3750:
3834:
3774:
3762:
1117:
3786:
974:
3810:
4132:: "The event that aroused particular international concern was the decision to build the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, which would have flooded the valley containing the Abu Simbel temples, a treasure of ancient Egyptian civilization. In 1959, after an appeal from the governments of Egypt and Sudan, UNESCO launched an international safeguarding campaign. Archaeological research in the areas to be flooded was accelerated. Above all, the Abu Simbel and Philae temples were dismantled, moved to dry ground and reassembled. The campaign cost about US$ 80 million, half of which was donated by some 50 countries, showing the importance of solidarity and nations' shared responsibility in conserving outstanding cultural sites. Its success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (Pakistan), and restoring the Borobodur Temple Compounds (Indonesia). Consequently, UNESCO initiated, with the help of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the preparation of a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage."
3822:
3798:
3738:
1576:
959:
941:
1629:
1602:
1557:
1438:
1395:
1226:
1194:
1153:
1084:
1010:
900:
856:
1052:
1476:
816:
29:
368:
1327:
839:
1377:
991:
3650:
1244:
1070:
2771:
1344:
1495:
3554:
2627:
877:
1175:
1103:
1535:
3383:
2515:
3257:
2367:
1456:
1825:
1666:
2072:
1360:
2609:
2054:
1418:
2089:
1033:
2501:
3347:
2393:
3113:
3059:
2313:
1722:
3365:
2415:
3293:
1212:
1645:
2210:
3167:
3149:
2552:
2933:
922:
41:
3203:
2789:
2019:
1135:
2951:
2861:
3095:
1307:
1260:
2118:
3077:
2245:
3420:
3023:
2897:
2681:
2591:
2573:
2106:
2036:
1617:
3311:
3005:
2879:
2663:
3329:
2753:
2130:
3221:
2005:
3275:
3131:
3041:
2987:
2915:
2735:
2228:
1975:
2717:
2193:
2645:
2969:
2807:
3239:
2142:
2335:
2699:
2160:
2825:
2279:
3401:
3185:
2843:
2353:
2262:
340:'s appeal to the Executive Board of UNESCO on March 8, 1960. During the proposal, he described it: "It is not easy to choose between a heritage of the past and the present well-being of a people, living in need in the shadow of one of history's most splendid legacies, it is not easy to choose between temples and crops." Doing so, he pointed out various concerns regarding the need to preserve
403:
275:
3797:
3737:
1708:
temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner; it cost some US$ 40 million (equivalent to $ 632 million in 2024). Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks
363:
The proposal was accepted, by the participation of many member states of UNESCO, though with the rule that 50% of finds would be relocated to museums in participating countries. The intention of the campaign became to perform a massive archeological survey of the region, and the second was to rescue
425:
to create international support for the campaign, with various world political leaders and UNESCO members as participants. An official
International Action Committee was established after under the UNESCO Director General in order to secure funding, service, and equipment from participating member
1960:
Given the impending flooding of a wide area, Egypt and Sudan encouraged archaeological teams from across the world to carry out work as broadly as possible. Approximately 40 teams from across the world came to the region, to explore an area of approximately 500 km in length.
1709:(up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history. Some structures were even saved from under the waters of
3749:
3833:
394:
would be only required to send over copies of notes, without requiring copies of publications or oversight into said publications. This is theorized to be related to the post-colonial desire to fortify
Egyptian identity in a cultural history following the
3773:
234:, which would submerge the banks of the Nile along its entire 479 km (298 mi) length south of the dam β flooding the entire area of historical Lower Nubia. This region was home to 22 critical historical sites, including but not limited to the
3761:
1987:. Eight excavation campaigns by the Antiquities Service on various sites. Three campaigns by the Antiquities Service for cutting out rock drawings. Removal of eight monuments, work in two others, dismantling of the front part of the temple of
1804:, a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby
426:
states. They decided that UNESCO would be in charge of planning the program of operations, coordination of labor, and the collection of funding. The intention was for them to serve as an intermediaries between donors and the nations of
364:
temples and sites through feats of engineering. The level of fieldwork for the project had not been previous undertaken on equivalent scale or length of time, leaving many to praise the campaign as a feat of the field of archeology.
437:
Egyptians contested the oversight of UNESCO, insisting that they could meet demands of donors without UNESCO involvement. Despite this, UNESCO continued a significant amount of oversight throughout the duration of the campaign.
3785:
457:. The forced relocation stripped many native Nubians of their ancestral homelands, with the compensation of unsuitable homes for living and agriculture. This forced many Nubians to immigrate to cities in Egypt and later Sudan.
3809:
386:, held a leading role within the archeological survey aspect of the campaign. She was tasked with the manner in which notes would be circulated during the project, suggesting that archaeological missions working in
4503:
The monuments of Nubia had been documented by early travellers and archaeologists, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Below are notable illustrations of the monuments published in the 1840s by
1946:. In 1964, the front portion of the temple was dismantled and transported on rails by the U.A.R. Antiquities Service. French archeologists then excavated the rest of the temple with the same railway system.
3723:
2405:. Two campaigns by the Egypt Exploration Society and the University of London for the general survey of Nubia. Sending of two experts to the CEDAE. Sending of an epigraphist (in co-operation with
2532:
The table below summarizes the contributions towards the project by the global coalition of nations. The vast majority of these contributions funded the operations at Abu Simbel and Philae.
1701:. They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds. However, the proposal, though acknowledged to be extremely elegant, was rejected.
453:
native to the region. First in 1902 due to the construction of the Aswan Lower Dam, then in both 1912 and 1933 due to the rising water levels, and a fourth time after the creation of the
3821:
2344:
2013:: Since 1960, successive expeditions by the Antiquities Service, led by a UNESCO expert, for a general survey of Sudanese Nubia; excavations at some of the most important sites.
4395:
2325:, in Egypt: excavations of Abdallah Nirqi (early Christian village, church with painted decoration) and of Shokan (late Meroitic village). Preliminary studies for saving the
1844:
carried out the rescue of many smaller temples and monuments alone using their own financial and technical means. As early as 1960 Egypt had started to rescue the temples of
1116:
973:
390:
would be required to hand over copies publications and notes produced during the project to the Centre, and abiding by the Centre's publication techniques. Excavations from
1968:, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt), founded in Cairo in 1955 to coordinate the academic efforts:
735:, remains in its original location and above water; previously a cliff-top settlement, it was transformed into an island. The relocated sites can be grouped as follows:
2383:. Architectural records of a temple and leadership of the Antiquities service expedition to cut out rock inscriptions in 1964. Sending of an expert to the CEDAE by the
2523:: Sending of two architects to the CEDAE. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in Egypt. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in the Sudan.
