Interventional radiology

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arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred method. Arteriovenous fistula are created surgically by directly connecting an artery and a vein, most commonly in the arm. An arteriovenous graft (AVG) relies on the same principle but bridges the gap between the artery and vein with a medical-grade prosthetic shunt. Over time, altered flow mechanics can result in changes within the involved vessels. Vascular narrowing, thrombosis, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are commonly encountered complications over the life of an AVF or AVG. Interventional radiologists can use angiography to evaluate these structures (commonly called a istulogram) and treat dysfunctional access with angioplasty, stenting, and thrombectomy. Most patients require regular evaluation and treatment to keep their access working. When possible, AVFs are preferred to AVGs due to their relatively lower complication rate and longer patency. The Fistula First initiative works to promote physician and patient awareness about the benefits of first attempting hemodialysis through a fistula. There are a few devices (endo AVF) that are being utilized by interventional radiologists to percutaneously create fistulas in a minimally invasive fashion.

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thin walled and distensible, allowing them to accommodate large volumes of blood without significant changes in pressure. In fact, the venous system is so low pressure that veins have valves to keep blood from flowing backward. The motion of the human body helps pump blood through the veins—squeezing leg muscles while walking, for instance, helps push venous blood back up to the heart against the pull of gravity. Unfortunately, without this extra push some blood can sit stagnant in veins, leading to a multitude of clinical problems. The largest vein in the body is the vena cava. The superior vena cava (SVC) drains blood from the top half of the body while the inferior vena cava (IVC) drains blood from below the diaphragm. Elsewhere in the body, veins can be categorized into superficial, primarily associated with the skin and soft tissues, or deep veins, which drain muscles and organs.

2076:, derived from the Greek word for 'gruel, porridge'. Atheromatous plaque is a mixture of fat and inflammatory debris that sticks to the inner walls of an artery. Plaque can be soft or become firm as it accrues layers of calcium, a byproduct of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis has no single cause but many recognized risk factors. Some risk factors are modifiable, and others are not. Age and genetic predispositions are examples of non-modifiable risk factors. Medical management of atherosclerosis aims to address the many other known modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, diet, and exercise, as well as blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Using medications to control blood pressure and cholesterol have also been shown beneficial. 2152:(ALI) occurs when blood flow to an extremity is abruptly cut off. It occurs most commonly in those with a history of atrial fibrillation or underlying PAD/PVD. Unlike chronic ischemia, which the body can partially adapt to, ALI is an emergency that can result in an amputation or even death if not treated in hours. It is typically due to an embolus from the heart or a thrombus that develops in a pre-existing area of narrowed artery. Once diagnosed clinically, CT or MR angiography may be used to evaluate the cause and extent of disease. Vascular interventional radiologists may use thrombectomy devices or clot dissolving medications to remove or dissolve the clot. Surgical options include open thrombectomy and even vascular bypass. 645:

and interventional radiologist optimizes patient outcome but again, is largely dictated by anatomical location of the GI bleed. If a patient is evaluated and determined to be a candidate for an interventional procedure, then the bleed is often treated by embolization. Embolization is a process in which the interventional radiologist accesses the culprit bleeding vessel via a small catheter and interrupts blood flow to the site of bleeding via various mechanisms. Side effects of this procedure are minimal but there is a risk of bleeding and infection—though much less than the equivalent surgical procedure. When successful, the procedure often eliminates the bleed and patients can walk after a few hours of rest.

708:, or BPH, is a noncancerous condition that commonly affects men over the age of 50. The prostate gland enlarges and compresses the adjacent urethra, making it difficult for men to control frequency and/or urgency of urination. First-line therapy involves medication, though long-term treatment for symptoms that are persistent despite medical optimization typically involves transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) as the "gold standard" of care. However, TURP can lead to urinary incontinence or permanent male infertility and may not be the ideal procedure for a certain subset of patients. For those reasons, a physician may recommend undergoing a treatment known as prostate artery embolization (PAE). 1927:

typically come folded up very small on a scaffold, or delivery device, such as a balloon. Stents then expand into pipe-like cylinders to support a vessel wall and keep the pathway for blood flow as large as possible. Some stents are bare-metal, allowing blood to leak through the walls of the stent, while others have a thin covering that keeps flow moving through only from one open end to the other. These can be used for a variety of applications depending on the vessel and the nature of the disease. Sometimes multiple stents are deployed end-to-end or side by side to maintain laminar flow. Like balloons, some stents come coated with medicine to help prevent the treated vessel from closing again.

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risk of coronary artery disease, and severe peripheral artery disease symptoms can be a predictor of cardiac-related mortality. The majority of patients begin to develop symptoms from ischemia around middle age, even though vessel narrowing can develop silently and slowly over decades. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac death or stroke can be a patient's first sign of vascular disease. Therefore, controlling risk factors is crucial in those with known atherosclerosis to prevent progression of disease, and screening is recommended by some vascular disease specialists for those at increased risk, such as those with diabetes, smoking or a strong family history of cardiovascular disease.

1933:: The goal of embolization is to decrease or stop flow only in a target vessel, while avoiding cutting off the flow to nearby non-target vessels. This can be performed to stop active bleeding (as in trauma) to limit anticipated blood loss (such as in a complex surgery), or to cut off blood supply to either an abnormal vessel (e.g. aneurysm) or abnormal structure (e.g. tumor). There are many embolic agents available, from metallic plugs and coils to various biologically compatible particles and glues. Depending on the clinical situation, embolization can be temporary or permanent. 2312:

is at risk of fatal bleeding. This has revolutionized medicine and interventional radiologists commonly treat refractory nose bleeds, excessive coughing of blood, intestinal bleeding, post-pregnancy bleeding, spontaneous intra-abdominal on intra-thoracic bleeding, bleeding related to trauma and post-surgical bleeding. In some instances where severe bleeding is anticipated, such as in complex surgery or the excision of a highly vascular tumor, interventional radiologists may embolize certain target blood vessels prior to the operation to prevent major blood loss.

2133:(CLI) is a severe variant of PAD (Rutherford 4 and above) characterized by rest pain or tissue loss. Each year this affects just under 1% of the population, but develops in approximately 11% of PAD patients. Symptoms develop due to chronic ischemia from vessel plaque burden, which builds up over time. Rest pain is a continuous burning pain in the limb that is aggravated by elevating it and improved by dangling over the bed as the perfusion is so poor that it becomes gravity-dependent. Tissue loss refers to arterial insufficiency 2513:

inserted central cathethers (or PICCs), tunneled small bore central venous catheters, and mediports. These lines differ in where they are inserted but are all placed under imaging guidance and adjusted so the end of the catheter sits in the vena cava adjacent to the heart. These catheters are designed to deliver strong medications, such as chemotherapy or prolonged courses of antibiotics, which are either dosed too frequently to keep placing new IVs or are too irritating to small veins be injected through a standard IV.

2501: 500: 836:) help characterize the aneurysm to decide the best course of treatment, whether endovascular coiling or surgical clipping. Endovascular coiling is associated with a reduction in procedural morbidity and mortality over surgical. For cases of ruptured aneurysms, emergent treatment is based on the type of aneurysm, and may use a combination of techniques. Conservative therapy focuses on minimizing modifiable risk factors with blood pressure control and smoking cessation. 732:

surgical removal. In these instances, the mainstay of IR treatment is a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. This is a procedure where a small caliber catheter is placed through the skin and into the urinary collecting system upstream of the stone. This procedure not only drains any infection, often bringing about a precipitous improvement in the patient's symptoms but also diverts urine—thus giving the patient more time to recover before definitive surgical treatment.

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catheter over the wire) through the bile duct system and into the GI tract, essentially restoring the normal flow of bile. If the patient's GI tract cannot be accessed due to the obstruction, the catheter can be placed to drain the bile duct system into a bag that the patient can wear during daily activities. Risks of this procedure include bleeding and infection but these are much lower than an equivalent surgical procedure.

464: 7144: 7134: 1079: 2472:(CKD or chronic renal disease) is a condition in which there is a progressive loss of kidney function. It has numerous recognized causes and risk factors. CKD affects approximately 14% of the world population, and over 600,000 people in the United States alone. There are five recognized stages of CKD; the fifth stage is also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and invariably requires some form of 59: 2230:

months or years before elective repair is considered. Elective endovascular aortic grafting is now routinely attempted when possible. Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) refers to treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, while thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed on the thoracic aorta. A ruptured aneurysm may be taken emergently for open, endovascular or combination repair.

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artery origin, and may often be addressed with pain medication and blood pressure control. If the type B aortic dissection results in poor circulation to the intestines, kidneys or legs it often requires urgent endovascular repair with endografts and/or fenestrations. If a type B aortic dissection has ruptured, or has features that indicate impending rupture, they are urgently repaired too.

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example, may develop as a result of pancreatitis. In some cases, pseudoaneurysms of the femoral and radial arterials can be a complication of arterial access for endovascular procedures. Depending on the size and location of the pseudoaneurysm, it may be treatable with minimally-invasive interventional radiology methods, though some, particularly the infected ones, may require open surgery.

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radiofrequency or cryoablation ablation can be a curative option. Advantages of cryoablation include the ability to visualize the ice ball as well as use more than one probe simultaneously to create the desired ice ball shape. Benign kidney tumors such as angiomyolipomas can be treated with transarterial embolization to shrink the tumor size and reduce the risk of rupture/bleeding. Other

1912:, but provides unique advantages. With a catheter in place, provocative maneuvers can be performed such as breath holds or instillation of vasodilators, to evaluate a patient's blood flow dynamically. This can reproduce symptoms and identify functional abnormalities in a vessel that a static CT or MR imaging cannot. Angiography provides the basis for all endovascular therapy. 1904:: Sometimes referred to as traditional angiography, catheter angiography or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A small needle is inserted into a blood vessel, then exchanged for a catheter over a wire. The catheter is directed at the vessel to be studied, and contrast is directly injected to evaluate the lumen under video X-ray. This is an older technique than modern 1815:: bone metastases located in the spine, pelvis and long bones can be treated with image-guided ablative techniques (RFA, MWA, cryoablation, electrocorporation) with or without injection of cement (cementoplasty) to stabilize the bone. These treatments may be palliatively for bone metastases pain, or for some cases such as osteoid osteoma, can curatively treat tumors. 1943:: The body forms blood clots as a natural protective mechanism against bleeding. However, when arising outside this context, blood clots can wreak havoc in the human body, including disabling strokes. Thrombolysis is the process of breaking down blood clots, by injecting them with powerful medications. Thrombectomy involves using a device to remove the clot directly. 1710: 1919:: The foundational IR procedure. Small balloons can be inflated inside a narrowed vessel to open it. These can then be safely deflated and removed. Some balloons have a specialized surface material, such as fine razor blades ("cutting balloons") to crack the plaque or instill a coating of medicine ("drug-coated balloon") that keeps the vessel open longer. 2141:. Arterial ulcers are classically painful and located on the distal aspect of the extremities. A diagnosis of CLI incurs a higher risk of amputation (up to 25% within one year) and death (up to 25% within one year). This is a serious condition that requires multi-modality treatment. The goal of vascular interventional radiology and others who work in 774:(t-PA) can be used in a controlled hospital setting to dissolve the clot and help restore blood flow to the damaged area of the brain. Certain patients with an acute ischemic stroke may be candidates for endovascular therapy. Endovascular therapy is a procedure performed by neurointerventionalists to remove or dissolve the 617:, typically placed by urologist using cystoscopy, may be exchanged in retrograde fashion through the female urethra. The IR uses a thin wire snare under fluoroscopy to capture the distal portion of the stent. After partially extracting the distalmost stent, exchange for a new stent can be accomplished over a guidewire. 2087:, which compares the blood pressure between the arm and the ankle. This can help detect narrowing in the major vessels of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and legs. CT scans of the heart with evaluations of coronary artery calcium are also used in some instances to stratify risk of coronary artery disease. 5098:

Rivero, J. Ricardo; De La Cerda, Jose; Wang, Hanzhang; Liss, Michael A.; Farrell, Ann M.; Rodriguez, Ronald; Suri, Rajeev; Kaushik, Dharam (January 2018). "Partial Nephrectomy versus Thermal Ablation for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More than 3,900 Patients".

