Irish Rebellion of 1641

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other accommodations which had been made before were no longer possible after that because the Irish were quite simply, as John Temple put it in his history of the rebellion 'untrustworthy'. And that book was repeatedly reprinted – I think the last time it was reprinted was 1912, so that this message (the message not of the Plantation but the message of the rebellion) is the one that persists and the one which is used continuously right through the 19th century – that the Catholics are untrustworthy; that we can’t do business with them; we shouldn’t be involved with them; they are part of a large conspiracy to do us down"

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in Ulster, and left long-term scars within that community". Contemporary Protestant accounts depict the rebellion as a complete surprise; one stated that it was "conceived among us and yet we never felt it kick in the womb, nor struggle in the birth". Many argued Catholics could not be trusted and in Ulster, Protestants commemorated the anniversary of the rebellion for over two hundred years. According to historian Pádraig Lenihan, this "helped affirm communal solidarity and emphasise the need for unrelenting vigilance the masses of Irish Catholics surrounding them were and always would be, unregenerate and cruel enemies".

1761: 2323:"But when they engaged in their insurrection on 22 October 1641, unquestionably they weren’t intending on the destruction of the entire Plantation that had been brought into place. We don’t know precisely what they intended: they presumably intended to seize the positions of strength, the military fortification of the province; having done that to, from this position of strength, to engage in some negotiation with the Crown with a view to bettering their condition in some way. But they, I think it is correct to say, that they weren’t intent on destroying the Plantation." (Nicholas Canny, 1987:"But on the 23rd and the 24th and 25th of October 1641, the popular attacks which are relatively spontaneous, are clearly focused upon the tenants who had moved in and become beneficiaries of the Plantation; and that these actions, as well as the words which are articulated in justifying those actions – targeted attacks upon those who had moved in and benefited from the Plantation – these indicate that there was a popular sentiment of dispossession which was articulated in action as well as in words when the opportunity provided itself, when the political order was challenged." 252: 240: 228: 216: 204: 192: 123: 786:". Writing in 1614, one author claimed that previously the Old English "despised the mere Irish, accounting them a barbarous people, void of civility and religion and the other as a hereditary enemy" but cited intermarriage "in former ages rarely seen", education of the Gaelic Irish and "the late plantation of New English and Scottish the Kingdom whom the natives repute a common enemy; but this last is the principal cause of their union". In addition, the native population became defined by their shared Catholicism, as opposed to the Protestantism of the new settlers. 1617:

admitted paying for fictitious atrocity tales. Recent research suggests around 4,000 were killed in the attacks, with thousands more expelled from their homes, many of whom died of exposure or disease, leading to an upper estimate of around 12,000 deaths. This represents around 10% of the total settler population in Ireland, though in Ulster the ratio of deaths would have been somewhat higher, namely around 30%. They were used to support the view of the rebellion as a Catholic conspiracy to wipe out all Protestants in Ireland, a narrative constructed in the

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attacks was economic and killings occurred only when the victims resisted. They intensified as the rebellion progressed, particularly in Ulster where many had lost land in the post 1607 Plantations, while attacks on local Protestant clergy were in part due to resentment at the relative wealth of the Church of Ireland in that province. Other factors included religion and culture; in County Cavan, rebels justified the rising as a defensive measure against a Protestant threat to "extirpate the Catholic religion", reinstated original

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who to trust and thus delayed a coordinated response. The situation changed when it became clear the rising had been only partially successful, while the breakdown of state authority prompted widespread attacks by the Catholic peasantry on Protestants, regardless of nationality. They were soon joined by members of the gentry; O'Neill's authority was largely confined to County Armagh and even there was not total, his own brother being one of those who took part in these actions.

6697: 5058: 306: 7365: 5069: 5046: 168: 137: 5079: 968:, which had similar religious concerns to the Scots, refused to vote for new taxes to pay for raising an army. Charles therefore started negotiations with Irish Catholic gentry to recruit an Irish army to put down the rebellion in Scotland, in return for granting longstanding requests for religious toleration and land security. Composed largely of Irish Catholics from Ulster, an army was slowly mobilised at 1184: 1212: 1254: 1226: 1142: 1114: 1128: 1086: 1044: 1282: 1268: 1240: 1072: 1156: 1058: 1198: 1170: 1100: 976:, this seemed to confirm that Charles was a tyrant, who wanted to impose his religious views on his kingdoms, and to govern again without his parliaments as he had done in 1628–1640. In early 1641, some Scots and English Parliamentarians even proposed invading Ireland and subduing Catholics there, to ensure that no royalist Irish Catholic army would land in England or Scotland. 920:, for full rights as subjects and toleration of their religion. On several occasions, they seemed to have reached an agreement under which these demands would be met in return for raising taxes. However, despite paying increased taxes after 1630, Charles postponed implementing their demands until 3 May 1641 when he and the English Privy Council instructed the 1340:

Castle was foiled when one of the ringleaders, Hugh Og MacMahon, revealed details to his foster-brother, a Protestant convert named Owen O'Connolly. He promptly informed one of the Lord Justices, and MacMahon and Maguire were arrested, while the remaining plotters slipped out of Dublin. Warnings of an imminent rising had also been communicated to Dublin by

837:. They formed a small émigré Irish community, militantly hostile to the English-run Protestant state in Ireland, but restrained by the generally good relations England had with Spain and France after 1604. In Ireland itself, resentment caused by the plantations was one of the main causes for the outbreak and spread of the rebellion, combined with 1854:, which would be overseen by a national council for the whole island. It vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fought against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, and recruit Irishmen serving in foreign armies. 1510:

A contemporary Catholic source wrote that O'Neill "strove to contain the raskall multitude from those frequent savage actions of stripping and killing" but "the floodgate of rapine, once being laid open, the meaner sort of people was not to be contained". It has been argued the initial purpose of the

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directed mainly at the Anglo-Irish Catholic families. In the judgement of historian Pádraig Lenihan, "It is likely that he would have eventually encountered armed resistance from Catholic landowners" if he had pursued these policies further. However, the actual rebellion followed the destabilisation

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In the long term, the 1641 massacres intensified existing sectarian animosity on both sides, although modern historians argue the killings had an especially powerful psychological impact on the Protestant community. Dr. Mary O'Dowd wrote they "were very traumatic for the Protestant settler community

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in 1607. Around 80% of these were distributed to English-speaking Protestants, with the remainder going to "deserving" native Irish lords and clans. By 1641, the economic impact of the plantations on the native Irish population was exacerbated because many who retained their estates had to sell them

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Contemporary pamphlets published in London contained lurid details of the massacres and suggested over 200,000 Protestants (more than entire settler population) had lost their lives. These figures were recognised even then as wildly exaggerated and in November 1641 Parliament jailed a publisher who

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When the rebellion began, Phelim O'Neill sought to exploit divisions between English and Scots settlers by offering the latter protection, hoping thereby to gain their support. This strategy initially contributed to the rapid spread of the revolt, in part because the Dublin government was uncertain

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were heavily in debt and risked losing their lands to creditors. What was more, the Irish farmers were hard hit by the bad harvest and were faced with rising rents. This aggravated their desire to remove the settlers and contributed to the widespread attacks on them at the start of the rebellion. A

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Dr. Raymond Gillespie of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, "I think in some ways it's what happens after the Plantation which is much more important for the enduring legacy. It's the fears of the Irish which are created in 1641, the fear of massacre, the fear of attack, that somehow or

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Although the declaration is now accepted as a forgery, many of the Anglo-Catholic gentry were dismayed by indiscriminate anti-Catholic measures taken by the Dublin authorities, including those who had initially condemned the rebellion. The suspension of the Irish Parliament on 17 November deprived

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but after losing some 300 men in an unsuccessful assault, they set fire to the town and retreated. This setback and the stubbornness displayed by the town's defenders allegedly made a deep impression on the attackers, since it showed hopes of a quick and relatively painless victory in Ulster were