2062:: Sending of three experts to the CEDAE. Photogrammetric and epigraphic records of five monuments in the Sudan. Contribution to the cost of transferring the temple of
1868:
and the rock tomb of Pennut at Aniba were moved in 1964 with the support of a US grant, whilst the subsequent re-erection was carried out with
Egyptian resources. The
1769:
supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive vegetation and the colors of the temples'
4492:
Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam.
4510:
3697:β although these five sites are grouped within the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae", they are neither Nubian, nor between Abu Simbel and Philae
731:
The number of relocated monuments have been stated as 22 or 24 depending on how an individual site is defined. Only one archaeological site in Lower Nubia,
2375:: Two excavation campaigns in Egypt by the Schweizerisches Institut fΓΌr Γgyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Cairo, one in co-operation with the
2184:, together with Egypt. Seven campaigns in Sudan by the Commission Nationale des Fouilles". Payment of the costs involved in transferring the temple of
1964:
In addition to the relocation operations, many countries participated in excavation and preservation work. Some of this work took place at the CEDAE (
1628:
2380:
2169:
3630:
as the "Nubian
Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". The inscribed area includes ten sites, five of which were relocated (all south of the city of
3928:
1601:
149:
2427:
in Egypt, including one in co-operation with the Swiss
Institute of Architectural Research. Complete surveying and recording of a temple by the
333:. A proposal was submitted to the Executive Board of UNESCO, which would later mount the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.
2219:
4928:
1753:
were open from July to
October. During this period it was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as
414:
were rescued in whole or in part during the project. Sites were prioritized by importance, including the most expensive site excavated being
2361:: Four excavation campaigns and four campaigns to record and cut out rock inscriptions, in Egypt. Three excavation campaigns, in the Sudan.
4933:
406:
The statue of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 to save it from flooding.
1914:
1785:. With each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round.
958:
4913:
4908:
4903:
3388:
2520:
940:
1575:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4478:
4441:
4195:
4050:
3987:
3956:
3912:
1800:) of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away. Next the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using
1556:
1437:
1394:
1225:
1193:
1152:
1083:
1009:
899:
855:
1475:
1051:
815:
4351:
3974:
3559:
2460:
2384:
1841:
3976:
Lost Nubia: A Centennial
Exhibit of Photographs from the 1905-1907 Egyptian Expedition of the University of Chicago
4076:
3942:
2202:
2028:
717:
382:, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in
375:
295:
290:, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in
4039:
Allais, Lucia (2012). "The Design of the Nubian Desert: Monuments, Mobility, and the Space of Global
Culture".
2509:: One survey and excavation campaign, in Egypt. General surveying and recording of rock inscriptions, in Egypt.
2271:
2254:
1669:
A scale model showing the original and current location of the temple (with respect to the water level) at the
4918:
2495:
Museum. Contribution by the United States
Government for the transfer and re-erection of the temple of Buhen.
410:
The removal of temples was a project of greater difficulty. 18 of the 25 temples in the area affected by the
3904:
Temples and Tombs of
Ancient Nubia: The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae and Other Sites
2150:: Four campaigns in Sudan by a joint mission. Finland alone: General surveying to the south of Gemai (near
1749:
was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the dam's
3898:
2292:
1952:
was considered "one of the most distinctive and best preserved examples of the art of the 18th dynasty."
1685:
to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the
709:
212:
4005:
1689:. There were to be underwater viewing chambers. In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects
28:
4873:
4864:
4855:
3718:
1461:
4312:
1983:: Five campaigns by the University of Cairo at Aniba. One campaign by the University of Alexandria at
1745:. The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of
4045:. The Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 179ff.
2452:
2402:
1762:
1741:
by the British. This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of
1581:
198:
2299:(Turin), including financial contribution from city and museum for cutting out of the chapel of the
1942:, the French government provided significant technical and financial support for the removal of the
266:, as one of the second group of properties added to the list (the first 12 had been added in 1978).
2484:
2468:
2322:
2173:
1992:
1861:
1500:
1312:
1219:
396:
306:. The Study Centre worked on documenting over 400 private tombs, primarily through photography and
190:
128:
1376:
669:
Foundations of the Philae monuments ready on the island of Agilkia and reconstruction work begins
367:
4505:
4455:... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley
215:
in order to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate
4065:
1644:
1326:
645:
Work begins on Philae rescue operation; monuments to be transferred to nearby island of Agilkia
4923:
4371:
3649:
2492:
2464:
2222:
to record the rock inscriptions and drawings and the ground-plan of the ruins of Attiri, Sudan.
1996:
1873:
1865:
1243:
1110:
1045:
838:
4429:
1069:
4550:
4313:"Records of Dispossession: Archival Thinking and UNESCO'S Nubian Campaign in Egypt and Sudan"
4185:
3680:
2472:
2428:
2424:
2376:
2326:
1837:
1809:
1774:
1746:
1742:
1494:
990:
849:
321:, the Egyptian Minister of Culture sought to work alongside UNESCO to safeguard and preserve
186:
3946:
2480:
2456:
2304:
2081:
2045:
8:
3803:
List of sites excavated in addition to the monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
3627:
2476:
2440:
2288:
2237:
1919:
1853:
1616:
1187:
876:
751:
Five sent to Western museums as "grants-in-return" for technical and financial assistance
329:
to submit his appeal, which was quickly reassured to be responded to by Director-General
202:
92:
3902:
4290:
4242:
4155:
4112:
3713:
2300:
2098:
1585:
1515:
1174:
1002:
547:
Unesco's General Conference creates Executive Committee for the International Campaign
337:
330:
4788:
4680:
4474:
4437:
4347:
4259:
4191:
4172:
4046:
4040:
4027:
3983:
3952:
3908:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3855:
2291:, as well as the sending of three experts to the CEDAE. One campaign in Egypt by the
1808:, situated on higher ground some 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. Foundations of the
1682:
1343:
1180:
1102:
1077:
537:
Temples of Taffeh, Dabod and Kertassi dismantled by the Egyptian Antiquities Service
220:
69:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
1824:
310:. By September of 1955, field expeditions under Dr. Ahmed Badawi were undertaken in
197:
leadership and a coalition of 50 countries. This process led to the creation of the
181:, between 1960 and 1980. This was done in order to make way for the building of the
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4324:
4017:
2488:
2448:
2406:
1857:
1845:
1469:
1431:
216:
1792:
was built, constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a 1 million
1665:
4798:
4644:
4553:
4468:
4042:
Governing by Design: Architecture, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century
2444:
2432:
2181:
1988:
1949:
1943:
1849:
1455:
1388:
1288:
1146:
893:
422:
4723:
1832:
In addition to participating directly in the high profile salvage operations of
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3743:
Egyptian Government offer to gift monuments overseas in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
3701:
3684:
3670:
3352:
2398:
2180:
study. Sending of nine experts to the CEDAE. Removal and reconstruction of the
2177:
2094:
1869:
1813:
1805:
1801:
934:
882:
705:
318:
307:
255:
174:
4869:
4860:
4851:
262:
In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the
4882:
4031:
3693:
3643:
3370:
2420:
2063:
1734:
1726:
1670:
1534:
1359:
1352:
1280:
967:
861:
4585:
3634:), and five of which remain in their original position (near to the city of
1417:
713:
326:
4436:. Groningen archaeological studies. David Brown Book Company. p. 157.