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Treatment of dissections depends on several factors, including the location, extent, how long it has been developing (acute or chronic) and whether it is limiting perfusion. Surgical approaches to dissections can include reconstructing the aorta, surgical bypass and surgical fenestration. Like other

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Thoracic aortic dissections are further characterized with the Stanford classification. Type A dissections involve the root and ascending aorta. These require prompt treatment, which currently is mostly surgical in nature. Type B dissections begin in the distal aortic arch beyond the left subclavian

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and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Treatment strategies are customized depending on the location, size, rate of growth and extent of the aneurysm as well as the medical comorbidities of the patient. For example, an intact, small but slowly growing aneurysm may be safely monitored with serial imaging for

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Although there are no clearly defined recommendations on treatment of asymptomatic aneurysms, all symptomatic unruptured brain aneurysms should be treated. Endovascular therapy is an effective treatment for select cases. During this treatment, an interventional radiologist inserts a catheter into the

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While jaundice can be caused by a few viruses that the human body can naturally clear, jaundice in the setting of an obstruction is usually caused by a cancer and can result in intolerable itching and a worsening of liver function that can be life-threatening. Depending on a patient's condition, this

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A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure an interventional radiologist performs to create a shunt (essentially, a new conduit allowing for blood flow) between the hepatic inferior vena cava and the portal vein, a vessel that returns blood from the intestines to the liver.

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The avenue for the interventional radiologist to dictate the clinical course of a GI bleed is largely influenced by location of bleed, overall patient health and other conditions the patient may have, most notably heart and liver functions. For most cases, collaboration between the gastroenterologist

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Dialysis catheters include temporary and tunneled large-bore central venous access lines placed for administering hemodialysis. When possible, these catheters are placed in the right internal jugular vein, but the left internal jugular and femoral veins may also be utilized. Temporary dialysis lines

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of the human body are responsible for returning de-oxygenated blood back to the heart. Like a rock rolling down a hill, blood flows from the highest pressure (the blood in the aorta) to the lower venous pressure (the blood in the vena cava as it empties back to the heart.) Unlike arteries, veins are

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Aneurysms refers to aneurysms in the arms and legs. These can typically be evaluated and monitored with vascular ultrasound, CT angiography and MR angiography. Popliteal aneurysms are associated with distal embolization and are also associated with concurrent contralateral popliteal artery aneurysms

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refers to pathologic dilation of an artery to greater than 1.5 times its normal size. True vascular aneurysms are due to degenerative processes in the wall of the artery. Aneurysms can be solitary or multiple and are sometimes found in association with various clinical syndromes, including forms of

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is a technique used by neurointerventionalists in which particles, glue, or coils are lodged inside the AVM to prevent blood flow through the abnormal channel. During this treatment, an interventional radiologist guides a catheter through a blood vessel accessed from the patient's leg to the site of

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can be present along any part of the course of the urinary tract from the kidneys to the urethra. The most common symptoms, whether in men or women, are sudden onset, intense flank pain accompanied by blood in the urine. Most kidney stones pass spontaneously, but larger ones (greater than 5 mm)

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The workup for the procedure is straightforward and the interventional radiologist performing the procedure often orders several tests to assess how well the patient will tolerate the procedure. These are often simple blood tests, and an ultrasound of the heart and liver. The procedure is often well

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Acute or active bleeding can occur throughout the human body due to a variety of causes. Interventional radiologists can address bleeding with embolization, usually with small plastic particles, glues or coils. Traumatic rupture of a blood vessel, for example, may be addressed this way if a patient

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Penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) is an advanced focal form of atherosclerosis, most often encountered in the aorta. It starts as a small plaque in the inner-most layer of the aorta called the intima, but the inflammatory process ulcerates and penetrates through this layer into the media. While PAU is

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Visceral aneurysms affect the vessels that supply the solid organs. Similar to other aneurysms, treatment depends on several factors including size, location, shape and growth. Endovascular treatments for visceral aneurysms can usually be performed with less morbidity when compared to open surgical

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involves the major branch arteries that provide blood to the brain. Carotid artery disease incurs an increased risk of stroke by two different mechanisms, either from limiting overall blood flow or more often by showering pieces of plaque or clot deep into the small vessels in the brain. Either can

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is a large operation, where blood flow is temporarily stopped using clamps, the vessel is cut open, the plaque removed and then the vessel resealed. If an occlusion is too dense or complex, a bypass could also be performed, where two segments of vessel are bridged by an additional vein or synthetic

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is a structure that is located at the bottom of the spine, and connects the spine to hips. The purpose of this joint is to help the spine bear the weight of the upper region of the body. The sacroiliac joint also decreases the incidence of injuries by improving overall stability and restricting the

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The mainstay of treatment for this condition within the field of interventional radiology is varicocele embolization. An embolization, within the context of this procedure, results in the interruption of venous blood flow. The interruption of blood flow abates venous dilation of blood that can lead

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is defined as an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, most commonly occurring on the left side due to anatomical reasons. When this happens, blood can stagnate within these dilated veins and cause temperature fluctuations within the testicle itself. The exact cause to this condition remains

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Dissection refers to a tear in the inner layer of the arterial wall. Blood pumps into this defect and dissects its way between the layers in the wall of an artery, creating a false channel separate from the true arterial lumen. Dissections can develop due to trauma, spontaneously due to high blood

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Intracranial aneurysms arise in the arterial supply of the brain. Endovascular approaches to treatment include stenting and coiling and are preferable in most cases since clipping and resection require a surgical craniotomy. Rupture of intracranial aneurysms can have devastating clinical effects.

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Atherosclerosis is described, evaluated, and treated differently depending on the affected artery, as described below. However, multiple studies have shown strong correlations between the different types of atherosclerosis. In particular, patients with peripheral arterial disease have an increased

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is the basic principle that underlies endovascular procedures. Briefly, this involves using a needle to puncture a target vessel, then using a series of small medical guidewires and catheters to pass various tools inside for treatment. When these minimally-invasive techniques can be used, patients

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is an interdisciplinary approach to specialized medical and nursing care for people with life-limiting illnesses. It focuses on providing relief from the symptoms, pain, physical stress, and mental stress at any stage of illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the person and their

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People who may be eligible for endovascular treatment have a large vessel occlusion, which means the thrombus is in an artery that is large enough to reach and there are no contraindications such as a hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain), elapsed time of greater than six hours since onset of

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are less common but also dangerous for similar reasons. Mesenteric artery dissection may limit the blood supply to the intestines. Renal artery dissections can decrease blood flow to the kidneys and contribute to hypertension. Peripheral arterial dissections can be found elsewhere in the arms and

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are used to provide a scaffold along a segment of diseased vessel. These are available in a variety of sizes to accommodate placement in vessels throughout the body from head to toe. Endografts are stents with fabric covering that are used for the treatment of bleeding or aneurysms. These devices

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and palliative medicine providers. As an imager, the radiologist is the expert in obtaining maximum imaging value; furthermore, the radiologist has extensive experience in diagnostic image interpretation and disease prognostication. In addition, the interventional radiologist has an array of both

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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal blood vessel structures in which an artery connects to a vein via an abnormal channel. This creates a high flow system that puts the vessel at risk of rupture. Ruptured AVMs require emergency management of the patient; unruptured AVMs require expert

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Central venous access refers to a variety of intravenous catheters placed in patients requiring certain long-term medications. These are much smaller in diameter than dialysis lines, but are larger and longer than a standard intravenous line (IV.) Examples include Hickman catheters, peripherally

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Dialyzer technology initially outpaced the ability of clinicians to apply it to patients. In the 1920s, the first dialysis catheter was created using thin fragile glass tubes. Early methods required surgical incision to reach large vessels, which carried a large risk of major bleeding. The first

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Transplant organs rely on healthy blood supply to survive. In some instances, the arteries that feed a transplant may narrow, typically where the donor vessel is sewn to the recipient. Interventional radiologists evaluate the blood supply of these patient's and may use balloons or stents to open

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can be further classified and treated depending on whether they involve the thoracic aorta, the abdominal aorta or both. Classic pain related to acute aortic dissections is described as "tearing" or "ripping" and possibly radiating to a patient's back. Acute aortic dissection can be difficult to

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when he did a percutaneous peripheral vascular revascularization procedure for the first time on January 16, 1964, on Laura Shaw, vascular and interventional radiology (commonly interventional radiology or IR) distinguished itself from earlier approaches to vascular disease by the use of medical

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can be treated with image-guided ablation (RFA, MWA, cryotherapy) with similar results to partial nephrectomy. Generally, surgery via an either partial or total nephrectomy (removal of kidney) is most often curative but for patients with a smaller lesion or who are not ideal surgical candidates,

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The interventional radiologist plays a large clinical role in the treatment of kidney stones that are unlikely to pass on their own. The gold standard of treatment for these types of stones is surgical removal. However, some patients have an infected stone and are simply too ill for an operative

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A PTC is an outpatient procedure lasting anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour where an interventional radiologist accesses the patient's bile duct system with a needle through the skin and liver under imaging guidance. Using fluoroscopy (essentially an X-ray camera) to guide a wire (followed by a

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is when there is not all three layers surrounding the artery. These structures can technically be considered a type of contained bleed. They are most often due to focal damage to a blood vessel, which could be the result of trauma, infection or inflammation. Splenic artery pseudoaneurysms, for

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to impaired testicular temperature regulation and theoretically improve infertility. The physician accesses the dilated scrotal veins with a small catheter via a vein in the groin and embolizes the varicocele. Patients often tolerate this procedure well and are able to return home the same day.

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Certain monitored exercises, such as walking regimens, have been shown to significantly improve walking distance especially when used consistently for at least six months. When medical management fails, vascular interventional radiologists can attempt to restore blood flow to extremities using

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The standard of care for local treatment of extraspinal osseous metastases is external-beam radiation therapy. Fifty percent of patients who undergo this therapy achieve complete response or resolution of symptoms. Of the remaining patients, half fail therapy (20–30% of the total), 10% require

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In addition to normal liver tissue, the liver has three main vessels traversing it: arteries, veins and bile ducts. While bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, the bile eventually passes into the GI tract through the hepatic, cystic and common bile ducts. Any condition that

1736:(also known as SIRT or Y-90 radioembolization): Injection of small beads loaded with a radioactive isotope, yittrium-90 (Y-90), into blood vessels feeding a tumor to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to cause cell death. Can be performed in a segmental (radiation segmentectomy) or a lobar ( 711:

Patients typically go home the same day as the procedure and can expect to feel some symptom relief in a matter of days. Though rare, risks of PAE include unintentional embolization of nearby blood vessels, which can result in loss of blood flow to surrounding areas of the bladder or rectum.

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A TIPS may cause temporary confusion or worsening of liver/heart function. The degree of these two side effects largely depends on the health of the patient's heart and liver prior to the procedure and the risk-benefits of the procedure must be thoroughly discussed with their interventional

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can range anywhere from monitoring an asymptomatic bleed to supporting and maintaining the hemodynamic function of the patient. The role for the interventional radiologist is to offer patients an image-guided, minimally invasive procedure to alleviate a condition that could be otherwise be

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to survive 11 more years. As medicine and surgery have grown more sophisticated, more patients now live with chronic renal disease than ever before. The most common type of dialysis in the United States is hemodialysis, which can be performed through several types of vascular access. The

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involves the arteries supplying blood to heart muscle. Coronary ischemia results in myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. The coronary arteries were one of the earliest widely accepted applications of angioplasty and stenting developed by cardiology and interventional

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visualization also allows precision guidance to the abnormality, making the procedure or diagnosis more accurate. These benefits are weighed against the additional risks of lack of immediate access to internal structures (should bleeding or a perforation occur), and the risks of

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When an arterial dissection expands, it can restrict normal flow through the affected artery or potentially block the origin of a branch vessel—this can compromise distal perfusion in either case. When acute and symptomatic, this is an emergency that requires prompt treatment.

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radiologist before beginning. If the post-procedural consequences are more troublesome to the patient than their initial symptoms the artificial conduit created by the procedure can be reversed if the post-procedural side effects outweigh those caused by the prior conditions.

778:(clot) and restore blood flow to parts of the brain. Using a catheter that is directed through the blood vessels in the arm or leg up to the brain, the interventionalist can remove the thrombus or deliver drugs to dissolve the thrombus. These procedures are referred to as 559:: Placement of tubes to drain pathologic fluid collections (e.g., abscess, pleural effusion). This may be achieved by percutaneous, trans-rectal, or trans-vaginal approach. Exchange or repositioning of indwelling catheters is achieved over a guidewire under image guidance. 2509:

may be placed when patients are hospitalized and either too sick or at a high risk of bleeding. Permanent hemodialysis catheters are longer overall but a segment is tunneled through the skin of the chest, which lets the catheter lie flat and lowers the risk of infection.

