1084:, a former Microsoft employee who developed this idea while working on Internet Explorer for the Macintosh. It involves specifying a width declaration for Internet Explorer for Windows, and then overriding it with another width declaration for CSS-compliant browsers. This second declaration is hidden from Internet Explorer for Windows by exploiting other bugs in the way that it parses CSS rules. The implementation of these CSS "hacks" has been further complicated by the public release of Internet Explorer 7, which has had some issues fixed, but not others, causing undesired results in pages using these hacks.
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the other hand, the HTML width attribute of an image defined the width of the image itself (inside any border). The only element to support padding in those early days was the table cell. Width for the cell was defined as "the suggested width for a cell content in pixels excluding the cell padding."
1104:
Web designer Doug Bowman has said that the original
Internet Explorer box model represents a better, more logical approach. Peter-Paul Koch gives the example of a physical box, whose dimensions always refer to the box itself, including potential padding, but never its content. He says that this box
959:
Before HTML 4 and CSS, very few HTML elements supported both border and padding, so the definition of the width and height of an element was not very contentious. However, it varied depending on the element. The HTML width attribute of a table defined the width of the table including its border. On
1079:
Various workarounds have been devised to force
Internet Explorer versions 5 and earlier to display Web pages using the W3C box model. These workarounds generally exploit unrelated bugs in Internet Explorer's CSS selector processing in order to hide certain rules from the browser. The best known of
757:
According to the CSS1 specification, released by W3C in 1996 and revised in 1999, when a width or height is explicitly specified for any block-level element, it should determine only the width or height of the visible element, with the padding, borders, and margins applied afterward. Before CSS3,
1105:
model is more useful for graphic designers, who create designs based on the visible width of boxes rather than the width of their content. Bernie
Zimmermann says that the Internet Explorer box model is closer to the definition of cell dimensions and padding used in the HTML table model.
1087:
Box model hacks have proven unreliable because they rely on bugs in browsers' CSS support that may be fixed in later versions. For this reason, some Web developers have instead recommended either avoiding specifying both width and padding for the same element or using
1020:, the browser supports an alternative rendering mode (called the "standards-compliant mode") which solves this discrepancy. However, for backward compatibility reasons, all versions still behave in the usual, non-standard way by default (see
701:—a width and height, and three levels of boxes surrounding it: padding, borders, and margins. While the specification never uses the term "box model" explicitly, the term has become widely used by web developers and web browser vendors.
963:
In 1996, CSS introduced margin, border and padding for many more elements. It adopted a definition width in relation to content, border, margin and padding similar to that for a table cell. This has since become known as the
1732:"Pages authored under non-strict mode (quirks) will not change behavior in IE7 and will not be affected by broken CSS filters.Pages authored under non-strict mode (or "quirks mode") will not change behavior in IE7."
673:
specifically the CSS Working Group. For much of the late-1990s and early 2000s there had been non-standard compliant implementations of the box model in mainstream browsers. With the advent of
997:" includes the content, padding and borders within a specified width or height; this results in a narrower or shorter rendering of a box than would result following the standard behavior.
1764:"The following examples show how to use the !DOCTYPE declaration to specify the DTD a document conforms to, and to switch Internet Explorer 6 and later to standards-compliant mode."
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1966:
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3.3.2 and later support the CSS3 box-sizing property. Gecko browsers previous than 29.0 support the same functionality using the browser-specific
17:
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are displayed by graphical browsers. Section 4 of the CSS1 specification defines a "formatting model" that gives block-level elements—such as
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It is possible to use this property to emulate the behavior of browsers that do not correctly support the CSS box model specification.
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When an HTML 4.0 Transitional or
Frameset document type declaration is used and a system identifier (URI) is not present;
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would specify the box dimensions of each block belonging to 'myClass'. Moreover, each such box will have total height 160
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At the time, very few browser vendors implemented the W3C box model to the letter. The two major browsers at the time,
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handle the box model or sizing of elements in a web page, which differs from the standard way recommended by the
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both defined width and height as the distance from border to border. This has been referred to as the
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2003:
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1957:– article on about.com that outlines various ways to get around box model problem and other IE bugs.