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The English garrison of Ireland was only about 2,000 strong and scattered around the country, but the plot relied on surprise rather than force to achieve their objectives, after which they would issue their demands, in expectation of support from the rest of the country. The plan to seize Dublin

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The Covenanters urged the English Parliament to fund a Scottish army rather than recruiting their own, arguing it could reach Ireland more easily and would be independent of both Charles and his Parliamentary opponents. In the meantime, Charles sent weapons, gunpowder and a small number of Scots

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Most of the Irish Catholic upper classes were not opposed to the sovereignty of Charles I over Ireland but wanted to be full subjects and maintain their pre-eminent position in Irish society. This was prevented by their religion and the threat of losing their land in the Plantations. The failed

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gentry from the newly-Protestant English state in the decades following. Historian Aidan Clarke writes that religion "was merely one aspect of a larger problem posed by the Gaelic Irish, and its importance was easily obscured; but religious difference was central to the relationship between the

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and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics". The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates. The synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a "just war". It called for the creation of a council (made up of clergy and nobility) for each

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Within a few months of the rebellion's outbreak, almost all of the Catholic gentry had joined it, including the Anglo-Irish Catholics. There are three main reasons for this. First, local lords and landowners raised armed units of their dependents to control the violence that was engulfing the

1407:, issued by O'Neill on 24 October, stated they had taken up arms only to defend their freedoms and meant no harm to the king's subjects. This was followed on 4 November by the Newry declaration which claimed Charles had approved the rising to secure Ireland against his opponents in England. 743:

government and the colonists". During the decades between the end of the Elizabethan wars in 1603 and the outbreak of rebellion in 1641, the political position of the wealthier landed Irish Catholics was increasingly threatened by the English government of Ireland. As a result, both the

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them of the political means to resolve these issues and the declaration provided cover for moderates such as Nicholas Plunkett to make common cause with the rebels. Rumours also circulated that radical Protestants were seeking to replace Charles I with his exiled German nephew the

1661:, once approved by their colleagues in England. On 4 November, Parliament voted to send weapons and gunpowder to Ireland and recruit 8,000 men to suppress the rising but the situation was complicated since any such army would be legally controlled by the king. A series of alleged 853:, proposed a new round of plantations designed to expand Protestant cultural and religious dominance. Delays in their implementation caused by Charles' struggles with his political opponents in England and Scotland meant that Catholics still owned over 60% of land in 1641. 1768:

By early 1642, there were four main concentrations of rebel forces; in Ulster under Felim O'Neill, in the Pale around Dublin led by Viscount Gormanston, in the south-east, led by the Butler family – in particular Lord Mountgarret, and in the south-west, led by

1490:, attacked rebel-held areas in counties Wicklow and Tipperary respectively, expeditions characterised by "excessive and indiscriminate brutality" against the general Catholic population. This provoked many into joining the insurgency, including previously peaceful 1689:

Many politicians and officials in Dublin and London opposed Scottish intervention in Ulster, seeing a well-armed and independent Presbyterian army as a threat to the status quo, and Parliament continued recruiting English regiments. On 21 December, the

1546:, English and Scottish men, women and children were burned to death in the cottage in which they were imprisoned, while in Armagh as a whole, some 1,250 died in the early months of the rebellion, roughly a quarter of the local settler population. In 1609:, who in July 1642 was given command of Irish forces in Ulster and hanged several rebels for attacking civilians. Though still brutal, the war thereafter was fought according to the code of conduct both O'Neill and the Scottish commander 1677:

and Protestant convert, was made commander of Royal forces in Ireland and recruited three infantry regiments from the refugees flooding into Dublin. Several prominent Ulster Scots were also commissioned to raise troops, including

1478:. The Dublin government called it "a most disloyal and detestable conspiracy" by "some evil affected Irish Papists", which was aimed at "a general massacre of all English and Protestant inhabitants". In December, troops led by 1709:

Parliament now adopted two measures intended to manage concerns over control of the forces needed for Ireland and how to raise funds for it as quickly as possible, both of which had significant consequences. On 15 March, the

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event of the mid 17th Century. The Irish economy had hit a recession and the harvest of 1641 was poor. Interest rates in the 1630s had been as high as 30% per annum. The leaders of the rebellion like Phelim O'Neill and

1812:, but by then most of the Catholic gentry had already committed themselves to rebellion. The Catholic gentry around Dublin, known as the "Lords of the Pale", issued their Remonstrance to the king on 17 March 1642 at 774:, and other walled towns being fortified against the rural Gaelic clans. By the 17th century, the cultural divide between these groups, especially at elite social levels, was narrowing; many of the Old English spoke 1726:

invited members of the public to provide loans which would be repaid with land confiscated from the rebels. This need to ensure these were repaid and maintain government credit was one of the factors behind the

1873:, along with 226 commoners. The Assembly elected a Supreme Council of 24, which controlled both military and civilian officers. Its first act was to name the generals who were to command Confederate forces: 1577:, a 19th-century historian of the rebellion, concluding "it is far from clear on which side the balance of cruelty rests". The Scots executed Irish prisoners taken in a skirmish near Kilwarlin woods outside 1706:, leading to further delay and allowing the rebellion to spread. With the situation deteriorating, in February 1642 the two sides put aside their differences and agreed to send 2,500 Scots to Ulster. 889:

was the only approved form of worship, although it was a minority even among Irish Protestants, many of whom were Presbyterians. Both they and the majority Catholic population were required to pay

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against Charles I's attempt to impose Church of England practices there, believing them to be too close to Catholicism. The King's attempts to put down the rebellion failed when the English

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Although Charles, the English Parliament and Scottish Covenanter government all agreed the rebellion should be crushed, doing so was delayed by political tensions. Charles was in

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A deposition made by one William Clarke claimed "about 100 Protestants (including women and children) from the nearby parish of Loughal, who were already prisoners" were killed.

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due to poor management and the debts they incurred. This erosion of their status and influence saw them prepared to join a rebellion, even if they risked losing more.

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the Munster forces and John Burke the Connaught forces. A National Treasury, a mint for making coins, and a press for printing proclamations were set up in Kilkenny.

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in 1641 and rebel claims that Charles supported their actions heightened fears he would turn it against his opponents in England and Scotland, rather than the Irish.

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landed at Carrickfergus and recaptured Newry on 1 May. By mid-1642, Protestant forces in Ireland totalled 40,000 infantry and 3,600 horse, but the outbreak of the

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approved a Scottish army of 10,000 but the Covenanter government insisted they should also be given control of the three largest ports in Ulster, Carrickfergus,

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to the church, causing great resentment, while practicing Catholicism in public could lead to arrest, and non-attendance at Protestant service was punishable by

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Lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Council, and a General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, where it set up a

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records that after retaking Newry, local Catholics were lined up on the banks of the Newry River and killed "without any legal process". On

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gentry and military officers. Their demands included an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater Irish self-governance, and return of

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in the name of the King, both to forestall a possible invasion and to force him to concede the Catholics' demands. At least three Irish

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wrote: "The 1641 massacres have played a key role in creating and sustaining a collective Protestant and British identity in Ulster."

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In the first few months of 1642, Ormond regained much of the Pale, relieved Drogheda, re-took Dundalk and defeated a rebel force at

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Unfavourable economic conditions also contributed to the outbreak of the rebellion. This decline may have been a consequence of the

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who had lost lands and influence in the post 1607 Plantation. Due to take place on Saturday 23 October 1641, armed men led by

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of English and Scottish politics and the weakened position of the king in 1640. Wentworth was executed in London in May 1641.

6627: 5658: 3866: 3847: 3512: 3493: 931:. On the pretext of checking of land titles to raise revenue, Wentworth confiscated and was going to plant lands in counties 7315: 6529: 5912: 5798: 5082: 2940: 1722:, Parliament declared the legislation in force regardless, marking a major step on the road to civil war. On 19 March, the 1645: 1423: 1295: 783: 298: 256: 17: 716:. For the next ten years, the Confederacy fought a three-sided war with Irish Royalists, Scottish Covenanters and English 7399: 5867: 5780: 5737: 4488: 4226: 4102: 1770: 3762:

Noonan, Kathleen (2004). "Martyrs in Flames: Sir John Temple and the conception of the Irish in English martyrologies".

