1692:
183:
injected egg whites intraperitoneally into rats to study changes in "droplet" fractions in kidney cells. The study showed that the number of small droplets decreased after administration of the egg whites, indicating that they have been changed to large droplets. In 1964, a study delivered chemical agents such as acetic acid, bradykinin, and kaolin to mice intraperitoneally in order to study a "squirming" response. In 1967, the production of amnesia was studied through an injection of physostigmine. In 1968, melatonin was delivered to rats intraperitoneally in order to study how brain
174:
Understanding when intraperitoneal injections can be utilized and in what applications is beneficial to advance current drug delivery methods and provide avenues for further research. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection. Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both.
1326:
241:
that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In order to effectively administer drugs through IP injections, the stomach of the animal is exposed, and the injection is given in the lower abdomen. The most efficient method to inject small animals is a two-person method where one holds the rodent and the other person injects the rodent at about 10 to 20 degrees in mice and 20 to 45 degrees in rats. The holder retains the arms of the animal and tilts the head lower than the abdomen to create optimal space in the peritoneal cavity.
208:
study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously vs patient-controlled. The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. This led to the patients being able to be discharged earlier than when anesthesia was administered continuously. These findings could be advanced by studying how the route of injection affects the organs in the peritoneal cavity.
89:
1799:
2039:
1320:
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of four times in a span of one week. The results of this IP injection were the disappearance of the ascites associated with the rupture. This case is a good example of how IP injections can be used to deliver a drug that can help to treat or cure a medical diagnosis over the use of other routes of delivery. The results set a precedent of how other drugs may be delivered in this way to treat other similar medical issues after further research.
1861:
25:
1565:
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One article reviews the injection of sodium pentobarbital to euthanize rodents intraperitoneally. Killing the rodent through an intraperitoneal route was originally recommended over other routes such as inhalants because it was thought to be more efficient and ethical. The article overviews whether
244:
There has been some debate on whether intraperitoneal injections are the best route of administration for experimental animal studies. It was concluded in a review article that utilizing IP injections to administer drugs to laboratory rodents in experimental studies is acceptable when being applied
240:
Intraperitoneal injections are the preferred method of administration in many experimental studies due to the quick onset of effects post injection. This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs
223:
In a case of a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, it was reported that the patient was treated successfully through the use of an intraperitoneal injection of OK-432, which is an immunomodulatory agent. The patient was a 51-year-old male who was hospitalized. The delivery of OK-432 occurred a total
211:
In another Phase I clinical trial, patients with ovarian cancer were injected intraperitoneally with dl1520 in order to study the effects of a replication-competent/-selective virus. The effects of this study were the onset of flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. The study overall defines
191:
A good example of how intraperitoneal injections work is depicted through "The distribution of salicylate in mouse tissues after intraperitoneal injection" because it includes information on how a drug can travel to the blood, liver, brain, kidney, heart, spleen, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle once
227:
In 2018, a patient with stage IV ovarian cancer and peritoneal metastases was injected intraperitoneally with 12g of mixed cannabinoid before later being hospitalized. The symptoms of this included impairment of cognitive and psychomotor abilities. Because of the injection of cannabis, the patient
219:
with the use of injecting
Sonazoid intraperitoneally. Sonazoid was utilized to aid with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography by enhancing the peritoneal and pleural cavities. This study demonstrates how intraperitoneal injections can be used to help diagnose diseases by providing direct access to the
207:
There are few examples of the use of intraperitoneal injections in humans cited in literature because it is mainly used to study the effects of drugs in mice. The few examples that do exist pertain to the treatment of pancreatic/ovarian cancers and injections of other drugs in clinical trials. One
267:
An example of when intraperitoneal injections are not ideal is given in a study where the best route of administration was determined for cancer biotherapy. It was concluded that IP administration should not be used over intravenous therapy due to high radiation absorption in the intestines. This
203:
Currently, there are a handful of drugs that are delivered through intraperitoneal injection for chemotherapy. They are mitomycin C, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, premetrexed, and melphalan. There needs to be more
811:
Vasey PA, Shulman LN, Campos S, Davis J, Gore M, Johnston S, et al. (March 2002). "Phase I trial of intraperitoneal injection of the E1B-55-kd-gene-deleted adenovirus ONYX-015 (dl1520) given on days 1 through 5 every 3 weeks in patients with recurrent/refractory epithelial ovarian cancer".