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1969:– Further explanation of the rendering differences between Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer.
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When an SGML comment or other unrecognized content appears before the document type declaration
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The difference in how width is interpreted between the W3C and
Internet Explorer box models
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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the specified width and height, "as commonly implemented by legacy HTML user agents".
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behavior was often considered a bug, because of the way in which earlier versions of
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The default table width is the space between the current left and right margins.
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658:
503:
487:
1832:"Vorsprung durch Webstandards | Peter-Paul Koch declares his love to CSS"
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for reasons of backward compatibility. For example, quirks mode is triggered:
744:
is any kind of line (solid, dotted, dashed...) surrounding the box, if present
2883:
2393:
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2311:
2237:
2044:
1806:"Vorsprung durch Webstandards | Douglas Bowman declares his love to CSS"
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is specified for an element, any padding or border of the element is drawn
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to work around the box model bug in older versions of
Internet Explorer.
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1021:
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689:
The
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification describes how elements of
669:
webpages. The guidelines of the box model are described by web standards
1496:
730:
describe dimensions of the actual content of the box (text, images, ...)
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and onward are not affected by the bug if the page contains certain
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The world wide web consortium (W3C) specification of the box model
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describes the space between this content and the border of the box
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1400:
Raggett, Dave; Le Hors, Arnaud; Jacobs, Ian (24 December 1999).
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properties. It is a fundamental concept for the composition of
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and how the dimensions of those HTML elements are derived from
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Internet
Explorer 6 also uses quirks mode if there is an
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1711:"Cascading Style Sheet Compatibility in Internet Explorer 7"
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The W3C has included a "box-sizing" property in CSS3. When
1041:
704:
All HTML elements can be considered "boxes", this includes
666:
1967:
CSS Box Model differences in
Firefox and Internet Explorer
1961:
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2054:
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tag. Each of those boxes has five modifiable dimensions:
662:
440:
430:
1671:
1080:
these workarounds is the "box model hack" developed by
1062:
When an HTML 3 or earlier document is encountered;
1298:
1047:. These versions maintain the buggy behavior when in
1402:"13 Objects, Images, and Applets § Width and height"
1399:
1275:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 § Formatting model"
2002:
1075:
declaration prior to the document type declaration.
205:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1950:Tantek Çelik's description of the "box model hack"
2881:
1773:
1704:
1702:
681:property, the problem had mostly been resolved.
1955:Getting Internet Explorer to Play Well with CSS
1834:. Vorsprungdurchwebstandards.de. Archived from
1808:. Vorsprungdurchwebstandards.de. Archived from
1640:HTML Utopia: Designing Without Tables Using CSS
1331:
1028:is not affected by this non-standard behavior.
1261:
1259:
1210:Bos, Bert; Prowse, Anton, eds. (6 July 2018).
797:. Similarly, the total height of a box equals
1988:
1860:. Bernzilla.com. 4 April 2003. Archived from
1708:
1699:
1175:
1173:
630:
1858:"Box Model Enlightenment, Bernie Zimmermann"
1604:
1487:
1454:
1265:
1256:
657:refers to how HTML elements are modeled in
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1995:
1981:
1180:Etemad, Elika J., ed. (22 December 2020).
1170:
637:
623:
342:
1607:"CSS Enhancements in Internet Explorer 6"
1581:"Internet Explorer and the CSS box model"
1578:
1209:
1100:Support for Internet Explorer's box model
319:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:
2854:International World Wide Web Conference
1425:
1357:
14:
2882:
1636:
1574:
1572:
1179:
939:to the standard, known referred to as
769:The total width of a box is therefore
99:Please improve this article by adding
1976:
1579:Johansson, Roger (21 December 2006).
