891:
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primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing. If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration. Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.
514:
410:. Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy.
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954:
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201:
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1106:, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When
175:
inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion.
59:
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course of a few minutes. The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors. In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.
899:
719:. Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin.
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professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate. One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.
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left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely. If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.
767:
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the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of
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837:. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in
385:, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV
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572:. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition).
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871:, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely. A peripheral line consists of a short
182:) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects.
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administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.
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Although many doctors warn Asian immigrants in New York that the effects of injecting glucose differ little from drinking sugary water, many Asians, especially of older generations, still use the intravenous solution. In their homelands, it is commonly prescribed by doctors as a method to cure colds,
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A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from
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through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered. The type and location of venous
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An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used
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dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the
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of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream. For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given
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Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users, and those undergoing chemotherapy, whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and
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Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be
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Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via
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Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the
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allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is
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A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually
676:
In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" ), such as that
161:. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a
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worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have
Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed
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fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical
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IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by
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to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric
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into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the
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Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of
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IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally
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An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is
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may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the
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depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.
887:. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion.
1290:, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of
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around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or
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as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers. Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.
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Dhaese S, Heffernan A, Liu D, Abdul-Aziz MH, Stove V, Tam VH, Lipman J, Roberts JA, De Waele JJ (25 July 2020). "Prolonged Versus
Intermittent Infusion of β-Lactam Antibiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Bacterial Killing in Preclinical Infection Models".
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results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test". Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer
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gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "
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under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.
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Kanji S, Lam J, Johanson C, Singh A, Goddard R, Fairbairn J, Lloyd T, Monsour D, Kakal J (September 2010). "Systematic review of physical and chemical compatibility of commonly used medications administered by continuous infusion in intensive care units".
1133:, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection.
2520:"The incidence of infusion reactions associated with monoclonal antibody drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of patient and study characteristics"
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which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight. Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as
406:, such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery. The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with
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Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves
Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL (February 2015). "The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review".
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or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.
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may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with
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or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a
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treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk. In the 1830s,
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access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.
224:
Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of
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may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent
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to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels). They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with
2128:
Flannery AH, Adkins DA, Cook AM (August 2016). "Unpeeling the
Evidence for the Banana Bag: Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Management of Alcohol-Associated Vitamin and Electrolyte Deficiencies in the ICU".
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which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line.
134:. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use.
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Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as
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Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, McGrail M, Rickard CM (2018). "Phlebitis Signs and
Symptoms With Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: Incidence and Correlation Study".
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the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the
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or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.
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but was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a
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1444:
Fujii T, Udy A, Licari E, Romero L, Bellomo R (June 2019). "Sodium bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis: A scoping and a systematic review".
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used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is
2427:
Chan JS, Kot TK, Ng M, Harky A (November 2019). "Continuous
Infusion Versus Intermittent Boluses of Furosemide in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
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on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.
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If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a
2893:
3029:
Heng SY, Yap RT, Tie J, McGrouther DA (April 2020). "Peripheral Vein
Thrombophlebitis in the Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review of a Frequent and Important Problem".
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Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a
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O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, Raad II, Randolph AG, Rupp ME, Saint S (May 2011).
1266:, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery. This predated the understanding of
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1083:. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate
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in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.
4102:
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Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J (July 2012). "A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises".
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Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van
Zundert A, Mortier E (2005). "The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine".
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If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid,
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is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water
1942:
Runge VM, Ai T, Hao D, Hu X (December 2011). "The developmental history of the gadolinium chelates as intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance".
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being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line.
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544:
is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by
394:, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood.
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Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, Ritchie C (23 December 2016). "Chapter 35". In
Edmonson KG, Davis KJ (eds.).
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remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by
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A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the
17:
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1002:", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a
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Schwamburger NT, Hancock RH, Chong CH, Hartup GR, Vandewalle KS (2012). "The rate of adverse events during IV conscious sedation".
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Vardas PE, Kochiadakis GE (September 2003). "Amiodarone for the
Restoration of Sinus Rhythm in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation".
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Lv L, Zhang J (May 2020). "The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis".
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and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some
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425:. This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into the active form.
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As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as
730:. These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome".
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and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
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110:) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous
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is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.
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Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed
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Left: A person receiving fluids through an intravenous line in the wrist. Right: IV bags on a pole connected to IV lines.
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Boles Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD (1 May 1990). "Furosemide (Frusemide) A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Review (Part I)".
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A Hickman line, a type of tunneled catheter, inserted through the skin at the chest and tunneled to insert into the
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Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes
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showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a
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may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.
815:. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a
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Agarwal AK, Haddad N, Boubes K (November 2019). "Avoiding problems in tunneled dialysis catheter placement".
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There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831
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prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The
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Roca-Tey R (March 2016). "Permanent Arteriovenous Fistula or Catheter Dialysis for Heart Failure Patients".
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To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as
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Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.
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Elbarbry F (June 2018). "Vancomycin Dosing and Monitoring: Critical Evaluation of the Current Practice".
