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gave me the signal, and a sigh of released breath was audible in the chamber, I walked into the corridor. 'Irma Grese', I called. The German guards quickly closed all grilles on twelve of the inspection holes and opened one door. Irma Grese stepped out. The cell was far too small for me to go inside, and I had to pinion her in the corridor. 'Follow me,' I said in
English, and O'Neil repeated the order in German. At 9.34 a.m. she walked into the execution chamber, gazed for a moment at the officials standing round it, then walked on to the centre of the trap, where I had made a chalk mark. She stood on this mark very firmly, and, as I placed the white cap over her head, she said in her languid voice,
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458:("the Beast of Belsen"), the former commandant at Birkenau. After a nine-week trial, Grese was sentenced to death by hanging. Although the charges against some of the other female warders (a total of 16 were charged) were as serious as those against Grese, she was one of only three female guards to be sentenced to death.
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Irma's sister Helene said at Irma's trial that in primary school, when "girls were quarreling and fighting, never had the courage to fight, but ... ran away." In 1938, at the age of 14, Grese left school. She worked on a dairy farm for six months, then in a shop, then at a hospital run by the SS for
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We climbed the stairs to the cells where the condemned were waiting. A German officer at the door leading to the corridor flung open the door and we filed past the row of faces and into the execution chamber. The officers stood at attention. Brigadier Paton-Walsh stood with his wristwatch raised. He
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Grese participated in prisoner selections for the gas chambers at
Auschwitz. In early 1945, Grese accompanied a prisoner evacuation transport from Auschwitz to Ravensbrück. In March, she went to Bergen-Belsen, along with a large number of prisoners from Ravensbrück. Grese was captured by the
439:. In July 1942, I tried again to become a nurse, but the Labour Exchange sent me to Ravensbrück Concentration Camp, although I protested against it. I stayed there until March 1943, when I went to Birkenau Camp in Auschwitz. I remained in Auschwitz until January 1945."
354:. She transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau in March 1943, where she was in charge of 18,000 female prisoners. Due to her transfer, Grese had a falling out with her father the same year, as he had been vehemently opposed to her joining the
469:, were convicted, along with eight men, for crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen, and sentenced to death. As the verdicts were read, Grese was the only prisoner to remain defiant. Her subsequent appeal was rejected.
304:
Irmgard Ilse Ida Grese was born to Berta Grese and Alfred Grese, both dairy workers, on 7 October 1923. Irma was the third eldest (three sisters and two brothers). In 1936, her mother committed suicide by drinking
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for girls, but her father forbade it. Before her 17th birthday, she moved to the SS Female
Helpers' training base, which was located near Ravensbrück, the all-female concentration camp.
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2003:
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Grese was convicted of crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of Jewish prisoners committed at
Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the
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The original warrants of execution authorized by
Montgomery, when returned after sentence was carried out, and witnessed by two British Army officers record a time of 09:34 for
506:. . The drop crashed down, and the doctor followed me into the pit and pronounced her dead. After twenty minutes the body was taken down and placed in a coffin ready for burial.
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405:. She was tried over the first period of the trials (17 September – 17 November 1945) and was represented by Major L. Cranfield. The trials were conducted under British
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427:"I was born on 7 October 1923. In 1938 I left the elementary school and worked for six months on agricultural jobs at a farm, after which I worked in a shop in
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286:. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the "
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Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940–1945, Concentration Camp 1943–1945, Displaced
Persons Camp 1945–1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition
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regarding the treatment of prisoners. The accusations against her centred on her ill-treatment and murder of those imprisoned at the camps.
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435:, where I stayed for two years. I tried to become a nurse but the Labor Exchange would not allow that and sent me to work in a dairy in
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607:(2003). Both films feature additional female guards in much smaller roles. Grese was briefly portrayed in a nonspeaking reenactment in
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and that she used to beat prisoners until they collapsed. Under direct examination, Irma Grese testified about her background:
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Pierrepoint's own
Execution Diary, which was sold at auction in 2019, also records Grese as being the second to be hanged.
