1070:
630:
815:
642:
513:
975:
501:
827:
1058:
963:
26:
892:). Glades are most common the Nashville Basin, although there are rare examples found in the Mitchell Plain, Pennyroyal Plain and Outer Bluegrass. Glades have a flora adapted to extreme dry conditions in the summer, and standing water in the spring. The glades of the Nashville Basin and Moulton Valley are considered a center endemism due to their large number of restricted species. Characteristic species of the Nashville Basin glades include Nashville glade cress (
40:
360:
to the north, the underlying bedrock is generally close to the surface, and the topography of an area depends on how resistant the underlying bedrock is to erosion. More resistant sandstones have resulted in hillier areas such as the Norman Upland and
Crawford Upland in Southern Indiana, while softer
382:
Oak-hickory woodland is the most common natural community in the
Interior Low Plateaus. It is the dominant natural community for many areas of rolling hills, including the Western Highland Rim, Shawnee Hills, and Outer Bluegrass. These woodlands represent an intermediate state between a forest and a
373:
The natural communities in this region are a matrix of forest, woodlands, and prairie. Today, much of the open prairie and savanna communities have been lost due to fire suppression and agriculture. However, oak-hickory woodlands remain relatively common, and mesic forest is abundant along riparian
1144:
by 70–95%, and only 0.02 percent of the original oak savannas remain. Although much of the area is forested, these forests tend to be highly fragmented and significantly altered by development, agriculture, and fire suppression. The forests are dominated primarily by oak and hickory species, but
990:
The
Interior Low Plateau has an abundance of sinkhole ponds in the karst regions of the Mitchell Plain, Pennyroyal Plain, and Highland Rim. These isolated communities were historically found within a matrix of wet prairie. These communities are often covered in swamp forest, and are dominated by
842:
Barrens are open treeless areas on slopes, often with shallow soil. These are found sporadically in the Outer
Bluegrass, Inner Nashville Basin, Shawnee Hills, and in parts of the Highland Rim. It is unclear whether these communities rely on fire for their openness, or are maintained by soil
1093:
in this region also harbors diversity of a similar scale. This high amount of freshwater mussel diversity is due to the limestone bedrock underlying much of the region. The limestone creates calcareous water that acts as a buffer against acidity, which helps the mussels in shell-building.
784:). This community is now quite rare in the Inner Bluegrass due to logging by early European settlers. Its destruction was so rapid and complete, that mid-20th century ecologists mistook the successional state of the Bluegrass as its natural condition. Sun-loving species such as hackberry (
879:
are areas of flat rock exposures of bedrock. In the
Nashville Basin, glades are most often found in areas that were a matrix of barren and woodland communities. Although historically with a more open grassland border, many are now surrounded by dense thickets of redcedar
241:
are a physiographic region in eastern United States. It consists of a diverse landscape that extends from north
Alabama across central Tennessee and Kentucky into southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Its natural communities are a matrix of
361:
limestones have already eroded down to gently rolling plains, like the
Scottsburg Lowlands and Wabash Lowlands of southeast and southwest Indiana. The hillier parts of the Interior Low Plateaus are not mountain ranges, but
1089:
in
Tennessee is considered one of the top three most biologically rich rivers in the world, containing over 150 species of fish, 60 species of freshwater mussels, and 22 species of aquatic snails. The
1721:
1069:
723:
Floodplain forests in the
Interior Low Plateau remain relatively common, although many areas have been converted to agriculture. These forests are dominated by sugarberry (
1407:
629:
690:). In the Eastern Highland Rim, at the edge of the Cumberland Plateau, these forests develop a more Appalachian character, and contain species such as eastern hemlock (
552:
and herds of Bison. Today, some prairie remains in areas that are managed by controlled burns, or other forms of tree removal such as powerline and roadside clearings.
1265:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
581:
641:
660:
Mesic forests are often found in narrow stream gorges. These forests have a particularly rich diversity in spring wildflowers. They are dominated by sugar maple (
1003:). High-quality herbaceous examples have species with coastal plain affinities. Many of these communities have been destroyed due to drainage for agriculture.
814:
1691:
500:
532:
The flat surfaces of the
Interior Low Plateaus historically contained extensive areas of open prairie. This community was concentrated in the areas of the
1021:
A rare wetland type in this region is the calcareous seepage fen. These are found sparingly in the Highland Rim, and are dominated by grass of Parnassus (
826:
512:
1006:
Emergent shrub sloughs are found along the bottoms of major rivers, such as the Cumberland River and Tennessee River. These are dominated by buttonbush (
555:
Dry prairies are the most common remnant in this region, due to their unsuitability for agriculture and resistance to succession. They are dominated by
1565:
974:
952:). Glade remnants are common and well-preserved due to their undesirability for agriculture, and their largely edaphic nature. Many examples exist in
1039:) and other rare species. Calcareous seeps and swamp forest are also found sparingly in the Bluegrass region. These contain trees such as green ash (
585:). Wet prairies are the rarest and most poorly-documented grassland type in this region. The few existing remnants have species such as gamagrass (
1600:
1182:
336:
The underlying bedrock of the Interior Low Plateaus consists of sedimentary rocks such as limestone, sandstone, and shale. These date from the
1233:
1227:
1057:
657:
Closed-canopy forests in this region are also naturally found in many areas, such as riparian zones, river bottoms, and dissected terrain.
1033:). Calcareous seeps are also found near glades in the Inner Nashville Basin. These communities often have extensive stands of sunnybells (
1529:
1726:
962:
1751:
1130:
870:
1414:
1741:
1553:
1761:
1736:
1731:
1453:
McEwan, Ryan; McCarthy, Brian (2008). "Anthropogenic Disturbance and the Formation of Oak Savanna in Central Kentucky, USA".