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1870:"Whole blood transfusion versus component therapy in adult trauma patients with acute major haemorrhage"
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An arm board is recommended for immobilizing the extremity for cannulation of the hand, the foot or the
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of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as
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The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when
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makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.
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food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain
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3440:"Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia"
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Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered
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2930:"Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children"
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in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and
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scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the
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care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the
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or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for
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3102:"Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters"
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2207:"The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies"
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Wanger and colleagues had in effect invented the modern I.V.-drip method of drug delivery
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which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line. Children in
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3329:"Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications"
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3054:
3006:
2954:
2929:
2868:
2855:
2828:
2809:
2766:
2546:
2519:
2500:
2452:
2409:
2362:
2285:
2233:
2206:
2154:
2075:
2017:
1967:
1899:
1869:
1821:
1796:
1736:
1652:
1639:
1614:
1469:
1391:
1364:
1291:
1215:
922:
918:
838:
778:
A needle for intravenous access should be inserted at an approximately 25-degree angle.
650:
142:
3625:
Wren, Boyle, and the Origins of Intravenous Injections and the Royal Society of London
953:
612:
notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change
5359:
5354:
5192:
4933:
4695:
4407:
4242:
4227:
4117:
3933:
3733:
3703:
3604:
3579:
3544:
3504:
3469:
3420:
3385:
3350:
3301:
3270:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3188:
3139:
3121:
3082:
3058:
3046:
3011:
2959:
2872:
2860:
2801:
2770:
2758:
2721:
2696:
2673:
2644:
2619:
2590:
2551:
2492:
2456:
2444:
2413:
2401:
2366:
2354:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2275:
2238:
2146:
1994:
1959:
1922:
1903:
1891:
1826:
1777:
1728:
1724:
1644:
1595:
1560:
1503:
1499:
1461:
1396:
1323:
1283:
854:
783:
460:
438:
355:
288:
242:
138:
123:
81:
3736:(February 1931). "Influence of velocity on the response to intravenous injections".
3362:
3313:
2813:
2610:
Raehl CL (July 1986). "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation".
2504:
2158:
1985:
Rawson JV, Pelletier AL (1 September 2013). "When to Order a Contrast-Enhanced CT".
1740:
1473:
883:-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal
5293:
3902:
3747:
3664:
3571:
3496:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3412:
3340:
3293:
3250:
3215:
3178:
3170:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3038:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2850:
2840:
2793:
2750:
2541:
2531:
2484:
2440:
2436:
2393:
2346:
2267:
2228:
2218:
2138:
1971:
1951:
1881:
1816:
1808:
1767:
1720:
1656:
1634:
1626:
1587:
1552:
1495:
1453:
1386:
1376:
1223:
1124:
830:
702:
553:
476:
442:
273:
150:
3500:
487:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as
5183:
4867:
4731:
3920:
3891:
3887:
3697:
3297:
3042:
2902:
2898:
2350:
2142:
1955:
1313:
1242:
1238:
876:
663:
496:
464:
398:
324:
292:
258:
254:
234:
2518:
Bylsma LC, Dean R, Lowe K, Sangaré L, Alexander DD, Fryzek JP (September 2019).
1886:
5593:
5244:
4877:
4339:
4301:
4290:
4107:
4021:
3982:
3628:
2397:
2271:
1772:
1755:
1556:
1457:
1279:
1030:
important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.
983:
587:
581:
534:
417:, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a
2928:
Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, Russell K, Klassen TP, Craig W (July 2006).
2488:
2223:
2045:"Samir Nasri's doping ban extended from six to 18 months after appeal by Uefa"
5577:
5387:
5309:
5278:
5043:
4872:
4267:
4077:
3866:
3699:
Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology
3669:
3650:
3575:
3254:
3125:
2979:"Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation"
2177:"A Life Upended After an IV Glucose Treatment Popular Among Asian Immigrants"
1418:
1365:"Intravenous Fluid of Choice in Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review"
1294:
and dextrose. This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous
1247:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1054:
1026:
1018:
753:
654:
480:
448:
434:
422:
238:
200:
3159:"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections"
774:
521:
of a German hospital could not eat due to a prior surgical operation of the
5428:
5364:
5349:
5324:
5162:
4882:
4262:
4135:
3583:
3508:
3473:
3424:
3389:
3354:
3305:
3262:
3192:
3143:
3086:
3050:
3015:
2963:
2864:
2805:
2762:
2677:
2555:
2496:
2448:
2405:
2358:
2242:
2150:
1998:
1963:
1895:
1830:
1781:
1648:
1599:
1564:
1465:
1400:
1381:
1343:
1328:
1318:
1295:
1254:
1227:
1046:) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand.
1007:
1003:
971:
967:
958:
799:
625:
363:
265:
3548:
3227:
2623:
1732:
533:, parenteral nutrition and pain killers via automated injection employing
5522:
5410:
5283:
5239:
5217:
5204:
5135:
5105:
5039:
4888:
4827:
4656:
4397:
4361:
3874:
3603:(2nd ed.). Toronto : University of Toronto Press. pp. 198–199.