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avoid the need for larger surgical exposure to treat diseased vessels. Though numerous factors can affect patient's post-operative course, in general an endovascular approach is associated with a more rapid recovery time compared to a traditional open vascular surgery.

1684:) solid tumors resulting in tumor cell death. Ablation techniques can be performed throughout the body such as in the lung, liver, kidney, prostate, breast, bone, and other organs using image guidance to place a needle/probe through the skin into the target tissue. 2122:, MR angiography, and catheter-based angiography to establish anatomic segments of disease. The severity of ischemia can be evaluated by correlating symptoms and non-invasive physiologic vascular studies including toe pressures, TCPO2, and skin perfusion studies. 2266:

However, as medical imaging has improved, chronic, asymptomatic dissections have also been discovered, and in some cases these may be safely managed with blood pressure control, follow-up imaging and proper counseling for the warning signs of potential ischemia.

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is to minimize tissue loss by preserving direct blood flow to the affected limb by treating vessel blockages, controlling any infection and optimizing wound care. Increasingly, this can be accomplished with primary endovascular therapies before open surgery is

1697:: Injection of embolic material (microparticles, alcohol, glue) through a catheter into the arteries feeding a tumor to completely occlude the tumor's blood supply and cause cell death. The most common indication is for treatment of unresectable liver cancer ( 1893:

Many endovascular procedures have since been developed and refined. Numerous tools are at the disposal of modern vascular and interventional radiologists to perform these procedures, and developing new tools is a burgeoning focus of international research.

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Primarily, a TIPS functions to alleviate two different conditions: an emergent/life-threatening GI bleed or ascites (excessive abdominal fluid) caused by too high of blood pressure in the portal vein that is otherwise uncontrolled by diet and medications.

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Sacral insufficiency fractures are an infrequent but often disabling cause of severe low back pain. At times, the pain can be so severe that it may cause the patients to become bedridden, placing them at risk for complications of immobility such as

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type of obstructive jaundice can be alleviated with surgery or chemotherapy but if these measures fail to restore proper flow of bile, an interventional radiologist can perform a procedure called a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC).

2036:. Arteries have relatively thick, muscular walls, composed of multiple layers, because they transport freshly oxygenated blood through the body at relatively high pressures. Arterial diseases can affect one or multiple layers of the artery wall. 485:: Combined injection of chemotherapy and embolic agents into the arterial blood supply of a tumor, with the goal of both local administration of chemotherapy, slowing "washout" of the chemotherapy drug, and also decreasing tumor arterial supply 824:

patient's leg and uses it to guide a coil through blood vessels to the site of the aneurysm. The coil induces clotting within the aneurysm, which reduces the risk of rupture. Multiple coils may be used depending on the size. Imaging studies (

1646:, the purpose of sacroplasty is to provide stabilization to prevent painful micromotion at the fracture site. A needle is placed through the skin and into the bone under CT guidance and a polymethylmethacrylate mixture is injected into the 1764:

cancer. IO treatments may be also offered in combination with surgery, systemic chemotherapy/immunotherapy, and radiation therapy to augment the therapeutic outcome. A variety of interventional oncological treatments for tumors arise:

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and/or long-acting steroid medications can be directly delivered to localized sites of pain. The use of image guidance helps to confirm appropriate needle placement. This includes common imaging modalities used in joint injections:

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tolerated and can result in a permanent reduction or elimination of symptoms. The procedure can take anywhere between 15 minutes to an hour and has lower risks of bleeding or infection compared to an equivalent surgical procedure.

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options in the treatment of extraspinal osseous metastases have emerged as attractive options in management of symptomatic metastases. These typically take the form of three types of ablative therapy: microwave thermal ablation,

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Borofsky, Michael S.; Walter, Dawn; Shah, Ojas; Goldfarb, David S.; Mues, Adam C.; Makarov, Danil V. (March 2013). "Surgical decompression is associated with decreased mortality in patients with sepsis and ureteral calculi".

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arterial disorders, endovascular approaches to dissection such as stent-grafting and percutaneous fenestration can be utilized, either primarily or in combination with surgery depending on the complexity of the dissection.

2190:(Leriche syndrome) is a constellation of symptoms due to significant occlusion of the distal aorta and common iliac arteries, most commonly by atherosclerotic disease The classic symptoms include buttock claudication and 2212:

is another broad term for an enlarged vessel, but is not necessarily pathological. Rupture is a dreaded complication of aneurysms that can lead to extensive, difficult to control bleeding. Aneurysms can also clot, or

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was a potential cure for renal disease. Over 100 years later, the only available curative, renal replacement therapy for CKD is kidney transplantation. However, many patients can live for decades utilizing dialysis.

4484:; Eastell, Richard; Fink, Howard A; Giangregorio, Lora; Guanabens, Nuria; Kado, Deborah; Kallmes, David; Katzman, Wendy; Rodriguez, Alexander; Wermers, Robert; Wilson, H Alexander; Bouxsein, Mary L (January 2019). 2051:. In contrast to arteries, capillaries have thin single-layered walls, so oxygen and nutrients can be exchanged with tissues in capillary beds before the de-oxygenated blood is carried away by the venous system. 4389:

Robinson, Y; Olerud, C (May 2012). "Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty--a systematic review of cement augmentation techniques for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures compared to standard medical therapy".

1707:(TACE): Injection of a chemotherapy agent often with microparticles through a catheter into arteries feeding a tumor that both delivers chemotherapy and blocks the blood supply to the tumor to cause cell death 3499:

Abdel-Meguid, Taha A.; Al-Sayyad, Ahmad; Tayib, Abdulmalik; Farsi, Hasan M. (March 2011). "Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial".

2290:

Dissections can also arise in virtually any other artery. Carotid artery dissection, for example, places patients at increased risk for stroke and may extend further into the blood vessels within the brain.

715:

Data suggests that TURP may have higher rates of symptom resolution at one and six months, but PAE appears to provide lower risks of complications more commonly associated with surgery, such as infection.

610:

or nephroureteral stent placement: Placement of a catheter through the skin, directly into the kidney to drain from the collecting system. This is typically done to treat a downstream obstruction of urine.

2063:

and is typically the cause of symptoms related to vascular disease. The goal of revascularization therapies, whether endovascular or surgical, is to re-establish or optimize perfusion and stop ischemia.

1750:

feeding the lobe of liver containing the tumor(s) of interest to induce growth of the non-diseased lobe to maintain adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection of lobe containing the

2296:

legs. These dissections can occur primarily due to focal traumas, underlying vascular disease, or as an extension of a larger, complex aortic dissection that tears further into these smaller branches.

2102:(PAD; sometimes peripheral vascular disease, PVD) is most often a result of atherosclerosis and affects the arteries of the lower extremities, those below the aortic bifurcation. A hallmark symptom is 415:: Placement of a metallic coil or embolic substance (gel-foam, poly-vinyl alcohol) to block blood through to a blood vessel, either to stop bleeding or decrease blood flow to a target organ or tissue. 1794:: lung metastases or inoperable primary lung cancer can be treated by interventional radiology procedures such as image guided ablation (cryoablation, microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation). 1131:

Ovarian vein embolization is a same-day treatment which takes place in an interventional radiology suite. The interventional radiologist gains access through a large vein in the groin, called the

1740:) fashion. Radiation lobectomy is commonly performed with the goal of inducing growth of the non-diseased lobe in order to have adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection. 3355:

Sountoulides, Petros; Pardalidis, Nikolaos; Sofikitis, Nikolaos (January 2010). "Endourologic management of malignant ureteral obstruction: indications, results, and quality-of-life issues".

2059:

refers to the flow of oxygen and nutrient rich blood into the capillary beds of the muscles and organs, this is critical for their function. The lack of adequate perfusion is referred to as

459:-related interventions: Placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters, peritoneal dialysis catheters, and revision/thrombolysis of poorly functioning surgically placed AV fistulas and grafts. 319:

Also common to all intervention radiology procedures are the medical imaging machines that allow the healthcare provider to see what is occurring within the body. Some use X-rays (such as

2304:

considered a distinct entity, many think this is a precursor lesion to dissection or aneurysm. Along with intramural hematoma, aneurysm and dissection, PAU is recognized as one of several

3588:"2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 3271:

McWilliams, Justin P.; Kuo, Michael D.; Rose, Steven C.; Bagla, Sandeep; Caplin, Drew M.; Cohen, Emil I.; Faintuch, Salomao; Spies, James B.; Saad, Wael E.; Nikolic, Boris (2014-09-01).

2775:

Cusumano LR, Duckwiler GR, Roberts DG, McWilliams JP (2020). "Treatment of Recurrent Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Comparison of Proximal Versus Distal Embolization Technique".

1095:

have one-way valves that help blood flow toward the heart. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can pool in veins, making them swell. When this happens near the pelvis, it is called

524:: Placement of a tube into the gallbladder to remove infected bile in patients with cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder, who are too frail or too sick to undergo surgery. 1594:-related compression fractures of the spine. The people in both the experimental and placebo groups reported improvement in their pain, suggesting that the benefit is related to the 2126:

angioplasty and stenting. Sometimes repeat interventions are required. The goal of therapy is to maintain perfusion, avoid amputation and preserve the limb structure and function.

1728:

Drug eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE): delivery of microparticles that are themselves loaded with the chemotherapy agent—typically doxorubicin or irinotecan.

2591:

Midulla, Marco; Pescatori, Lorenzo; Chevallier, Olivier; Nakai, M.; Ikoma, A.; Gehin, Sophie; Berthod, Pierre-Emmanuel; Ne, Romaric; Loffroy, Romaric; Dake, Michael (2019-01-28).

312:(to guide through structures such as blood vessels or the biliary or urinary systems), a sheath (which slides over the guidewire and holds the path open without injuring it), and 1531:

is a treatment option that destroys cancer cells by applying extremely cold temperatures at the location of the tumor. A small cut is made in the skin and a tiny needle called a

2174:

can produce severe pain with eating and result in food fear and weight loss. These vascular disorders can be repaired by endovascular approaches using angioplasty and stenting.

1653:

Sacroplasty is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures that can provide substantial pain relief and lead to a better quality of life.

6228: 2308:—a spectrum of related conditions correlated to potential aortic rupture. They thus have a high potential morbidity and mortality, and should at least be followed closely. 1825:: for small, solitary breast cancer, image-guided ablative techniques are used to treat tumors; however, their efficacy versus surgical resection has not yet been studied. 5594:

Bloomfeld, R. S.; Smith, T. P.; Schneider, A. M.; Rockey, D. C. (October 2000). "Provocative angiography in patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin".

4145:

McCullough HK, Bain RM, Clark HP, Requarth JA (February 2011). "The radiologist as a palliative care subspecialist: providing symptom relief when cure is not possible".

1121:

during pregnancy. After the pregnancy, some of these veins remain enlarged and fail to return to their previous size, causing them to weaken and allowing blood to pool.

473:: Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) for select indications in patients with critical end-stage liver disease and portal hypertension. 491:: Combined injection of radioactive glass or plastic beads and embolic agents into the arterial blood supply of a tumor, with the goal of both local administration of 259:

IR procedures provide direct treatment—they include catheter-based medicine delivery, medical device placement (e.g., stents), and angioplasty of narrowed structures.

3812:"Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 447:: Catheter-directed technique for dissolving blood clots, such as pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis, with either pharmaceutical (TPA) or mechanical means. 3242: 5741:

Saleh, Akram; Makhamreh, Hanna; Qoussoos, Tareq; Alawwa, Izzat; Alsmady, Moath; Salah, Zaid A.; Shakhatreh, Ali; Alhazaymeh, Lewa; Jabber, Mohammed (20 July 2018).

659:

The portal vein is the site where hypertension (high blood pressure) can produce a myriad of deleterious effects throughout the liver and small or large intestine.

3629:"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 1470:

After the treatment, patients follow up with their physician for several months. The treatment team also orders additional imaging scans to evaluate whether the

4009: 1514:

After the treatment, patients follow up with their physician for several months. The treatment team orders additional imaging scans to evaluate whether the

3442:

Persad, Emma; O'Loughlin, Clare Aa; Kaur, Simi; Wagner, Gernot; Matyas, Nina; Hassler-Di Fratta, Melanie Rosalia; Nussbaumer-Streit, Barbara (2021-04-23).