3675:
3172:
3154:
2722:
2506:
2296:
2215:
2198:
2185:
1991:
and financial contribution to the work for saving this temple and those of
1923:
1908:. Germany's interest in making a significant contribution stemmed from its
1905:
1897:
1893:
1766:
1540:
1038:
657:
Cofferdam around the island of Philae is completed and water is pumped out
4173:
Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time
3889:
Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time
1032:
4328:
3708:
3262:
3118:
3064:
2557:
2463:. Contribution by the United States Government for saving the temples of
2372:
2318:
2097:: Five expeditions in Egypt by the Institute of Classical Archaeology of
1901:
1816:
by April 1977, and the transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980.
1793:
1758:
1710:
1694:
1508:
743:
442:
231:
170:
58:
46:
4246:
4230:
4159:
4143:
4129:
4116:
4100:
4022:
2483:. Two excavation campaigns and one architectural survey campaign by the
1721:
3658:
2938:
2436:
2151:
1984:
1939:
1909:
1877:
1833:
1797:
1789:
1705:
1678:
1607:
808:
732:
721:
415:
299:
235:
54:
40:
4294:
4278:
1211:
4823:
4646:
Kalabsha: der grΓΆsste Tempel Nubiens und das Abenteuer seiner Rettung
4006:"Rescue Archaeology and Spanish Journalism: The Abu Simbel Operation"
3665:
3208:
2794:
2024:
1690:
927:
619:
UNESCO launches International Campaign to save the Temples of Philae
454:
411:
357:
208:
182:
4533:
4531:
139:
4344:
Flooded Pasts: UNESCO, Nubia, and the Recolonization of Archaeology
3100:
2956:
2866:
2776:
1698:
921:
243:
4699:
4661:
4624:
4600:
4260:
A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia
3856:
A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia
1134:
523:
Director-General of Unesco appeals to the international community
4528:
4187:
A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace
3425:
3082:
3028:
2902:
2686:
2614:
2596:
2578:
2329:. Contribution to the cost of saving the temple of Kumna (Sudan).
2250:
2123:
2111:
2059:
2041:
1306:
1259:
450:
341:
325:
monuments. He met with the Assistant Director-General of UNESCO,
322:
4346:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 237β273.
4279:"The Nubian Campaign: An Exercise in International Archaeology"
3334:
3316:
3244:
3010:
2884:
2758:
2704:
2668:
2491:(Providence). Three pre-history investigation campaigns by the
2345:
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw
2340:
2165:
2147:
2135:
2077:
1935:
1770:
1750:
1504:
1423:
725:
303:
283:
259:
as "the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time".
239:
194:
4711:
4612:
4396:
File:International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.pdf
3982:. Oriental Institute Museum publications. Oriental Institute.
742:
Eleven temples rebuilt and grouped in three oases overlooking
4427:
4377:
4374:) in literature related to the International Nubian Campaign.
3755:
Egyptian and Sudanese declarations in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
3635:
3631:
3406:
3280:
3226:
3190:
3136:
3046:
2992:
2920:
2848:
2830:
2740:
2632:
2358:
2284:
2267:
2233:
2010:
1980:
1884:), and many rock inscriptions and drawings, were also saved.
1754:
1635:
1544:
1320:
446:
431:
427:
391:
387:
383:
353:
349:
345:
311:
291:
247:
224:
178:
80:
50:
4077:
Tabqa Dam Β§ Rescue excavations in the Lake Assad region
3839:
List of Monuments to be Relocated in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
1896:
authorities offered to dismantle and re-erect the Temple of
465:
A timeline of the key dates of the campaign is shown below:
402:
4562:
4231:"The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign"
4144:"The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign"
4101:"The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign"
3862:
Save the treasures of Nubia: UNESCO launches a world appeal
3298:
2974:
2812:
2650:
2435:
and Pennsylvania Universities. Pre-history research on the
1782:
1778:
1738:
1686:
189:
which was a necessary infrastructure project following the
2409:). Contribution to the dismantling of the temple of Buhen.
1876:, the chapel of Abu Oda (cut out of rock), the chapels of
561:
Temple of Kalabsha dismantled, transferred and re-erected
274:
230:
The building of the dam was to result in the creation of
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
1966:
Centre d'Γtude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Γgypte
739:
Two temple groups moved nearby to nearly identical sites
380:
Centre d'Γtude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Γgypte
288:
Centre d'Γtude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Γgypte
2471:
and Aniba. In Sudan: Three excavation campaigns by the
1828:
The Temple of Dendur at the MET Museum in New York, USA
1593:
587:
Diversion of Nile to feed the turbines of the High Dam
4789:
Excavation Shokan. Research in Nubia from 1962 to 1964
4511:
The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
3779:
List of monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
4400:
4004:
Zurinaga FernΓ‘ndez-Toribio, SalomΓ© (6 January 2017).
