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1979 Revolution, which the U.S. refused to comply with. After multiple gatherings outside the U.S. embassy, on 4 November 1979, a group of militarized university students climbed the walls of the building, seized the premises, and took hostage 52 embassy employees working there for 444 days in what is known as the
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on July 1, 1981, moving to its own premises in The Hague the following year. The
Tribunal closed to new claims by private individuals on 19 January 1982, one year after it was established. It received over 4,700 claims and ordered payments totaling over US$ 3.5 billion; around US$ 2.5 billion by Iran
286:, demanding the return of the Shah in exchange for the hostages. In response to the hostage-taking, U.S.-Iran relations broke down, the U.S. froze billions of dollars of Iranian money, imposed sanctions on transactions with Iran, and authorized judicial confiscation of Iranian assets on U.S. soil.
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Affected by United States’ role in 1953 coup d'état which resulted in overthrown of the first-ever democratically elected government of
Mohammad Mossadegh, elements of Iranian society demanded the return of the dethroned Shah and the Iranian assets he had taken with him while fleeing Iran after the
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To settle the dispute, senior
Algerian officials brokered rounds of negotiations, calling for the release of the Americans and termination of U.S.’s countermeasures. Negotiations between parties wrapped up as two Declarations were issued, part of which established an arbitral tribunal for the
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The
Tribunal consists of nine members, three appointed by Iran, three by the U.S., and three from third-party countries that are appointed by the other six members. Claims are decided by one of the three Chambers of the Tribunal or by the Full Tribunal if it concerns disputes between the two
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settlement of property and contract claims of Iran and United States against each other. The new tribunal is located in The Hague, Netherlands and has been called “the most significant arbitral body in history”. Its decisions are considered binding for both sides.
528:"2. DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA CONCERNING THE SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (Claims Settlement Declaration)"
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The IUSCT has been called "the most significant arbitral body in history", and its decisions are considered influential in the areas of investor-state arbitration and
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Claims of U.S. nationals against Iran and of
Iranian nationals against the U.S. that arise from debts, contracts, and other measures affecting property rights;
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governments or important questions referred to it by the
Chambers. The Tribunal operates largely in accordance with the arbitration rules of the
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issued on 19 January 1981, to resolve the crisis in relations between the two countries arising out of incidents in U.S. embassy in Tehran.
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Symposium on the
Settlement with Iran, March 6–7, 1981, Lawyer of the Americas, U Miami J. Int'l Law (Special Issue, Spring 1981).
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Certain "official claims" between the U.S. and
Iranian governments relating to the purchase and sale of goods and services;
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The Nature of the Iran-United States Claims
Tribunal and the Evolving Structure of International Dispute Resolution,
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Both Iran and the U.S. adhered to the final accord. U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took office the day after the
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Disputes between Iran and the U.S. concerning the interpretation or performance of the
Algiers Declarations.
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As of 2014, all private claims had been resolved, while several intergovernmental claims are still pending.
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Mark B. Feldman, Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training,
492:"1. DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA (General Declaration)"
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617:"Guides: International Investment Law Research Guide: Iran-United States Claims Tribunal"
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https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2925&context=facpubs
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Revolutionary Days: The Iran Hostage Crisis and the Hague Claims Tribunal, A Look Back
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Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978
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Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
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to U.S. nationals and more than US$ 1 billion by the U.S. to Iran.
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Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
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Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
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Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
312:, affirmed the agreement, and the U.S. Supreme Court upheld its
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Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
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United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
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Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
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United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
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Government of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
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Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections
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December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
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Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
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International arbitral tribunal between the US and Iran
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Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
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Academic relations between Iran and the United States
2915:
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
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Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
2251:
Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
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Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
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Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1442:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
1256:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
768:American Hostages In Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis
2973:Iranian Students Association in the United States
1834:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
3450:
2508:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
1430:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1400:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
3464:International arbitration courts and tribunals
2719:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
2699:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
2669:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
2557:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
2246:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
2158:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
2153:Interests Section of Iran in the United States
322:. The Tribunal held its first meeting in the
2865:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
2089:
820:
595:University of California at Berkeley (1990),
333:
2987:Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans
2983:Organization of Iranian American Communities
1298:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
1185:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
3346:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
2204:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
1459:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1151:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
1020:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
781:https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Feldman.Mark.pdf
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3341:United States involvement in regime change
3326:Opposition to military action against Iran
2890:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
2731:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
2096:
2082:
827:
813:
2684:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
2418:International Maritime Security Construct
1420:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
1313:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980
1050:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
266:, an international agreement between the
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
3311:International Conference on Hollywoodism
2529:America can't do a damn thing against us
2148:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
2138:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
1658:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
1454:Three Mile Island accident investigation
1156:Department of Education Organization Act
241:
3026:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
1363:National Energy Conservation Policy Act
3451:
3021:National Council of Resistance of Iran
2178:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group
1368:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
3368:American Institute of Iranian Studies
2947:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity
2726:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
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1884:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1670:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1118:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
1106:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
808:
508:from the original on 24 December 2019
2806:United States sanctions against Iran
2599:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
2594:United States diplomatic cables leak
2143:Embassy of the United States, Tehran
1336:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1278:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
274:embodied in two Declarations by the
161:"Iran–United States Claims Tribunal"
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
66:
25:
2547:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
1697:Continuity of Government Commission
1206:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1173:Federal Emergency Management Agency
13:
3316:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
3178:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
2386:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
2261:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
2168:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
1763:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land
1246:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
1241:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
1060:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
761:
252:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
246:Building of the IUSCT in The Hague
14:
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3001:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
2978:National Iranian American Council
2941:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
2900:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
2741:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
2133:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
1040:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
789:
686:United States Department of State
614:
564:"The Hostage Crisis, 30 Years On"
544:from the original on 22 July 2022
41:This article has multiple issues.
