34:
540:
Despite its critical acclaim, the book's accuracy has been disputed by some of those involved in McCandless' story, and by some commentators such as
Alaskan reporter Craig Medred. Medred covers a large number of items in the book that are questionable, most of which stem from the extremely limited
490:
is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have
475:
According to
Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer
525:. Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment. He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because "it made the journey more enjoyable." His extreme risk-taking was the calling that eventually led to his downfall.
491:
become sick, and
Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and thus, starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous.
541:
detail in McCandless' journal. He concludes that
Krakauer had to infer or invent much of McCandless' experiences. Krakauer was criticized for presenting his speculation as fact. Additionally, weather records refute some of the dramatic weather events presented in the story.
926:
332:
in Alaska. One year later, author Jon
Krakauer retraced McCandless's steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker "Alexander Supertramp", after
431:
raging with snow-melt. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, "Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot Seed". Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was the roots of an edible plant,
442:, which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but become too tough to eat in the summer, perhaps forcing McCandless to eat the H. alpinum's seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from
601:
The bus that McCandless died in became a tourist attraction after the book became popular. The bus was removed on June 18, 2020 due to tourists endangering themselves in the
Alaskan wilderness. Members of the
576:(2007). In his study of McCandless's death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato.
853:
579:
The
Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless's parents Billie and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD
1381:
646:
874:
Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). "Presence of l-canavanine in
Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.
667:
285:. He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless died sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days.
1121:
476:
hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the
218:
is an international bestseller which has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats. The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum.
583:(2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless's previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while
1283:
357:. He explores the similarities between McCandless's experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb
1565:
464:
by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten
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281:, several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants,
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1113:
521:
addresses the issues of how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in
607:
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510:
seeds and concluded "it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless."
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1445:
1269:
460:) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes
480:
by Dr. Thomas
Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety
369:. In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's parents, sister Carine, and friends.
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111:
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owned by Wayne
Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992. Krakauer interprets McCandless's intensely
477:
361:
in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as
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277:. There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a
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482:
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237:
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and the need to "revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience."
255:
250:, McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of $ 24,500 to
20:
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118:
106:
73:
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1007:
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247:
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144:
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airlifted the bus to an undisclosed location, and then on September 24, 2020, the
1421:
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630:
428:
503:
448:, or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous
342:
329:
270:
879:
760:
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1533:
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439:
362:
315:
302:
173:
33:
1243:"Back to the Wild. The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless"
973:
702:
668:"Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless lost his way in the wilds"
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1502:
1274:
584:
581:
Back to the Wild: The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless
560:
421:
358:
211:
196:
titled "Death of an Innocent", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of
189:
47:
1311:
author torn over removal of iconic bus: 'I wrote the book that ruined it'"
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472:
seeds tested and it was found to contain an unidentifiable form of toxin.
1457:
567:
453:
386:
366:
354:
334:
263:
259:
125:
1424:, book inspired trip to the magic bus and a complete guide to finding it
499:
461:
346:
611:
556:
207:
1448:, detailing what it was like growing-up in the McCandless household.
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228:
as one of the 50 best nonfiction works of the past quarter-century.
1437:
1404:
498:
seeds McCandless ate. The report found relatively high levels of L-
457:
449:
427:. In July he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by the
413:
proved too difficult, and he decided instead to live in a derelict
382:
846:"'Into The Wild' Author Tries Science To Solve Toxic Seed Mystery"
522:
494:
In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the
424:
414:
406:
378:
293:
On September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless's body was found in
38:
Cover of paperback, depicting the bus in which McCandless stayed.
1374:"Famous McCandless 'Bus 142' moved to UAF's Museum of the North"
1471:
410:
398:
274:
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A film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by
1114:"Where Civilization Exists on the Fringes of the Backcountry"
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McCandless's story is also the subject of the documentary by
402:
394:
390:
251:
222:
has been lauded by many reviewers, and in 2019 was listed by
119:
192:. It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on
145:
417:
385:
for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of
1566:
Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town
761:"Hiking to the Into The Wild Bus; Arriving At The Bus!"
1245:. Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation.
801:"McCandless' fatal trek: Schizophrenia or pilgrimage?"
377:
McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the
349:
personality as possibly influenced by the writings of
1430:, a guide to hiking to Bus 142 on the Stampede Trail.