3463:
American Committee for the Preservation of Abu Simbel
2027:: Three archaeological campaigns in the Sudan by the
167:
International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
57:. The area was entirely submerged by the creation of
22:
International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
3767:
List of monuments at risk in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
1887:
4434:
Fields of Change: Progress in African Archaeobotany
4421:
3626:In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the
2048:, in Egypt. Sending of an epigraphist to the CEDAE.
4636:
3948:La Grande Nubiade ou Le parcours d'une Γ©gyptologue
2401:: Four campaigns in Egypt and two in Sudan by the
844:65m above historical location, in artificial hill
33:UNESCO brochure on the anniversary of the campaign
4283:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4177:
2343:: One campaign in Egypt and four in Sudan by the
2303:. Experimental work with sounding methods by the
4880:
3598:Philatelic revenue and income from Philae Medals
1955:
1819:
1655:
4804:
4776:
4717:
4705:
4667:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4568:
4537:
4460:
4383:
3897:
3692:Sites in their original location, north of the
2044:: Six archaeological campaigns in Egypt by the
755:The list of relocated monuments is as follows:
2220:German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
2080:: One archaeological campaign in Egypt by the
573:Work begins on transfer of Abu Simbel temples
4470:Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History
4317:International Journal of Islamic Architecture
445:, as well as the excavations required in the
16:1960β80 relocation project in Egypt and Sudan
4824:"Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae"
4642:
3714:Stone quarries and Unfinished obelisk, Aswan
2479:. Three pre-history survey campaigns by the
2459:(pre-history survey). Four campaigns by the
1929:
1912:heritage, including Lepsius' milestone work
1788:The work began in 1972, and in 1974 a large
716:, Assistant Director-General of UNESCO, and
515:Work on the Aswan High Dam officially begun
219:, all of which were seen as pivotal for the
4190:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71β72.
1773:were washed away. Also, the bricks of the
4583:
4341:
4310:
2527:
2347:. Sending of four architects to the CEDAE.
1574:
1555:
1533:
1493:
1474:
1454:
1436:
1416:
1393:
1375:
1358:
1342:
1325:
1305:
1258:
1242:
1224:
1210:
1192:
1173:
1151:
1133:
1115:
1101:
1082:
1068:
1050:
1031:
1008:
989:
972:
957:
939:
920:
898:
875:
854:
837:
814:
449:campaign, involved the relocation of many
421:A honorary committee was first founded by
264:Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
211:was a key objective of the new regime the
103:Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
4817:
4815:
4813:
4021:
2381:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
2170:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
635:Construction of Aswan High Dam completed
4428:A.J. Clapham; P.A. Rowley-Conwy (2007).
4010:AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology
3951:. Le Livre de poche (in French). Stock.
3791:Philae Island in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
3648:
2451:(Provi-dence) in collaboration with the
1872:was rescued in 1965, and the temples of
1823:
1720:
1664:
401:
366:
273:
4466:
4183:
3880:Nubia's sands reveal their last secrets
699:
609:Completion of the Abu Simbel operation
378:, who remained in charge of the CEDAE (
201:in 1972, and thus the system of UNESCO
4881:
4810:
4681:"Amada; a whole temple moved on rails"
4415:
4276:
4228:
4141:
4098:
4038:
3849:
3621:
2323:National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden
2236:: Three campaigns in the Sudan by the
187:Nile's first cataract (shallow rapids)
169:was the relocation of 22 monuments in
4579:
4577:
4262:, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A, page 22
4229:Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007).
4142:Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007).
4099:Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007).
3935:
3815:Abu Simbel in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
2475:. One pre-history survey campaign by
1319:The temples in the fortified town of
371:Wadi es-Sebua, or Valley of the Lions
4929:Relocated ancient Egyptian monuments
4596:(1): 8 – via escholarship.org.
4584:Kockelmann, Holger (24 April 2012).
4306:
4304:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4094:
4092:
1852:and Qertassi, followed by Dakka and
1594:Historical images, monuments in situ
193:. This project was undertaken under
4551:The Race to Save Abu Simbel Is Won.
4311:Carruthers, William (1 July 2020).
4277:Wilson, John A. (16 October 1967).
3452:Miscellaneous private contributions
2379:, and one in co-operation with the
1918:, as more specifically the work of
1915:DenkmΓ€ler aus Γgypten und Γthiopien
1777:temples soon became encrusted with
748:Seven temples placed in two museums
238:temples; as well as the temples at
13:
4934:Relocated monuments of Lower Nubia
4821:
4574:
4331:– via intellectdiscover.com.
3653:The relocated Abu Simbel monuments
2423:: In Egypt: Four campaigns by the
704:The campaign was primarily led by
278:The UNESCO division of the UN logo
45:The relocated monuments were from
14:
4945:
4845:
4807:, p. Annex IV, page 232-233.
4643:Stock, H.; Siegler, K.G. (1965).
4301:
4265:
4235:The African Archaeological Review
4211:
4148:The African Archaeological Review
4105:The African Archaeological Review
4089:
3582:Interest and exchange adjustments
2385:Swiss National Science Foundation
1888:West German operation at Kalabsha
1842:Egyptian Antiquities Organization
4779:, p. Annex I, page 223-226.
3943:Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3552:
3503:West Germany exhibition proceeds
3418:
3399:
3381:
3363:
3345:
3327:
3309:
3291:
3273:
3255:
3237:
3219:
3201:
3183:
3165:
3147:
3129:
3111:
3093:
3075:
3057:
3039:
3021:
3003:
2985:
2967:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2895:
2877:
2859:
2841:
2823:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2751:
2733:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2661:
2643:
2625:
2607:
2589:
2571:
2550:
2513:
2499:
2413:
2391:
2365:
2351:
2333:
2311:
2287:: Six campaigns in Egypt by the
2277:
2260:
2243:
2226:
2208:
2191:
2172:. Two campaigns in Egypt by the
2168:: Six campaigns in Egypt by the
2158:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2087:
2070:
2052:
2034:
2017:
2003:
1973:
1880:(the rest of which has remained
1781:and other debris carried by the
1681:temples was based on an idea by
1643:
1627:
1615:
1600:
336:This was officially began after
39:
27:
4914:Projects disestablished in 1980
4909:1980 disestablishments in Sudan
4904:1980 disestablishments in Egypt
4822:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
4782:
4673:
4590:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
4543:
4516:
4497:
4430:"New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim"
4389:
4360:
4335:
3844:
2487:. Sending of an epigraphist by
2447:. Sending of an epigraphist by
2270:: One campaign in Egypt by the
2203:German Archaeological Institute
2029:National University of La Plata
1900:, the largest temple in all of
1464:, New York City, United States
718:Christiane Desroches Noblecourt
376:Christiane Desroches Noblecourt
352:while promoting the welfare of
296:Christiane Desroches Noblecourt
4687:. December 1964. pp. 9β10
4525:, 1978, London, Lund Humphries
4253:
4166:
4135:
4123:
3719:Monastery of St. Simeon, Aswan
3704:(Old and Middle Kingdom Tombs)
3642:Relocated sites, south of the
2295:. Three campaigns in Egypt by
2272:Archaeological Survey of India
2255:Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
423:King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden
213:Free Officers movement of 1952
1:
4130:The World Heritage Convention
4082:
3438:Total Government contribution
1956:Wider archaeological campaign
1820:Individual Egyptian campaigns
1660:
1656:Description and Contributions
4899:Projects established in 1960
4894:1960 establishments in Sudan
4889:1960 establishments in Egypt
4828:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4342:Carruthers, William (2022).