3469:Organisations based in The Hague
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3238:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
2552:Disappearance of Robert Levinson
2423:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
2413:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
2408:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
2115:
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1410:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
1288:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
1273:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1139:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
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3276:Anti-American sentiment in Iran
2756:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
2736:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
2679:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2396:February 2019 Warsaw Conference
1849:Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize
1675:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
1648:Presidential Library and Museum
1081:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1067:Diplomatic relations with China
746:from the original on 2020-10-19
732:
692:from the original on 2021-05-15
574:from the original on 2020-12-30
137:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2875:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
2674:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2659:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
2319:United States support for Iraq
2163:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
1740:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid
1266:Right to Financial Privacy Act
1201:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
970:Solar power at the White House
851:President of the United States
703:
674:
645:
633:
608:
585:
556:
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1:
2746:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident
1937:(2002 television documentary)
1814:Presidential Medal of Freedom
477:
3459:Iran–United States relations
2870:Iran Freedom and Support Act
2855:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
2589:Detention of American hikers
2513:1980 October Surprise theory
2112:Iran–United States relations
1890:Georgia State Capitol statue
1308:Trade Agreements Act of 1979
1231:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1161:U.S. Department of Education
1091:1980 Summer Olympics boycott
357:
7:
2991:United Against Nuclear Iran
2567:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
2028:(first cousin once removed)
1346:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
740:"Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal"
682:"Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal"
10:
3485:
3423:Not for the Faint of Heart
3398:Saint Peter Church, Tehran
3373:American School of Isfahan
3336:State Sponsor of Terrorism
2910:Dames & Moore v. Regan
2751:2022 Erbil missile attacks
2443:Operation Martyr Soleimani
2433:Thirteen revenge scenarios
2403:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
1870:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue
1829:Philadelphia Liberty Medal
1494:State of the Union Address
1405:Antarctic Conservation Act
1221:Community Reinvestment Act
640:Dames & Moore v. Regan
472:Nicolas Michel (President)
334:Jurisdiction and procedure
319:Dames & Moore v. Regan
303:
18:
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3261:1998 FIFA World Cup match
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2860:Iran Nonproliferation Act
2811:Maximum pressure campaign
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2709:2021 Erbil rocket attacks
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1283:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
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1003:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
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568:FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau
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3378:Community School, Tehran
3138:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
3016:National Council of Iran
3011:Kingdom Assembly of Iran
2930:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2689:2019 K-1 Air Base attack
2604:Strait of Hormuz dispute
2537:Beirut barracks bombings
2493:Operation Credible Sport
2369:Operation Praying Mantis
2209:1953 Iranian coup d'état
1435:National Priorities List
1261:National security letter
1211:Airline Deregulation Act
1144:Senior Executive Service
1010:Torrijos–Carter Treaties
621:guides.ll.georgetown.edu
19:Not to be confused with
2880:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment
2627:Nuclear program of Iran
2364:Operation Nimble Archer
2349:Operation Eager Glacier
1747:reaction and commentary
1687:Nairobi Agreement, 1999
1479:Moral Equivalent of War
1415:Clean Water Act of 1977
3403:Tehran American School
3286:CIA activities in Iran
2956:Groups and individuals
2935:Certain Iranian Assets
2925:United States v. Banki
2664:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
2448:2020 Camp Taji attacks
2359:Operation Prime Chance
2354:Operation Earnest Will
2214:Abadan Crisis Timeline
1755:Beyond the White House
1604:running mate selection
1572:running mate selection
1489:A Crisis of Confidence
436:M.H. Abedian Kalkhoran
258:) is an international
247:
3321:Iranian frozen assets
3143:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
2850:Executive Order 13876
2845:Executive Order 13780
2828:Executive Order 13769
2823:Executive Order 12172
2818:Executive Order 12170
2783:Tower 22 drone attack
2542:Khobar Towers bombing
2488:Guadeloupe Conference
2002:Ruth Carter Stapleton
1984:James Earl Carter Sr.