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and then the men in pairs. British Army
Regimental Sergeant-Major Richard Anthony O'Neill assisted the executioner,
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Law-Reports of Trials of War
Criminals, The United Nations War Crimes Commission, Volume II, London, HMSO, 1947
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Survivors provided detailed testimony of cruelties; they also claimed that she beat some women using a
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following the discovery of Alfred’s affair with a local pub owner's daughter. Historian
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Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the
Liberation of a Concentration Camp
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835:"Andreas Speit der rechte rand: Wie eine junge Frau als KZ-Aufseherin Karriere machte"
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742:"Der Mann, der Rudolf Höß jagte; KZ-Aufseherin Irma Grese. Die 'Hyäne von Auschwitz'"
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During the trial, the press labelled Grese as "the Beautiful Beast" alongside former
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Excerpts from The Belsen Trial - Part 5 of 5: Testimony of and concerning Irma Grese
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According to Wendy Adele-Marie Sarti, the night before her execution, Grese sang
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601:(2005), which portrays her execution following the Belsen war crimes trial; and
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Defendant No. 9 : The "Hyena of Auschwitz" under cross-examination
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296:) and she has been described by survivors as “the paragon of evil.”
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1139:"Belsen Beast, Irma Grese hanged with nine other horror camp aides"
111:
1002:"The Forgotten Brutality of Female Nazi Concentration Camp Guards"
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By her teenage years, Grese, like her sisters, wanted to join the
1384:
984:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 70.
79:
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1571:
885:
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125:
950:[Biography of Irma Grese, Guardian SS at Auschwitz].
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386:
32:
2012:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
1332:
The Justified Execution of Irma Grese or The Beast of Belsen
595:
Grese has been portrayed as a minor character in two films:
366:
on 17 April 1945, with other SS personnel who did not flee.
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393:
Grese was among the 45 people accused of war crimes at the
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Angeklagte Nr. 9. Die "Hyäne von Auschwitz" im Kreuzverhör
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International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
923:
Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters
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1440:
1380:
Auschwitz: Inside The Nazi State; Corruption: Episode 4
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1079:
896:"First Belsen Trial Oberaufseherin Irma Ilse Ida Grese"
275:
389:, with a British soldier standing guard (August 1945).
1076:
1062:] (in German) (1st ed.). Norderstedt: BoD.
948:"Biographie de Irma Grese Gardienne SS à Auschwitz"
809:"Ravensbrück: training center for SS female guards"
3692:People from the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3687:People from Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)
3667:Executed people from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
269:, and served as warden of the women's section of
3623:
2931:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
461:Grese and two other concentration camp workers,
678:
3416:
2916:
1997:
1557:
1426:
610:Auschwitz: The Nazis and the 'Final Solution'
3602:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
862:
860:
858:
856:
291:
196:
1572:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
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682:Vier Stückchen Brot: Ein Hymne an das Leben
563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2909:
2004:
1990:
1564:
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1419:
1351:, max.mmvi.de; retrieved 22 December 2006.
481:until the early hours of the morning with
431:for six months. When I was 15 I went to a
257:(7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a
37:Grese in August 1945, while awaiting trial
31:
3672:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
1112:
853:
623:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
583:Learn how and when to remove this message
3697:Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel
1117:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
999:
970:
762:
672:
373:
313:speculated that Alfred Grese joined the
3527:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
919:
841:(in German). pp. 42 ePaper 22 Nord
768:
3642:Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
3624:
3510:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2870:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1274:"Death Warrant - Elizabeth Volkenrath"
1053:
1049:
1047:
868:"Excerpts from The Belsen Trial (5/5)"
813:Alliance for Human Research Protection
733:
712:
3404:
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1985:
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561:adding citations to reliable sources
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409:, based on charges derived from the
273:. She was a volunteer member of the
3431:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
1442:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1044:
706:
369:
13:
3647:German people convicted of torture
3592:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
988:
954:. 18 December 2009. Archived from
713:Möller, Barbara (30 August 2014).
358:. He expelled her from his house.
14:
3708:
3274:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1324:
1179:Sarti, Wendy Adele-Marie (2012).
1000:Willmott, Lauren (10 June 2015).
833:Speit, Andreas (3 January 2019).
796:
685:(in German). Verlag. p. 95.
524:
344:In 1940, agred 19, she became an
3682:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
3451:Population transfers (1944–1946)
2500:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1376:, retrieved on 22 December 2006.
1163:"Verdicts in the Belsen Trial",
1145:. Hamburg: UPI. 14 December 1945
791:Grese, die «Hyäne von Auschwitz»
533:
102:SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)
3554:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
3466:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1366:, retrieved on 6 December 2009.
1310:"Death Warrant - Juana Bormann"
1302:
1284:
1266:
1238:
1212:
1197:
1172:
1157:
1131:
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1019:
940:
913:
679:Hollander-Lafon, Magda (2013).
668:. 18 September 1945. p. 6.
317:in 1937 and remarried in 1939.