3858:, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A
710:Egyptian Minister of Culture
356:in relation to the proposed
7:
4649:(in German). F.A. Brockhaus
4473:. Oxford University Press.
4432:. In R.T.J. Cappers (ed.).
4070:
3479:Belgium exhibition proceeds
3471:African Emergency Programme
2293:Sapienza University of Rome
2253:: One campaign in Egypt by
1934:In addition to the work of
1892:Early in the campaign, the
693:Overall project completion
599:Lake Nasser begins to fill
460:
344:cultural heritage sites in
10:
4950:
3729:
3527:Sweden exhibition proceeds
3519:Norway exhibition proceeds
3495:France exhibition proceeds
3487:Canada exhibition proceeds
3457:
2564:
1462:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1383:
1255:Horemheb Temple at Abu Oda
1250:
1141:
997:
888:
821:65m below current location
803:
269:
93:UNESCO World Heritage Site
4549:Spencer, Terence (1966).
3724:Fatimid Cemetery of Aswan
3576:
3511:Japan exhibition proceeds
2453:Egypt Exploration Society
2403:Egypt Exploration Society
2201:: Three campaigns by the
1930:French operation at Amada
1761:. However, the temples'
1716:
1582:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1413:
1405:
1311:
1275:
1269:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1037:
1028:
1020:
926:
917:
910:
834:
826:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
199:World Heritage Convention
159:
155:
145:
135:
123:
115:
107:
99:
90:
86:
76:
65:
38:
26:
4370:(in the French style of
3871:Abu Simbel: now or never
3560:Sovereign Order of Malta
3543:USSR exhibition proceeds
2565:Government contribution
2485:University of California
2461:American Research Centre
2455:. Four campaigns by the
2174:University of Strasbourg
1860:in 1962. The temples of
1812:monuments were ready on
1584:, Germany β part of the
1501:Rijksmuseum van Oudheden
1355:East and West fortresses
1313:National Museum of Sudan
1220:Temples of Wadi es-Sebua
1005:(except gate, see below)
499:Sudan appeals to UNESCO
487:Egypt appeals to UNESCO
397:1952 Egyptian Revolution
314:with UNESCO permission.
253:It was described in the
207:The construction of the
191:1952 Egyptian Revolution
4795:. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
4523:Fry Drew Knight Creamer
4016:. JAS Arqueologia: 46.
3899:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh, Torgny
2528:Financial contributions
2321:: Two campaigns by the
1677:One scheme to save the
294:under the direction of
4467:Ruffini, G.R. (2012).
4372:Arabic transliteration
3654:
3535:UK exhibition proceeds
3458:Private contributions
2493:University of Colorado
1829:
1730:
1725:Philae flooded by the
1674:
1111:Temple of Beit el-Wali
1046:Temple of Gerf Hussein
407:
372:
279:
3973:Larson, J.A. (2006).
3907:. Thames and Hudson.
3681:Philae temple complex
3652:
2473:University of Chicago
2429:University of Chicago
2425:University of Chicago
2377:University of Chicago
2218:: Expeditions by the
1904:, with costs paid by
1827:
1737:was completed on the
1724:
1668:
850:Philae temple complex
681:Completed at Agilkia
405:
370:
277:
203:World Heritage Sites.
4919:World Heritage Sites
4805:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4777:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4718:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4706:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4668:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4631:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4619:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4607:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4569:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4538:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4384:SΓ€ve-SΓΆderbergh 1987
4329:10.1386/ijia_00015_1
4184:Meskell, L. (2018).
3590:World Food Programme
2481:Museum of New Mexico
2457:Museum of New Mexico
2443:. Four campaigns by
2431:. Four campaigns by
2082:Royal Ontario Museum
2046:University of Vienna
700:Overview of Campaign
441:The construction of
4023:10.23914/ap.v3i0.29
3850:UNESCO publications
3827:1961 UNESCO Courier
3628:World Heritage List
3622:World Heritage Site
2477:Columbia University
2441:Columbia University
2289:University of Milan
2238:University of Ghana
1922:who had documented
1920:Franz Christian Gau
1704:The salvage of the
1697:and civil engineer
1188:Temple of Maharraqa
298:, who was a French
286:founded the CEDAE (
23:
4708:, p. 132-133.
4670:, p. 128-129.
4633:, p. 135-136.
4609:, p. 229-231.
4559:, 2 December 1966.
4366:Sometimes spelled
4297:– via JSTOR.
4249:– via JSTOR.
4162:– via JSTOR.
4119:– via JSTOR.
3936:Other publications
3655:
3044:
2301:Temple of Ellesyia
2099:Charles University
1938:archaeologists at
1926:as early as 1819.
1830:
1731:
1675:
1586:Temple of Kalabsha
1516:Temple of Ellesyia
1003:Temple of Kalabsha
966:Tomb of Pennut at
604:22 September 1968
408:
373:
338:Vittorino Veronese
331:Vittorino Veronese
280:
136:Reference no.
49:, roughly between
21:
4540:, p. 98-126.