367:W3C Candidate Recommendation Snapshot
2528:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
828:For example, the following CSS code
276:
203:adding citations to reliable sources
174:
72:
31:
1709:Markus Mielke (26 September 2006).
1569:
24:
1884:"CSS3 Basic User Interface Module"
1774:Arve Bersvendsen (February 2004).
1431:"HTML 3.2 Reference Specification"
25:
2911:
1933:
1497:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1"
1464:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1"
1308:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1"
1218:. 31 July 2018. CSS Working Group
1156:is the default box model used in
47:This article has multiple issues.
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602:
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179:
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36:
2751:Multimodal Interaction Activity
2711:Community & business groups
1945:A tutorial on the CSS box model
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1876:
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1824:
1798:
1767:
1735:
1665:
1630:
1598:
1514:
1481:
1448:
671:World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
190:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
27:Model used for styling websites
18:Internet Explorer box model bug
1419:
1393:
1351:
1325:
1292:
1230:
1182:"CSS Box Model Module Level 3"
1031:
762:, in CSS3, it is known as the
751:is the space around the border
677:in 1998, which introduced the
13:
1:
1212:"CSS Basic Box Model Level 3"
1163:
101:secondary or tertiary sources
2549:Web Accessibility Initiative
1685:. Berkeley: Peachpit Press.
1188:. Level 3. CSS Working Group
758:this box model was known as
684:
358:CSS Box Model Module Level 3
337:CSS Box Model Module Level 3
7:
2834:(browser/editor, 1996–2012)
1748:Microsoft Developer Network
1716:Microsoft Developer Network
1612:Microsoft Developer Network
1605:Lance Silver (March 2001).
1036:Internet Explorer versions
1002:Internet Explorer box model
985:Internet Explorer box model
937:Internet Explorer box model
377:December 22, 2020
10:
2916:
1963:– MSDN article, July 2006.
1045:document type declarations
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2771:
2764:
2732:
2710:
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2640:World Wide Web Foundation
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2628:
2603:
2562:
2544:Markup Validation Service
2536:
2520:
2442:
2406:
2124:Linked Data Notifications
2020:
2011:
2004:World Wide Web Consortium
1888:World Wide Web Consortium
1780:Arve Bersvendsen's weblog
1501:World Wide Web Consortium
1468:World Wide Web Consortium
1435:World Wide Web Consortium
1406:World Wide Web Consortium
1367:World Wide Web Consortium
1312:World Wide Web Consortium
1279:World Wide Web Consortium
1057:document type declaration
1026:Internet Explorer for Mac
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436:
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406:
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393:World Wide Web Consortium
388:
371:
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341:
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290:This article needs to be
1907:Mozilla Developer Center
1332:Peter-Paul Koch (2013).
1059:is absent or incomplete;
830:
357:
1363:"The HTML3 Table Model"
1110:box-sizing: border-box;
2900:Cascading Style Sheets
1776:"Hack-free CSS for IE"
1380:"RFC 1942 HTML Tables"
1014:Cascading Style Sheets
956:
610:Cascading Style Sheets
474:Cascading Style Sheets
88:relies excessively on
1682:The Zen of CSS Design
977:Internet Explorer 4.0
954:
1649:124 & Appendix C
1637:Shafer, Dan (2005).
1523:"Box model tweaking"
1495:(17 December 1996).
1462:(17 December 1996).
1306:(17 December 1996).
935:CSS3 introduced the
592:Stylesheet languages
199:improve this article
1864:on 27 December 2010
1838:on 27 February 2010
1677:Molly E. Holzschlag
1429:(14 January 1997).
1361:(23 January 1996).
1273:(11 January 1999).
1158:Bootstrap framework
1144:7.0 and later, and
1118:Internet Explorer 8
1090:conditional comment
1018:Internet Explorer 6
333:
2860:Steering Committee
2740:Device Description
2718:Web Advertising BG
1786:on 15 January 2007
1552:"CSS – box-sizing"
1550:Koch, Peter-Paul.