16:German war criminal (1920–1945)
3657:Executed German mass murderers
2882:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2858:36th Estonian Police Battalion
826:
655:
1:
3549:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
3379:Human medical experimentation
1407:; retrieved 22 December 2006.
1388:; retrieved 22 December 2006.
1345:; retrieved 22 December 2006.
1183:. Bethesda: Academica Press.
648:
299:
1292:"Death Warrant - Irma Grese"
952:BlogBoyerHistory.Bloguez.com
472:
7:
3584:Righteous Among the Nations
3471:Ministry of Public Security
2850:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
1460:Related articles by country
777:(in German). Archived from
740:Peteranderl, Sonja (2014).
616:
10:
3713:
3496:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2878:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1169:, 17 November 1945, pg. 4.
1088:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
980:Kater, Michael H. (2006).
485:. On 13 December 1945, in
3582:
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3479:
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3400:
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3331:
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3269:Sobibor perpetrator album
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3217:
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3028:
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2900:
2854:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2836:
2780:
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2612:
2513:
2457:
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2341:
2170:
2024:
2017:
1981:
1964:Human medical experiments
1946:
1808:
1766:
1705:
1638:
1586:
1577:
1541:
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1448:
936:– via Google Books.
715:"Die Hyäne von Auschwitz"
411:Geneva Convention of 1929
293:"die Hyäne von Auschwitz"
248:
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3517:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2862:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2595:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2097:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1113:Celinscak, Mark (2015).
1031:jewishvirtuallibrary.org
769:Heumann, Pierre (2013).
325:Concentration camp guard
3652:Belsen trial executions
3607:Garden of the Righteous
3359:Identification in camps
3352:Technical and logistics
2798:Order Police battalions
1363:Capital Punishment U.K.
1278:www.bergenbelsen.co.uk/
1252:. Harrap. p. 150.
920:Vronsky, Peter (2007).
433:hospital in Hohenlychen
350:(guard or overseer) at
259:Nazi concentration camp
3020:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2485:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1314:www.bergenbelsen.co.uk
1296:www.bergenbelsen.co.uk
1204:"Belsen Gang Hanged".
1054:Müller, J. M. (2020).
508:
441:
390:
378:Irma Grese and former
331:League of German Girls
292:
255:Irmgard Ilse Ida Grese
197:
47:Irmgard Ilse Ida Grese
3677:Female mass murderers
3662:Executed German women
3559:Majdanek State Museum
2692:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
1596:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
775:Die Weltwoche Magazin
499:
425:
377:
337:), the branch of the
207:Years of service
3036:Mordechai Anielewicz
2747:Elisabeth Volkenrath
2632:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2268:Arthur Liebehenschel
2193:Hermine Braunsteiner
2137:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
750:(in German). Hamburg
662:"The Belsen trial".
557:improve this section
512:Elisabeth Volkenrath
467:Elisabeth Volkenrath
335:Bund Deutscher Mädel
92:Execution by hanging
3574:March of the Living
3446:Holocaust survivors
3310:Vrba–Wetzler report
3086:Alexander Pechersky
3046:Mordechai Tenenbaum
2495:Alexander Palfinger
2318:Johann Schwarzhuber
1878:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1857:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1758:Sonderaktion Krakau
1397:4 June 2011 at the
1349:SS-Frauen am Galgen
1246:Pierrepoint, Albert
1208:. 15 December 1945.