3174:
2845:
1868:
Avery P, Morton S, Tucker H, Green L, Weaver A, Davenport R (June 2020).
1630:
1287:
1198:
1096:
1084:
898:
653:", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a
638:
634:
530:
484:
373:
may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or
296:
127:
3206:
Jaffe RB (July 1983). "Cardiac and vascular involvement in drug abuse".
2797:
1613:Álvarez R, López Cortés LE, Molina J, Cisneros JM, Pachón J (May 2016).
5444:
5406:
5377:
4937:
4911:
4773:
4573:
4382:
4296:
3987:
2589:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009.
1845:"Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
1308:
1267:
1194:
1107:
1043:
807:
723:
716:
629:
617:
613:
561:
414:
407:
391:
386:
370:
4725:
3820:
3345:
3328:
2754:
2536:
1812:
766:
93:
5016:
4906:
4758:
4748:
4492:
4377:
4344:
4172:
1797:"Aprepitant and fosaprepitant drug interactions: a systematic review"
1103:
841:. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines".
549:
332:
310:
179:
153:" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended
3327:
Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH (June 2014).
2888:
2640:
Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine E-Book
688:
Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management.
137:
The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and
5558:
5547:
5339:
5319:
5314:
5288:
5232:
5125:
5115:
5110:
4813:
4778:
4763:
4705:
4402:
4392:
4387:
3562:
Lindeboom GA (1954). "The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope".
1338:
1178:
1062:
1053:
or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes
940:
placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the
872:
795:
682:
557:
374:
359:
328:
3156:
5344:
5273:
5212:
5157:
5152:
5120:
4960:
4916:
4793:
3487:
Wang W (25 July 2015). "Tolerability of hypertonic injectables".
2977:
Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR (April 2016).
2205:
Han Y, Yan W, Zheng Y, Khan MZ, Yuan K, Lu L (11 November 2019).
1795:
Patel P, Leeder JS, Piquette-Miller M, Dupuis LL (October 2017).
1612:
1258:
1013:
880:
816:
791:
604:
IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The
569:
522:
472:
468:
418:
277:
269:
167:
162:
64:
5266:
3685:
https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/
1794:
829:
The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in
5334:
5254:
5167:
4987:
4898:
4788:
4753:
4740:
4272:
3809:
3535:
Millam D (January 1996). "The history of intravenous therapy".
2829:"Arm port vs chest port: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2663:
1756:"Intravenous to oral (iv:po) anti-infective conversion therapy"
1130:
1006:, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an
884:
782:
The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow
678:
545:
526:
209:
115:
3375:
3283:
1010:), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution.
463:. Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to
5222:
4947:
4849:
4808:
4687:
3651:"Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy"
3438:
Campbell G, Alderson P, Smith AF, Warttig S (13 April 2015).
3100:
Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, Marsh N (23 January 2019).
3071:
2927:
1524:"What is an IV Vitamin Therapy? A Complete Guide by Nepenthe"
1058:
565:
456:
281:
230:
141:
throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the
63:
A person receiving a medication through an intravenous line (
3437:
2382:
1916:
3403:
Hadaway L (August 2007). "Infiltration and extravasation".
3326:
2071:"Ryan Lochte suspended 14 months for anti-doping violation"
1039:
894:
Illustration of a non-tunneled central venous access device
351:
314:
58:
4970:
4651:
3099:
2906:, American College of Emergency Physicians, archived from
5086:
5031:
2256:
Cooper E, Guillaumin J, Yaxley P, Her J, Young A (2022).
2255:
1542:
928:
794:
is the most common intravenous access method utilized in
3075:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
2477:
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
471:. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe
402:
intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other
3683:
See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database:
2643:(6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 349.
2266:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International).
233:. Substances that may be infused intravenously include
3600:
History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction
3564:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
2976:
1867:
1362:
1278:
Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician
3731:
2894:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2517:
2335:
1710:
3028:
1443:
1193:
may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not
770:
A nurse inserting an 18-gauge IV needle with cannula
366:
750mg (right), and log sheet hanging from an IV pole
2740:
1670:Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA (13 November 2015). "7.5".
313:solutions often used in those who have significant
2127:
819:or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a
335:are also administered through intravenous access.
2042:
1577:
1144:
5575:
1492:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference
4431:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
2204:
1984:
1669:
4435:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
3702:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141–142.
2826:
2718:Peripherally inserted central venous catheters
2715:
2691:Marino PL (2014). "2. Central Venous Access".
2426:
1490:Flynn E (2007). "Pharmacokinetic Parameters".
1363:Noonpradej S, Akaraborworn O (3 August 2020).
467:, or can be used to replace blood lost during
4637:
4188:
3836:
2636:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2249:
1257:studied the use of IV fluid replacements for
1113:
867:A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in
685:, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others.