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made it clear that Irish Catholics who did not demonstrate their loyalty would have their lands confiscated under the

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Noonan, Kathleen M. "Martyrs in Flames": Sir John Temple and the conception of the Irish in English martyrologies.

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country, fearing that after the settlers were gone, the Irish peasantry would turn on them as well. Secondly, the

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is usually divided into the native Irish and Old English, many of whom were descendants of medieval English and

5924: 5820: 5494: 5474: 5429: 5127: 1562:, Protestant prisoners were killed by their Catholic escorts, despite attempts by their officers to intervene. 1479: 4046: 4017: 3971: 3961: 2999: 2977: 2617: 2324: 1764:

The Great Seal of the Irish Catholic Confederation, with the motto "Irishmen united for God, king and country"

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Thirdly, it looked initially as if the rebels would be successful after they defeated a government force at

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volunteers to Ireland at his own expense, but had insufficient money to finance an expedition on his own.

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was occupied, while an army under Brian McMahon moved south from Ulster towards Dublin and on 21 November

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in August 1642 ended the flow of reinforcements and money from England and a military stalemate ensued.

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fines. Catholics could not hold senior offices of state, or serve above a certain rank in the army. The

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were also involved in the plot, and the plotters hoped to use soldiers from the disbanding Irish army.

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when he received news of the uprising on 28 October and immediately urged the Scots to send troops to

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Despite this failure, the rebellion in Ulster went ahead and Felim O'Neill and his allies, including

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in return for the promise of self-government and full rights for Catholics after the war. They were

1550:, modern research has identified three blackspots for the killing of settlers, the worst being near 809:, whereby Irish-owned land was confiscated and colonised with British settlers. The biggest was the 6991: 6554: 5684: 5298: 4744: 4444: 4179: 3404:

An History of the Life of James Duke of Ormonde from His Birth 1610 to His Death 1688 Etc, Volume I

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Since Ireland was subordinate to English political authority, only they could sanction intervention

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The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660

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from 1649 through to 1653 and land ownership in Ireland passed largely to Protestant settlers.

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and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take it. Those who took the oath swore allegiance to

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communities increasingly defined themselves as Irish and were viewed as such by the newcomers.

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on 22 March 1642, which legitimised the rebellion as war in defence of the catholic religion.

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The advancement of the Graces were particularly frustrated during the time that Wentworth was

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on 29 November, inflicting over 600 casualties. On 28 November, around 8,000 rebels besieged

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under the control of Parliament, rather than the king. When Charles refused to give it his

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Following their repulse at Lisnagarvey in November, rebels killed about 100 Protestants at

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Catholics responded by joining the uprising, and the rebellion spread throughout Ireland.

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Fully searchable digital edition of the 1641 Depositions at Trinity College Dublin Library

2218: 1785:, they raised their own militia in self-defence and managed to hold off the rebel forces. 979:

Frightened by this, and wanting to seize the opportunity, a small group of Irish Catholic

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opposite the Scottish coast, but then began to be disbanded in mid-1641. To the Scots and

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settlers. These groups were historically antagonistic, with English settled areas such as

8: 7104: 6986: 6909: 6841: 6796: 6726: 6549: 6451: 6347: 6235: 6080: 5770: 5760: 5670: 5346: 5203: 5184: 5138: 4980: 4860: 4835: 4830: 4810: 4640: 4592: 4409: 4360: 1874: 1827: 1794: 1755: 1723: 1630: 1606: 1554:, "where most of the British families planted... were ultimately murdered". Elsewhere at 1523: 957: 822: 814: 713: 656: 552: 542: 487: 410: 305: 173: 127: 95: 6956: 6376: 1446:

and blockaded the town from the south, then defeated a relief force sent from Dublin at

7340: 7251: 7001: 6576: 6509: 6504: 6431: 6414: 6332: 6019: 6014: 5947: 5576: 5444: 5394: 5331: 5306: 5302: 5220: 5164: 4995: 4901: 4776: 4624: 4518: 4390: 4375: 4318: 3779: 3457:"Who Framed Charles I? The Forged Commission for the Irish Rebellion of 1641 Revisited" 2439: 1971: 1961:, were both Protestant converts who played prominent roles in suppressing the rebellion 1813: 1539: 1418:

The influential Lords of the Pale joined the rising in early December, while rebels in

1384: 913: 678: 663: 652: 591: 517: 457: 388: 158: 142: 4083: 2360: 2291:. George Grierson, printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1794. pp. 610–2. 7311: 6951: 6914: 6607: 6537: 6257: 6119: 5984: 5890: 5840: 5755: 5616: 5530: 4894: 4786: 4088: 3919: 3900: 3881: 3862: 3843: 3824: 3805: 3739: 3720: 3701: 3682: 3663: 3644: 3625: 3606: 3587: 3568: 3546: 3527: 3508: 3489: 3441: 3419: 3388: 3369: 1735: 1711: 1662: 886: 826: 537: 527: 502: 462: 403: 6113: 5850: 604: 7291: 7236: 7031: 6791: 6466: 6446: 6267: 6222: 5596: 5277: 5259: 5146: 4956: 4656: 4576: 4139: 3991: 3771: 3468: 1483: 1471: 1396: 961: 932: 834: 532: 274: 6856: 1621:, a collection of victim reports gathered between 1642 and 1655 and now housed in 861: 7326: 7286: 7094: 7047: 7010: 6930: 6882: 6877: 6781: 6566: 6494: 6489: 6319: 6197: 6124: 5765: 5449: 5424: 4948: 4050: 3006: 2944: 2845: 2624: 2331: 1866: 1790: 1463: 1400: 1372: 1356: 1317: 965: 944: 705: 572: 507: 208: 7157: 4033:, Legacies UK history local to you, website of the BBC. Accessed 4 February 2008 2937: 734:

The roots of the 1641 rebellion derived from the colonisation that followed the

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in Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing and Atrocity Throughout History

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James Butler, Duke of Ormond, who commanded the royal army during the rebellion

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The Civil Wars: A Military history of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660

2874:"How lies about Irish 'barbarism' in 1641 paved way for Cromwell's atrocities" 7383: 7350: 7330: 7207: 7116: 7042: 6904: 6252: 6085: 5959: 5434: 5419: 4094: 1778: 1715: 1590: 1574: 1547: 1392: 1388: 1321: 1305: 988: 980: 969: 940: 759: 628: 51: 7144: 1957:, a member of one of the leading Old English families, and the Gaelic Irish 1569:

by members of the Carrickfergus garrison in November 1641. The arrival of a

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Killings of Catholics also took place, including the murder of two dozen at

681:, and Catholics killed in retaliation. By April 1642, Royalist troops held 7334: 7276: 7024: 6971: 6406: 6342: 6337: 6247: 6230: 6055: 5994: 5484: 5469: 4845: 4696: 4648: 4608: 1739: 1719: 1610: 1443: 1419: 1376: 936: 779: 310: 7184: 7153: 7120: 6776: 4600: 3995: 3563:

A Sea of Blood? Massacres in Ireland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

3473: 3456: 689:, and large areas around them, with much of Ulster occupied by a Scottish 677:. Especially in Ulster, thousands of Protestant settlers were expelled or 7134: 7124: 7064: 6936: 6543: 6456: 6155: 6099: 6060: 5321: 4914: 4906: 4749: 4560: 1774: 1683: 1566: 1559: 1495: 1451: 1387:, were besieged and within two days the insurgents held most of counties 928: 694: 686: 3505:

Age of Atrocity, Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland

350: 6816: 6637: 6160: 6070: 6034: 6024: 5830: 5027: 4870: 4815: 4688: 4664: 4584: 4508: 4066: 3783: 1570: 1535: 866: 717: 690: 609: 6281: 2308:"Today in Irish History – First Day of the 1641 Rebellion, October 23" 805:

The Tudor conquest of the late 16th and early 17th century led to the

697:. This left approximately two thirds of Ireland under rebel control. 7271: 7180: 7112: 7017: 6851: 6669: 6390: 6174: 6029: 6004: 5979: 5404: 4878: 4680: 4287: 3984:"O'Reilly, Hugh (Aodh Ó Raghallaigh) | Dictionary of Irish Biography" 3438:

in A New History of Ireland, Volume 3: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691

3416:

in A New History of Ireland, Volume 3: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691

1804:

in November 1641. This perception was soon shattered when the rebels

1695: 1654: 1531: 1368: 1364: 1352: 894: 6946: 6355: 6075: 4552: 3916:

The Irish and British Wars, 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure

3775: 2662: 2660: 2532: 6581: 6514: 6179: 6065: 6009: 5414: 4043: 3114: 2496: 2241: 1889: 1838: 1809: 1018: 882:

of 1605 had led to further legal discrimination against Catholics.