359:: Imaging the blood vessels to look for abnormalities with the use of various contrast media, including iodinated contrast, gadolinium based agents, and CO 2114:

There are several systems for staging PAD, but an often used scale is the revised Rutherford classification. Plaque and blood flow can be evaluated using

2095:

graft. Modern endovascular approaches to treating atherosclerosis can include combinations of angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy (removal of plaque).

4728:

Santiago, Fernando Ruiz; del Mar Castellano García, María; Montes, Jose Luis Martínez; García, Manuel Ruiz; Fernández, Juan Miguel Tristán (2009-01-07).

4286:

Patel IJ, Pirasteh A, Passalacqua MA, Robbin MR, Hsu DP, Buethe J, Prologo JD (October 2013). "Palliative procedures for the interventional oncologist".

1139:, which is a flexible tube like a strand of spaghetti. The catheter is moved through the vein to the enlarged pelvic veins, allowing the introduction of 2234:

A variety of endovascular grafts are available, and each has advantages and disadvantages depending on the characteristics of the aneurysm and patient.

790:

symptoms, or greater than 24 hours in special cases. Hospitals with comprehensive stroke centers are equipped to treat patients with endovascular care.

3810:

Derdeyn, Colin P.; Zipfel, Gregory J.; Albuquerque, Felipe C.; Cooke, Daniel L.; Feldmann, Edward; Sheehan, Jason P.; Torner, James C. (August 2017).

4525: 2239:

and abdominal aortic aneurysms. When amenable, endovascular treatments for popliteal aneurysms can include endovascular stenting or surgical bypass.

4580:"Phase 3 Study of ThermoDox With Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov" 1140: 955:

A sacroiliac joint injection is typically performed to decrease persistent back pain that developed due to an injured or inflamed sacroiliac joint.

4224:

Mamlouk MD, vanSonnenberg E, Dehkharghani S (July 2014). "CT-guided nerve block for pudendal neuralgia: diagnostic and therapeutic implications".

3959: 3153:

Núñez, O.; de la Cruz, G.; Molina, J.; Borrego, G. M.; Marín, I.; Ponferrada, A.; Catalina, V.; Echenagusia, A.; Bañares, R. (October 2003). "".

2208:

vasculitis or connective tissue diseases. Aneurysms are typically classified by major shapes, either fusiform (tubular) or saccular (eccentric).

1788:(SIRT/Y-90 radioembolization), portal vein embolization, transarterial/bland embolization, or image guided ablation (RFA, MWA, IRE, cryoablation) 4916:

European Journal of Surgical Oncology: The Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology

4268: 1499:

to guide a special needle to the site of the tumors. Next, radiofrequency (RF) electrodes are placed into the tumor. The electrodes generate an

1114: 5857:"Peripheral artery disease and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: Insights from the Heart and Soul Study" 1416:

Due to the need for multiple treatments requiring multiple transports to and from the hospital and potential disruption to treatment/therapy,

5494:

Conahan, Thomas J.; Schwartz, Alan J.; Geer, Ralph Taggart (31 January 1977). "Percutaneous Catheter Introduction: The Seldinger Technique".

4324: 2043:

is the largest artery in the body, and the major aortic branches continue to divide multiple times, giving way to smaller arteries, muscular

470: 4785:

Shah, Rajesh P.; Brown, Karen T.; Sofocleous, Constantinos T. (October 2011). "Arterially directed therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma".

2194:, with decreased femoral pulses. Additional symptoms of critical limb ischemia can be present. Both surgical and endovascular approaches to 851:

consultation to discuss the risks and benefits of treatment. Current treatment options include conservative management, surgical resection,

3046:

Ray, David M.; Srinivasan, Indu; Tang, Shou-Jiang; Vilmann, Andreas S.; Vilmann, Peter; McCowan, Timothy C.; Patel, Akash M. (2017-03-28).

2110:. As the perfusion to a limb diminishes, further pain in the foot can occur even at rest and in fact the tissues of the foot can even die. 1690:: Uses a machine that emits high frequency sound waves to kill cancer cells and provide relief for tumor-related pain, such as in the bone. 5455:"Wires, Catheters, and More: A Primer for Residents and Fellows Entering Interventional Radiology: Resident and Fellow Education Feature" 3568: 1869:. The symptoms related to vascular disease can range from asymptomatic, bothersome symptoms or limb- and/or life-threatening conditions. 6058:

Hayashi, Hideyuki; Matsuoka, Yohjiro; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Sueyoshi, Eijun; Okimoto, Tomoaki; Hayashi, Kuniaki; Matsunaga, Naofumi (2000).

3320:

Miller Oren F.; Kane Christopher J. (1999-09-01). "Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education".

399:: Opening of narrow or blocked blood vessels using a balloon, with or without placement of metallic stents to aid in keep vessel patent. 6653: 17: 4912:"Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis" 3273:"Society of Interventional Radiology Position Statement: Prostate Artery Embolization for Treatment of Benign Disease of the Prostate" 3105:

Speir, Ethan J.; Ermentrout, R. Mitchell; Martin, Jonathan G. (December 2017). "Management of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding".

6994: 5800:"Correlation between peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease using ankle brachial index-a study in Indian population" 2430: 2351: 1982: 175: 169: 6099: 1781: 6239: 1209:

Injection of medication or anesthetic to decrease inflammation or "turn off" a pain signal along a specific distribution of nerve.

578:(RF/RFA): Local treatment in which a special catheter destroys tissue with heat generated by medium frequency alternating currents 6593: 1228:

Nerve block: "temporary disruption of the disruption of pain transmission via the celiac plexus and is accomplished by injecting

584:: Local treatment with a special catheter that destroys tissue with cold temperature generated by rapid expansion of compressed 2479:

Around the turn of the 20th century, breakthroughs in understanding of renal physiology led many to believe that dialysis using

1558:

is then used to thaw the tumor for five minutes. This cycle is repeated two or three times depending on the tumor type and size.

5943: 680:

prevents the normal flow of bile from the liver, through these bile vessels and into the GI tract can cause a condition called

375:: Taking of a tissue sample from the area of interest for pathological examination from a percutaneous or transvenous approach. 6251: 6217: 6194: 6175: 6156: 6137: 6009: 5957: 5024: 3030: 2937: 2912: 2887: 2827: 2759: 2734: 2709: 2684: 2659: 1897:

While some interventional radiology endovascular procedures are highly specialized, a few standard techniques apply to most:

6338: 6893: 6333:

Medical Professionals–Redefining Radiology: Cryoablation of a non-small cell lung cancer pleural invasion (www.mposium.com)

4606:"Cryoablation vs radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case series studies" 3672:; Duckwiler Gary R.; Harris Catherine C.; Howard Virginia J.; Johnston S. Claiborne (Clay); Meyers Philip M. (2015-08-01). 2843:

Keller FS, Farsad K, Rösch J (March 2016). "The Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Technique and Instruments".

1785: 1733: 1507:), which produces heat that destroys the tumor. This technique can be repeated at multiple sites, as necessary, before the 430: 335:). In each case, the images created may be modified by computer to better visualize the structures as is in the case with 1831:: inoperable tumors can be treated with image-guided ablative techniques, and more recently, irreversible electroporation. 845: 562: 5537:

Williams, Charles; Kennedy, Dominic; Bastian-Jordan, Matthew; Hislop, Matthew; Cramp, Brendan; Dhupelia, Sanjay (2015).

7029: 6371: 5855:

Grenon, S. Marlene; Vittinghoff, Eric; Owens, Christopher D.; Conte, Michael S.; Whooley, Mary; Cohen, Beth E. (2013).

1026: 2259:

pressure and native vascular disease, or in some cases as a complication of prior surgical or endovascular treatment.

2090:

Historically, open vascular surgical approaches were required for all critically advanced atherosclerotic disease. An

479:

of varicose veins: Placement of thin laser fiber in varicose veins for non-surgical treatment of venous insufficiency.

63:

An interventional radiology suite where biopsy, diagnosis or therapies are precisely guided with real-time fluoroscopy

7188: 3005: 2456: 2377: 2130: 2084: 2004: 1687: 1677: 4185:"CT-guided celiac plexus neurolysis: a review of anatomy, indications, technique, and tips for successful treatment" 2438: 2359: 1467:

include a generation of higher temperatures and the ability to use multiple needles to better destroy larger tumors.

4017: 860:

the AVM. The particles, glue, or coils induce clotting within the malformation, which reduces the risk of rupture.

436: 5972: 1048:. A common cause of damage to the nerve roots are lesions in the spine, such as prolapse of the nucleus pulposus, 296:

Interventional radiology is a set of techniques that allows access to the internal structures of the body through

4885: 2119: 1905: 1704: 829: 825: 336: 4685:

Sabel, Michael S. (July 2014). "Nonsurgical ablation of breast cancer: future options for small breast tumors".

1044:

of the muscle innervated by the affected spinal nerve. It can also cause pain and numbness in the corresponding

7147: 7019: 6453: 5743:"Prevalence of previously unrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography" 5201:"Ablation of Musculoskeletal Metastases: Pain Palliation, Fracture Risk Reduction, and Oligometastatic Disease" 2434: 2355: 1986: 1909: 1872:

Vascular and interventional radiologists are at the forefront of treating a wide variety of vascular diseases.

1354: 869: 163: 3199:

Ahmed, Sameer; Schlachter, Todd R.; Hong, Kelvin (December 2015). "Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy".

2177:

Renal arterial ischemia can contribute to hypertension, which can be severe and refractory to medical therapy.

515:

Placement of catheters in the biliary system to bypass biliary obstructions and decompress the biliary system.

793:

Long-term care after an ischemic stroke is focused on rehabilitation and preventing future blood clots using

973:

that is the outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal (formed by the surrounding

6999: 2187: 926: 771: 705: 424: 402: 232: 212: 4661: 4533: 912:, refer to small bony structures located between the vertebrae of the spine that promote spinal stability. 304:. Regardless of the reason for the intervention, the procedure will likely use common elements such as a 6643: 6339:

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: Irreversible Electroporation (NanoKnife) to Treat Prostate Tumors

3667: 2292: 1285: 1128:

can offer a minimally invasive treatment option for pelvic congestion syndrome: ovarian vein embolization

418: 5973:"Stanford classification of aortic dissection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 6623: 3967: 1544: 1508: 1488: 1453: 1441: 1125: 1106: 1096: 833: 476: 332: 224: 5913: 3736: 2988:

Hong, Kelvin; Georgiades, Christos S, eds. (2011). "2 Cryoablation: Mechanism of Action and Devices".

7052: 6208:

The Ship in the Balloon: The Story of Boston Scientific and the Development of Less-Invasive Medicine

2473: 2226: 2099: 1199:

therapeutic and palliative interventions to offer the patient coping with a life-threatening illness.

806: 637: 262:

The main benefits of IR techniques are that they can reach the deep structures of the body through a

3668:

Thompson B. Gregory; Brown Robert D.; Amin-Hanjani Sepideh; Broderick Joseph P.; Cockroft Kevin M.;

3586:

Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. (March 2018).

1725:

with high dose chemotherapy with or without microparticles directly into the tumor-feeding arteries.

6844: 6766: 6761: 6441: 5991: 2419: 2340: 2222: 1773: 1743: 1698: 1225:: Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they differ in terms of duration of action. 4428:; Johnston, RV; Rischin, KJ; Homik, J; Jones, CA; Golmohammadi, K; Kallmes, DF (6 November 2018). 4332: 1071:

Used to treat patients with radicular symptoms in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral region.

243:

or guide further medical treatment, and include image-guided biopsy of a tumor or injection of an

6824: 6798: 5200: 2423: 2344: 2180: 2155: 1975: 1669: 1515: 1484: 1464: 1422: 1413:

retreatment, and 1–3% experience debilitating complications such as fracture of the treated bone.

1358: 893: 575: 534: 6023:

Hartnell, George G.; Gates, Julia (2005). "Aortic Fenestration: A Why, when, and How-to Guide".

1635:

Sacral insufficiency fractures result from an axial loading mechanism on abnormal bone, such as

1288:, which is a network of nerve fibers located in the retroperitoneum that modulate pain from the 6416: 6364: 5798:

Sarangi, Sharmistha; Srikant, Banumathy; Rao, Dayasagar V.; Joshi, Laxmikant; Usha, G. (2012).

4910:

Al-Adra, D. P.; Gill, R. S.; Axford, S. J.; Shi, X.; Kneteman, N.; Liau, S.-S. (January 2015).