271:
The provided examples show a variety of uses for intraperitoneal injections in animals for in vitro studies. Some of the examples depict situations where IP injections are not ideal, while others prove the advantageous uses if this delivery method. Overall, many studies utilize IP injections to
248:
A study was conducted to determine the best route of administration to transplant mesenchymal stem cells for colitis. This study compared intraperitoneal injections, intravenous injections, and anal injections. It was concluded that the intraperitoneal injection had the highest survival rate of
173:
Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more.
182:
There are few accounts of the use of intraperitoneal injections prior to 1970. One of the earliest recorded uses of IP injections involved the insemination of a guinea-pig in 1957. The study however did not find an increase in conception rate when compared to mating. In that same year, a study
263:
An example of how intraperitoneal injections can be optimized is depicted in a study where IP injections are used to deliver anesthesia to mice. This study goes over the dosages, adverse effects, and more of using intraperitoneal injections of anesthesia.
187:
would be affected in the midbrain. In 1969, errors depending on a variety of techniques of administering IP injections were analyzed, and a 12% error in placement was found when using a one-man procedure versus a 1.2% error when using a two-man procedure.
143:(body cavity). It is more often applied to non-human animals than to humans. In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for
228:
was predicted to have some level of THC in the blood from absorption. This case presents the question of how THC is absorbed in the peritoneal cavity. It also shows how easily substances are absorbed through the peritoneal cavity after an IP injection.
231:
Overall, this section provides a few examples of the effects and uses of intraperitoneal injections in human patients. There are a variety of uses and possibilities for many more in the future with further research and approval.
253:
IP is the best option for euthanization based on evidence associated with welfare implications. It was concluded that there is evidence that IP may not be the best method of euthenasia due to possibilities of missinjection.
260:
were administered intraperitoneally instead of intravenously to avoid errors and challenges. It was determined that IP injections are a good option for
Fenestra to quantify liver tumors in mice.
772:"Postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing continuous infusion vs patient-controlled intraperitoneal injection of local anaesthetic"
890:
Shiratori M, Nagashima I, Takada T, Morofuji S, Motomiya H, Matsuda K, et al. (2004). "Successful treatment of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma with intraperitoneal injection of OK-432".
195:
These early uses of
Intraperitoneal injections provide good examples of how the delivery method can be used, and provides a base for future studies on how to properly inject mice for research.
847:
Tamano M, Hashimoto T, Kojima K, Maeda C, Hiraishi H (February 2010). "Diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with intraperitoneal injection of
Sonazoid".
1237:
2083:
256:
Another example of how intraperitoneal injections are used in studies involving rodents is the use of IP for micro-CT contrast enhanced detection of liver tumors.
35:
2189:
1230:
554:
Anton-Tay F, Chou C, Anton S, Wurtman RJ (October 1968). "Brain serotonin concentration: elevation following intraperitoneal administration of melatonin".
1025:"Intraperitoneal injection (IP), Intravenous injection (IV) or anal injection (AI)? Best way for mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for colitis"
3090:
1309:
1223:
670:
Sturman JA, Dawkins PD, McArthur N, Smith MJ (January 1968). "The distribution of salicylate in mouse tissues after intraperitoneal injection".
113:
109:
46:
2861:
2822:
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87.5%. This study shows how intraperitoneal injections can be more effective and beneficial than other traditional routes of administration.
2887:
927:"Cannabinoid Disposition After Human Intraperitoneal Use: AnInsight Into Intraperitoneal Pharmacokinetic Properties in Metastatic Cancer"
2465:
2225:
2892:
2182:
291:"Why i.p. therapy cannot yet be considered as a standard of care for the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a systematic review"
2628:
2785:
3141:
2340:
2175:
2389:
1594:
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research done to determine appropriate dosing and combinations of these drugs to advance intraperitoneal drug delivery.