4480:978-0-19-999620-9
4443:978-90-77922-30-9
4197:978-0-19-064834-3
4052:978-0-8229-7789-6
3989:978-1-885923-45-5
3958:978-2-253-06366-7
3914:978-92-3-102383-5
3707:Ruins of town of
3619:
3618:
3571:Egypt Tourist Tax
2305:Fondazione Lerici
1806:Island of Agilkia
1796:(35 million
1683:William MacQuitty
1650:Bigeh ruins today
1591:
1590:
1181:New Wadi es-Sebua
1161:200 BCE β 100 AD
1078:Kiosk of Qertassi
824:13th century BCE
697:
696:
221:industrialization
163:
162:
70:Aswan Governorate
4941:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4274:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4226:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4181:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4096:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4035:
4025:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2541:USD (thousands)
2535:
2534:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2489:Brown University
2449:Brown University
2419:
2417:
2416:
2407:Brown University
2397:
2395:
2394:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2327:Island of Philae
2317:
2315:
2314:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1647:
1631:
1622:Qasr Ibrim today
1619:
1604:
1578:
1559:
1537:
1497:
1478:
1470:Temple of Taffeh
1458:
1440:
1432:Temple of Dendur
1420:
1397:
1379:
1362:
1346:
1329:
1309:
1262:
1246:
1228:
1214:
1196:
1177:
1155:
1137:
1119:
1105:
1086:
1072:
1054:
1035:
1012:
993:
976:
961:
943:
924:
902:
879:
866:300 BCE β 100 AD
858:
841:
818:
758:
757:
616:6 November 1968
496:24 October 1959
476:Relocation work
468:
467:
217:hydroelectricity
43:
31:
24:
20:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4879:
4878:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4502:
4498:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4465:
4461:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4340:
4336:
4309:
4302:
4275:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4227:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4073:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3941:
3938:
3929:Success stories
3919:
3917:
3915:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3780:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3756:
3753:
3744:
3741:
3732:
3624:
3553:
3551:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3398:
3382:
3380:
3364:
3362:
3346:
3344:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3308:
3292:
3290:
3274:
3272:
3256:
3254:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3218:
3202:
3200:
3184:
3182:
3166:
3164:
3148:
3146:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3092:
3076:
3074:
3058:
3056:
3040:
3038:
3022:
3020:
3004:
3002:
2986:
2984:
2968:
2966:
2950:
2948:
2932:
2930:
2914:
2912:
2896:
2894:
2878:
2876:
2860:
2858:
2842:
2840:
2824:
2822:
2806:
2804:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2752:
2750:
2734:
2732:
2716:
2714:
2698:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2662:
2660:
2644:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2588:
2572:
2570:
2551:
2549:
2530:
2514:
2512:
2500:
2498:
2445:Yale University
2414:
2412:
2392:
2390:
2366:
2364:
2352:
2350:
2334:
2332:
2312:
2310:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2225:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2190:
2182:Temple of Amada
2178:Photogrammetric
2159:
2157:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2069:
2053:
2051:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2016:
2004:
2002:
1974:
1972:
1958:
1944:Temple of Amada
1932:
1890:
1822:
1719:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1389:Temple of Debod
1351:The temples at
1289:Temple of Aksha
1147:Temple of Dakka
894:Temple of Amada
702:
592:September 1964
544:Nov. Dec. 1962
508:9 January 1960
463:
272:
95:
61:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4947:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4877:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4847:
4846:External links
4844:
4841:
4840:
4809:
4797:
4781:
4722:
4720:, p. 205.
4710:
4698:
4672:
4660:
4635:
4623:
4621:, p. 135.
4611:
4599:
4573:
4561:
4542:
4527:
4515:
4496:
4479:
4459:
4442:
4420:
4418:, p. 179.
4399:
4388:
4376:
4368:Saroite Okacha
4359:
4352:
4334:
4323:(2): 287β314.
4300:
4289:(5): 268β271.
4264:
4252:
4241:(3/4): 73β94.
4210:
4196:
4176:
4165:
4154:(3/4): 73β94.
4134:
4122:
4111:(3/4): 73β94.
4087:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4051:
4036:
4001:
3988:
3970:
3957:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:, 2019, UNESCO
3926:
3913:
3895:
3893:UNESCO Courier
3886:
3884:UNESCO Courier
3877:
3875:UNESCO Courier
3868:
3866:UNESCO Courier
3859:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3702:Qubbet el-Hawa
3689:
3688:
3685:Agilkia Island
3678:
3673:
3671:New Wadi Sebua
3668:
3662:
3661:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:United Kingdom
3341:
3340:
3337:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2510:
2496:
2410:
2399:United Kingdom
2388:
2362:
2348:
2330:
2308:
2274:
2257:
2240:
2223:
2205:
2188:
2155:
2101:
2095:Czechoslovakia
2084:
2067:
2049:
2031:
2014:
2000:
1957:
1954:
1931:
1928:
1889:
1886:
1870:Temple of Derr
1821:
1818:
1802:photogrammetry
1718:
1715:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:25 BCE β 14 CE
1482:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1006:
999:
998:
995:
994:
987:
984:
982:
980:
977:
970:
963:
962:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
937:
935:Temple of Derr
931:
930:
925:
918:
916:
913:
911:
909:
906:
903:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:Agilkia Island
880:
873:
870:
867:
864:
859:
852:
846:
845:
842:
835:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
819:
812:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
753:
752:
749:
746:
740:
706:Tharwat Okasha
701:
698:
695:
694:
691:
689:
688:10 March 1980
685:
684:
682:
679:
677:
673:
672:
670:
667:
665:
661:
660:
658:
655:
653:
649:
648:
646:
643:
641:
637:
636:
633:
631:
629:
625:
624:
622:
620:
617:
613:
612:
610:
607:
605:
601:
600:
597:
595:
593:
589:
588:
585:
583:
581:
577:
576:
574:
571:
569:
565:
564:
562:
559:
557:
553:
552:
550:
548:
545:
541:
540:
538:
535:
533:
529:
528:
526:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
511:
509:
505:
504:
502:
500:
497:
493:
492:
490:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
462:
459:
455:Aswan High Dam
319:Tharwat Okasha
308:photogrammetry
271:
268:
256:UNESCO Courier
175:Southern Egypt
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
44:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4946:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Ancient Egypt
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:David Roberts
4500:
4493:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4392:
4386:, p. 67.