3048:"Complementary roles of interventional radiology and therapeutic endoscopy in gastroenterology" 2469: 2164: 1571: 937:

to guide the placement of an injection of medication into a facet joint to provide pain relief.

378: 6149:

Advanced Radiographic and Angiographic Procedures: With an Introduction to Specialized Imaging

4031: 3575:. American Stroke Association (a division of the American Heart Association). 5 December 2018. 3272: 7067: 6953: 6926: 6899: 6851: 6805: 6500: 5051:"Standards of Practice: Guidelines for Thermal Ablation of Primary and Secondary Lung Tumors" 2305: 1625: 1246:: A procedure performed to manage refractory cancer-related abdominal pain by modulating the 1160: 1082:

A very large (9 cm or 3.5 in) fibroid of the uterus causing pelvic congestion on US

818: 7087: 7047: 6914: 6728: 6723: 6703: 6638: 6490: 6309:

American Medical Center – American Heart Institute: Radio Frequency Ablation of Liver Tumor

2191: 2149: 1801: 1609: 1587: 916: 909: 852: 802: 724: 588:

gas—used mostly to treat small renal cancers and for the palliation of painful bone lesions

565:

or jejunostomy: Placement of a feeding tube percutaneously into the stomach and/or jejunum.

508: 495:, slowing "washout" of the radioactive substance, and also decreasing tumor arterial supply 122: 6076: 6059: 3991: 3931: 3914: 2532:

Taslakian, Bedros; Ingber, Ross; Aaltonen, Eric; Horn, Jeremy; Hickey, Ryan (2019-08-30).

1143:, which are medications that cause the vein to seal off and relieve the painful pressure. 453:: Metallic filters placed in the vena cava to prevent propagation of deep venous thrombus. 8: 7167: 7109: 7092: 6751: 6468: 6107: 4481: 4425: 2171: 1886: 1737: 1536: 1492: 1445: 1444:

makes a tiny incision in the skin to insert a special needle into the body. Using a live

1374: 1156: 1049: 1045: 990: 309: 267: 244: 43: 5320: 5263: 4555: 4371: 3915:"Imaging-guided injection techniques with fluoroscopy and CT for spinal pain management" 3859:

Zuurbier, Susanna M; Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam (2019-09-10). Cochrane Stroke Group (ed.).

3739:"Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms — Risk of Rupture and Risks of Surgical Intervention" 3627:

Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B, Cherney LR, Cramer SC, et al. (June 2016).

1574:, which includes vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, are similar spinal procedures in which 1550:

Next, the cryoprobes are inserted into the tumor to begin freezing it with a gas called

7057: 7014: 7004: 6793: 6746: 6713: 6708: 6458: 6436: 6270: 6206: 5889: 5856: 5832: 5799: 5775: 5742: 5718: 5693: 5645:

Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.

5627: 5571: 5538: 5453:

Northcutt, Benjamin G.; Shah, Anjuli A.; Sheu, Yun R.; Carmi, Lemore (September 2015).

5389: 5364: 5337: 5304: 5280: 5247: 5176: 5143: 5001: 4968: 4944: 4911: 4862: 4829: 4762: 4729: 4643: 4554:

Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.

4454: 4429: 4249: 4122: 4097: 4073: 4054:"Sacroplasty by CT and fluoroscopic guidance: is the procedure right for your patient?" 3885: 3860: 3669: 3476: 3443: 3082: 3047: 2800: 2627: 2593:"Future of IR: Emerging Techniques, Looking to the Future...and Learning from the Past" 2592: 2568: 2533: 2271: 2021: 1854: 1777: 1694: 1673: 1471: 1460: 1437: 1417: 1381: 986: 594:: Local treatment with a special catheter that destroys tissue with heat generated by 591: 157: 6060:"Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer of the Aorta: Imaging Features and Disease Concept" 5815: 3166: 1155:

can be performed through minimally invasive methods, to determine whether a patient's

7153: 7127: 7009: 6979: 6958: 6921: 6904: 6819: 6783: 6773: 6668: 6588: 6532: 6495: 6480: 6421: 6388: 6357: 6274: 6213: 6190: 6171: 6152: 6133: 6125: 6081: 6040: 5894: 5876: 5837: 5819: 5780: 5762: 5723: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5576: 5558: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5476: 5435: 5394: 5342: 5324: 5285: 5267: 5228: 5220: 5181: 5163: 5124: 5116: 5080: 5072: 5006: 4988: 4949: 4931: 4867: 4849: 4810: 4802: 4767: 4749: 4710: 4702: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4605: 4507: 4486:"The Efficacy and Safety of Vertebral Augmentation: A Second ASBMR Task Force Report" 4459: 4407: 4303: 4241: 4206: 4162: 4127: 4078: 3936: 3890: 3841: 3833: 3768: 3760: 3737:

International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators (1998-12-10).

3695: 3650: 3609: 3525: 3517: 3481: 3463: 3424: 3416: 3380: 3372: 3337: 3333: 3302: 3294: 3224: 3216: 3178: 3170: 3130: 3122: 3087: 3069: 3026: 3001: 2970: 2933: 2908: 2883: 2860: 2823: 2804: 2792: 2755: 2730: 2705: 2680: 2655: 2632: 2614: 2573: 2555: 2480: 2195: 1838: 1834: 1284:: A procedure performed to manage refractory abdominal/pelvis pain by modulating the 1266: 1001: 922: 880: 492: 488: 482: 344: 305: 69: 39: 5646: 5631: 4647: 4403: 4353: 4253: 4053: 7137: 6829: 6814: 6691: 6566: 6522: 6282: 6266: 6071: 6032: 5992:"Renal artery dissection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 5884: 5868: 5827: 5811: 5770: 5754: 5713: 5705: 5603: 5566: 5550: 5503: 5466: 5425: 5384: 5376: 5332: 5316: 5275: 5259: 5212: 5171: 5155: 5108: 5062: 4996: 4980: 4939: 4923: 4857: 4841: 4794: 4757: 4741: 4694: 4617: 4497: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4399: 4295: 4233: 4196: 4154: 4117: 4109: 4068: 3926: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3823: 3750: 3685: 3640: 3599: 3509: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3408: 3364: 3329: 3284: 3208: 3162: 3114: 3077: 3059: 2993: 2962: 2852: 2784: 2622: 2604: 2563: 2545: 2489: 2163:. Carotid artery disease can be typically addressed with open surgical techniques ( 1850: 1621: 1613: 1554:, creating an "ice ball" over the entire tumor to freeze it for about ten minutes. 1500: 1395: 1273: 1152: 948: 919:, which can be both diagnosed and treated by image-guided injection of anesthetics. 798: 4579: 3674:"Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms" 1885:

imaging to guide endovascular therapies (fixing this from inside the vessel). The

7157: 7102: 6963: 6948: 6931: 6871: 6866: 6810: 6788: 6485: 6431: 6411: 6315:

Stanford Health Care: Microwave Ablation Used To Treat Cancer Quickly at Stanford

3828: 3811: 3690: 3673: 3645: 3628: 3604: 3587: 3543: 3513: 2068: 1828: 1760:

Interventional oncology (IO) procedures are commonly applied to treat primary or

1329: 1255: 1229: 1187: 1009: 982: 770:, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. A clot-busting medication such as 556: 521: 456: 366: 340: 301: 35: 30:

This article describes interventional radiology as a medical procedure. See also

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Neurolysis: "permanent destruction of the celiac plexus with ethanol or phenol".

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Dissections can occur in any artery and are named for their vessel of origin.

7182: 7072: 6861: 6856: 6718: 6658: 6561: 5880: 5872: 5823: 5766: 5615: 5562: 5515: 5328: 5271: 5224: 5167: 5120: 5076: 4992: 4935: 4853: 4806: 4753: 4727: 4706: 4631: 4477: 4430:"Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture" 4183:

Kambadakone A, Thabet A, Gervais DA, Mueller PR, Arellano RS (October 2011).

3837: 3764: 3521: 3467: 3420: 3376: 3298: 3220: 3174: 3126: 3073: 2618: 2559: 2217:, and rapidly occlude the involved vessel, leading to acute distal ischemia. 1948: 1822: 1809:

are also performed for symptom relief or prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.

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For further discussion, refer to the neuro-interventional radiology section.

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A procedure performed to manage head and neck pain/headaches related to the

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This treatment can be less expensive than surgery and is much less invasive.

7077: 7062: 6888: 6613: 6463: 6448: 6394: 6327:

Sirtex Medical US: SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres Mode of Action Video

6278: 6085: 6044: 5898: 5841: 5784: 5727: 5709: 5623: 5580: 5480: 5439: 5398: 5380: 5346: 5289: 5232: 5185: 5159: 5128: 5084: 5010: 4984: 4953: 4871: 4814: 4771: 4714: 4639: 4511: 4463: 4411: 4307: 4245: 4210: 4166: 4131: 4098:"Palliative Care for Interventional Radiology: An Oncologist's Perspective" 4082: 3940: 3894: 3845: 3699: 3654: 3613: 3529: 3485: 3428: 3384: 3341: 3306: 3228: 3182: 3134: 3091: 2974: 2864: 2796: 2636: 2577: 2142: 2103: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1816: 1806: 1769: 1681: 1636: 1591: 1555: 1528: 1426: 1251: 1132: 1100: 1057: 905: 856: 783: 779: 581: 546: 444: 412: 297: 280: 263: 248: 236: 5471: 5454: 4113: 3772: 3368: 6936: 6881: 6778: 6633: 6608: 6426: 6036: 5523: 4969:"Portal vein embolization: rationale, technique, and current application" 4556:"Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) | Microwave Ablation (MWA) - Liver Tumors" 4237: 4201: 4184: 3787:"Arteriovenous Malformations – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options" 3064: 2997: 2048: 1916: 1901: 1812: 1791: 1747: 1629: 1575: 1213: 1068:) are one of the most common symptoms caused by damage to the nerve root. 1061: 994: 930: 889: 746: 607: 550: 541:

devices (IVs), including both tunneled and non-tunneled catheters (e.g.,

538: 450: 396: 356: 324: 216: 4798: 4299: 4158: 3998:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). February 14, 2018. 3861:"Interventions for treating brain arteriovenous malformations in adults" 786:, and several factors are considered before the procedure is completed. 369:: Imaging the bile ducts within the liver to look for areas of blockage. 7024: 6909: 6876: 6648: 6598: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6556: 6546: 6345:

Scientific Animations: 3D Medical Animation of Coronary Stent Procedure

5305:"Use of irreversible electroporation in unresectable pancreatic cancer" 4378:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 23, 2017. 4360:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 20, 2018. 4038:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 23, 2017. 2953:

Wah TM (August 2017). "Image-guided ablation of renal cell carcinoma".

2550: 2214: 2115: 2044: 1989: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1866: 1761: 1540: 1496: 1449: 1362: 1339: 1074:

Helps to alleviate pain by dealing with inflammation of the nerve root.

978: 934: 885: 741: 328: 228: 4830:"Chemoembolization and radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma" 4502: 4485: 3444:"Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men" 2609: 81: 7097: 6839: 6834: 6698: 6676: 6551: 6515: 5554: 2282: 2083:

Screening tests typically use the non-invasive evaluation called the

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usually affects women who have previously been pregnant, because the

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is the initial or proximal segment of one of the thirty-one pairs of

974: 595: 553:, hemodialysis catheters, translumbar and transhepatic venous lines). 252: 240: 31: 2408: 2329: 1964: 6603: 6380: 5539:"A new diagnostic approach to popliteal artery entrapment syndrome" 5536: 2203: 2138: 2107: 2073: 2060: 2017: 1858: 1722: 1721:

Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE): Injection of

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is a treatment that uses heat to destroy multiple small tumors. An

1343: 1317: 1313: 1136: 1065: 775: 681: 542: 499: 406: 381:: obtaining cells from a tissue or organ under ultrasound guidance. 313: 192: 134: 6321:

Stony Brook Surgery: Stony Brook Surgery Uses NanoKnife Technology

5665:"SIR-RFS Webinar (2/7/2013): Principles of Embolization in Trauma" 2774: 855:, endovascular embolization, or combinations of these treatments. 7082: 6542: 6510: 6403: 5365:"Overview of Classification Systems in Peripheral Artery Disease" 3319: 2106:, or progressive pain in a limb associated with activity, due to 1632:

technique, there was no definitive treatment other than bed rest.

1305: 1289: 1195: 1037: 463: 320: 271: 256: 220: 138: 6252:"The birth, early years, and future of interventional radiology" 5246:

Nguyen, Tiffany; Hattery, Eleanor; Khatri, Vijay P. (May 2014).