763: 739: 701: 660: 595: 7138: 6981: 991:

and other important towns and forts around the country in a quick

6499: 6484: 6383: 6170: 6150: 5124: 5093: 4616: 4536: 2684: 2672: 2657: 1491: 1435: 1325: 996: 813:, which utilised estates confiscated from the northern lords who 771: 755: 82: 2378: 1415:, paving the way for increased repression of Irish Catholics. 1351:, quickly captured positions throughout the province, including 901:

was dominated by English Protestants. The constituencies of the

7167: 7149: 6369: 6362: 6207: 6140: 5999: 4544: 3411:

Clarke, Aidan (2009). Moody, TW; Martin, FX; Byrne, FJ (eds.).

3174: 3078: 3054: 2484: 2472: 2407: 2340: 2253: 1658: 1555: 1538:, and shooting those who tried to swim to safety. Known as the 1328:, then hold it until help came from insurgents in neighbouring 1309: 890: 767: 682: 636: 3524:

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

3503:

Edwards, David; Lenihan, Padraig; Tait, Clodagh, eds. (2007).

7321: 7172: 6872: 6742: 6419: 5989: 3700:. Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast. 2807: 2289:

Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland: 1310–1662

1834: 1823: 1782: 1702:, along with land grants. These demands were rejected by the 1699: 1573:

army in Ulster in April 1642 led to further such atrocities,

1360: 744: 3560:

Jones, Inga (2012). Ryan, Lyndall; Dwyer, Phillip G (eds.).

3162: 3015: 2720: 2397: 2395: 2393: 1773:. In areas where British settlers were concentrated, around 3066: 2419: 1336:

and his allies were to occupy strategic points in Ulster.

1308:

and military officers, many of whom were Gaelic Irish from

1025:... was one of the first to be murdered in the rebellion". 3027: 2508: 1613:

had learned as professional soldiers in mainland Europe.

1601:, who were related to the Campbells' enemies in Scotland, 6107: 4030: 4020: 3975: 3964: 3436:

The Rising of 1641 and the Catholic Confederacy 1641-1645

3186: 3009: 2906: 2854: 2848: 2633: 2627: 2544: 2462: 2460: 2390: 2334: 1738:

on 15 April. On the same day, the Covenanter army led by

841:, which required Irish legislation to be approved by the 6711: 3044: 3042: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2265: 2229: 2113: 5536:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3138: 3126: 3090: 2918: 2891: 2600: 2598: 2065: 1304:

The rebellion was planned by a small group of Catholic

3736:

John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture

3219: 2783: 2749: 2747: 2708: 2457: 2219:"Dictionary of Irish Biography: Wentworth, Sir Thomas" 2101: 2053: 908:

In response, the Irish Catholic upper classes sought '

3485:

A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922

3315: 3303: 3198: 3102: 3039: 2819: 2732: 2568: 2556: 2198: 2186: 2137: 2125: 2089: 2041: 1953:

Religion often took precedence over community links;

1833:

On 10 May 1642, Archbishop O'Reilly convened another

5266:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 2795: 2771: 2759: 2696: 2645: 2595: 2520: 2174: 2029: 1640: 708:. Along with members of the Catholic nobility, they 3859:

Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660

3150: 2744: 3802:Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641–1660 3679:Sixteenth Century Ireland, The Incomplete Conquest 3581: 3502: 2970:"The Plantation of Ulster: Long Term Consequences" 2690: 2678: 2666: 2384: 1458:Further south, the rebellion spread into counties 5629:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3584:Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society 2077: 939:and was planning further plantations in counties 7381: 4018:The Plantation of Ulster: Long term consequences 3818: 3216:Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, pp. 24–26 3120: 3084: 3060: 3000:The Plantation of Ulster: Long term consequences 2538: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2413: 2346: 2247: 1749: 6762:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 6475:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 3355:History of the Confederation and War in Ireland 700:In May 1642, Ireland's Catholic bishops met at 647:, a forgery claiming he had been authorised by 4124: 3600: 3414:Plantation and the Catholic Question 1603–1623 3180: 3168: 3021: 2813: 2726: 2259: 1978:made 23 October an annual day of thanksgiving. 1526:of alleged rebel attacks on women and children 6727: 5109: 4303: 4110: 4084:Trinity College -What was the 1641 Rebellion? 3790: 3385:Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars 3352:Bellings, Richard (1879). Gilbert, JT (ed.). 1625:. In 1646, these accounts were summarised in 782:and music, and have been described as being " 336: 3972:Plantation of Ulster: Long term consequences 1910:Chronology of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1888:The Confederation eventually sided with the 1593:were encouraged by their commanding officer 5238:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4037: 3897:Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates 3821:The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 3714: 3582:Kennedy, Liam; Ollerenshaw, Philip (2012). 3192: 2618:"The Plantation of Ireland: 1641 rebellion" 2514: 2325:"The Plantation of Ireland: 1641 rebellion" 2149: 1515:place names and banned the use of English. 856: 651:to secure Ireland against his opponents in 6734: 6720: 6661:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 5116: 5102: 4310: 4296: 4117: 4103: 3981: 3695: 3543:Devil Land: England under siege, 1588-1688 3454: 3359:. Irish Archaeological and Celtic society. 3225: 2860: 2425: 2285:"1662 (14 & 15 Chas. 2 sess. 4) c. 23" 673:and defeated a government relief force at 343: 329: 164: 50: 3962:The Plantation of Ireland: 1641 rebellion 3894: 3641:Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727 3472: 3382: 3132: 3096: 3072: 2967: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2167:TW Moody, FX Martin, FJ Byrne (editors). 149: 133: 6480:Association football in Northern Ireland 4484:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 4073:Article on the outbreak of the Rebellion 3837: 3799: 3351: 3144: 2639: 2550: 2107: 2095: 1759: 1682:and his brother William, who formed the 1644: 1534:by forcing them off the bridge into the 1517: 1442:from the north. Others advanced through 1383:. Those that did not surrender, such as 860: 793: 5676:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 4063:1641: The Irish Uprising (Plant, David) 3913: 3733: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3540: 3108: 3048: 3033: 2825: 2789: 2738: 2562: 2466: 2235: 2204: 2192: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2047: 1959:Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin 871:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford 14: 7382: 6812:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 4494:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 4317: 3761: 3752: 3676: 3481: 3432: 3410: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3204: 2912: 2577: 2401: 2358: 2295: 2216: 2059: 2035: 1021:of O'Neill's, "Mr Fullerton of Loughal 6715: 5945: 5735: 5556: 5162: 5097: 4291: 4098: 4089:Rebellion of 1641 in County Tipperary 4080:From the Ecclesiastical Record, 1905. 3875: 3856: 3622:Confederate Catholics at War, 1641–49 3601:Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane (1998). 3559: 3521: 3401: 3363: 3156: 2924: 2801: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2714: 2702: 2651: 2604: 2589: 2526: 2437: 2271: 2180: 2083: 2071: 1183: 324: 7063: 3357:in History of the Affairs of Ireland 2337:lecture. Accessed 12 February 2008.) 2169:A New History of Ireland: Volume III 1820:Hugh O'Reilly (archbishop of Armagh) 1494:where St Leger had imposed a brutal 784:More Irish than the Irish themselves 7103: 5078: 4489:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 2968:Gillespie, Raymond (20 June 2002). 2630:lecture. Accessed 12 February 2008. 1771:Donagh MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry 1501: 1211: 825:, served in the Catholic armies of 798:Ireland in 1609, showing the major 712:an alternative government known as 24: 5705:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 5480:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 5278:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 5123: 3819:Perceval-Maxwell, Michael (1994). 3698:Ulster 1641: Aspects of the Rising 1877:was to command the Ulster forces, 912:', and appealed directly first to 754:The pre-Elizabethan population of 616:, instead it led to the 1641–1653 594:, initiated on 23 October 1641 by 25: 7426: 5490:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 4056: 1673:, a member of one of the leading 1641:English and Scottish intervention 1482:, Governor of Dublin Castle, and 1299:The 1641 Rebellion; key locations 1253: 1225: 1141: 1113: 27:Rebellion by Catholics in Ireland 7364: 7363: 6695: 5659:Tallest buildings and structures 5077: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5044: 3899:. Ulster Historical Foundation. 3842:. Ulster Historical Foundation. 3753:Meehan, Charles Patrick (1846). 3366:Making Ireland British 1580–1650 3327: 2691:Edwards, Lenihan & Tait 2007 2679:Edwards, Lenihan & Tait 2007 2667:Edwards, Lenihan & Tait 2007 1955:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond 1671:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond 1280: 1266: 1252: 1238: 1224: 1210: 1196: 1182: 1168: 1154: 1140: 1127: 1126: 1112: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1070: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1035: 304: 292: 280: 268: 250: 238: 226: 214: 202: 190: 166: 151: 135: 121: 4431:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 3939: 3715:Manganiello, Stephen C (2004). 3482:Curtis, Edmund (28 July 2005). 3210: 2992: 2961: 2930: 2884: 2866: 2831: 2610: 2431: 2352: 2317: 2277: 2210: 2161: 2155: 2009: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1964: 1915:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1843:Confederate Oath of Association 1729:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1281: 1267: 1239: 1071: 924:to publish the required Bills. 704:, and declared the rebellion a 71:23 October 1641 – May 1642 5495:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 4343:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 4338:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 4196:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) 3942:"The Gunpowder Plotters, 1605" 3804:. Cambridge University Press. 3738:. Cambridge University Press. 2385:Kennedy & Ollerenshaw 2012 2359:Clavin, Terry (October 2009). 2217:Clavin, Terry (October 2009). 1947: 1932: 1663:Royalist military conspiracies 1155: 1057: 960:rose in a revolt known as the 789: 730:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 13: 1: 5557: 4275:Franco-Spanish War, 1635–1659 3988:Dictionary of Irish Biography 3978:. Accessed 13 February 2008). 3755:The Confederation of Kilkenny 3461:The English Historical Review 2444:Dictionary of Irish Biography 2365:Dictionary of Irish Biography 2223:Dictionary of Irish Biography 2022: 1750:Founding of the Confederation 1197: 1169: 951: 905:gave Protestants a majority. 869:, depicting the execution of 6560:Northern Ireland flags issue 5736: 5511:List of conflicts in Ireland 5255:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4726:Dublin Castle administration 4263:Anglo-Spanish War, 1625–1630 4023:. Accessed 12 February 2008. 1896:by the English Parliament's 1430:, and Mulmore O'Reilly, the 1099: 1028: 1002: 821:Many of the exiles, such as 738:, and the alienation of the 639:, centre of the most recent 495:1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest 7: 5946: 5531:Gaelic clothing and fashion 5163: 3982:McGettigan, Darren (2009). 3967:. Accessed 12 February 2008 3933: 3878:An English Army for Ireland 3793:Confederate Ireland 1642–49 3791:O'Siochru, Michael (1999). 3605:. Oxford University Press. 3586:. Oxford University Press. 3433:Corish, Patrick J. (2009). 3383:Carpenter, Stanley (2004). 3368:. Oxford University Press. 3012:. Accessed 12 February 2008 1903: 1597:to kill the local Catholic 10: 7431: 7400:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 4426:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 4126:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3696:Mac Cuarta, Brian (1993). 3340: 3181:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 3169:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 3022:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 2951:, Information provided by 2814:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 2727:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 2260:Kenyon & Ohlmeyer 1998 1753: 727: 643:. O'Neill then issued the 622:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 600:confiscated Catholic lands 7359: 7304: 7223: 7056: 7000: 6865: 6749: 6741: 6691: 6590: 6528: 6465: 6405: 6318: 6266: 6221: 6188: 6133: 6098: 6048: 5967: 5958: 5954: 5941: 5876: 5779: 5748: 5744: 5731: 5641: 5569: 5565: 5552: 5503: 5291: 5175: 5171: 5158: 5134: 5051:British Empire portal 5039: 4859: 4716: 4527: 4479:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 4464: 4371:Tudor conquest of Ireland 4351: 4333:Timeline of Irish history 4325: 4253:European Wars of Religion 4245: 4204: 4132: 3895:Stevenson, David (1981). 