380:SS-Hauptsturmführer
88:Cause of death
3489:West German trials
3284:Wannsee Conference
3071:Itzhak Katzenelson
2823:General Government
2308:Franz Reichleitner
2238:Fritz Hartjenstein
2228:Maximilian Grabner
2147:Bruno Streckenbach
1959:Grossaktion Warsaw
1612:Operation Reinhard
1404:The Nizkor Project
1335:, video at YouTube
1226:. 21 November 2005
900:bergenbelsen.co.uk
781:on 29 October 2014
495:Albert Pierrepoint
397:which was held in
391:
288:Hyena of Auschwitz
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3339:Sonderaktion 1005
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2874:Ypatingasis būrys
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2775:
2717:Johanna Langefeld
2712:Hildegard Lächert
2608:
2607:
2444:Alfred Trzebinski
2409:Franz von Bodmann
2361:Lorenz Hackenholt
2203:Theodor van Eupen
2142:Jakob Sporrenberg
1977:
1976:
1701:
1700:
1259:978-0-245-52070-9
1220:"Nazi She-Devils"
1099:978-3-8353-0794-0
1069:978-3-7519-9549-8
593:
592:
585:
491:long-drop hanging
307:hydrochloric acid
252:
251:
3704:
3501:Treblinka trials
3486:
3485:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3300:Graebe affidavit
3293:Witness accounts
3239:Frank memorandum
3224:
3223:
3119:
3118:
3106:Szmul Zygielbojm
3096:Frumka Płotnicka
3056:Leon Feldhendler
3041:Icchak Cukierman
2995:Ghetto uprisings
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2846:Schutzmannschaft
2667:Feodor Fedorenko
2617:
2616:
2525:Wolfgang Birkner
2313:Heinrich Schwarz
2303:Josef Oberhauser
2278:Heinrich Matthes
2162:Dieter Wisliceny
2152:Richard Thomalla
2127:Heinz Reinefarth
2077:Heinrich Himmler
2022:
2021:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1947:Other atrocities
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1339:The Belsen Trial
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1051:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
997:
986:
985:
977:
968:
967:
965:
963:
944:
938:
937:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
883:
882:
880:
878:
864:
851:
850:
848:
846:
839:Die Tageszeitung
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
805:
794:
793:
788:
786:
771:"Hitlers Furien"
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
676:
670:
669:
659:
643:Herta Oberheuser
604:Out of the Ashes
588:
581:
577:
574:
568:
537:
529:
452:Hauptsturmführer
370:War crimes trial
295:
202:
192:
160:Criminal penalty
140:
75:
72:13 December 1945
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3578:
3531:
3522:Stutthof trials
3505:
3475:
3432:
3429:
3388:
3374:Holocaust train
3343:
3327:
3315:Witold's Report
3305:Gerstein Report
3288:
3254:Katzmann Report
3234:Auschwitz Album
3209:
3148:
3110:
3076:Michał Klepfisz
3024:
2983:
2932:
2929:
2892:
2832:
2802:Ordnungspolizei
2772:
2751:
2732:Erich Muhsfeldt
2662:Margot Dreschel
2647:Alexander Bülow
2604:
2600:Udo von Woyrsch
2590:Hermann Schaper
2585:Emanuel Schäfer
2570:Josef Meisinger
2530:Helmut Bischoff
2509:
2465:Heinz Auerswald
2453:
2395:
2343:
2337:
2333:Christian Wirth
2243:Gottlieb Hering
2166:
2132:Julian Scherner
2117:Georg Michalsen
2102:Franz Kutschera
2062:Odilo Globocnik
2013:
2010:
1973:
1942:
1804:
1762:
1743:Kielce cemetery
1697:
1634:
1573:
1570:
1533:
1444:
1439:
1399:Wayback Machine
1352:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1181:Women and Nazis
1177:
1173:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
998:
989:
978:
971:
961:
959:
958:on 2 March 2016
946:
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941:
934:
918:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
886:
876:
874:
866:
865:
854:
844:
842:
831:
827:
817:
815:
807:
806:
797:
784:
782:
767:
763:
753:
751:
738:
734:
724:
722:
711:
707:
697:
695:
693:
677:
673:
661:
660:
656:
651:
619:
589:
578:
572:
569:
554:
538:
527:
516:Johanna Bormann
483:Johanna Bormann
475:
463:Johanna Bormann
372:
327:
302:
244:
136:
128:
108:Criminal status
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Sobibór Museum
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:Sonderkommando
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Posen speeches
3261:
3259:Korherr Report
3256:
3251:
3249:Höfle telegram
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Witold Pilecki
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Henryk Iwański
3063:
3061:Paweł Frenkiel
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2866:Arajs Kommando
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2788:Einsatzgruppen
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:Alice Orlowski
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:John Demjanjuk
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Gerhard Flesch
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2516:Einsatzgruppen
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2458:Ghetto command
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Horst Schumann
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Johann Niemann
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:Hermann Michel
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Karl-Otto Koch
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Irmfried Eberl
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Fritz Katzmann
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Arthur Greiser
2069:
2067:Richard Glücks
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Ludwig Fischer
2049:
2044:
2042:Adolf Eichmann
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1706:Mass shootings
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1693:Danzig-Matzkau
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:Kraków-Płaszów
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1608:
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1598:
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1590:
1581:
1575:
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1561:
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1546:
1535:
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1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1389:
1377:
1367:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1325:External links