4223: 3247:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2836: 2492:, was invented nearly 40 years later and allowed a patient with 1456:

generates electromagnetic microwaves that can destroy the tumor.

653: 6057: 4886:"Chemotherapy Delivery Options: Benefits of Regional Therapies" 4182: 3498: 3354: 2590: 2134: 2029: 1668:

Image-guided ablation: Uses different types of energy to burn (

1647: 1325: 1321: 1301: 1297: 1118: 1078: 1053: 767: 372: 196: 5914:"Rutherford Classification: Summary for Medical Professionals" 4730:"Treatment of bone tumours by radiofrequency thermal ablation" 4424: 4285: 3585: 3441: 3025:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–225. 2932:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 361–386. 2907:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 290–295. 2882:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 269–282. 2822:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 253–268. 2754:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 341–360. 2729:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–186. 2704:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–147. 2679:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 387–402. 1578:

is injected through a small hole in the skin into a fractured

5593: 4476: 3912: 3809: 3243:"Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) | NIDDK" 2391: 2040: 2025: 1923: 1862: 1780:

and liver metastases are often treated by procedures such as

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had widened to accommodate the increased blood flow from the

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and spinal tabes. Root pain syndromes, known colloquially as

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Degeneration or damage to the facet joints can often lead to

585: 239:. Diagnostic IR procedures are those intended to help make a 58: 5740: 4604:

El Dib, Regina; Touma, Naji J.; Kapoor, Anil (August 2012).

3152: 2654:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–77. 1338:: A procedure performed to manage pain originating from the 797:

therapy. Patients work with specialists from fields such as

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are less likely to, and can cause severe pain or infection.

409:

to prevent expansion or progression of the defective vessel.

6349: 5854: 5025:"Liver Cancer Interventional Radiology: Minimally Invasive" 4144: 2531: 2316:

narrowed vessels and keep the transplant organ functional.

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are also performed for prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.

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Abrams' Angiography: Vascular and Interventional Radiology

5412:

Dotter, Charles T.; Judkins, Melvin P. (1 November 1964).

5199:

Kurup, Anil Nicholas; Callstrom, Matthew R. (2013-12-01).

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diagnose but is more common than aortic aneurysm rupture.

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The interventional radiologist may be uniquely skilled as

5097: 4331:. The Society of Interventional Radiology. Archived from 4266: 4052:

Strub WM, Hoffmann M, Ernst RJ, Bulas RV (January 2007).

4016:. The Society of Interventional Radiology. Archived from 2072:

refers to a progressive narrowing of the arteries due to

1837:: inoperable, or borderline resectable, locally advanced 1547:

maneuvers the cryoprobe toward the location of the tumor.

339:, CT and MRI, or the display of the images improved with 231:. IR performs both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures 5414:"Transluminal Treatment of Arteriosclerotic Obstruction" 3786: 3714:"Cerebral Aneurysm – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments" 3713: 3045: 1384:(i.e., repetitive use from cycling), cancer-related pain 1033:

leaving the central nervous system from the spinal cord.

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Silbergleit R, Mehta BA, Sanders WP, Talati SJ (2001).

3858: 3626: 2534:"Interventional Radiology Suite: A Primer for Trainees" 1709: 385: 270:. This decreases risks, pain, and recovery compared to 5797: 5452: 5049:

Pereira, Philippe L.; Salvatore, Masala (2012-04-01).

4269:"Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blocks in Headache Disorders" 3270: 2903:

Uberoi R (2009). "14 Gastro-intestinal intervention".

839: 350: 5362: 5248:"Radiofrequency ablation and breast cancer: a review" 5205:

Techniques in Vascular & Interventional Radiology

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Plasma-mediated radiofrequency ablation ("coblation")

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End Stage Renal Disease National Coordinating Center

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Uberoi R (2009). "11 Interventional uro-radiology".

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Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