3838:Robinson, Philip (2000). 3660:1690, Battle of the Boyne 3658:Lenihan, Pádraig (2003). 3639:Lenihan, Pádraig (2016). 3624:. Cork University Press. 3620:Lenihan, Pádraig (2001). 3455:Cunningham, John (2021). 1714:brought the military and 1589:, Scottish soldiers from 1488:Lord President of Munster 1405:Proclamation of Dungannon 922:Lords Justices of Ireland 736:Tudor conquest of Ireland 723: 645:Proclamation of Dungannon 635:quickly over-ran most of 627:Despite failing to seize 368: 180: 114: 63: 59:, leader of the rebellion 49: 41: 36: 7410:Massacres of Protestants 6992:Gaelic Christian mission 4745:Privy Council of Ireland 4180:Second English Civil War 4148:Irish Catholic Rebellion 4038:Depositions of witnesses 3840:The Plantation of Ulster 3823:. McGill-Queen's Press. 3526:. Boydell & Brewer. 3364:Canny, Nicholas (2001). 3345: 3005:22 February 2012 at the 2943:21 February 2008 at the 2894:. Trinity College Dublin 2623:22 February 2012 at the 2330:22 February 2012 at the 1925: 1920:List of Irish rebellions 899:Privy Council of Ireland 857:Religious discrimination 843:Privy Council of England 695:local Protestant militia 7395:17th-century rebellions 7390:Irish Rebellion of 1641 7262:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 6822:Jacobite rising of 1745 6652:Prostitution (Republic) 4772:Court of Castle Chamber 4451:Irish Rebellion of 1798 4441:Williamite–Jacobite War 4416:Irish Rebellion of 1641 4164:First English Civil War 4049:28 October 2018 at the 4028:Secrets of Lough Kernan 3990:. Royal Irish Academy. 3914:Wheeler, James (2003). 3800:Ohlmeyer, Jane (2002). 3541:Jackson, Clare (2021). 2949:University of Cambridge 2851:. Accessed 8 March 2008 2844:26 October 2017 at the 1744:First English Civil War 608:to gain control of the 588:Irish Rebellion of 1641 381:1641–42 Irish Rebellion 57:Felim O'Neill of Kinard 37:Irish Rebellion of 1641 5521:List of Irish kingdoms 4806:Trinity College Dublin 4801:Grand Lodge of Ireland 4739:Irish House of Commons 4697:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 4499:Act of Settlement 1662 4421:Irish Confederate Wars 4396:Plantations of Ireland 4386:Reformation in Ireland 4156:Irish Confederate Wars 3857:Royle, Trevor (2004). 3734:Marshal, John (2006). 3402:Carte, Thomas (1736). 1942: 1859:provisional government 1765: 1650: 1623:Trinity College Dublin 1527: 903:Irish House of Commons 874: 851:Lord Deputy of Ireland 807:Plantations of Ireland 802: 800:Plantations of Ireland 618:Irish Confederate Wars 354:Irish Confederate Wars 181:Commanders and leaders 103:Irish Confederate Wars 44:Irish Confederate Wars 7297:An Coimisinéir Teanga 7257:An Comunn Gàidhealach 6962:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 6628:Mass media (Republic) 6572:National coat of arms 5460:IRA Northern Campaign 4731:Parliament of Ireland 4381:Surrender and regrant 4188:Irish Cromwellian War 4140:Scottish Bishops' War 4078:The Rebellion of 1641 3996:10.3318/dib.006989.v1 3970:Gillespie, Raymond. 3677:Lennon, Colm (2005). 3522:Darcy, Eamon (2013). 3507:. Four Courts Press. 3121:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 3085:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 3061:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2539:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2503:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2491:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2479:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2414:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2347:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 2248:Perceval-Maxwell 1994 1976:Parliament of Ireland 1881:the Leinster forces, 1871:Parliament of Ireland 1763: 1648: 1521: 985:Members of Parliament 974:Parliament of England 864: 797: 728:Further information: 602:. Planned as a swift 7346:Kingdom of the Isles 7267:Seachtain na Gaeilge 7232:Údarás na Gaeltachta 6987:Insular Christianity 6802:Plantation of Ulster 6767:High King of Ireland 6550:County coats of arms 6442:List of Irish people 5516:List of Irish tribes 5366:Cromwellian conquest 5352:Plantation of Ulster 5283:Ireland (since 1922) 4735:Irish House of Lords 4514:Constitution of 1782 3795:. Four Courts Press. 2541:, pp. 225, 256. 2438:Ó Siochrú, Micheál. 1826:of Irish bishops at 1675:Old English families 1428:Member of Parliament 1296:class=notpageimage| 823:Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill 811:Plantation of Ulster 669:In November, rebels 649:Charles I of England 620:, part of the wider 18:Irish Rebellion 1641 7405:Catholic rebellions 6842:Highland Clearances 6797:Flight of the Earls 6665:in Northern Ireland 6656:in Northern Ireland 6397:Legendary creatures 6310:Traditional singing 6146:Saint Patrick's Day 5781:Republic of Ireland 5710:Tourist attractions 5695:ROI–UK border 5680:of Northern Ireland 5633:in Northern Ireland 5465:IRA Border Campaign 5440:War of Independence 5410:Second Great Famine 5395:Act of Union (1800) 5347:Flight of the Earls 5204:Lordship of Ireland 5139:Republic of Ireland 4811:Order of St Patrick 4633:Mac William Íochtar 4410:Flight of the Earls 4361:Lordship of Ireland 3876:Ryder, Ian (1987). 3719:. Scarecrow Press. 3474:10.1093/ehr/ceab001 3123:, pp. 267–268. 3036:, pp. 257–258. 2980:on 22 February 2012 2954:, 21 October 2007. 2938:Massacres and myths 2915:, pp. 224–225. 2880:. 18 February 2011. 2592:, pp. 480–482. 2505:, pp. 222–223. 2440:"Nicholas Plunkett" 2404:, pp. 289–296. 2361:"Cole, Sir William" 2274:, pp. 473–474. 2250:, pp. 208–209. 2074:, pp. 411–412. 1828:Kells, County Meath 1756:Confederate Ireland 1627:The Irish Rebellion 1595:Sir Duncan Campbell 1524:atrocity propaganda 983:(some of whom were 833:, particularly the 714:Confederate Ireland 590:was an uprising in 128:Confederate Ireland 96:Confederate Ireland 7341:Kingdom of Munster 7282:Comunn na Gàidhlig 7252:Conradh na Gaeilge 6889:Lebor Gabála Érenn 6702:Ireland portal 6020:Skirts and kidneys 5526:List of High Kings 5445:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5385:First Great Famine 5370:Settlement of 1652 5342:Tyrone's Rebellion 5332:Desmond Rebellions 5221:Kingdom of Ireland 5063:Ireland portal 4841:Catholic Committee 4777:Peerage of Ireland 4585:Clann Aodha Buidhe 4519:Acts of Union 1800 4391:Desmond Rebellions 4319:Kingdom of Ireland 4172:Scottish Civil War 4067:British Civil Wars 3960:Canny, Nicholas. 3880:. Partizan Press. 3567:. Berghahn Books. 3075:, pp. 45, 48. 2927:, pp. 99–100. 2892:"1641 Depositions" 1972:Stuart Restoration 1861:. Present were 14 1814:Trim, County Meath 1766: 1651: 1540:Portadown massacre 1528: 1455:over optimistic. 1385:Enniskillen Castle 987:) plotted to take 956:From 1638 to 1640 875: 803: 641:land confiscations 614:central government 7415:Massacres in 1641 7377: 7376: 7312:Haplogroup R-M269 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 6952:Gaelic folk music 6915:Gaelic literature 6709: 6708: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6094: 6093: 5985:Bacon and cabbage 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5804:Foreign relations 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5654:Notable buildings 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5091: 5090: 4787:Church of Ireland 4649:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 4285: 4284: 4277: 4270:Thirty Years' War 4265: 4258:Eighty Years' War 4192: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4144: 3868:978-0-349-11564-1 3849:978-1-903688-00-7 3514:978-1-85182-962-0 3495:978-1-134-46666-5 3333:Canny pp. 562–566 3183:, pp. 73–74. 2717:, pp. 68–69. 2642:, pp. 14–15. 2553:, pp. 9, 18. 2428:, pp. 55–84. 2262:, pp. 29–30. 2238:, pp. 22–23. 2122:, pp. 56–57. 2062:, pp. 67–68. 1712:Militia Ordinance 1440:besieged Drogheda 916:and then his son 887:Church of Ireland 671:besieged Drogheda 581: 580: 362: 361:Eleven Years' War 319: 318: 110: 109: 101:Beginning of the 16:(Redirected from 7422: 7367: 7366: 7305:Related subjects 7292:Clans of Ireland 7242:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 7237:Foras na Gaeilge 7101: 7100: 7085:Medical families 7061: 7060: 7032:Classical Gaelic 6957:Sean-nós singing 6900:Gaelic astrology 6883:Gaelic mythology 6792:Statutes of Iona 6736: 6729: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6377:Tuatha Dé Danann 5965: 5964: 5956: 5955: 5943: 5942: 5878:Northern Ireland 5856: 5846: 5836: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5732: 5567: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5430:Home Rule crisis 5260:Northern Ireland 5173: 5172: 5160: 5159: 5147:Northern Ireland 5118: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4957:Richard Cromwell 4953: 4945: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4899: 4891: 4890:(1553; disputed) 4883: 4875: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4273: 4261: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3929: 3910: 3891: 3872: 3853: 3834: 3815: 3796: 3787: 3758: 3749: 3730: 3711: 3692: 3673: 3654: 3635: 3616: 3597: 3578: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3499: 3478: 3476: 3451: 3429: 3407: 3398: 3379: 3360: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3193:Manganiello 2004 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976:. Archived from 2965: 2959: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2515:Manganiello 