1270:"'Into the Wild' bus removed from Alaska backcountry"
246:. After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from
1468:, a 1985 French film that deals with a similar theme
1179:"The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into The Wild'"
996:"Calls of the Wild: On the Page & on the Screen"
718:"The 50 Best Nonfiction Books of the Past 25 Years"
242:Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban
587:—who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD.
1625:
968:(1/2). UK: Oxford University Press: 41–78, 38p.
269:On April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the
1550:Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman
1518:Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains
1456:, a 2007 documentary about McCandless made by
1146:Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (January 4, 1996).
689:
687:
1487:
1145:
745:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
614:announced the permanent display of the bus.
684:
1494:
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32:
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1139:
894:Anderson, Michael A. (Fall–Winter 2007).
1080:"Book reviews: Science & technology"
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924:
893:
889:
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608:University of Alaska Museum of the North
1371:
1111:
1042:
1038:
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1626:
1353:from the original on November 30, 2020
1267:
1176:
1158:from the original on November 24, 2017
1148:"Taking Risk to Its 'Logical' Extreme"
1136:
1107:
1105:
925:Machosky, Michael (October 19, 2007).
852:. National Public Radio. May 1, 2015.
838:
834:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 195.
716:Miller, Dan Kois, Laura (2019-11-18).
715:
188:is a 1996 non-fiction book written by
1475:
1409:, following up from the original book
1249:from the original on October 28, 2019
1078:Williams, Wilda (November 15, 1995).
884:
695:Formats and Editions of Into the wild
1649:Non-fiction books adapted into films
1033:
486:may have caused McCandless's death.
16:1996 nonfiction book by Jon Krakauer
1372:Osborne, Ryan (24 September 2020).
1365:
1102:
13:
1323:from the original on June 20, 2020
1304:
1257:– via backtothewildbook.org.
1124:from the original on June 12, 2018
1090:(19). Media Source, Inc.: 96, 1/6p
993:
955:
868:
793:
353:and McCandless's favorite writer,
19:For the novel by Erin Hunter, see
14:
1665:
1414:Finding Into the Wild's Magic Bus
1398:
1286:from the original on July 6, 2020
856:from the original on May 12, 2015
372:
254:, and began traveling across the
1501:
807:. April 17, 1996. Archived from
1587:Into Thin Air: Death on Everest
1384:from the original on 2020-09-25
1343:"Bus 142 | Museum of The North"
1335:
1298:
1268:Bohrer, Becky (June 18, 2020).
1261:
1235:
1224:from the original on 2008-12-05
1202:
1191:from the original on 2021-04-11
1170:
1071:
987:
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767:from the original on 2021-12-22
728:from the original on 2021-12-10
649:from the original on 2023-01-12
513:
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753:
709:
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623:
590:
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478:University of Alaska Fairbanks
1:
1177:Medred, Craig (2016-09-28) .
1112:Virshup, Amy (May 31, 2009).
617:
597:Stampede Trail § Bus 142
528:McCandless was influenced by
231:
1043:Dalsted, Kyle (March 2007).
535:
258:, later abandoning his 1982
7:
958:"Into the Wild Book Review"
896:"Into the Wild Book Review"
341:, laboring for months in a
65:Biography/True travel essay
10:
1670:
1611:Under the Banner of Heaven
1542:Under the Banner of Heaven
937:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
594:
548:
316:63.8683972°N 149.7693028°W
288:
235:
202:. The book was adapted to
18:
1576:
1509:
1428:Hiking The Stampede Trail
962:American Literary History
935:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
880:10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.014
705:– via WorldCat.org.
506:toxic to mammals) in the
438:, commonly known as wild
397:. Although he planned to
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488:Rhizoctonia leguminicola
483:Rhizoctonia leguminicola
321:63.8683972; -149.7693028
214:starring as McCandless.
1654:Villard (imprint) books
635:. Villard Books. 1996.
456:(the toxic chemical in
204:a film of the same name
1634:1996 non-fiction books
1349:. September 24, 2020.
830:Krakauer, Jon (1996).
420:left behind by a road
339:Carthage, South Dakota
238:Christopher McCandless
1012:10.1353/abr.2008.0007
974:10.1093/alh/12.1-2.41
604:Alaska National Guard
256:Western United States
236:Further information:
206:in 2007, directed by
21:Into the Wild (novel)
1639:American biographies
1558:Three Cups of Deceit
1453:The Call of the Wild
1378:Alaska's News Source
1347:University of Alaska
1212:The Call of the Wild
1198:– via adn.com.