4385:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4355:
4353:9781501766442
4349:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3930:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:Aswan Low Dam
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:Aswan Low Dam
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:Other Income
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:United States
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:Wadi es-Sebua
2466:
2465:Beit el- Wali
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:United States
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:Wadi es-Sebua
1990:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:Egyptological
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Wadi es-Sebua
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:architectural
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:Aswan Low Dam
1733:In 1902, the
1728:
1727:Aswan Low Dam
1723:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1671:Nubian Museum
1667:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1587:
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1577:
1573:
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1567:
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1554:
1552:Kalabsha Gate
1551:
1550:
1546:
1542:
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1536:
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1521:
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1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
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1460:
1457:
1453:
1451:United States
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
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1407:
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1334:
1331:
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1282:
1281:Nubian Museum
1279:
1277:
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1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1234:1400β1200 BCE
1233:
1231:Wadi es-Sebua
1230:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1189:
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1129:
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1097:
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1040:
1034:
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1025:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:
983:
981:
978:
975:
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965:
964:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
945:
942:
938:
936:
933:
932:
929:
923:
919:
914:
912:
907:
904:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
862:Philae Island
860:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
836:
831:
828:
823:
820:
817:
813:
811:(two temples)
810:
807:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
760:
759:
756:
750:
747:
745:
741:
738:
737:
736:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
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663:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
582:
579:
578:
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570:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
549:
546:
543:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:8 March 1960
519:
518:
514:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:6 April 1959
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
470:
469:
466:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
433:
429:
424:
419:
417:
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400:
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393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
365:
361:
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351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
276:
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260:
258:
257:
251:
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245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
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222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:and northern
176:
172:
168:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
100:Official name
98:
94:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
4831:. Retrieved
4827:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4713:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4645:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4564:
4554:
4545:
4522:
4518:
4509:
4499:
4491:
4484:. Retrieved
4469:
4462:
4454:
4447:. Retrieved
4433:
4423:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4362:
4343:
4337:
4320:
4316:
4286:
4282:
4255:
4238:
4234:
4201:. Retrieved
4186:
4179:
4168:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4125:
4108:
4104:
4056:. Retrieved
4041:
4013:
4009:
3993:. Retrieved
3975:
3962:. Retrieved
3947:
3918:. Retrieved
3903:
3845:Bibliography
3691:
3690:
3676:New Kalabsha
3641:
3640:
3625:
3611:
3606:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3260:
3173:Sierra Leone
3155:Saudi Arabia
2723:West Germany
2531:
2507:Soviet Union
2370:
2297:Museo Egizio
2216:East Germany
2199:West Germany
2186:Aksha, Sudan
1997:Beit el-Wali
1965:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1933:
1913:
1906:West Germany
1891:
1881:
1866:Beit el Wali
1856:in 1961 and
1848:(or Taffa),
1831:
1794:cubic metres
1787:
1732:
1703:
1676:
1541:Museo Egizio
1122:Beit el-Wali
1057:Gerf Hussein
1039:New Kalabsha
754:
730:
722:Egyptologist
703:
676:August 1979
580:14 May 1964
568:Spring 1964
532:Summer 1960
464:
440:
436:
420:
409:
379:
374:
362:
335:
316:
300:Egyptologist
287:
281:
263:
261:
254:
252:
229:
206:
166:
164:
18:
4791:on website
4653:10 November
4416:Allais 2012
3995:11 November
3964:11 November
3709:Elephantine
3607:Grand total
3263:Switzerland
3119:Philippines
3065:Netherlands
2558:Afghanistan
2538:Contributor
2373:Switzerland
2319:Netherlands
1902:Lower Nubia
1894:West German
1874:Gerf Husein
1763:foundations
1759:Elephantine
1711:Lake Nasser
1695:Maxwell Fry
1509:Netherlands
1490:Netherlands
768:Relocation
763:Historical
744:Lake Nasser
664:April 1977
443:Lake Nasser
232:Lake Nasser
171:Lower Nubia
150:Arab States
59:Lake Nasser
47:Lower Nubia
4883:Categories
4833:12 October
4486:5 November
4449:5 November
4203:4 November
4083:References
4064:See also:
4058:12 October
3920:12 October
3659:Abu Simbel
3389:Yugoslavia
2939:Luxembourg
2521:Yugoslavia
2437:Abu Simbel
2154:in Sudan).
2152:Wadi Halfa
1999:and Aniba.
1985:Gebel Adda
1940:Abu Simbel
1878:Qasr Ibrim
1834:Abu Simbel
1798:cubic feet
1790:coffer dam
1765:and other
1739:Nile River
1706:Abu Simbel
1679:Abu Simbel
1673:, in Aswan
1661:Abu Simbel
1608:Qasr Ibrim
1202:0 β 100 AD
1092:0 β 100 AD
908:1400s BCE
832:Coalition
809:Abu Simbel
733:Qasr Ibrim
714:RenΓ© Maheu
479:Aswan Dam
473:Diplomacy
416:Abu Simbel
327:RenΓ© Maheu
236:Abu Simbel
127:1979 (3rd
124:Designated
119:i, iii, vi
55:Wadi Halfa
4032:2171-6315
3666:New Amada
3428:(in kind)
3409:(in kind)
3209:Sri Lanka
2795:Indonesia
2025:Argentina
1854:Maharraqa
1691:Jane Drew
1634:Ruins of
1525:1400s BCE
1403:100s BCE
1368:1900s BCE
1335:1800s BCE
1298:1200s BCE
1199:Maharraqa
1125:1200s BCE
1060:1200s BCE
949:1200s BCE
928:New Amada
872:Coalition
799:Location
720:, French
652:May 1974
412:Aswan Dam
358:Aswan Dam
317:By 1959,
282:In 1954,
209:Aswan Dam
185:, at the
183:Aswan Dam
4691:18 March
4586:"Philae"
4557:magazine
4247:40743449
4160:40743449
4117:40743449
4071:See also
3945:(1993).
3901:(1987).
3891:, 1980,
3882:, 1964,
3873:, 1961,
3864:, 1960,
3101:Pakistan
2957:Malaysia
2867:Cambodia
2777:Holy See
2439:site by
2066:, Sudan.
1924:Kalabsha
1898:Kalabsha
1729:in 1906.