2827:
3131:
3085:
3080:
1141:"Optimization of intraperitoneal injection anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects, and anesthesia depth"
1082:"Intraperitoneal injections as an alternative method for micro-CT contrast enhanced detection of murine liver tumors"
64:
1140:
2618:
2325:
2276:
1675:
2707:
2451:
2299:
1772:
1615:
337:"Review of Intraperitoneal Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital as a Method of Euthanasia in Laboratory Rodents"
2167:
2973:
2692:
2519:
2396:
2216:
2146:
2108:
1451:
1267:
468:
Whittle BA (September 1964). "Release of a kinin by intraperitoneal injection of chemical agents in mice".
1172:"Intraperitoneal injection is not always a suitable alternative to intravenous injection for radiotherapy"
3126:
2882:
2717:
2261:
2060:
2790:
2712:
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2439:
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2682:
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1652:
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Hamburg MD (May 1967). "Retrograde amnesia produced by intraperitoneal injection of physostigmine".
3072:
2927:
2585:
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2208:
2055:
1429:
42:
39:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1892:
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1456:
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1304:
1246:
976:"Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should it Be Used in Experimental Animal Studies?"
421:"Changes in droplet fractions from rat kidney cells after intraperitoneal injection of egg white"
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2017:
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Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Song S, Solowij N, Reuter SE, Schneider J, et al. (September 2018).
3136:
3026:
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2406:
2367:
2131:
2012:
1425:
144:
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Rowlands IW (November 1957). "Insemination of the guinea-pig by intraperitoneal injection".
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2623:
1976:
1821:
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1684:
1604:
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1392:
1036:
563:
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162:. Although controversial, intraperitoneal use in ovarian cancer has been recommended as a
8:
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deliver therapeutics to lab animals due to the efficiency of the administration route.
639:
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2474:
2426:
1777:
1461:
1325:
630:
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524:
212:
appropriate doses and toxicity levels of dl1520 when injected intraperitoneally.
3105:
2932:
2795:
2740:
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2416:
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2234:
1838:
1471:
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257:
159:
991:
903:
715:"Pharmacological principles of intraperitoneal and bidirectional chemotherapy"
3120:
3016:
2745:
2675:
2411:
2246:
2197:
1981:
1903:
1872:
1637:
1466:
615:"Errors related to different techniques of intraperitoneal injection in mice"
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2807:
2702:
2687:
2542:
2022:
1958:
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1918:
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2004:
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1023:
Wang M, Liang C, Hu H, Zhou L, Xu B, Wang X, et al. (August 2016).
436:
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140:
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de Bree E, Michelakis D, Stamatiou D, Romanos J, Zoras O (June 2017).
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1352:
1342:
1139:
Arras M, Autenried P, Rettich A, Spaeni D, RĂĽlicke T (October 2001).
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Perniola A, Fant F, Magnuson A, Axelsson K, Gupta A (February 2014).
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1407:
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1357:
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Swart AM, Burdett S, Ledermann J, Mook P, Parmar MK (April 2008).
166:. Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for
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1938:
1867:
1806:
1751:
1746:
1714:
1554:
1510:
1387:
712:
341:
Journal of the
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
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1928:
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1347:
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155:
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1816:
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769:
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36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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peritoneal cavity and affecting the organs in the cavity.
1680:
1625:
553:
288:
1170:
Dou S, Smith M, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Liu G (May 2013).
973:
924:
268:
shows an important limitation to the use of IP therapy.
1079:
810:
1169:
974:
Al
Shoyaib A, Archie SR, Karamyan VT (December 2019).
16:
Injection of substances into peritoneum (body cavity)
425:
The
Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
150:In humans, the method is widely used to administer
330:
328:
326:
3118:
1080:Sweeney N, Marchant S, Martinez JD (May 2019).