644:
459:which is collected from a donor for use in a
299:with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as
4451:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
3648:
3629:https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163
2827:Li G, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zheng J (3 July 2019).
2684:
2470:
2468:
2466:
1941:
1919:Hazzard's geriatric medicine and gerontology
1209:
1173:. In such cases, the infiltration is termed
287:The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is
4557:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
4446:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
3106:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2986:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2884:
2882:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1921:(Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1615:"Optimizing the Clinical Use of Vancomycin"
1485:
1483:
1099:may decrease the pain of putting in an IV.
1061:, causing pain and tissue damage, and even
902:The central line kit (out of its packaging)
346:
4644:
4630:
4195:
4181:
3843:
3829:
3796:Archive of the 4th edition (December 2016)
2716:Sandrucci S, Mussa B, eds. (5 July 2014).
2562:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
1673:Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care
1545:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
701:Some medications can be administered as a
57:
3668:
3561:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3463:
3344:
3182:
3133:
3005:
2953:
2854:
2844:
2545:
2535:
2463:
2378:
2376:
2232:
2222:
1885:
1820:
1771:
1753:
1638:
1412:
1410:
1390:
1380:
4441:American College of Emergency Physicians
2890:American College of Emergency Physicians
2879:
2783:
2709:
2657:
2474:
2174:
2090:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1801:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1480:
1012:
952:
897:
889:
848:
773:
765:
757:
742:
649:In the 1960s, John Myers developed the "
512:
483:. Early blood transfusions consisted of
350:
149:. Many therapies are administered as a "
4461:European Society for Emergency Medicine
3850:
3767:"A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition"
3695:
3444:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3402:
3240:
3022:
2777:
2312:
1663:
1356:
14:
5576:
4471:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
4202:
4052:Peripherally inserted central catheter
3764:
3596:
3534:
3515:
3489:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
2695:(Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: LWW.
2690:
2373:
2193:fevers and sometimes an upset stomach.
2170:
2168:
1536:
1407:
935:Peripherally inserted central catheter
929:Peripherally inserted central catheter
4625:
4176:
3948:
3824:
3205:
2609:
2068:
2005:
1619:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1489:
974:in people with poor kidney function.
4466:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
3752:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007
3486:
2101:
1270:, leading to unpredictable results.
977:
118:. It may also be used to administer
5001:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
4551:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
4456:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
3627:. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924
2165:
2043:Press Association (1 August 2018).
1369:Critical Care Research and Practice
879:. This is usually in the form of a
844:
32:"The Drip" redirects here. For the
27:Medication administered into a vein
24:
5265:
5203:
5096:
3782:
3417:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282299.03441.c7
1592:10.1023/B:CEPR.0000012400.34597.00
1416:
1069:
525:which was complicated by a severe
248:
25:
5615:
3802:
3798:via the Internet Wayback Machine)
1419:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids"
1120:coagulase-negative staphylococcus
948:
875:inserted through the skin into a
591:circulation to the imaging site.
428:
122:or other medical therapy such as
5443:
4969:
4730:
4724:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4248:International emergency medicine
3808:
3031:The American Journal of Medicine
1725:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004
1580:Cardiac Electrophysiology Review
1500:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0
906:
762:IV infusion set (not yet in use)
610:United States Anti-Doping Agency
599:
295:at 0.9% concentration, which is
284:itself is considered a colloid.
208:
199:
4605:
4545:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
4258:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
3758:
3725:
3689:
3677:
3656:Journal of Infection Prevention
3642:
3633:
3617:
3590:
3555:
3480:
3431:
3405:The American Journal of Nursing
3396:
3369:
3320:
3277:
3234:
3199:
3150:
3093:
3065:
2970:
2921:
2820:
2734:
2630:
2603:
2587:Lippincott's nursing procedures
2511:
2420:
2198:
2121:
2062:
2036:
2022:U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)
2018:"IV Infusion: Explanatory Note"
1978:
1935:
1910:
1861:
1837:
1788:
1747:
1704:
1680:
1273:
1057:of the drug, which can lead to
377:solutions. Compared with other
190:
4533:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
4527:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
3791:Standards for Infusion Therapy
3537:Journal of Intravenous Nursing
3456:10.1002/14651858.CD009891.pub2
3243:The Journal of Vascular Access
3118:10.1002/14651858.CD007798.pub5
2998:10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2
2946:10.1002/14651858.CD004390.pub2
2833:Cancer Management and Research
2786:The Journal of Vascular Access
2666:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica
2637:Roberts JR, Hedges JR (2013).
2441:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.11.013
1606:
1571:
1516:
1437:
1145:Infiltration and extravasation
13:
1:
4769:Effervescent powder or tablet
4515:Advanced cardiac life support
4498:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4157:Needle and syringe programmes
3739:Archives of Internal Medicine
3501:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.069
1350:
1033:
1021:suitable for a single IV line
594:
245:, medications and nutrition.