1598:. As of 2019, routine use is thus not recommended. 6337:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration: 6319:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration: 6249: 6205: 6170:. Chicago: Cook Group Incorporated, Mobium Press. 5142:Foster, Ryan C.B.; Stavas, Joseph M. (June 2014). 3947: 3014: 2921: 2878:Uberoi R (2009). "13 Hepatobiliary intervention". 2871: 2488:somewhat permanent, reliable dialysis access, the 1875: 1440:is a treatment that uses heat to treat tumors. An 1406: 613:Ureteral stent exchange: indwelling double-J type 405:: Placement of endovascular stent-graft across an 6331:Cryoablation of lung cancer video demonstration: 6229:"Historic Highlights of Interventional Radiology" 6212:. Fort Lauderdale: Write Stuff Enterprises, Inc. 5363:Hardman, RL; Jazaeri, O; Yi, J; Gupta, R (2014). 4828:Salem, Riad; Lewandowski, Robert J. (June 2013). 4603: 4388: 2842: 2811: 2743: 2668: 1841:can be treated with irreversible electroporation. 1676:(MWA)), deliver electrical fields/electroporate ( 1452:, the doctor guides the needle to the tumor. The 1398:, usually in the treatment of migraine headaches. 1019: 518:Placement of permanent indwelling biliary stents. 7180: 6259:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 6187:Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures 5944:"Endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms" 5101:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 5048: 4967:May, Benjamin J.; Madoff, David C. (June 2012). 4827: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3277:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2718: 2693: 2643: 626: 5691: 4178: 4176: 2750:Uberoi R (2009). "17 Embolization techniques". 2700:Uberoi R (2009). "7 Angioplasty and stenting". 745:unknown and an ill-favored sequela can be male 700: 316:(that allow fluids to be pushed through them). 211:) is a medical specialty that performs various 6189:. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers. 6146: 6010:"Endovascular treatment of aortic dissections" 5958:"Endovascular treatment of visceral aneurysms" 5198: 2987: 1535:is inserted. Using image-guidance—either by a 1015:Usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance. 631: 6365: 6307:Radiofrequency ablation video demonstration: 6184: 6022: 5411: 4382: 4095: 4047: 4045: 3986: 3984: 3901: 2818:Uberoi R (2009). "12 Haemodialysis fistula". 1746:(PVE): delivery of embolic material into the 1357:(CRPS)/regional sympathetic dystrophy (RDS), 874: 695: 654:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 648: 537:placement: Vascular access and management of 6250:Rösch J, Keller FS, Kaufman JA (July 2003). 6165: 5141: 4418: 4267:Charleston IV L, Halker R, Ailani J (2015). 4173: 1282:Superior hypogastric plexus block/neurolysis 756: 5932:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjRClHP1dEc 5692:Vaidya, S.; Tozer, K. R.; Chen, J. (2008). 5644: 5358: 5356: 5055:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 4734:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 4553: 4434:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4319: 4317: 3448:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2777:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 2675:Uberoi R (2009). "19 Biopsy and drainage". 2597:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 2527: 2525: 2437:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2358:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 421:(UAE) or uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) 6654:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6372: 6358: 4687:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 4042: 3981: 3546:. Center of Disease Control and Prevention 2024:that carry oxygenated blood away from the 1853:refers to disorders of the vasculature or 1657: 1265:Often used in the management of incurable 1004:is often performed to treat local pain or 300:or very small incisions and guidance with 57: 6995:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6075: 5888: 5831: 5774: 5717: 5570: 5470: 5429: 5388: 5336: 5279: 5175: 5066: 5000: 4966: 4943: 4861: 4761: 4621: 4526:"Radiofrequency ablation for lung cancer" 4501: 4470: 4453: 4200: 4121: 4072: 3930: 3884: 3827: 3754: 3689: 3644: 3603: 3475: 3288: 3081: 3063: 2626: 2608: 2567: 2549: 2457:Learn how and when to remove this message 2378:Learn how and when to remove this message 2005:Learn how and when to remove this message 1566: 176:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 170:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6313:Microwave ablation video demonstration: 6203: 5911: 5596:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 5353: 4834:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4314: 4061:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2522: 2499: 2281: 1708: 1491:makes a tiny incision and uses either a 1203: 1077: 812: 761: 498: 462: 215:using medical imaging guidance, such as 5970: 4480:; Akesson, Kristina; Bauer, Douglas C; 4096:Campbell TC, Roenn JH (December 2007). 3865:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2928:Uberoi R (2009). "18 Tumour ablation". 1947:The goal of endovascular therapy is to 1662: 1590:. It was found ineffective in treating 719: 674: 14: 7181: 5679:"Endovascular Embolization or Coiling" 5302: 4787:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4288:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4226:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4147:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 3563: 3561: 3020: 2927: 2902: 2877: 2817: 2749: 2724: 2699: 2674: 2649: 1103:beneath the level of the belly button. 1086: 6353: 6128:, Baum S, Pentecost MJ, eds. (2005). 6077:10.1148/radiographics.20.4.g00jl01995 5543:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 4684: 3932:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl15927 3266: 3264: 3262: 3194: 3192: 3148: 3146: 3144: 7133: 6894:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5912:Weinberg, Dr Ido (August 14, 2010). 5698:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 5148:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 4973:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 4490:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4102:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 2725:Uberoi R (2009). "9 Stentgrafting". 2435:adding citations to reliable sources 2402: 2356:adding citations to reliable sources 2323: 1987:adding citations to reliable sources 1958: 1786:Selective internal radiation therapy 1734:Selective internal radiation therapy 1718:Can be performed in different ways: 1258:along the anterolateral wall of the 941: 431:Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation 386:Therapeutic interventional radiology 7143: 6185:Kandarpa K, Aruny JE, eds. (2010). 5861:Vascular Medicine (London, England) 5647:"Angioplasty and Vascular Stenting" 5321:10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.10 5309:Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 5264:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.03.05 5029:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 4890:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 3960:"Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block" 3558: 2952: 1954: 1845: 1755: 846:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation 840:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation 563:Radiologically inserted gastrostomy 351:Diagnostic interventional radiology 247:into a hollow structure, such as a 24: 7030:Medical Scientist Training Program 6271:10.1097/01.rvi.0000083840.97061.5b 6117: 5989: 5303:Martin, Robert C. G. (June 2015). 3259: 3189: 3141: 3039: 2167:) or though endovascular stenting. 1373:: A procedure performed to manage 1232:or long-acting local anesthetics". 1181: 1166:Pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound 863: 291: 25: 7200: 6301: 6226: 4662:"Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer" 2319: 1693:Transarterial embolization (TAE)/ 1688:High intensity focused ultrasound 1518:successfully destroyed the tumor. 1474:successfully destroyed the tumor. 959: 622:Techniques for specific disorders 7162: 7152: 7142: 7132: 7123: 7122: 5608:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03191.x 5508:10.1001/jama.1977.03270320024004 4623:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10885.x 4372:"Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty" 3334:10.1097/00005392-199909010-00014 2407: 2398: 2328: 1963: 1951:an affected or diseased vessel. 1463:(removal of tissue) compared to 1175:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1036:Damage to nerve roots can cause 437:Hemorrhoidal artery embolization 7163: 6236:Dotter Interventional Radiology 6147:Apfel PA, Tortorici MR (2010). 6092: 6051: 6016: 6002: 5983: 5964: 5950: 5936: 5924: 5905: 5848: 5791: 5734: 5694:"An Overview of Embolic Agents" 5685: 5671: 5657: 5638: 5587: 5530: 5487: 5446: 5405: 5296: 5239: 5192: 5144:"Bone and Soft Tissue Ablation" 5135: 5091: 5042: 5017: 4960: 4903: 4878: 4821: 4778: 4721: 4678: 4654: 4597: 4572: 4547: 4518: 4404:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.010 4364: 4346: 4279: 4260: 4217: 4138: 4089: 4024: 4002: 3925:(4): 927–39, discussion 940–2. 3852: 3803: 3779: 3743:New England Journal of Medicine 3730: 3706: 3661: 3620: 3579: 3536: 3492: 3435: 3391: 3348: 3313: 3235: 3155:Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia 3098: 2981: 2896: 1974:needs additional citations for 1876:Basics of vascular intervention 1782:transarterial chemoembolization 1772:: primary liver tumors such as 1705:Transarterial chemoembolization 1628:. Until the development of the 1407:Palliative bone/musculoskeletal 899: 337:digital subtraction angiography 7020:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6454:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 4446:10.1002/14651858.CD006349.pub4 3877:10.1002/14651858.CD003436.pub4 3460:10.1002/14651858.CD000479.pub6 2768: 2650:Uberoi R (2009). "4 Imaging". 2584: 2286:Takayasu arteritis angiography 2137:, which can progress to frank 1857:, most commonly involving the 1601: 1355:complex regional pain syndrome 1244:Celiac plexus block/neurolysis 1020:Selective nerve root injection 1012:or central/foraminal stenosis. 870:Interventional pain management 641:potentially life-threatening. 283:such as cataracts and cancer. 164:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 13: 1: 6166:Geddes LA, Geddes LE (1993). 6100:"Fistula First Catheter Last" 5816:10.1016/S0019-4832(12)60002-9 3167:10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70394-x 2516: 1390:Sphenopalatine ganglion block 766:About 87% of all strokes are 735: 627:Gastrointestinal intervention 213:minimally-invasive procedures 7000:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 6767:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6379: 5681:– via www.youtube.com. 5667:– via www.youtube.com. 4532:. 2017-08-21. Archived from 4273:American Migraine Foundation 4010:"Pelvis Congestion Syndrome" 3829:10.1161/STR.0000000000000134 3691:10.1161/STR.0000000000000070 3646:10.1161/STR.0000000000000098 3605:10.1161/STR.0000000000000158 3514:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008 2538:Journal of Clinical Medicine 2188:Aortoiliac occlusive disease 1678:irreversible electroporation 1650:under real-time fluoroscopy. 1240:Types of blocks/neurolyses: 927:minimally invasive procedure 772:tissue plasminogen activator 706:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 701:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 425:Prostate artery embolization 403:Endovascular aneurysm repair 308:(to pass through the skin), 233:through very small incisions 7: 5759:10.1097/MD.0000000000011519 4840:(6): 604–611, quiz e43–44. 4032:"Ovarian Vein Embolization" 3756:10.1056/NEJM199812103392401 3569:"Ischemic Stroke Treatment" 2990:Percutaneous Tumor Ablation 2961:(8). Elsevier BV: 636–644. 2504:Venous access port catheter 2293:Vertebral artery dissection 1286:superior hypogastric plexus 638:gastrointestinal hemorrhage 632:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 557:Drainage catheter placement 419:Uterine artery embolization 327:) and some do not (such as 10: 7205: 6325:Y-90 video demonstration: 5217:10.1053/j.tvir.2013.08.007 5113:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.08.013 4928:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.007 3413:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.088 3290:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.05.005 3213:10.1053/j.tvir.2015.07.003 3119:10.1053/j.tvir.2017.10.005 3052:World Journal of Radiology 2967:10.1016/j.crad.2017.03.007 2857:10.1053/j.tvir.2016.01.001 2789:10.1007/s00270-019-02328-0 1922:Stents and stent-grafts: 1545:interventional radiologist 1509:interventional radiologist 1489:interventional radiologist 1454:interventional radiologist 1442:interventional radiologist 1433:Microwave thermal ablation 1126:interventional radiologist 1107:Pelvic congestion syndrome 1097:pelvic congestion syndrome 952:torso's range of movement. 929:in which a physician uses 879:Utilizing image guidance, 875:Joint and local injections 867: 843: 816: 696:Genitourinary intervention 649:Hepatobiliary intervention 477:Endovenous laser treatment 225:magnetic resonance imaging 92:Interventional Radiologist 74:Interventional radiologist 29: 18:Interventional radiologist 7118: 7040: 6978: 6739: 6667: 6622: 6531: 6402: 6387: 5068:10.1007/s00270-012-0340-1 4846:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.039 4746:10.1007/s12178-008-9042-3 4699:10.1016/j.soc.2014.03.009 4325:"Radiofrequency Ablation" 2474:renal replacement therapy 2221:Aortic aneurysms include 2100:Peripheral artery disease 2020:are the component of the 1880:Since its development by 1839:pancreatic adenocarcinoma 1511:removes the RF electrode. 857:Endovascular embolization 853:stereotactic radiosurgery 757:Neurological intervention 397:Balloon angioplasty/stent 184: 149: 144: 128: 116: 101: 96: 78: 68: 56: 51: 7189:Interventional radiology 6954:Transplantation medicine 6845:Clinical neurophysiology 6762:Obstetric anesthesiology 6682:Interventional radiology 6442:Digestive system surgery 6168:The Catheter Introducers 5930:RFS EVAR/TEVAR webinar: 5873:10.1177/1358863X13493825 3023:Interventional radiology 2930:Interventional radiology 2905:Interventional radiology 2880:Interventional radiology 2820:Interventional radiology 2752:Interventional radiology 2727:Interventional radiology 2702:Interventional radiology 2677:Interventional radiology 2652:Interventional radiology 1800:: kidney tumors such as 1774:hepatocellular carcinoma 1744:Portal vein embolization 1699:hepatocellular carcinoma 1336:Lumbar sympathetic block 1250:, which is a network of 1172:Computed tomography (CT) 608:Percutaneous nephrostomy 467:TIPS procedure schematic 286: 205:Interventional radiology 52:Interventional radiology 6825:Intensive care medicine 6799:Mass gathering medicine 6644:Maternal–fetal medicine 6132:. Little Brown and Co. 5431:10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 2851:(1). Elsevier BV: 2–9. 2181:Coronary artery disease 2156:Carotid atherosclerosis 1670:radiofrequency ablation 1658:Interventional oncology 1639:or underlying neoplasm. 1516:radiofrequency ablation 1485:Radiofrequency ablation 1465:radiofrequency ablation 1423:radiofrequency ablation 1359:post-herpetic neuralgia 1163:. These tests include: 894:computerized tomography 780:mechanical thrombectomy 576:Radiofrequency ablation 535:Central venous catheter 268:small needles and wires 266:or tiny incision using 6417:Cardiothoracic surgery 5710:10.1055/s-0028-1085930 5381:10.1055/s-0034-1393976 5369:Semin Intervent Radiol 5160:10.1055/s-0034-1373791 4985:10.1055/s-0032-1312568 3401:The Journal of Urology 3357:Journal of Endourology 2505: 2470:Chronic kidney disease 2306:acute aortic syndromes 2287: 2165:carotid endarterectomy 2131:Critical limb ischemia 1714: 1586:caused by a vertebral 1572:Vertebral augmentation 1567:Vertebral augmentation 1083: 1008:, particularly due to 809:to complete recovery. 504: 468: 379:Fine-needle aspiration 245:imaging contrast agent 7068:Personalized medicine 6927:Reproductive medicine 6852:Occupational medicine 6806:Evolutionary medicine 6343:Stent demonstration: 5472:10.1148/rg.2015130155 4560:www.radiologyinfo.org 4114:10.1055/s-2007-992325 3369:10.1089/end.2009.0157 3328:(3 Part 1): 688–691. 2503: 2490:Scribner Teflon shunt 2285: 2159:result in degrees of 1712: 1626:bone demineralization 1588:compression fractures 1204:Nerve block/ablations 1161:pelvic varicose veins 1081: 819:Intracranial aneurysm 813:Intracranial aneurysm 762:Acute ischemic stroke 502: 466: 7088:Traditional medicine 7048:Alternative medicine 6915:Addiction psychiatry 6729:Transfusion medicine 6724:Medical microbiology 6639:Gynecologic oncology 6491:Reproductive surgery 6204:Rodengen JL (2001). 6037:10.1148/rg.251045078 5804:Indian Heart Journal 4482:Buchbinder, Rachelle 4238:10.2214/AJR.13.11346 4202:10.1148/rg.316115526 3065:10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.97 2998:10.1055/b-0034-81500 2431:improve this section 2352:improve this section 2192:erectile dysfunction 2150:Acute limb ischaemia 2085:ankle–brachial index 1983:improve this article 1802:renal cell carcinoma 1663:Procedures performed 1610:deep vein thrombosis 1380:Common indications: 1371:Pudendal nerve block 1353:Common indications: 1099:, which can lead to 981:(which encloses the 977:) lying outside the 917:facet joint syndrome 910:zygapophyseal joints 803:occupational therapy 720:Kidney stone disease 675:Biliary intervention 509:Biliary intervention 27:Medical subspecialty 7110:History of medicine 7093:Veterinary medicine 6900:Preventive medicine 6752:Adolescent medicine 6594:Infectious diseases 4799:10.2214/AJR.11.7554 4300:10.2214/AJR.12.9732 4159:10.2214/AJR.10.4672 2172:mesenteric ischemia 1887:Seldinger technique 1738:radiation lobectomy 1537:computed tomography 1493:computed tomography 1446:computed tomography 1375:chronic pelvic pain 1276:for image guidance. 1157:chronic pelvic pain 1135:, by using a small 1087:Chronic pelvic pain 1050:spinal tuberculosis 991:cerebrospinal fluid 433:(PAVM) embolization 221:computed tomography 93: 44:Radiology (journal) 7058:Molecular oncology 7015:Doctor of Medicine 7005:Master of Medicine 6922:Radiation oncology 6794:Emergency medicine 6747:Addiction medicine 6714:Clinical chemistry 6709:Clinical pathology 6501:Transplant surgery 6459:Orthopedic surgery 6437:Colorectal surgery 4584:clinicaltrials.gov 3670:Connolly E. Sander 3322:Journal of Urology 2955:Clinical Radiology 2551:10.3390/jcm8091347 2506: 2481:artificial kidneys 2288: 2272:Aortic dissections 2198:can be considered. 