1022:
334:
323:
2823:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
2224:
2183:
1231:
1176:Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals
892:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
235:
612:
282:
2473:
2190:
2176:
1238:
1224:
849:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
470:International Journal of Neuropharmacology
87:
2964:
1195:
1107:
1097:
1056:
999:
942:
787:
738:
638:
444:
360:
306:
139:is the injection of a substance into the
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
2629:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
672:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
383:
192:it has been injected intraperitoneally.
2786:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
502:
467:
3119:
418:
2171:
1219:
2341:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
18:
2390:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
2198:Tests and procedures involving the
1595:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
335:Laferriere CA, Pang DS (May 2020).
13:
2828:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
1859:
1797:
1690:
684:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09619.x
14:
3153:
2037:
1563:
1324:
1318:
861:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06002.x
613:Arioli V, Rossi E (April 1970).
215:One study attempted to diagnose
198:
23:
2619:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
1163:
1132:
1073:
1016:
967:
944:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.12.008
918:
883:
840:
804:
763:
706:
353:10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000081
2326:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
2277:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
776:British Journal of Anaesthesia
663:
606:
547:
496:
461:
412:
377:
1:
2708:Lower gastrointestinal series
2452:Upper gastrointestinal series
1363:Effervescent powder or tablet
275:
245:to proof-of-concept studies.
2974:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
2693:Double-contrast barium enema
2520:Partial ileal bypass surgery
2397:Esophagogastric dissociation
2147:Patient-controlled analgesia
1452:Orally disintegrating tablet
814:Journal of Clinical Oncology
631:10.1128/am.19.4.704-705.1970
576:10.1126/science.162.3850.277
525:10.1126/science.156.3777.973
482:10.1016/0028-3908(64)90066-8
386:The Journal of Endocrinology
7:
3142:Digestive system procedures
2791:Bioartificial liver devices
2718:Transrectal ultrasonography
10:
3158:
2713:Small-bowel follow-through
2581:Abdominoperineal resection
2440:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
1658:Relative analgesia machine
826:10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1562
419:Straus W (November 1957).
177:
3073:Clinical prediction rules
3071:
3039:
3007:
2979:Intraperitoneal injection
2955:
2913:
2838:
2776:
2767:
2731:
2683:Abdominal ultrasonography
2637:
2599:
2591:Total mesorectal excision
2571:
2533:
2510:Intestine transplantation
2464:
2425:
2300:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
2290:
2282:High resolution manometry
2272:Esophageal motility study
2233:
2215:
2206:
2102:
2074:
2046:
2035:
1999:
1966:
1847:
1785:
1738:
1674:
1624:
1580:
1561:
1540:
1526:
1491:
1442:
1420:
1333:
1316:
1280:
1266:
1257:
992:10.1007/s11095-019-2745-x
904:10.1007/s00534-004-0921-8
236:Use in laboratory animals
133:Intraperitoneal injection
119:
103:
95:
86:
82:Intraperitoneal injection
81:
3132:Routes of administration
2928:Pancreas transplantation
2586:Lower anterior resection
2267:Esophageal pH monitoring
2209:Digestive system surgery
1247:Routes of administration
3022:Inguinal hernia surgery
2938:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
2321:Adjustable gastric band
2262:Impedance–pH monitoring
1773:Extra-amniotic infusion
1378:Molecular encapsulation
1310:Osmotic delivery system
1305:Time release technology
980:Pharmaceutical Research
3052:Exploratory laparotomy
2867:Hepatoportoenterostomy
2331:Gastric bypass surgery
2200:human digestive system
2076:Central nervous system
1864:
1802:
1730:Mucoadhesive microdisc
1695:
45:by rewriting it in an
3027:Femoral hernia repair
2813:Liver transplantation
2407:Nissen fundoplication
1919:Transfersome vesicles
1863:
1801:
1778:Intravesical infusion
1694:
1188:10.1089/cbr.2012.1351
1099:10.2144/btn-2018-0162
931:Clinical Therapeutics
719:Pleura and Peritoneum
398:10.1677/joe.0.0160098
308:10.1093/annonc/mdm518
145:intravenous injection
2624:Rubber band ligation
2563:Hartmann's operation
1605:Metered-dose inhaler
1590:Anesthetic vaporizer