1521:Koch, Peter-Paul.
1334:"CSS – box-sizing"
957:
331:
2877:
2876:
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2841:
2760:
2759:
2624:
2623:
1902:"-moz-box-sizing"
1136:browsers such as
1124:browsers such as
1006:Internet Explorer
991:Internet Explorer
932:and width 260px.
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646:
514:image replacement
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467:
402:CSS Working Group
348:The CSS box model
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16:(Redirected from
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2866:First conference
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2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2769:
2768:
2633:
2632:
2616:XHTML+MathML+SVG
2035:Activity Streams
2018:
2017:
1997:
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1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1763:
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1697:
1696:
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1585:456 Berea Street
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2890:Web development
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2785:
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2620:
2599:
2558:
2532:
2516:
2482:SMIL Timesheets
2438:
2402:
2307:Information Set
2092:Geolocation API
2022:Recommendations
2013:
2007:
2001:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1917:
1915:
1914:. 11 April 2009
1900:
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1867:
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1841:
1839:
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1815:
1813:
1812:on 14 June 2010
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1489:Wium Lie, Håkon
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1456:Wium Lie, Håkon
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1267:Wium Lie, Håkon
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1244:. 23 March 2019
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1138:Mozilla Firefox
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659:browser engines
651:web development
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413:Elika J. Etemad
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214:"CSS box model"
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112:"CSS box model"
106:
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94:primary sources
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2895:CSS frameworks
2892:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:("WWW1", 1994)
2863:
2850:
2848:
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216: –
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210:Find sources:
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188:This article
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114: –
113:
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86:This article
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2012:Products and
1923:
1916:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1779:
1769:
1756:. Retrieved
1746:
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1724:. Retrieved
1714:
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1620:. Retrieved
1610:
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1584:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
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1504:. Retrieved
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1395:
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1370:. Retrieved
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1246:. Retrieved
1242:MDN Web Docs
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1215:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1126:Apple Safari
1113:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:Tantek Çelik
1078:
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989:
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973:Netscape 4.0
970:
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795:right-margin
791:right-border
779:left-padding
768:
759:
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703:
688:
654:
648:
550:"Holy grail"
532:Philosophies
508:
419:Anton Prowse
389:Organization
315:
302:October 2017
299:
291:
261:
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242:
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221:
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197:Please help
192:verification
189:
159:
150:
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119:
107:
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2847:Conferences
2723:WebAssembly
2692:WebAssembly
2595:WebPlatform
2250:Web storage
2233:WebAssembly
2030:ActivityPub
1673:Shea, David
1647:. pp.
1134:Gecko-based
1094:CSS filters
1049:quirks mode
1032:Workarounds
1022:quirks mode
995:quirks mode
981:traditional
807:top-padding
775:left-border
771:left-margin
764:content-box
584:Comparisons
483:Style sheet
354:Native name
2884:Categories
2776:CERN httpd
2563:Deprecated
2537:Initiative
2521:Guidelines
2429:XHTML+SMIL
2297:Encryption
2260:Webmention
2223:Timed text
2060:Animations
1790:16 January
1758:13 January
1743:"!DOCTYPE"
1590:26 October
1561:26 October
1556:QuirksMode
1532:26 October
1506:26 October
1473:26 October
1440:26 October
1411:26 October
1372:26 October
1317:9 December
1284:26 October
1164:References
1154:border-box
1152:property.