5553:Patient-controlled analgesia
4858:Orally disintegrating tablet
4539:Pediatric basic life support
4521:Advanced trauma life support
4504:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
4253:Pediatric emergency medicine
3765:Geggel L (3 December 2012).
3298:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288
3220:10.1016/0037-198x(83)90024-x
3163:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3043:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.054
2351:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e8adcc
2143:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001659
1956:10.1097/RLI.0b013e318237913b
1197:is administered, a person's
992:
733:
502:
7:
3286:Journal of Infusion Nursing
2175:Jiha Ham (March 20, 2015).
1887:10.1136/emermed-2019-209040
1754:Wetzstein GA (March 2000).
1301:
1184:
1159:Infiltration occurs when a
709:
317:. Colloids preserve a high
10:
5620:
5064:Relative analgesia machine
4223:Emergency medical services
4047:Peripheral venous catheter
3788:Royal College of Nursing,
2429:Journal of Cardiac Failure
2398:10.1007/s40262-020-00919-6
2272:10.1079/9781789243406.0000
2259:Small Animal Fluid Therapy
1874:Emergency Medicine Journal
1773:10.1177/107327480000700211
1557:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.040
1494:. Elsevier. pp. 1–3.
1458:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.027
1204:
1148:
1114:Infection and inflammation
981:
932:
910:
863:Peripheral venous catheter
860:
751:
645:Use for hangover treatment
579:
575:
506:
432:
413:Some medications, such as
337:Lactated Ringer's solution
327:which are used to correct
305:) and the closely related
252:
31:
18:Intravenous administration
5508:
5480:
5452:
5441:
5405:
5372:
5253:
5191:
5144:
5080:
5030:
4986:
4967:
4946:
4932:
4897:
4848:
4826:
4739:
4722:
4686:
4672:
4663:
4587:
4566:
4479:
4421:
4370:
4281:
4210:
4162:Supervised injection site
4149:
4128:
4070:
4039:
4014:
3996:
3970:
3947:
3919:
3901:
3865:
3858:
3208:Seminars in Roentgenology
2489:10.1007/s13318-017-0456-4
2386:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2224:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0
1987:American Family Physician
1713:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
1676:. Victoria, BC: BCcampus.
1210:Discovery and development
1195:balanced in concentration
747:
671:
90:
80:
72:
56:
51:
38:The Drip (Schitt's Creek)
4653:Routes of administration
4398:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
3732:Hirschfeld S, Hyman HT,
3670:10.1177/1757177409342141
3255:10.1177/1129729819877323
2211:Translational Psychiatry
2102:Hess A (23 April 2014).
2069:Caron E (23 July 2018).
1446:Journal of Critical Care
1284:Justine Johnstone Wanger
1191:ventricular fibrillation
1089:oral rehydration therapy
696:
691:
606:World Anti-Doping Agency
404:routes of administration
379:routes of administration
347:Medication and treatment
319:colloid osmotic pressure
5179:Extra-amniotic infusion
4784:Molecular encapsulation
4716:Osmotic delivery system
4711:Time release technology
4113:Thermodilution catheter
4062:Central venous catheter
3649:MacGillivray N (2009).
2901:: an initiative of the
1944:Investigative Radiology
1074:
913:Central venous catheter
185:
112:route of administration
5482:Central nervous system
5270:
5208:
5136:Mucoadhesive microdisc
5101:
3978:Immunoglobulin therapy
3576:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.455
2339:Critical Care Medicine
2131:Critical Care Medicine
1171:chemotherapeutic agent
1151:Infiltration (medical)
1022:
962:
903:
895:
858:
779:
771:
763:
538:
489:packed red blood cells
455:) is any component of
367:
132:electrolyte imbalances
76:IV therapy, iv therapy
40:. For other uses, see
5325:Transfersome vesicles
5269:
5207:
5184:Intravesical infusion
5100:
4579:Injury Severity Score
4350:Nasopharyngeal airway
4323:Intraosseous infusion
2693:Marino's the ICU book
2104:"The Party Girl Drip"
1129:bloodstream, causing
1093:emergency departments
1016:
956:
901:
893:
852:
777:
769:
761:
743:Methods and equipment
728:monoclonal antibodies
628:is being used), mask
516:
354:
227:first-pass metabolism
5589:Injection (medicine)
5011:Metered-dose inhaler
4996:Anesthetic vaporizer
4356:Oropharyngeal airway
4233:Emergency psychiatry
4218:Emergency department
4103:Implantable catheter
3998:Parenteral nutrition
3817:at Wikimedia Commons
2846:10.2147/CMAR.S205988
2792:(1_suppl): S23–S29.
2743:Seminars in Dialysis
1631:10.1128/AAC.03147-14
1382:10.1155/2020/2170828
1334:Needleless connector
1231:authorship to Wren.
1224:Sir Christopher Wren
637:in 2017 and swimmer
542:Parenteral nutrition
537:(background, right).