1323:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1283:
1265:
1258:
1237:
1211:
1196:
1190:978-1936320127
1189:
1171:
1156:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1098:
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1068:
1043:
1018:
987:
969:
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932:
912:
884:
852:
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761:
732:
705:
692:978-3641127091
691:
671:
653:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:Therese Brandl
625:
618:
615:
591:
590:
541:
539:
532:
526:
525:Dramatizations
523:
487:Hamelin Prison
474:
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84:
78:
76:(aged 22)
70:
66:
65:
59:
57:7 October 1923
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36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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3528:
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3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Kielce pogrom
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3421:
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3407:
3406:
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3357:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3340:
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3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Stroop Report
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Documentation
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Marek Edelman
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:Organizations
2935:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:Collaboration
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:Organizations
2779:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Eduard Lorenz
2725:
2723:
2722:Anton Lechner
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Josef Kollmer
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Kurt Gerstein
2675:
2673:
2672:Hans Hoffmann
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Juana Bormann
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Erich Naumann
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Lothar Beutel
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2505:Jürgen Stroop
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Josef Blösche
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2449:Eduard Wirths
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Josef Mengele
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Horst Fischer
2422:
2420:
2419:Karl Gebhardt
2417:
2415:
2414:Carl Clauberg
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Ludwig Plagge
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Herbert Lange
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Kurt Bolender
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Gustav Wagner
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Franz Hössler
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Karl Fritzsch
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Wilhelm Boger
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
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573:November 2023
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311:Peter Vronsky
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271:Bergen-Belsen
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138:Conviction(s)
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3320:
3244:Höcker Album
3227:Nazi sources
3115:Victim lists
3081:Miles Lerman
2888:Trawniki men
2828:Hotel Polski
2737:Detlef Nebbe
2702:Oswald Kaduk
2697:Karl Jeschke
2686:
2575:Bruno Müller
2565:Felix Landau
2550:Ernst Damzog
2545:Karl Brunner
2514:
2490:Franz Konrad
2391:Adolf Theuer
2344:executioners
2323:Franz Stangl
2293:Robert Mulka
2263:Josef Kramer
2213:Karl Frenzel
2183:Richard Baer
2178:Hans Aumeier
2171:Camp command
2157:Otto Wächter
2037:Josef Bühler
2032:Viktor Brack
2018:Perpetrators
1610:
1452:Main article
1402:
1383:
1374:Auschwitz.dk
1373:
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1304:
1295:
1286:
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1249:
1240:
1230:26 September
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
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1199:
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1164:
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1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1089:
1059:
1055:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1027:"Irma Grese"
1021:
1011:21 September
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
982:Hitler Youth
981:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
951:
942:
922:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:
875:. Retrieved
871:
843:. Retrieved
838:
828:
818:21 September
816:. Retrieved
812:
790:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
774:
764:
752:. Retrieved
745:
735:
723:. Retrieved
718:
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696:. Retrieved
681:
674:
663:
657:
608:
602:
596:
594:
579:
570:
555:Please help
543:
520:
509:
503:
500:
476:
460:
456:Josef Kramer
450:
444:
442:
426:
415:
407:military law
403:Lower Saxony
395:Belsen Trial
392:
383:Josef Kramer
364:British Army
360:
345:
343:
339:Hitler Youth
334:
328:
319:
303:
287:
284:Belsen trial
281:
274:
254:
253:
186:Nazi Germany
154:Belsen trial
98:Organization
74:(1945-12-13)
18:
3637:1945 deaths
3632:1923 births
3364:Gas chamber
3332:Concealment
3323:photographs
3170:Gross-Rosen
3139:Lviv (Lwów)
3101:Roza Robota
3005:Częstochowa
2637:Herta Bothe
2627:Hans Anhalt
2620:Camp guards
2560:Ludwig Hahn
2540:Paul Blobel
2480:Franz Bürkl
2470:Hans Biebow
2429:Fritz Klein
2366:Josef Klehr
2351:Erich Bauer
2342:Gas chamber
2288:Karl Möckel
2273:Maria Mandl
2248:Rudolf Höss
2233:Otto Hantke
2122:Oswald Pohl
2112:Ernst Lerch
1923:Stanisławów
1833:Częstochowa
1723:Bronna Góra
1653:Gross-Rosen
1648:Auschwitz I
1353:(in German)
1250:Executioner
926:. Penguin.
845:18 February
721:(in German)
638:Maria Mandl
598:Pierrepoint
437:Fürstenberg
352:Ravensbrück
321:two years.