1145:Comparative Medicine
731:10.1515/pp-2017-0010
619:Applied Microbiology
154:drugs to treat some
2999:Peritoneal dialysis
2818:Portal hypertension
2723:Virtual colonoscopy
2698:Endoanal ultrasound
2614:Anorectal manometry
2609:Anal sphincterotomy
2553:Colonic polypectomy
2348:Collis gastroplasty
2030:Transdermal implant
1990:(into tissue/blood)
1767:Intrauterine device
1648:Anaesthetic machine
1643:Oxygen concentrator
1041:2016NatSR...630696W
568:1968Sci...162..277A
517:1967Sci...156..973H
437:10.1083/jcb.3.6.933
217:hepatic hydrothorax
168:peritoneal dialysis
3127:Medical treatments
2493:Jejunoileal bypass
2336:Sleeve gastrectomy
2142:Nanocell injection
1865:
1803:
1696:
1550:Dry-powder inhaler
1029:Scientific Reports
789:10.1093/bja/aet345
295:Annals of Oncology
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
3114:
3113:
3059:Rapid urease test
3035:
3034:
2951:
2950:
2943:Puestow procedure
2905:Cholescintigraphy
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2751:Stool guaiac test
2661:Capsule endoscopy
2483:Bariatric surgery
2460:
2459:
2375:Gastroenterostomy
2316:Bariatric surgery
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
1992:
1954:Transdermal spray
1949:Transdermal patch
1939:Medicated shampoo
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1653:Medical inhalants
1600:Medical inhalants
1528:Respiratory tract
1522:
1521:
1416:
1415:
1049:10.1038/srep30696
562:(3850): 277–278.
511:(3777): 973–974.
130:
129:
75:
74:
67:
3149:
3096:Child–Pugh score
3063:Urea breath test
2962:
2961:
2923:Frey's procedure
2900:Cholecystography
2774:
2773:
2471:
2470:
2306:Nasogastric tube
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2041:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1538:
1537:
1467:Sublingual drops
1440:
1439:
1328:
1322:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1217:
1216:
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1199:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1101:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1035:(30696): 30696.
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
971:
965:
964:
946:
937:(9): 1442–1447.
922:
916:
915:
887:
881:
880:
844:
838:
837:
820:(6): 1562–1569.
808:
802:
801:
791:
767:
761:
760:
742:
710:
704:
703:
667:
661:
660:
642:
610:
604:
603:
551:
545:
544:
500:
494:
493:
465:
459:
458:
448:
416:
410:
409:
381:
375:
374:
364:
332:
321:
320:
310:
286:
164:standard of care
123:edit on Wikidata
91:
79:
78:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3101:Ranson criteria
3067:
3031:
3003:
2947:
2909:
2878:Cholangiography
2874:Medical imaging
2857:Cholecystostomy
2852:Cholecystectomy
2834:
2755:
2727:
2639:Medical imaging
2633:
2595:
2567:
2529:
2525:Strictureplasty
2500:Bowel resection
2488:Duodenal switch
2456:
2427:Medical imaging
2421:
2286:
2217:Digestive tract
2211:
2202:
2196:
2166:
2157:
2137:Intraperitoneal
2109:musculoskeletal
2107:
2098:
2070:
2066:Intra-articular
2042:
2033:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1962:
1843:
1781:
1734:
1679:
1662:
1620:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1518:
1487:
1412:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1268:Digestive tract
1253:
1244:
1214:
1213:
1168:
1164:
1137:
1133:
1078:
1074:
1021:
1017:
972:
968:
923:
919:
888:
884:
845:
841:
809:
805:
768:
764:
711:
707:
668:
664:
611:
607:
552:
548:
501:
497:
466:
462:
417:
413:
382:
378:
333:
324:
287:
283:
278:
258:Contrast agents
238:
201:
180:
158:, particularly
126:
71:
60:
54:
51:
43:help improve it
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Milan criteria
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2957:Abdominopelvic
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Pancreatectomy
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:Liver dialysis
2793:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Fecal fat test
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2466:Lower GI tract
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:Barium swallow
2444:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2417:Schilling test
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2311:Gastric lavage
2308:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Heller myotomy
2249:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2226:Upper GI tract
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Intracavernous
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2008:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1839:Nutrient enema
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1182:(4): 335–342.