509:Parenteral nutrition
239:blood-based products
5436:Transdermal implant
5396:(into tissue/blood)
5173:Intrauterine device
5054:Anaesthetic machine
5049:Oxygen concentrator
4335:Tracheal intubation
4329:Intravenous therapy
4056:Seldinger technique
3884:Fresh frozen plasma
3867:Blood-based product
3852:Intravenous therapy
3815:Intravenous therapy
2798:10.5301/jva.5000511
2720:. Milan: Springer.
1292:hydrolyzed proteins
942:Seldinger technique
804:median cubital vein
519:intensive care unit
517:This patient of an
493:fresh frozen plasma
453:blood-based product
272:. Crystalloids are
104:Intravenous therapy
52:Intravenous therapy
5604:Medical treatments
5599:Intravenous fluids
5548:Nanocell injection
5271:
5209:
5102:
4956:Dry-powder inhaler
4509:Basic life support
4413:Sodium bicarbonate
4211:Emergency medicine
4204:Emergency medicine
3962:Sodium bicarbonate
3859:Infused substances
3772:The New York Times
3696:Stanley A (1995).
3175:10.1093/cid/cir257
2181:The New York Times
2076:Sports Illustrated
1216:Pope Innocent VIII
1081:medically invasive
1025:Alternatively, an
1023:
963:
923:inferior vena cava
919:superior vena cava
904:
896:
859:
839:emergency medicine
780:
772:
764:
539:
368:
341:sodium bicarbonate
147:recreational drugs
143:circulatory system
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5398:
5360:Transdermal spray
5355:Transdermal patch
5345:Medicated shampoo
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5059:Medical inhalants
5006:Medical inhalants
4934:Respiratory tract
4928:
4927:
4822:
4821:
4619:
4618:
4408:Magnesium sulfate
4317:Electrocardiogram
4243:Medical emergency
4228:Emergency nursing
4170:
4169:
4118:Dialysis catheter
4035:
4034:
3813:Media related to
3709:978-0-8135-2197-8
3663:(Suppl. 1): 3–6.
3597:Duffin J (2010).
3378:General Dentistry
3346:10.1002/phar.1396
3037:(4): 473–484.e3.
2755:10.1111/sdi.12845
2727:978-88-470-5665-7
2612:Clinical Pharmacy
2537:10.1002/cam4.2413
2530:(12): 5800–5809.
2392:(10): 1237–1250.
2306:978-1-78924-340-6
2298:978-1-78924-339-0
2281:978-1-78924-338-3
1928:978-0-07-183345-5
1849:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
1813:10.1111/bcp.13322
1807:(10): 2148–2162.
1509:978-0-08-055232-3
1324:Hypodermic needle
1241:. He worked with
978:Implantable ports
855:antecubital fossa
616:results (such as
461:blood transfusion
439:Blood transfusion
362:solution (left),
274:aqueous solutions
264:volume expander:
243:blood substitutes
139:fluid replacement
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
5611:
5447:
5403:
5402:
5394:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4944:
4943:
4873:Sublingual drops
4846:
4845:
4734:
4728:
4684:
4683:
4670:
4669:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4595:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4173:
3957:Ringer's lactate
3929:Ringer's lactate
3911:Hemoglobin-based
3903:Blood substitute
3863:
3862:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3777:
3776:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3532:
3513:
3512:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3348:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2910:on March 7, 2014
2886:
2877:
2876:
2858:
2848:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2583:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2345:(9): 1890–1898.
2333:
2310:
2309:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2137:(8): 1545–1552.
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:. 5 January 2018
2014:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1692:Cleveland Clinic
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1625:(5): 2601–2609.
1610:
1604:
1603:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1177:, and may cause
1125:Candida albicans
869:peripheral veins
845:Peripheral lines
831:Birmingham gauge
824:
823:
806:at the elbow. A
523:abdominal region
477:thrombocytopenia
443:Blood substitute
383:oral medications
325:Buffer solutions
307:Ringer's acetate
302:Ringer's lactate
291:, a solution of
235:volume expanders
212:
203:
106:(abbreviated as
94:edit on Wikidata
61:
49:
48:
21:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5563:
5543:Intraperitoneal
5515:musculoskeletal
5513:
5504:
5476:
5472:Intra-articular
5448:
5439:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5368:
5249:
5187:
5140:
5085:
5068:
5026:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4924:
4893:
4818:
4735:
4729:
4720:
4674:Digestive tract
4659:
4650:
4620:
4615:
4583:
4567:Scoring systems
4562:
4475:
4417:
4366:
4277:
4206:
4201:
4171:
4166:
4145:
4124:
4071:Other equipment
4066:
4031:
4010:
3992:
3966:
3943:
3921:Volume expander
3915:
3897:
3892:Cryoprecipitate
3888:Cryosupernatant
3854:
3849:
3805:
3785:
3783:Further reading
3780:
3763:
3759:
3730:
3726:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3623:Jorge Dagnino;
3622:
3618:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3560:
3556:
3533:
3516:
3495:(1–2): 308–15.