2022:circulatory system 1855:circulatory system 1778:cholangiocarcinoma 1715: 1695:bland embolization 1680:(IRE)) or freeze ( 1674:microwave ablation 1582:to try to relieve 1472:microwave ablation 1461:microwave ablation 1459:The advantages of 1438:Microwave ablation 1425:("coblation") and 1418:minimally invasive 1382:pudendal neuralgia 1084: 987:subarachnoid space 965:In the spine, the 592:Microwave ablation 529:Catheter placement 505: 469: 281:radiation exposure 158:Doctor of Medicine 151:Education required 91: 7176: 7175: 7010:Master of Surgery 6974: 6973: 6959:Tropical medicine 6905:Prison healthcare 6820:Hospital medicine 6784:Disaster medicine 6774:Aviation medicine 6589:Hospital medicine 6496:Surgical oncology 6481:Pediatric surgery 6475: 6422:Endocrine surgery 6219:978-0-945903-50-5 6196:978-0-7817-6816-0 6177:978-0-916371-13-5 6158:978-0-8036-1255-6 6139:978-0-7817-4089-0 5651:Radiologyinfo.org 5602:(10): 2807–2812. 4610:BJU International 4503:10.1002/jbmr.3653 3749:(24): 1725–1733. 3544:"Types of Stroke" 3032:978-0-19-157556-3 2992:. Thieme Verlag. 2939:978-0-19-157556-3 2914:978-0-19-157556-3 2889:978-0-19-157556-3 2829:978-0-19-157556-3 2761:978-0-19-157556-3 2736:978-0-19-157556-3 2711:978-0-19-157556-3 2686:978-0-19-157556-3 2661:978-0-19-157556-3 2610:10.5334/jbsr.1727 2467: 2466: 2459: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2196:revascularization 2161:cerebral ischemia 2015: 2014: 2007: 1835:Pancreatic cancer 1267:pancreatic cancer 1027:spinal nerve root 1002:local anesthetics 942:Sacroiliac joints 923:Facet joint block 881:local anesthetics 636:The treatment of 489:Radioembolization 483:Chemoembolization 345:augmented reality 217:x-ray fluoroscopy 202: 201: 89: 88: 40:radiation therapy 16:(Redirected from 7196: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7146: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7126: 7125: 6830:Medical genetics 6815:General practice 6692:Nuclear medicine 6567:Gastroenterology 6523:Vascular surgery 6473: 6400: 6399: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6350: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6281:. Archived from 6256: 6246: 6244: 6238:. Archived from 6233: 6223: 6211: 6200: 6181: 6162: 6151:. F A Davis Co. 6143: 6112: 6111: 6106:. Archived from 6096: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5971:D'Souza, Donna. 5968: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5835: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5778: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5721: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5574: 5555:10.1002/jmrs.121 5534: 5528: 5527: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5465:(5): 1621–1622. 5450: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5070: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4625: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4478:Ebeling, Peter R 4474: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4440:(11): CD006349. 4422: 4416: 4415: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4020:on 28 July 2018. 4006: 4000: 3999: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3966:. Archived from 3956: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3910: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3822:(8): e200–e224. 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3758: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3684:(8): 2368–2400. 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3502:European Urology 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3283:(9): 1349–1351. 3268: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3067: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2612: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2571: 2553: 2529: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2411: 2403: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2332: 2324: 2047:and thin-walled 2010: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1967: 1959: 1955:Arterial disease 1851:Vascular disease 1846:Vascular disease 1756:Diseases treated 1622:decubitus ulcers 1614:pulmonary emboli 1539:(CT) scan or by 1501:electric current 1448:(CT) scan or an 1396:trigeminal nerve 1274:multidetector CT 1153:diagnostic tests 949:sacroiliac joint 908:, also known as 799:physical therapy 768:ischemic strokes 503:Biliary stenosis 160:(M.D.) Radiology 130:Activity sectors 94: 90: 82:edit on Wikidata 61: 49: 48: 21: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7114: 7103:Chief physician 7036: 6981: 6970: 6964:Travel medicine 6949:Sports medicine 6932:Sexual medicine 6872:Palliative care 6867:Pain management 6811:Family medicine 6789:Diving medicine 6735: 6663: 6625: 6618: 6534: 6527: 6486:Plastic surgery 6432:General surgery 6412:Cardiac surgery 6393: 6391: 6383: 6378: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6254: 6242: 6231: 6220: 6197: 6178: 6159: 6140: 6120: 6118:Further reading 6115: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6070:(4): 995–1005. 6056: 6052: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5988: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5853: 5849: 5796: 5792: 5739: 5735: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5643: 5639: 5592: 5588: 5535: 5531: 5492: 5488: 5451: 5447: 5410: 5406: 5361: 5354: 5301: 5297: 5244: 5240: 5197: 5193: 5140: 5136: 5096: 5092: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5018: 4965: 4961: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4826: 4822: 4793:(4): W590–602. 4783: 4779: 4726: 4722: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4586:. 24 March 2017 4578: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4475: 4471: 4423: 4419: 4387: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4284: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4222: 4218: 4195:(6): 1599–621. 4181: 4174: 4143: 4139: 4094: 4090: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3911: 3902: 3871:(9): CD003436. 3857: 3853: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3666: 3662: 3639:(6): e98–e169. 3625: 3621: 3598:(3): e46–e110. 3584: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3497: 3493: 3454:(4): CD000479. 3440: 3436: 3396: 3392: 3353: 3349: 3318: 3314: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3197: 3190: 3151: 3142: 3103: 3099: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2986: 2982: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2876: 2872: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2816: 2812: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2648: 2644: 2589: 2585: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2428: 2412: 2401: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2349: 2333: 2322: 2069:Atherosclerosis 2011: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1980: 1968: 1957: 1878: 1848: 1829:Prostate cancer 1758: 1665: 1660: 1604: 1569: 1409: 1272:Often utilizes 1256:retroperitoneum 1254:located in the 1230:corticosteroids 1206: 1188:Palliative care 1184: 1182:Palliative care 1169:Pelvic venogram 1159:is a result of 1089: 1022: 1010:disc herniation 983:arachnoid mater 962: 944: 902: 877: 872: 866: 864:Pain management 848: 842: 821: 815: 764: 759: 738: 722: 703: 698: 677: 656: 651: 634: 629: 624: 615:ureteral stents 522:Cholecystostomy 388: 367:Cholangiography 362: 353: 341:virtual reality 306:puncture needle 302:medical imaging 294: 292:Common elements 289: 272:open procedures 255:. By contrast, 189: 187: 152: 131: 119: 118:Occupation type 85: 64: 47: 36:medical imaging 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7202: 7192: 7191: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7130: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7041:Related topics 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:Medical school 6986: 6984: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6944:Sleep medicine 6941: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6757:Anesthesiology 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6687:Neuroradiology 6684: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624:Obstetrics and 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6506:Trauma surgery 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6469:Otolaryngology 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6395:subspecialties 6385: 6384: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6302:External links 6300: 6298: 6297: 6247: 6245:on 2012-04-25. 6224: 6218: 6201: 6195: 6182: 6176: 6163: 6157: 6144: 6138: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6110:on 2023-02-02. 6091: 6050: 6031:(1): 175–189. 6015: 6001: 5990:Bashir, Omar. 5982: 5963: 5949: 5935: 5923: 5904: 5867:(4): 176–184. 5847: 5790: 5753:(29): e11519. 5733: 5704:(3): 204–215. 5684: 5670: 5656: 5637: 5586: 5549:(3): 226–229. 5529: 5502:(5): 446–447. 5486: 5445: 5424:(5): 654–670. 5404: 5352: 5315:(3): 211–215. 5295: 5258:(2): 128–135. 5238: 5211:(4): 253–261. 5191: 5154:(2): 167–179. 5134: 5090: 5061:(2): 247–254. 5041: 5016: 4959: 4922:(1): 120–127. 4902: 4877: 4820: 4777: 4720: 4693:(3): 593–608. 4677: 4666:www.cancer.org 4653: 4616:(4): 510–516. 4596: 4571: 4546: 4517: 4469: 4417: 4381: 4363: 4345: 4313: 4278: 4259: 4232:(1): 196–200. 4216: 4172: 4137: 4088: 4041: 4023: 4001: 3992:"Nerve Blocks" 3980: 3946: 3900: 3851: 3802: 3778: 3729: 3705: 3660: 3619: 3578: 3573:www.stroke.org 3557: 3535: 3508:(3): 455–461. 3491: 3434: 3407:(3): 946–951. 3390: 3363:(1): 129–142. 3347: 3312: 3258: 3234: 3207:(4): 201–209. 3188: 3161:(8): 461–464. 3140: 3113:(4): 258–262. 3097: 3038: 3031: 3013: 3006: 2980: 2945: 2938: 2920: 2913: 2895: 2888: 2870: 2835: 2828: 2810: 2767: 2760: 2742: 2735: 2717: 2710: 2692: 2685: 2667: 2660: 2642: 2583: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2494:kidney failure 2465: 2464: 2415: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2386: 2385: 2336: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2320:Venous disease 2318: 2256: 2255: 2251:Pseudoaneurysm 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2200: 2199: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2168: 2153: 2147: 2120:CT angiography 2112: 2111: 2092:endarterectomy 2013: 2012: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1913: 1910:MR angiography 1906:CT angiography 1882:Charles Dotter 1877: 1874: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1810: 1795: 1789: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1716: 1702: 1691: 1685: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1644:vertebroplasty 1640: 1633: 1618:muscle atrophy 1603: 1600: 1596:placebo effect 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1548: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1457: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1333: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141:embolic agents 1129: 1122: 1104: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1034: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 998: 971:anatomic space 967:epidural space 961: 960:Epidural space 958: 957: 956: 953: 943: 940: 939: 938: 920: 913: 901: 898: 876: 873: 868:Main article: 865: 862: 841: 838: 814: 811: 807:speech therapy 763: 760: 758: 755: 737: 734: 721: 718: 702: 699: 697: 694: 676: 673: 655: 652: 650: 647: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 611: 599: 598: 589: 579: 567: 566: 560: 554: 551:port catheters 526: 525: 519: 516: 497: 496: 486: 480: 474: 460: 454: 448: 442: 441: 440: 434: 428: 422: 410: 400: 387: 384: 383: 382: 376: 370: 364: 360: 352: 349: 347:presentation. 293: 290: 288: 285: 200: 199: 190: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 173: 167: 161: 153: 150: 147: 146: 142: 141: 132: 129: 126: 125: 120: 117: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 103: 99: 98: 87: 86: 79: 76: 75: 72: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7201: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7169: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7141: 7139: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:Public health 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:Allied health 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Oral medicine 6860: 6858: 6857:Ophthalmology 6855: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719:Cytopathology 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6659:Urogynecology 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562:Endocrinology 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6346: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6288:on 2016-04-21 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6265:(7): 841–53. 6264: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064:Radiographics 6061: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6025:Radiographics 6019: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459:RadioGraphics 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375:(4): 378–88. 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252:Gland Surgery 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4536:on 2020-09-27 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426:Buchbinder, R 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4376:RadiologyInfo 4373: 4367: 4359: 4358:RadiologyInfo 4355: 4354:"Cryotherapy" 4349: 4335:on 2019-10-28 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294:(4): 726–35. 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Radiographics 4186: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108:(4): 375–81. 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036:RadiologyInfo 4033: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3996:RadiologyInfo 3993: 3987: 3985: 3970:on 2023-05-27 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:Radiographics 3916: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3058:(3): 97–111. 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3007:9781604063066 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2458: 2450: 2447:December 2023 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2416:This section 2414: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2399:Venous access 2396: 2393: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2368:December 2023 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2337:This section 2335: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2028:to the vital 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2006: 1998: 1995:December 2023 1988: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1972:This section 1970: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1949:revascularize 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823:Breast cancer 1821: 1818: 1817:Embolizations 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807:embolizations 1803: 1799: 1798:Kidney cancer 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1642:Analogous to 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495:(CT) scan or 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:celiac plexus 1245: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:ovarian veins 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031:spinal nerves 1028: 1024: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006:radiculopathy 1003: 1000:Injection of 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963: 954: 950: 946: 945: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921: 918: 914: 911: 907: 904: 903: 897: 895: 891: 887: 882: 871: 861: 858: 854: 847: 837: 835: 831: 827: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795:anticoagulant 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 754: 750: 748: 743: 733: 729: 726: 725:Kidney stones 717: 713: 709: 707: 693: 689: 685: 683: 672: 668: 664: 660: 646: 642: 639: 616: 612: 609: 606: 605: 604: 603: 602:Genitourinary 597: 593: 590: 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 572: 571: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530: 523: 520: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 501: 494: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 465: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 414: 411: 408: 404: 401: 398: 395: 394: 393: 392: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 358: 355: 354: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:body orifices 284: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:body orifices 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 198: 194: 191: 183: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 154: 148: 143: 140: 136: 133: 127: 124: 121: 115: 109: 106: 105: 104: 100: 95: 83: 77: 73: 71: 67: 60: 55: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7078:Rural health 7063:Nanomedicine 6681: 6614:Rheumatology 6545: / 6464:Hand surgery 6449:Neurosurgery 6290:. 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Retrieved 3246: 3237: 3204: 3200: 3158: 3154: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3022: 3016: 2989: 2983: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2929: 2923: 2904: 2898: 2879: 2873: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2819: 2813: 2783:(1): 29–36. 2780: 2776: 2770: 2751: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2701: 2695: 2676: 2670: 2651: 2645: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2541: 2537: 2511: 2507: 2486: 2478: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2429:Please help 2417: 2389: 2374: 2365: 2350:Please help 2338: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2233: 2209: 2202: 2201: 2143:limb salvage 2124: 2113: 2104:claudication 2089: 2082: 2078: 2067: 2066: 2054: 2053: 2038: 2016: 2001: 1992: 1981:Please help 1976:verification 1973: 1946: 1941:thrombectomy 1937:Thrombolysis 1931:Embolization 1896: 1892: 1879: 1871: 1849: 1770:Liver cancer 1759: 1682:cryoablation 1637:osteoporosis 1592:osteoporosis 1570: 1556:Nitrogen gas 1529:Cryoablation 1524:Cryoablation 1523: 1479: 1432: 1427:cryoablation 1389: 1370: 1335: 1281: 1252:nerve fibers 1243: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1212: 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747:infertility 539:intravenous 451:IVC filters 357:Angiography 325:fluoroscopy 257:therapeutic 145:Description 110:Radiologist 6910:Psychiatry 6896:(PM&R) 6889:Phlebology 6877:Pediatrics 6704:Anatomical 6669:Diagnostic 6649:Obstetrics 6599:Nephrology 6584:Hematology 6579:Geriatrics 6572:Hepatology 6557:Cardiology 6547:Immunology 6292:2013-02-24 5810:(1): 2–6. 5035:2019-11-03 4896:2019-11-03 4671:2019-11-03 4590:2019-11-03 4565:2019-11-03 4540:2019-11-03 4339:2019-10-07 3974:2019-10-07 3796:2019-11-03 3723:2019-11-03 3252:2019-11-22 2517:References 2184:radiology. 2116:ultrasound 2045:arterioles 1867:lymphatics 1762:metastatic 1672:(RFA) and 1541:ultrasound 1497:ultrasound 1450:ultrasound 1363:neuropathy 1340:lower back 993:, and the 979:dura mater 935:CT imaging 886:ultrasound 844:See also: 817:See also: 742:varicocele 736:Varicocele 596:microwaves 329:ultrasound 310:guidewires 229:ultrasound 188:employment 172:(M.B.B.S.) 97:Occupation 7098:Physician 6982:education 6840:Neurology 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