1162:
1151:(5): 443–456.
1131:
1092:(5): 214–217.
1072:
1015:
966:
917:
898:(6): 426–429.
882:
855:(2): 383–386.
839:
803:
782:(2): 328–336.
762:
705:
662:
625:(4): 704–705.
605:
546:
495:
476:(4): 369–378.
460:
431:(6): 933–947.
411:
376:
347:(3): 254–263.
322:
301:(4): 688–695.
280:
279:
277:
274:
237:
234:
200:
197:
179:
176:
160:ovarian cancer
128:
127:
120:
117:
116:
107:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
84:
83:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Hernia repair
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Fecal pH test
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:Sigmoidoscopy
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Pyloromyotomy
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Esophagectomy
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Intramuscular
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Intracerebral
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Iontophoresis
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Topical cream
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Nasal cannula
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:BioTechniques
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
799:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
456:
452:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:(1): 98–106.
391:
387:
380:
372:
368:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
329:
327:
318:
314:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
281:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
213:
209:
205:
199:Use in humans
196:
193:
189:
186:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
118:
115:
111:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
77:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3137:Dosage forms
2994:Paracentesis
2978:
2808:Liver biopsy
2703:Enteroclysis
2688:Defecography
2543:Appendectomy
2136:
2132:Intraosseous
2122:Intracardiac
2061:Intravitreal
2023:Injector pen
2018:Subcutaneous
1989:
1959:Jet injector
1944:Dermal patch
1757:Vaginal ring
1725:Insufflation
1477:Effervescent
1251:dosage forms
1179:
1175:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1109:10150/634184
1089:
1085:
1075:
1032:
1028:
1018:
983:
979:
969:
934:
930:
920:
895:
891:
885:
852:
848:
842:
817:
813:
806:
779:
775:
765:
725:(2): 47–62.
722:
718:
708:
678:(1): 58–63.
675:
671:
665:
622:
618:
608:
559:
555:
549:
508:
504:
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473:
469:
463:
428:
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414:
389:
385:
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344:
340:
298:
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270:
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251:
247:
243:
239:
230:
226:
222:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
190:
181:
172:
152:chemotherapy
149:
137:IP injection
136:
132:
131:
99:IP injection
76:
61:
52:
33:
2984:Laparoscopy
2840:Gallbladder
2803:Hepatectomy
2733:Stool tests
2671:Proctoscopy
2666:Enteroscopy
2651:Colonoscopy
2535:Large bowel
2515:Jejunostomy
2475:Small bowel
2402:Hill repair
2385:Gastrostomy
2363:Billroth II
2353:Gastrectomy
2257:Sialography
2117:Intravenous
2104:Circulatory
2089:Intrathecal
2013:Intradermal
2005:transdermal
1972:Parenterals
1878:Topical gel
1834:Murphy drip
1812:Suppository
1700:Nasal spray
1634:Oxygen mask
1483:Chewing gum
1422:Oral mucosa
96:Other names
3121:Categories
3047:Laparotomy
2989:Omentopexy
2966:Peritoneum
2601:Anal canal
2380:Gastropexy
2358:Billroth I
1977:Injections
1740:Urogenital
1676:Ophthalmic
1532:inhalation
1506:Toothpaste
1434:sublingual
1398:Suspension
1368:Herbal tea
276:References
141:peritoneum
55:March 2024
2844:bile duct
2769:Accessory
2647:Endoscopy
2558:Colostomy
2548:Colectomy
2505:Ileostomy
2435:Endoscopy
2368:Roux-en-Y
2239:Esophagus
1982:infusions
1914:Liposomes
1710:Eye drops
1705:Ear drops
1616:Vaporizer
1611:Nebulizer
1501:Mouthwash
1430:sublabial
1353:Electuary
1343:Decoction
1126:143433447
986:(1): 12.