941:border-box
803:top-border
799:top-margin
699:blockquote
679:box-sizing
545:Responsive
504:animations
460:/css-box-3
381:2020-12-22
225:newspapers
123:newspapers
90:references
52:improve it
2826:(1994–97)
2818:(1994–97)
2810:(1993–98)
2799:Line Mode
2604:Obsoleted
2414:IndieAuth
2322:Signature
2312:Namespace
2109:IndexedDB
2087:EmotionML
2014:standards
1753:Microsoft
1721:Microsoft
1645:Sitepoint
1617:Microsoft
1493:Bos, Bert
1460:Bos, Bert
1271:Bos, Bert
1146:Konqueror
1128:5.1+ and
1055:When the
691:web pages
685:Specifics
540:Tableless
509:box model
399:Committee
332:Box Model
58:talk page
2791:Browsers
2765:Software
2697:WebAuthn
2394:elements
2364:XPointer
2332:XInclude
2228:VoiceXML
2134:Micropub
1918:11 April
1679:(2005).
1343:30 March
1304:Bert Bos
1248:30 March
1012:for the
712:tag, or
496:Concepts
416:Bert Bos
2862:(IW3C2)
2856:(IW3C)
2802:(1990–)
2507:XFrames
2119:JSON-LD
2065:Flexbox
1912:Mozilla
1726:24 June
1622:24 June
1222:9 April
1192:9 April
1092:and/or
983:or the
947:History
872:padding
836:myClass
735:padding
519:flexbox
447:Website
407:Editors
379: (
375:Level 3
292:updated
239:scholar
137:scholar
2781:Libwww
2742:(DDWG)
2702:WHATWG
2570:C-HTML
2492:WebGPU
2384:XSL-FO
2374:XQuery
2327:XForms
2317:Schema
2302:Events
2265:WebSub
2218:SPARQL
2154:Schema
2129:MathML
1868:7 July
1842:7 July
1816:7 July
1689:
1655:
1527:XS4ALL
1122:WebKit
1114:inside
908:margin
887:border
857:height
811:height
749:margin
742:border
724:height
653:, the
607:
576:Stylus
437:Domain
364:Status
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
2831:Amaya
2815:Agora
2807:Arena
2753:(MMI)
2661:Board
2497:WebXR
2467:InkML
2457:CURIE
2452:CCXML
2419:XAdES
2407:Notes
2369:XProc
2347:XPath
2337:XLink
2280:+RDFa
2275:XHTML
2213:SHACL
2208:SCXML
2102:HTML5
2006:(W3C)
1238:"CSS"
1142:Opera
902:black
893:solid
842:width
783:width
728:width
708:tag,
558:Tools
246:JSTOR
232:books
144:JSTOR
130:books
2823:Argo
2746:HTML
2585:PGML
2580:JSSS
2575:HDML
2502:XFDL
2487:sXBL
2389:XSLT
2292:Base
2270:WOFF
2255:WSDL
2191:SSML
2181:SRGS
2176:SOAP
2171:SMIL
2166:SKOS
2161:SISR
2097:HTML
2070:Grid
2040:ARIA
1920:2009
1870:2010
1844:2010
1818:2010
1792:2007
1760:2007
1728:2007
1687:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1624:2007
1592:2017
1563:2017
1534:2017
1508:2017
1475:2017
1442:2017
1413:2017
1384:IETF
1374:2017
1345:2019
1319:2006
1286:2017
1250:2019
1224:2021
1194:2021
1042:HTML
1000:The
993:in "
975:and
747:the
740:the
733:the
726:and
722:the
697:and
675:CSS2
667:HTML
571:Less
566:Sass
524:grid
456:.org
218:news
116:news
2687:SVG
2682:CSS
2666:TAG
2611:P3P
2590:VML
2477:RIF
2472:MSE
2462:EME
2434:XUP
2424:XBL
2379:XSL
2357:3.x
2352:2.0
2342:XOP
2287:XML
2238:WoT
2196:SVG
2186:SRI
2149:RDF
2144:PLS
2139:OWL
2114:ITS
2082:EXI
2077:DOM
2055:CSS
2050:CDF
1216:W3C
1186:W3C
1073:XML
1024:).
1010:W3C
863:100
848:200
706:div
663:CSS
649:In
458:/TR
454:.w3
452:www
441:CSS
431:CSS
201:by
92:to
2886::
2725:CG
2656:AB
2243:TD
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