2004 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2321: 2315: 2304: 2293: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1968: 1962: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1894:finally defeated 1875:Owen Roe O'Neill 1795:Adventurers' Act 1724:Adventurers' Act 1607:Owen Roe O'Neill 1502:Ulster massacres 1484:William St Leger 1413:Elector Palatine 1342:Sir William Cole 1284: 1283: 1270: 1269: 1256: 1255: 1242: 1241: 1228: 1227: 1214: 1213: 1200: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1171: 1158: 1157: 1144: 1143: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1115: 1102: 1101: 1088: 1087: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1059: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1024: 847:Thomas Wentworth 835:Army of Flanders 718:Parliamentarians 363: 357: 355: 345: 338: 331: 322: 321: 309: 308: 297: 296: 295: 285: 284: 283: 275:William St Leger 273: 272: 271: 255: 254: 253: 243: 242: 241: 231: 230: 229: 221:Donough MacCarty 219: 218: 217: 207: 206: 205: 195: 194: 193: 176: 172: 170: 169: 161: 157: 155: 154: 145: 141: 139: 138: 126: 125: 124: 65: 64: 54: 34: 33: 21: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7355: 7300: 7287:Columba Project 7225: 7219: 7195: 7099: 7052: 7048:Scottish Gaelic 7011:Primitive Irish 6996: 6927:Scottish Gaelic 6861: 6787:Nine Years' War 6750:General history 6745: 6740: 6710: 6705: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6647:outside Ireland 6618:Historic houses 6586: 6567:Irish Wolfhound 6538:Brighid's Cross 6524: 6495:Gaelic handball 6490:Gaelic football 6461: 6432:Hiberno-Normans 6401: 6314: 6262: 6217: 6198:Hiberno-English 6184: 6129: 6090: 6044: 5950: 5929: 5872: 5854: 5844: 5834: 5775: 5766:Ulster loyalism 5740: 5719: 5637: 5561: 5540: 5499: 5425:Dublin lock-out 5361:Confederate War 5312:Norman invasion 5299:Battles of Tara 5287: 5243:1801–1923 5231:1691–1800 5226:1536–1691 5214:1169–1536 5167: 5154: 5130: 5122: 5092: 5087: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4949:Oliver Cromwell 4943: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4873: 4863: 4855: 4851:United Irishmen 4718: 4712: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4529: 4523: 4466: 4460: 4406:Nine Years' War 4353: 4347: 4321: 4316: 4286: 4281: 4241: 4200: 4128: 4123: 4059: 4051:Wayback Machine 4040: 4000: 3998: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3926: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3850: 3831: 3812: 3776:10.2307/4054214 3746: 3727: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3651: 3632: 3613: 3594: 3575: 3553: 3534: 3515: 3496: 3448: 3426: 3395: 3376: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3226:McGettigan 2009 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3007:Wayback Machine 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2966: 2962: 2945:Wayback Machine 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2861:Mac Cuarta 1993 2859: 2855: 2846:Wayback Machine 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2625:Wayback Machine 2616:Nicholas Canny 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2432: 2426:Cunningham 2021 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2332:Wayback Machine 2322: 2318: 2312:The Irish Story 2305: 2296: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050:, pp. 4–6. 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1970:After the 1660 1969: 1965: 1952: 1948: 1943:Éirí Amach 1641 1937: 1933: 1928: 1906: 1867:Lords Spiritual 1791:Long Parliament 1758: 1752: 1643: 1504: 1424:Philip O'Reilly 1373:Mountjoy Castle 1357:Charlemont Fort 1302: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1031: 1022: 1005: 966:Long Parliament 954: 885:The Protestant 859: 815:went into exile 792: 747:Irish, and the 732: 726: 631:, rebels under 584: 583: 582: 577: 498: 384: 377: 364: 353: 351: 349: 315: 303: 293: 291: 281: 279: 269: 267: 261: 257:Philip O'Reilly 251: 249: 239: 237: 227: 225: 215: 213: 203: 201: 191: 189: 167: 165: 152: 150: 136: 134: 122: 120: 85: 72: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7428: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7324: 7319: 7316:human genetics 7308: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Culture Vannin 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7170: 7165: 7147: 7142: 7132: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7073:Royal families 7069: 7067: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6977:Highland games 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6942:Insular script 6939: 6934: 6912: 6907: 6905:Gaelic kinship 6902: 6897: 6895:Gaelic warfare 6892: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6866:Gaelic culture 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6847:Gaelic Revival 6844: 6839: 6837:Irish diaspora 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6807:1641 Rebellion 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6772:Irish kingdoms 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Gaelic Ireland 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Heritage Sites 6610: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6437:Irish diaspora 6434: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6425:Gaelic Ireland 6417: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6324: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6168: 6166:Rose of Tralee 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:List of dishes 5971: 5969: 5962: 5952: 5951: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5891:D'Hondt method 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5852:Seanad Éireann 5848: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5592:Extreme points 5589: 5584: 5582:Climate change 5579: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5562: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5400:1803 Rebellion 5397: 5392: 5390:1798 Rebellion 5387: 5382: 5377: 5375:Williamite War 5372: 5363: 5357:1641 Rebellion 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5337:Spanish Armada 5334: 5329: 5327:Tudor conquest 5324: 5319: 5317:Bruce campaign 5314: 5309: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5262:(1921–present) 5257: 5252: 5250:Irish Republic 5247: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5209:800–1169 5200:Gaelic Ireland 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5065: 5053: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4912: 4892: 4887:Lady Jane Grey 4884: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831:Irish Patriots 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4747: 4742: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4456:United Kingdom 4453: 4448: 4438: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4366:British Empire 4363: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4237:Worcestershire 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4058: 4057:External links 4055: 4054: 4053: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4016:O'Dowd, Mary. 4014: 4007: 3979: 3968: 3958: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3925:978-0415221313 3924: 3911: 3906:978-0901905246 3905: 3892: 3887:978-0946525294 3886: 3873: 3867: 3854: 3848: 3835: 3830:978-0773511576 3829: 3816: 3811:978-0521434799 3810: 3797: 3788: 3770:(2): 223–255. 3759: 3757:. James Duffy. 3750: 3744: 3731: 3726:978-0810851009 3725: 3712: 3707:978-0853894919 3706: 3693: 3688:978-0717139477 3687: 3681:. Gill Books. 3674: 3668: 3655: 3650:978-1138140639 3649: 3636: 3630: 3617: 3612:978-0198662228 3611: 3598: 3593:978-0199583119 3592: 3579: 3574:978-0857453006 3573: 3557: 3552:978-0241285817 3551: 3545:. Allen Lane. 3538: 3533:978-0861933204 3532: 3519: 3513: 3500: 3494: 3479: 3467:(578): 55–84. 3452: 3447:978-0199562527 3446: 3430: 3425:978-0199562527 3424: 3408: 3406:. J.J Knapton. 3399: 3394:978-0714655444 3393: 3380: 3374: 3361: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3209: 3207:, p. 210. 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3147:, p. 192. 3137: 3133:Carpenter 2004 3125: 3113: 3101: 3097:Stevenson 1981 3089: 3087:, p. 262. 3077: 3073:Stevenson 1981 3065: 3063:, p. 264. 3053: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2991: 2960: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2883: 2865: 2863:, p. 126. 2853: 2839:1641 rebellion 2830: 2818: 2816:, p. 278. 2806: 2804:, p. 139. 2794: 2792:, p. 212. 2782: 2780:, p. 143. 2770: 2768:, p. 142. 2758: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2705:, p. 485. 2695: 2693:, p. 153. 2683: 2681:, p. 155. 2671: 2669:, p. 154. 2656: 2654:, p. 476. 2644: 2632: 2609: 2607:, p. 486. 2594: 2582: 2580:, p. 292. 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2529:, p. 484. 2519: 2517:, p. 317. 2507: 2495: 2493:, p. 222. 2483: 2481:, p. 220. 2471: 2469:, p. 253. 2456: 2430: 2418: 2416:, p. 218. 2406: 2389: 2377: 2351: 2349:, p. 210. 2339: 2316: 2306:Dorney, John. 2294: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2183:, p. 236. 2173: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2110:, p. 190. 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2038:, p. 188. 