1699:Ove Arup
1562:Kalabsha
1547:, Italy
1522:Ellesyia
1426:, Spain
1283:, Aswan
1089:Qertassi
1026:Germany
1015:Kalabsha
784:Location
778:Monument
773:Current
556:1962β63
461:Timeline
244:Kalabsha
116:Criteria
111:Cultural
66:Location
4874:YouTube
4865:YouTube
4856:YouTube
4508:in his
3730:Gallery
3426:Romania
3375:18,501
3083:Nigeria
3029:Morocco
2903:Lebanon
2687:Denmark
2615:Belgium
2597:Austria
2579:Algeria
2251:Hungary
2124:Finland
2112:Denmark
2060:Belgium
2042:Austria
1882:in situ
1814:Agilkia
1771:reliefs
1751:sluices
1638:(1840s)
1610:(1840s)
1571:Germany
1568:1962β63
1265:Abu Oda
1023:1962β63
1018:30 BCE
915:France
869:1972β79
829:1964β68
724:at the
451:Nubians
302:at the
270:History
129:session
72:, Egypt
4793:rmo.nl
4685:UNESCO
4477:
4440:
4350:
4295:986044
4293:
4245:
4194:
4158:
4115:
4049:
4030:
3986:
3955:
3911:
3612:40,273
3593:3,518
3585:1,408
3574:1,879
3557:
3546:1,602
3538:1,601
3514:1,089
3506:1,208
3466:1,251
3445:25,893
3423:
3404:
3386:
3368:
3350:
3335:Uganda
3332:
3317:Turkey
3314:
3296:
3278:
3245:Sweden
3242:
3224:
3206:
3188:
3170:
3152:
3134:
3116:
3098:
3080:
3062:
3026:
3011:Monaco
3008:
2990:
2972:
2954:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2885:Kuwait
2882:
2864:
2846:
2835:1,176
2828:
2810:
2792:
2774:
2759:Greece
2756:
2738:
2720:
2709:1,268
2705:France
2702:
2684:
2669:Cyprus
2666:
2648:
2630:
2612:
2594:
2576:
2555:
2544:Notes
2518:
2504:
2418:
2396:
2356:
2341:Poland
2338:
2316:
2282:
2265:
2248:
2231:
2213:
2196:
2166:France
2163:
2148:Sweden
2145:
2136:Norway
2133:
2121:
2109:
2092:
2078:Canada
2075:
2057:
2039:
2022:
2008:
1978:
1936:French
1858:Dendur
1846:Taffeh
1840:, the
1838:Philae
1810:Philae
1775:Philae
1747:Philae
1743:Philae
1717:Philae
1565:30 BCE
1507:, the
1505:Leiden
1481:Taffeh
1446:23 BCE
1443:Dendur
1424:Madrid
1411:Spain
1168:Egypt
793:Led by
787:Period
726:Louvre
708:, the
342:Nubian
323:Nubian
304:Louvre
284:UNESCO
240:Philae
195:UNESCO
146:Region
77:Region
4870:Video
4861:Video
4852:Video
4291:JSTOR
4243:JSTOR
4156:JSTOR
4113:JSTOR
3980:(PDF)
3636:Aswan
3632:Aswan
3407:India
3281:Syria
3227:Sudan
3191:Spain
3137:Qatar
3047:Nepal
2993:Malta
2921:Libya
2849:Japan
2831:Italy
2741:Ghana
2633:China
2359:Spain
2285:Italy
2268:India
2234:Ghana
2064:Semna
2011:Sudan
1989:Amada
1981:Egypt
1950:Amada
1850:Debod
1755:Bigeh
1636:Bigeh
1545:Turin
1530:Italy
1400:Debod
1365:Semna
1353:Semna
1332:Buhen
1321:Buhen
1295:Aksha
1239:Egypt
1207:Egypt
1158:Dakka
1130:Egypt
1098:Egypt
1065:Egypt
986:Egypt
979:Aniba
968:Aniba
954:Egypt
905:Amada
796:Image
781:Image
640:1972
628:1970
447:Nubia
432:Sudan
428:Egypt
392:Egypt
388:Nubia
384:Cairo
354:Egypt
350:Sudan
346:Egypt
312:Nubia
292:Cairo
248:Amada
225:Egypt
179:Sudan
173:, in
81:Nubia
51:Aswan
4835:2022
4693:2024
4655:2022
4555:Life
4488:2022
4475:ISBN
4451:2022
4438:ISBN
4348:ISBN
4205:2022
4192:ISBN
4060:2022
4047:ISBN
4028:ISSN
3997:2022
3984:ISBN
3966:2022
3953:ISBN
3922:2022
3909:ISBN
3601:113
3498:459
3482:154
3412:415
3393:226
3357:213
3299:Togo
3285:152
3267:332
3249:500
3195:525
3105:130
3087:128
3069:557
2997:0.2
2975:Mali
2889:105
2853:190
2813:Iraq
2727:678
2655:160
2651:Cuba
2583:105
2433:Yale
1864:and
1836:and
1783:Nile
1779:silt
1693:and
1687:Nile
1487:1960
1408:1960
1095:1960
946:Derr
790:Date
430:and
348:and
246:and
165:The
108:Type
53:and
4872:on
4863:on
4854:on
4325:doi
4287:111
4018:doi
3638:):
3530:29
3474:21
3455:36
3141:60
3123:10
3015:10
2961:14
2925:26
2907:40
2817:63
2799:10
2781:35
2763:30
2745:49
2691:15
2619:82
2601:37
1757:or
223:of
4885::
4826:.
4812:^
4725:^
4683:.
4592:.
4588:.
4576:^
4530:^
4490:.
4453:.
4402:^
4319:.
4315:.
4303:^
4285:.
4281:.
4267:^
4239:24
4237:.
4233:.
4213:^
4152:24
4150:.
4146:.
4109:24
4107:.
4103:.
4091:^
4026:.
4012:.
4008:.
3564:1
3522:6
3490:4
3431:5
3339:6
3321:3
3303:1
3231:2
3213:1
3177:3
3159:8
3051:1
3033:4
2979:2
2943:2
2871:5
2673:5
2637:2
2562:2
2467:,
2176:.
2138:,
2126:,
2114:,
1995:,
1713:.
1543:,
1503:,
728:.
712:,
434:.
418:.
399:.
360:.
250:.
242:,
227:.
140:88
4837:.
4695:.
4657:.
4594:1
4571:.
4356:.
4327::
4321:9
4207:.
4062:.
4034:.
4020::
4014:3
3999:.
3968:.
3924:.
3687:)
3683:(
2387:.
2307:.
131:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