1732:Our Endangered Values
1236:Executive Order 12086
1180:Executive Order 12172
1168:Executive Order 12148
1096:Executive Order 12036
1025:Executive Order 12170
948:Judicial appointments
870:Georgia State Senator
642:, 453 U.S. 654 (1981)
400:Christopher Greenwood
245:
3243:Abdul Majid Muhammed
2968:Iran–America Society
2714:2021 Natanz incident
2704:2020 Iran explosions
2498:Operation Eagle Claw
2460:Incidents after 1979
2271:Joint Plan of Action
2199:Persian Gulf Command
1990:Lillian Gordy Carter
1824:Silver Buffalo Award
1653:Habitat for Humanity
1030:Operation Eagle Claw
298:state responsibility
146:improve this article
86:for grammar and tone
3291:Copyright relations
2622:2016 Naval incident
2478:Iran hostage crisis
2329:Iran Air Flight 655
2241:Island of Stability
2173:Iranian Directorate
1996:Gloria Carter Spann
1819:Freedom of the City
1484:Island of Stability
1353:National Energy Act
1341:Energy Security Act
1303:Revenue Act of 1978
1086:International trips
1073:Goldwater v. Carter
1015:Iran hostage crisis
938:Political positions
862:Governor of Georgia
537:. 19 January 1981.
501:. 19 January 1981.
284:Iran hostage crisis
262:established by the
3388:Iran Bethel School
3363:Alborz High School
3198:Abdolreza Shahlaei
3173:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
3158:Mohammad Mosaddegh
3133:Amir Mirza Hekmati
3123:Mahmoud Reza Banki
3073:Erwin David Rabhan
3038:Howard Baskerville
2920:Oil Platforms case
2895:Public Law 113-100
2572:2008 Naval dispute
2473:Iranian Revolution
2339:Iran–Contra affair
2324:Bridgeton incident
1945:(2007 documentary)
1716:Everything to Gain
1692:One America Appeal
998:Camp David Accords
602:2019-04-26 at the
412:H.R. Nikbakht Fini
248:
90:You can assist by
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3445:
3148:Mohammad Hosseini
3043:William J. Fallon
2963:Iran Action Group
2778:2024 Erbil attack
2584:Project Cassandra
2344:Operation Staunch
2231:Project Dark Gene
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2070:
1844:Christopher Award
1809:Nobel Peace Prize
1771:White House Diary
1724:The Hornet's Nest
1629:
1628:
1467:
1466:
1293:Staggers Rail Act
975:Reagan transition
960:Executive Actions
742:. US State Dept.
424:Seyed Jamal Seifi
388:O. Thomas Johnson
314:constitutionality
260:arbitral tribunal
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120:
119:
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3393:Iranzamin School
3383:Damavand College
3356:Alavi Foundation
3351:650 Fifth Avenue
3301:Dual containment
3296:Death to America
3208:Masoud Soleimani
3128:Haleh Esfandiari
3093:Michael R. White
2838:Trump travel ban
2642:Operation Merlin
2381:Yemeni Civil War
2376:Syrian civil war
2226:Exercise Delawar
2194:Persian Corridor
2126:Diplomatic posts
2120:
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1779:A Call to Action
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798:Official website
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615:Bjork, Charles.
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591:David D. Caron,
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3108:Saeid Aboutaleb
3088:Craig Wadsworth
3063:Stephen D. Mull
3053:Joseph Macmanus
2951:
2792:
2647:Charming Kitten
2609:RQ-170 incident
2577:Filipino Monkey
2523:Algiers Accords
2454:
2391:Abraham Accords
2302:
2296:U.S. withdrawal
2182:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2072:
2067:
2048:Ronald Reagan →
2031:
2026:Hugh Carter Jr.
1960:Rosalynn Carter
1948:
1942:Man from Plains
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1858:
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1635:Post-presidency
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1194:Economic policy
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1127:Domestic policy
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1045:1979 oil crisis
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965:Rabbit incident
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3271:American Islam
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3257:
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3223:Karan Vafadari
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3033:Elliott Abrams
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2503:Canadian Caper
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1358:Energy Tax Act
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1035:Canadian Caper
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985:Foreign policy
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2041:← Gerald Ford
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