657:237231042
185:serotonin
2915:Pancreas
2656:Anoscopy
2153:PIC line
2094:Epidural
1934:Lip balm
1909:Hydrogel
1900:solution
1883:Liniment
1868:Ointment
1827:Hydrogel
1822:Solution
1807:Ointment
1747:Ointment
1720:Hydrogel
1715:Ointment
1511:Ointment
1472:Lozenges
1462:Lollipop
1408:Tincture
1393:Solution
1373:Hydrogel
1358:Emulsion
1300:Pastille
1206:23469942
1157:11924805
1118:31050302
1067:27488951
1010:31873819
961:41474813
953:29317112
912:15619020
877:10043091
869:19817961
834:11896105
798:24185607
757:79678140
749:30911633
700:41866123
541:46029262
490:14334868
455:13481027
406:13491738
371:32156325
317:18006894
105:ICD-9-CM
2292:Stomach
1853:topical
1791:enteral
1752:Pessary
1582:Liquids
1555:Smoking
1493:Liquids
1388:Softgel
1335:Liquids
1295:Capsule
1272:enteral
1197:3653381
1058:4973258
1037:Bibcode
1001:7412579
740:6405033
692:4384147
649:5418953
600:6484761
592:5675470
584:1725071
564:Bibcode
556:Science
533:6067162
513:Bibcode
505:Science
446:2224142
362:7210732
178:History
156:cancers
41:Please
3009:Hernia
2573:Rectum
2048:Organs
1929:Lotion
1849:Dermal
1787:Rectal
1762:Douche
1542:Solids
1479:tablet
1444:Solids
1426:buccal
1383:Powder
1348:Elixir
1290:Tablet
1282:Solids
1204:
1194:
1155:
1124:
1116:
1065:
1055:
1008:
998:
959:
951:
910:
875:
867:
832:
796:
755:
747:
737:
698:
690:
655:
647:
640:376768
637:
598:
590:
582:
539:
531:
488:
453:
443:
404:
369:
359:
315:
3091:UKELD
3040:Other
2778:Liver
1924:Cream
1888:Paste
1817:Enema
1769:(IUD)
1685:nasal
1607:(MDI)
1515:Spray
1403:Syrup
1122:S2CID
957:S2CID
873:S2CID
753:S2CID
696:S2CID
653:S2CID
596:S2CID
580:JSTOR
537:S2CID
121:[
114:54.97
110:54.96
3086:PELD
3081:MELD
2888:MRCP
2862:ERCP
2149:pump
2001:Skin
1898:DMSO
1893:Film
1681:otic
1636:and
1457:Film
1259:Oral
1202:PMID
1153:PMID
1114:PMID
1063:PMID
1006:PMID
949:PMID
908:PMID
865:PMID
830:PMID
794:PMID
745:PMID
688:PMID
645:PMID
588:PMID
529:PMID
486:PMID
451:PMID
402:PMID
367:PMID
313:PMID
2893:PTC
2235:SGs
1626:Gas
1192:PMC
1184:doi
1104:hdl
1094:doi
1053:PMC
1045:doi
996:PMC
988:doi
939:doi
900:doi
857:doi
822:doi
784:doi
780:112
735:PMC
727:doi
680:doi
635:PMC
627:doi
572:doi
560:162
521:doi
509:156
478:doi
441:PMC
433:doi
394:doi
357:PMC
349:doi
303:doi
135:or
3123::
3061:/
2883:IV
2876::
2842:,
2649::
2237:/
1683:,
1432:,
1428:,
1249:,
1200:.
1190:.
1180:28
1178:.
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