1184:Alaska Dispatch News
1000:American Book Review
805:Anchorage Daily News
775:– via YouTube.
573:The Call of the Wild
551:Into the Wild (film)
1577:Film and television
1316:The Washington Post
468:. Krakauer had the
445:Hedysarum mackenzii
351:Henry David Thoreau
337:. He spent time in
312: /
244:Annandale, Virginia
151:CT9971.M38 K73 1997
28:
1644:Books about Alaska
1420:2020-10-03 at the
1152:The New York Times
1118:The New York Times
680:on 29 August 2010.
283:Tana'ina Plantlore
26:
1621:
1620:
1446:978-0-06-232515-0
1438:Carine McCandless
530:transcendentalism
496:Hedysarum alpinum
435:Hedysarum alpinum
279:.22 caliber rifle
181:
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90:Publication place
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1406:Back To The Wild
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1059:(7): 27–27, 1/5p
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295:an abandoned bus
248:Emory University
194:Chris McCandless
169:Followed by
156:Preceded by
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85:January 13, 1996
81:Publication date
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429:Teklanika river
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373:Cause of death
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343:grain elevator
330:Stampede Trail
307:149°46′09.49″W
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146:LC Class
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139:917.9804/5 20
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1386:. Retrieved
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1357:November 30,
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1120:. New York.
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1049:Book Review"
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931:Book Review"
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860:December 27,
858:. Retrieved
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809:the original
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678:the original
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631:
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585:Hal Holbrook
580:
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565:
561:Emile Hirsch
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514:Major themes
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405:, the boggy
381:wilderness,
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359:Devils Thumb
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212:Emile Hirsch
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190:Jon Krakauer
184:
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161:Eiger Dreams
159:
48:Jon Krakauer
1579:adaptations
1458:Ron Lamothe
1218:tifilms.com
1162:January 13,
1128:January 13,
771:December 2,
591:Bus exhibit
568:Ron Lamothe
545:Adaptations
454:swainsonine
452:, possibly
367:Carl McCunn
355:Jack London
335:W.H. Davies
319: /
264:flash flood
260:Datsun B210
1628:Categories
1388:2020-09-25
1290:August 12,
1228:2008-11-25
1195:2022-02-28
906:(2): 26–27
732:2020-12-03
653:2021-10-07
618:References
595:See also:
508:H. alpinum
500:canavanine
470:H. alpinum
466:H. alpinum
462:starvation
232:Background
1253:April 25,
1094:March 29,
1063:March 29,
1025:March 29,
1020:144831415
979:March 29,
941:March 29,
910:March 29,
612:Fairbanks
557:Sean Penn
536:Criticism
208:Sean Penn
70:Publisher
1465:Vagabond
1418:Archived
1382:Archived
1351:Archived
1327:June 20,
1321:Archived
1284:Archived
1247:Archived
1222:Archived
1189:Archived
1156:Archived
1122:Archived
1053:Teen Ink
854:Archived
790:, p. 189
765:Archived
741:cite web
726:Archived
703:35559213
647:Archived
458:locoweed
450:alkaloid
383:foraging
262:after a
126:35559213
54:Language
1603:Everest
850:NPR.org
815:May 30,
673:Outside
523:society
425:company
415:camping
407:terrain
401:to the
395:journal
379:Alaskan
347:ascetic
328:on the
289:Summary
199:Outside
74:Villard
57:English
1614:(2022)
1606:(2015)
1598:(2007)
1590:(1997)
1569:(2015)
1561:(2011)
1553:(2009)
1545:(2003)
1537:(1997)
1529:(1996)
1521:(1990)
1444:
1018:
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639:
570:named
411:summer
275:Alaska
176:
163:
44:Author
1510:Books
1214:film"
1016:S2CID
403:coast
391:moose
252:Oxfam
225:Slate
210:with
98:Pages
62:Genre
1442:ISBN
1359:2020
1329:2020
1292:2020
1255:2012
1164:2018
1130:2018
1096:2012
1065:2012
1027:2012
981:2012
943:2012
912:2012
862:2015
817:2008
773:2007
747:link
699:OCLC
637:ISBN
502:(an
399:hike
387:game
365:and
120:OCLC
107:ISBN
1436:by
1088:120
1008:doi
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610:in
418:bus
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