
6661:Plants
6651:Meadow
6511:health
6489:rights
6477:copper
6455:mining
6353:arable
6253:Energy
6193:Indoor
5739:Mexico
5704:Canada
5699:Belize
5678:Russia
5661:Europe
5642:Turkey
5612:Israel
5524:Africa
5326:p. 167
5314:p. 32.
5302:p. 33.
5283:
5263:p. 155
5239:p. 166
5215:p. 163
5184:May 6,
5165:p.208.
5153:p. 178
5096:May 6,
5066:p.152.
4990:May 6,
4762:
4752:
4647:
4613:
4538:
4499:
4443:
4393:
4357:
4318:
4274:
4222:
4212:
4204:
4142:
4117:online
3870:
3860:
3557:
3497:field.
3389:
3381:
3373:
3308:
3195:
2947:
2937:
2672:Mexico
2627:Brazil
2558:, the
2548:barley
2475:Africa
2430:Stalin
2412:, and
2410:Uzbeks
2366:Nevada
2364:, and
2316:Nevada
2314:, and
2279:, and
2211:, and
2203:, the
2201:Angola
2195:, the
2189:French
2187:, the
2179:, the
2172:cotton
2131:Quinoa
2123:manioc
2119:squash
2031:Korean
1924:Turpan
1849:Persia
1845:Qanats
1808:canals
1749:Mughal
1743:Young
1668:Girnar
1565:saline
1490:(e.g.
1455:saline
1411:wastes
1348:, the
1205:to be
1002:rotors
951:valves
830:levees
793:Basin
692:, and
578:sewage
538:While
509:rivers
338:cotton
267:Extent
245:wastes
171:rivers
124:mining
120:sewage
82:, and
9501:sites
9445:Mummy
9165:Cairn
9081:JĆmon
9032:shoes
9027:Hides
8899:Henge
8853:Broch
8715:Jacal
8570:Wheel
8518:Knife
8464:Canoe
8459:Burin
8437:Blade
8335:flake
8196:Plano
8104:baton
8094:Spear
8060:Arrow
8013:Manos
7866:Tools
7298:Brine
7166:Curse
6972:Right
6814:polar
6804:bergs
6767:Fresh
6735:Water
6448:metal
6372:Field
6323:shade
6313:Solar
6303:Hydro
6188:Index
5933:Ditch
5806:Chile
5673:Italy
5637:Syria
5592:India
5587:China
5556:Sudan
5536:Egypt
5054:p.30.
4771:(PDF)
4720:(PDF)
4345:. In
4202:JSTOR
4082:(PDF)
4075:(PDF)
3743:(PDF)
3736:(PDF)
3710:(PDF)
3703:(PDF)
3568:(PDF)
3551:(PDF)
3387:S2CID
2967:(PDF)
2697:Syria
2677:Nepal
2667:Kenya
2657:India
2647:Egypt
2632:China
2485:Kenya
2445:Kuban
2426:Lenin
2273:wheat
2185:Egypt
2177:India
2170:, or
2164:wheat
2152:China
2135:maize
2088:agave
2075:weirs
2063:Busan
2007:Korea
2002:Korea
1938:were
1936:China
1920:karez
1910:China
1858:Roman
1854:noria
1773:sakia
1707:dikes
1672:canal
1439:salts
1378:water
1064:Idaho
895:, or
815:, or
813:flood
799:wheat
661:, or
531:, or
513:lakes
505:wells
354:Crop
336:, or
330:wheat
311:China
214:water
193:, or
175:lakes
167:wells
104:grain
96:frost
84:lawns
76:crops
68:water
9594:gudi
9352:Cist
9281:list
9108:Wine
9037:Ătzi
9022:Glue
8995:Beds
8963:and
8961:Arts
8832:Well
8688:Cave
8618:Kiva
8548:side
8538:Rope
8486:tool
8420:bone
8410:Adze
8176:Eden
8089:Nets
7959:Fire
7923:Goad
7908:Celt
7639:UASB
7101:good
7050:land
7028:land
6840:Rain
6696:wood
6671:food
6634:Game
6545:Life
6496:Soil
6472:peak
6465:sand
6340:Land
6330:Wind
6205:(US)
6182:(US)
5816:Peru
5607:Iraq
5602:Iran
5570:Asia
5541:Mali
5514:and
5281:ISBN
5186:2022
5098:2022
4992:2022
4858:2007
4823:2007
4779:2020
4760:PMID
4699:2012
4673:2012
4645:ISBN
4624:2012
4611:ISBN
4590:2007
4549:2019
4536:ISBN
4510:2019
4497:ISBN
4473:2007
4441:ISBN
4404:2019
4391:ISBN
4368:2019
4355:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4272:ISSN
4220:PMID
4167:2010
4140:ISBN
4090:2014
4058:2014
4019:p.5.