263:Ravensbrück
230:Ravensbrück
3626:Categories
2687:Irma Grese
2682:Paul Götze
2652:Luise Danz
2401:Physicians
2208:Kurt Franz
2057:Hans Frank
2025:Organizers
1969:Heidelager
1370:Irma Grese
1358:Irma Grese
1224:The Mirror
1149:2 November
872:Nizkor.org
747:Spiegel.de
649:References
518:at 10:38.
479:Nazi songs
356:SS-Gefolge
347:Aufseherin
315:Nazi Party
300:Early life
183:Allegiance
144:War crimes
53:1923-10-07
25:Irma Grese
3541:Memorials
3438:Aftermath
3205:Treblinka
3160:Auschwitz
3015:Treblinka
3000:Białystok
2988:Uprisings
2768:Treblinka
2613:Personnel
2381:Otto Moll
2371:Hans Koch
2223:Amon Göth
1954:Action T4
1918:Sosnowiec
1888:Nowy Sącz
1823:Białystok
1790:Szczuczyn
1738:Erntefest
1728:Bydgoszcz
1713:Białystok
1628:Treblinka
1504:Lithuania
1206:The Times
1166:The Times
785:4 January
754:4 January
725:4 January
698:4 January
665:The Times
633:Ilse Koch
544:does not
473:Execution
267:Auschwitz
261:guard at
235:Auschwitz
210:1940–1945
178:SS career
82:, Germany
63:, Germany
3384:Zyklon B
3200:Trawniki
3195:Stutthof
3180:Majdanek
1928:Tarnopol
1868:Lubartów
1780:Jedwabne
1683:Trawniki
1673:Stutthof
1663:Potulice
1606:Majdanek
1524:Slovakia
1395:Archived
1248:(1974).
719:Die Welt
617:See also
613:(2005).
399:Lüneburg
218:Helferin
191:Service/
112:Executed
3369:Gas van
3185:Sobibór
3122:Ghettos
3029:Leaders
3010:Sobibor
2763:Sobibor
2756:By camp
1903:Siedlce
1810:Ghettos
1795:Tykocin
1767:Pogroms
1753:Palmiry
1678:Szebnie
1623:Sobibor
1601:Chełmno
1529:Ukraine
1514:Romania
1494:Germany
1484:Estonia
1479:Denmark
1474:Croatia
1469:Belgium
1464:Belarus
1385:PBS.org
1143:UPI.com
1036:17 June
962:1 March
905:8 April
565:removed
550:sources
504:Schnell
418:plaited
80:Hamelin
61:Wrechen
3481:Trials
3456:Bricha
3190:Soldau
3175:Izbica
3165:Bełżec
3144:Warsaw
3129:Kraków
2969:Żegota
1938:Warsaw
1913:Słonim
1908:Sambor
1883:Mizocz
1873:Lublin
1848:Kraków
1843:Kielce
1838:Grodno
1818:Będzin
1800:Wąsosz
1776:(1946)
1774:Kielce
1688:Warsaw
1668:Soldau
1618:Belzec
1519:Russia
1509:Norway
1499:Latvia
1489:France
1256:
1187:
1121:
1096:
1066:
930:
877:7 June
689:
429:Lychen
193:branch
130:Sadism
126:Nazism
122:Motive
3153:Camps
2813:RKFDV
1933:Wilno
1898:Radom
1893:Pińsk
1828:Brest
1733:Dynów
1579:Camps
1058:[
387:Celle
164:Death
150:Trial
3596:List
3134:Łódź
2954:Bund
2818:VoMi
2808:WVHA
1863:Łódź
1853:Lwów
1785:Lviv
1254:ISBN
1232:2012
1185:ISBN
1151:2022
1119:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1038:2022
1013:2024
1006:TIME
964:2016
928:ISBN
907:2018
879:2011
847:2023
820:2024
787:2015
756:2015
727:2015
700:2015
687:ISBN
548:any
546:cite
465:and
421:whip
265:and
223:Unit
215:Rank
69:Died
43:Born
2979:ŻZW
2974:ŻOB
2964:PKB
2949:AOB
559:by
290:" (
3628::
2959:GL
2944:AK
2880:/
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2868:,
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2792:SS
1382:,
1372:,
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1341:,
1312:.
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1141:.
1078:^
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1029:.
1004:.
990:^
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898:.
887:^
870:.
855:^
837:.
811:.
798:^
789:.
773:.
744:.
717:.
446:SS
401:,
279:.
276:SS
3598:)
3594:(
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2848:(
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2790:(
2005:e
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1855:(
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580:(
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497::
449:-
333:(
55:)
51:(
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