3485:
3481:
3450:(4): CD009891.
3436:
3432:
3401:
3397:
3374:
3370:
3333:Pharmacotherapy
3325:
3321:
3282:
3278:
3239:
3235:
3204:
3200:
3155:
3151:
3112:(1): CD007798.
3098:
3094:
3070:
3066:
3027:
3023:
2992:(4): CD009484.
2981:
2975:
2971:
2940:(3): CD004390.
2926:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2903:ABIM Foundation
2899:Choosing Wisely
2887:
2880:
2825:
2821:
2782:
2778:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2689:
2685:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2524:Cancer Medicine
2516:
2512:
2473:
2464:
2425:
2421:
2381:
2374:
2334:
2313:
2282:
2254:
2250:
2203:
2199:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2166:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2006:
1983:
1979:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1793:
1789:
1752:
1748:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1611:
1607:
1576:
1572:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1488:
1481:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1408:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1304:
1276:
1239:xenotransfusion
1212:
1207:
1187:
1157:
1149:Main articles:
1147:
1116:
1077:
1072:
1070:Adverse effects
1036:
995:
986:
980:
951:
937:
931:
915:
909:
877:peripheral vein
865:
847:
821:
820:
756:
750:
745:
736:
712:
699:
694:
674:
651:Myers' cocktail
647:
602:
597:
584:
578:
535:syringe drivers
511:
505:
497:cryoprecipitate
445:
433:Main articles:
431:
399:bioavailability
349:
293:sodium chloride
261:
259:Buffer solution
255:Volume expander
253:Main articles:
251:
249:Fluid solutions
222:
221:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
205:
204:
193:
188:
97:
68:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5462:Intracavernous
5458:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5264:
5262:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5245:Nutrient enema
5242:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5215:
5202:
5200:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5095:
5093:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4941:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4340:Laryngeal tube
4337:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:Defibrillation
4299:
4294:
4291:Bag valve mask
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4129:Specific risks
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:Drug injection
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3983:Gamma globulin
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3939:Sugar solution
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3804:
3803:External links
3801:
3800:
3799:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3757:
3746:(2): 259–287.
3724:
3708:
3688:
3676:
3641:
3632:
3616:
3609:
3589:
3570:(4): 455–459.
3554:
3514:
3479:
3430:
3395:
3368:
3319:
3292:(4): 260–263.
3276:
3249:(3): 342–349.
3233:
3214:(3): 207–212.
3198:
3169:(9): e162-93.
3149:
3092:
3081:(4): 694–700.
3064:
3021:
2969:
2920:
2878:
2819:
2776:
2749:(6): 535–540.
2733:
2726:
2708:
2702:978-1451121186
2701:
2683:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2602:
2596:978-0781786898
2595:
2561:
2510:
2483:(3): 259–268.
2462:
2435:(9): 786–793.
2419:
2372:
2311:
2280:
2248:
2197:
2164:
2120:
2089:
2061:
2035:
2004:
1977:
1950:(12): 807–16.
1934:
1927:
1909:
1880:(6): 370–378.
1860:
1836:
1787:
1760:Cancer Control
1746:
1719:(5): 381–408.
1703:
1679:
1662:
1605:
1586:(3): 297–299.
1570:
1551:(6): 981–993.
1535:
1515:
1508:
1479:
1436:
1406:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1280:Guido Baccelli
1275:
1272:
1264:James Blundell
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1186:
1183:
1146:
1143:
1115:
1112:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1035:
1032:
994:
991:
984:Port (medical)
982:Main article:
979:
976:
961:in the throat.
950:
949:Tunneled lines
947:
933:Main article:
930:
927:
911:Main article:
908:
905:
861:Main article:
846:
843:
752:Main article:
749:
746:
744:
741:
735:
732:
711:
708:
698:
695:
693:
690:
673:
670:
646:
643:
601:
598:
596:
593:
588:contrast agent
582:Contrast agent
580:Main article:
577:
574:
529:. He received
507:Main article:
504:
501:
430:
429:Blood products
427:
348:
345:
250:
247:
217:
216:
207:
206:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
124:blood products
99:
98:
91:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
62:
54:
53:
34:Schitt's Creek
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5616:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:Intramuscular
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Intracerebral
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Iontophoresis
5308:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:Topical cream
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Nasal cannula
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4972:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4612:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:Organisations
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Trauma center
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4141:Extravasation
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Infusion pump
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:Access points
4038:
4028:
4027:Ascorbic acid
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Normal saline
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3610:9780802098252
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3384:(5): e341-4.
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3339:(6): 617–32.
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2839:: 6099–6112.
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2672:(3): 271–82.