3868:PMID
3799:2012
3777:2012
3751:2015
3718:2015
3685:2018
3659:2012
3628:2024
3576:2007
3555:ISBN
3531:2017
3492:2019
3461:2019
3379:PMID
3371:ISSN
3306:ISSN
3233:2012
3206:2023
3193:ISBN
3051:2020
3026:2020
2979:2007
2945:ISSN
2935:ISBN
2687:Peru
2662:Iran
2443:and
2277:corn
2261:dams
2235:and
2227:and
2209:Togo
2168:rice
2079:Salt
1988:oxen
1946:and
1894:and
1837:Iran
1804:Peru
1762:The
1734:Nile
1649:Iran
1606:and
1376:and
1374:soil
1368:The
1318:and
1310:and
1234:tank
1211:root
1203:soil
975:, US
924:root
849:berm
772:full
742:and
426:Pea
334:rice
212:and
210:soil
116:dust
100:weed
72:land
8703:Hut
8638:row
8469:Oar
8427:Axe
8415:Awl
6900:Law
6799:Ice
6639:law
6617:law
6595:law
6523:Use
6460:law
6443:ore
6404:Law
6280:gas
6266:Law
6261:Bio
6198:Law
6163:Air
4750:PMC
4740:doi
4728:102
4565:p19
4308:doi
4262:hdl
4252:doi
4210:PMC
4194:doi
4190:358
3858:PMC
3848:doi
3599:doi
3595:133
3466:in.
3428:hdl
3418:doi
3363:doi
3351:760
3328:ISO
3296:doi
3185:doi
2763:in
2441:Don
2356:of
2215:in
2207:in
2199:in
2191:in
2183:in
2036:ì°ëêł
1906:).
1802:in
1783:In
1726:BCE
1666:at
1567:or
1523:or
1457:or
1406:or
1159:An
1096:GPS
991:In
797:of
604:In
515:or
240:or
177:or
70:to
9638::
7446:pH
6290:,
6286:,
6282:,
5193:^
4809:.
4766:.
4758:.
4748:.
4738:.
4726:.
4722:.
4707:^
4557:^
4530:.
4425:^
4330:^
4314:.
4306:.
4270:.
4260:.
4248:65
4246:.
4242:.
4218:.
4208:.
4200:.
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4184:.
4048:.
4024:^
4009:^
3994:^
3978:^
3964:^
3949:^
3934:^
3919:^
3900:^
3885:^
3866:.
3856:.
3846:.
3836:13
3834:.
3830:.
3738:.
3676:.
3645:.
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3463:.
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3426:.
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3412:.
3408:.
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3292:11
3290:.
3286:.
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3223:.
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3124:^
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3089:^
3074:^
3059:^
3042:.
3017:.
3000:.
2994:.
2969:.
2943:.
2570:.
2408:,
2360:,
2310:,
2306:,
2275:,
2219:.
2166:,
2150:,
2137:.
2125:,
2121:,
2117:,
2057:A
2025:,
2009:,
1904:CE
1819:CE
1736:.
1676:c.
1009:.
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941:.
891:,
855:.
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688:,
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657:,
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608:,
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527:,
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511:,
332:,
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189:,
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78:,
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5497:t
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34:.
20:)
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