2027: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2008: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1963: 1946: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1898:New Model Army 1879:Thomas Preston 1863:Lords Temporal 1806:failed to take 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1716:county militia 1680:Robert Stewart 1642: 1639: 1603:Clan MacDonald 1587:Rathlin Island 1513:Irish language 1503: 1500: 1381:Carrickmacross 1330:County Wicklow 1320:were to seize 1314:Connor Maguire 1294: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1009:Little Ice Age 1004: 1001: 953: 950: 880:Gunpowder Plot 858: 855: 791: 788: 725: 722: 579: 578: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 558:Meelick Island 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 376: 375: 369: 366: 365: 348: 347: 340: 333: 325: 317: 316: 314: 313: 301: 289: 277: 264: 262: 260: 259: 247: 235: 233:Connor Maguire 223: 211: 199: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 163: 162: 130: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7427: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7352: 7351:Gaelicisation 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7226:organisations 7222: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Bardic poetry 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6857:Gàidhealtachd 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6730: 6725: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6690: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Public houses 6668: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5926: 5925:Peace process 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5855:(upper house) 5853: 5849: 5847: 5845:(lower house) 5843: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Republicanism 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Peace process 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:The Emergency 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435:Easter Rising 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Fenian Rising 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:Early history 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5084: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4537:Tuadhmhumhain 4535: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Poynings' Law 4472: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4091:by Jim Condon 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3921: 3918:. Routledge. 3917: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3745:0-521-65114-X 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3669:0-7524-2597-8 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643:. Routledge. 3642: 3637: 3633: 3631:1-85918-244-5 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488:. Routledge. 3487: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387:. Routledge. 3386: 3381: 3377: 3375:0-19-925905-4 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3330: 3324:, p. 45. 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 44. 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 41. 3299: 3294: 3288:, p. 43. 3287: 3282: 3276:, p. 31. 3275: 3270: 3264:, p. 30. 3263: 3258: 3252:, p. 29. 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 27. 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3195:, p. 10. 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3171:, p. 77. 3170: 3165: 3159:, p. 14. 3158: 3153: 3146: 3145:Ohlmeyer 2002 3141: 3135:, p. 36. 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 49. 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 52. 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3051:, p. 46. 3050: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3024:, p. 29. 3023: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2998:Mary O'Dowd. 2995: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2893: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837:Mary O'Dowd. 2834: 2828:, p. 58. 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2756:, p. 68. 2755: 2750: 2748: 2741:, p. 31. 2740: 2735: 2729:, p. 74. 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2640:Bellings 1879 2636: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2565:, p. 23. 2564: 2559: 2552: 2551:Bellings 1879 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2387:, p. 29. 2386: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2207:, p. 12. 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 11. 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2146:, p. 58. 2145: 2140: 2134:, p. 10. 2133: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2108:Robinson 2000 2104: 2098:, p. 86. 2097: 2096:Robinson 2000 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2012: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779:Carrickfergus 1776: 1772: 1762: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:Clan Campbell 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:William Lecky 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:County Tyrone 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:Charles Coote 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1334:Felim O'Neill 1332:. Meanwhile, 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:Dublin Castle 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:landed gentry 1297: 1190:Carrickfergus 1038: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989:Dublin Castle 986: 982: 981:landed gentry 977: 975: 971: 970:Carrickfergus 967: 963: 962:Bishops' Wars 959: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 872: 868: 863: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:Poynings' Law 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 816: 812: 808: 801: 796: 787: 785: 781: 778:, patronised 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Anglo-Normans 757: 752: 750: 746: 741: 737: 731: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Felim O'Neill 630: 629:Dublin Castle 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 601: 597: 593: 589: 574: 571: 569: 568:Knocknaclashy 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 497: 496: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 468:Dungan's Hill 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 383: 382: 374: 371: 370: 367: 360: 356: 346: 341: 339: 334: 332: 327: 326: 323: 312: 307: 302: 300: 299:Charles Coote 290: 288: 278: 276: 266: 265: 263: 258: 248: 246: 236: 234: 224: 222: 212: 210: 200: 198: 197:Felim O'Neill 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 175: 160: 148: 147: 146: 144: 131: 129: 119: 118: 113: 104: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 89: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 7335:Clan MacLeod 7277:ULTACH Trust 7158:Corcu Loígde 7030: 7025:Middle Irish 7023: 7016: 7009: 6972:Gaelic games 6923:Modern Irish 6887: 6832:Great Hunger 6806: 6693: 6663: / 6654: / 6645: / 6623:Homelessness 6542: 6510:Road bowling 6505:Martial arts 6452:Ulster Scots 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6333:Mythological 6280: 6240: 6213:Ulster Scots 6173: / 6112: 6040:Three-in-One 5851: 5842:Dáil Éireann 5841: 5831: 5789:Constitution 5678: / 5649:Architecture 5631: / 5504:Other topics 5485:Celtic Tiger 5470:The Troubles 5368: / 5359: / 5356: 5305: / 5301: / 5202: / 5190:Protohistory 4965:Commonwealth 4964: 4940:Commonwealth 4938: 4905: 4846:Orange Order 4766:Common Pleas 4754:King's Bench 4665:Tír Chonaill 4625:Deasmhumhain 4609:Iar Connacht 4415: 4147: 4013:, June 2004. 4010: 3999:. Retrieved 3987: 3950:. Retrieved 3946:BBC Bitesize 3945: 3915: 3896: 3877: 3858: 3839: 3820: 3801: 3792: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3735: 3716: 3697: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3621: 3602: 3583: 3564: 3561: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3484: 3464: 3460: 3437: 3434: 3415: 3412: 3403: 3384: 3365: 3356: 3353: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3109:Wheeler 2003 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3049:Wheeler 2003 3034:Lenihan 2003 3029: 3017: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2978:the original 2973: 2963: 2956:John Morrill 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896:. Retrieved 2886: 2878:The Guardian 2877: 2868: 2856: 2833: 2826:Marshal 2006 2821: 2809: 2797: 2790:Lenihan 2001 2785: 2773: 2761: 2739:Lenihan 2001 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2647: 2635: 2612: 2585: 2563:Lenihan 2001 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2467:Jackson 2021 2447:. Retrieved 2443: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2380: 2368:. 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OUP. 3418:. OUP. 3341:Sources 2898:5 March 2171:. p.xlv 1865:and 11 1822:held a 1808:nearby 1736:Kilrush 1704:Commons 1579:Dromore 1544:Kilmore 1492:Munster 1476:Kildare 1468:Wexford 1460:Leitrim 1436:Dundalk 1326:arsenal 1288:Lisburn 1274:Kildare 1246:Dundalk 1078:Athlone 918:Charles 914:James I 772:Wexford 766:around 756:Ireland 710:created 659:. Many 653:England 592:Ireland 538:Macroom 533:Clonmel 508:Wexford 463:Benburb 411:1642–49 404:Kilrush 159:Ireland 143:England 83:Ireland 7191:Ulster 7183:, and 7168:Laigin 7164:, etc) 7150:Érainn 7131:, etc) 6967:Am Mòd 6947:Fáinne 6929:& 6608:Cinema 6407:People 6356:Aos Sí 6343:Ulster 6338:Fenian 6328:Cycles 6258:Triads 6248:Poetry 6231:Annals 6208:Shelta 6161:Lúnasa 6141:Imbolc 6076:Poitín 6056:Coffee 6049:Drinks 6000:Coddle 5666:Cities 5617:Rivers 5607:Loughs 5292:Events 5150:topics 5142:topics 5128:topics 4994:& 4902:Philip 4900:& 4895:Mary I 4826:Tories 4793:& 4708:(1611) 4700:(1607) 4692:(1607) 4684:(1607) 4676:(1607) 4668:(1607) 4660:(1606) 4652:(1605) 4644:(1603) 4641:Laigin 4636:(1602) 4628:(1596) 4620:(1593) 4612:(1589) 4604:(1585) 4596:(1585) 4588:(1574) 4580:(1574) 4572:(1550) 4564:(1544) 4556:(1543) 4553:Loígis 4548:(1543) 4540:(1543) 4528:Gaelic 4400:Ulster 4232:Tarvin 4222:Dorset 4151:(1641) 4011:Albion 4001:1 June 3952:1 June 3922: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3846: 3827: 3808: 3782: 3764:Albion 3742: 3723: 3704: 3685: 3666: 3647: 3628: 3609: 3590: 3571: 3549: 3530: 3511: 3492: 3444: 3422: 3391: 3372: 2936:Staff 2449:19 May 1974:, the 1659:Ulster 1556:Shrule 1552:Kinard 1403:. 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Irish Rebellion of 1641

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