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2650:9781455748594
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1296:fat emulsions
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1248:Royal Society
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:Richard Lower
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:extravasation
1172:
1167:
1166:hyaluronidase
1162:
1156:
1155:Extravasation
1152:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:extravasation
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1027:infusion pump
1020:
1019:infusion pump
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
990:
985:
975:
973:
969:
960:
955:
946:
943:
936:
926:
924:
920:
914:
907:Central lines
900:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
856:
851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
818:
814:
813:extravasation
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:A peripheral
788:
785:
776:
768:
760:
755:
754:Venous access
740:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
707:
704:
689:
686:
684:
680:
669:
666:
665:
660:
656:
655:hangover cure
652:
642:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:Use in sports
592:
589:
583:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:blood disease
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:blood product
444:
440:
436:
435:Blood product
426:
424:
423:fosaprepitant
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:, are mildly
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
289:normal saline
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
211:
202:
183:
181:
176:
172:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
60:
55:
50:
47:
43:
39:
36:episode, see
35:
30:
19:
5584:Dosage forms
5538:Intraosseous
5528:Intracardiac
5467:Intravitreal
5429:Injector pen
5424:Subcutaneous
5395:
5365:Jet injector
5350:Dermal patch
5163:Vaginal ring
5131:Insufflation
4883:Effervescent
4657:dosage forms
4603:
4591:
4485:Life support
4328:
4263:Major trauma
4136:Air embolism
3851:
3789:
3770:
3760:
3743:
3737:
3727:
3719:
3713:. Retrieved
3698:
3691:
3679:
3660:
3654:
3644:
3635:
3624:
3619:
3599:
3592:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3411:(8): 64–72.
3408:
3404:
3398:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3034:
3030:
3024:
2989:
2985:
2972:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2912:, retrieved
2908:the original
2897:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2639:
2632:
2618:(7): 572–9.
2615:
2611:
2605:
2586:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2480:
2476:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2389:
2385:
2342:
2338:
2258:
2251:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2191:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2080:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2049:The Guardian
2048:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
1993:(5): 312–6.
1990:
1986:
1980:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
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1766:(2): 170–6.
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1427:. Retrieved
1422:
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1344:Saline flush
1329:Life support
1319:Fluid warmer
1277:
1274:Modern usage
1255:Thomas Latta
1252:
1233:
1228:Robert Boyle
1221:
1213:
1199:electrolytes
1188:
1161:non-vesicant
1158:
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1078:
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1048:
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1024:
1008:air embolism
1004:drip chamber
996:
987:
972:hemodialysis
968:Hickman line
964:
959:jugular vein
938:
916:
866:
857:in children.
835:French gauge
828:
800:pre-hospital
789:
781:
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721:
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687:
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662:
657:and general
648:
626:blood doping
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540:
479:caused by a
452:
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323:
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262:
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191:Medical uses
177:
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136:
128:electrolytes
107:
103:
102:
46:
33:
29:
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5510:Circulatory
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5419:Intradermal
5411:transdermal
5378:Parenterals
5284:Topical gel
5240:Murphy drip
5218:Suppository
5106:Nasal spray
5040:Oxygen mask
4889:Chewing gum
4828:Oral mucosa
4362:Pocket mask
4238:Golden hour
3971:Medications
3875:Whole blood
3543:(1): 5–14.
2914:January 24,
1688:"IV Fluids"
1452:: 184–191.
1417:Martin GS.
1288:Murphy drip
1243:Edmund King
1085:dehydration
639:Ryan Lochte
635:Samir Nasri
562:amino acids
531:antibiotics
485:whole blood
371:Medications
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5578:Categories
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5082:Ophthalmic
4938:inhalation
4912:Toothpaste
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4804:Suspension
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4574:NACA score
4383:Amiodarone
4297:Chest tube
3988:Interferon
3715:2011-06-05
2217:(1): 282.
1854:2019-06-16
1697:2023-09-30
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1351:References
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5022:Vaporizer
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4907:Mouthwash
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4759:Electuary
4749:Decoction
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4319:(ECG/EKG)
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3734:Wanger JJ
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3059:204545798
2873:196610436
2771:207955194
2457:208063606
2414:220732187
2367:205539703
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2186:March 21,
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1429:25 August
1104:potassium
993:Infusions
796:hospitals
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726:and many
641:in 2018.
550:digesting
503:Nutrition
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180:phlebitis
5559:PIC line
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5340:Lip balm
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3509:26027488
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3425:17667395
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3363:25278254
3355:24420913
3314:49613143
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1600:14739732
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1423:Medscape
1401:32832150
1375:: 1–19.
1339:Rehydrex
1314:Dialysis
1302:See also
1222:In 1656
1179:necrosis
1063:necrosis
873:catheter
710:Infusion
683:fentanyl
659:wellness
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421:such as
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2082:24 July
2028:24 July
1972:8425664
1822:5595939
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1657:9560849
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5594:Veins
5330:Cream
5294:Paste
5223:Enema
5175:(IUD)
5091:nasal
5013:(MDI)
4921:Spray
4809:Syrup
4529:(NRP)
4511:(BLS)
4500:(CPR)
4371:Drugs
4358:(OPA)
4352:(NPA)
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3359:S2CID
3310:S2CID
3267:S2CID
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2982:(PDF)
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