1282:
1157:
and blocking oak regeneration. In some areas, habitat is threatened by urbanization and invasive species such as non-native
57:
708:). Acidic sandstone cove forests in the Shawnee Hills also contain more typically Appalachian species such as yellow birch (
304:. Nearly 65% of Kentucky's territory is within the Interior Low Plateaus region, which encompasses an area from the western
1018:). These sloughs were historically widespread, but dam construction and agricultural activity have destroyed most of them.
85:
75:
1646:"Sustaining Oak Ecosystems in the Central Hardwood Region: Lessons from the Past--Continuing the History of Disturbance"
1373:
1746:
1222:
922:). Glades in other regions contain less endemism, and are characterized by species such as widow's-cross stonecrop (
1699:
1590:
Native Wetlands of the Central Bluegrass Region: from seeps to streamheads to swamps to ponds, By Julian Campbell
1771:
1274:
1237:
1645:
1299:
623:) was reportedly one of the few trees that could occasionally survive the annual wildfires in the prairies.
476:). The woodlands in this region contain a rich sun-loving herbaceous layer, with many species of goldenrod (
1569:
953:
861:). Barrens are particularity abundant and well-preserved in the area of Adams County, Ohio, which includes
80:
567:(three-awn grass). Mesic prairies are rarer, and are dominated by very tall grasses such as Indian grass (
1198:
95:
1756:
1141:
754:
region of Kentucky, which has naturally mesic conditions. These forests were dominated by sugar maple (
274:
90:
1306:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. p. 3. Archived from
1085:
This region contains the richest diversity of freshwater animals in North America. In particular, the
277:. This region includes a portion of what the U.S. Forest service calls the "Central Hardwood Forest".
1008:
851:
270:
266:
1706:
1517:
918:
1589:
1190:
1186:
948:
900:
845:
686:
557:
549:
466:
30:
1766:
1086:
1041:
942:
774:
100:
1497:
1269:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
1106:
1090:
1035:
1023:
894:
862:
743:
710:
614:
587:
563:
1533:
1146:
1134:
993:
906:
882:
780:
424:
349:
305:
273:
in the north. It is notable for its extensive karst limestone, which comprise the caves at
8:
1236:, the WWF provides an alternate classification and includes this region in primarily its
1029:
930:
786:
619:
356:. The Interior Low Plateaus lie at the southern edge of the glacial boundary. Unlike the
1478:
1470:
1267:
1014:
843:
conditions alone. They are usually dominated by short grasses such as little bluestem (
804:
716:
704:
593:
575:
569:
1466:
1278:
936:
888:
762:
668:
460:
418:
362:
337:
1482:
1181:
Significant natural areas in the ecoregion include: Mammoth Cave National Park; the
1462:
924:
912:
876:
751:
737:
725:
692:
537:
442:
406:
388:
345:
313:
243:
1678:
1374:
Pennyroyal Plain Prairies, by Dwayne Estes, Botanical Research Institute of Texas
1320:
1140:
Today there is very little intact habitat in this ecoregion, with a reduction of
1047:
792:
768:
674:
541:
472:
448:
436:
400:
341:
309:
1498:"Historical evidence for forest composition in the Bluegrass Region in Kentucky"
1166:
756:
698:
662:
533:
490:
454:
1566:"Sunnybell Cedar Glade State Natural Area, Tennessee Natural Heritage Program"
548:. Early settlers describe these areas as nearly treeless expanses, containing
1715:
1626:
North American Freshwater Mussels: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation
1505:
Proceedings of the Seventh Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 5–8 March 1989
1206:
1154:
798:
680:
353:
325:
142:
866:
731:
610:
545:
412:
394:
321:
317:
1051:), along with many herbaceous plants that are considered regionally rare.
25:
1300:"The Central Hardwood Forest: Its Boundaries and Physiographic Provinces"
1162:
999:
430:
190:
1474:
416:). In more calcareous areas, common woodland trees include Shumard oak (
39:
484:
357:
1137:
policies since the 1930s have been a significant forest disturbance.
519:
293:
185:
1027:) and contain the federally-endangered Tennessee yellow-eyed grass (
1210:
1110:
478:
297:
289:
250:
205:
200:
180:
165:
160:
1611:
434:). In more acidic dry woodlands there are stands of chestnut oak (
1653:
1307:
1194:
1118:
1114:
1102:
857:
832:
Calcareous riparian forest in the Western Highland Rim, Tennessee
301:
285:
254:
195:
170:
1707:
Central U.S. hardwood forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1650:
Trans. 65th No. Amer. Wildl. and Natur. Resour. Conf. p. 170-183
1158:
599:
265:
This is a region of rolling plains and eroded plateaus, with a
246:
1063:
Calcareous seepage fen in the Inner Nashville Basin, Tennessee
446:). In swampy fragipan flats, woodlands consist of willow oak (
1335:
Plant Life of Kentucky:An Illustrated Guide to Vascular Flora
1264:
1170:
1150:
1098:
617:, as well as in a few small nature preserves. Blackjack oak (
605:
52:
1230:
the USEPA uses the designation, and assigns to it, number 71
506:
Oak-hickory woodland in the Hoosier National Forest, Indiana
1202:
281:
175:
1722:
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
1408:"The Barrens, Cultural Resources Program of Fort Campbell"
635:
Mesic prairie remnant in the Pennyroyal Plain, Tennessee
1012:), and along the Tennessee River contain bald-cypress (
968:
Limestone glade in the Inner Nashville Basin, Tennessee
750:
Forests were particularly common in the uplands of the
647:
Dry oak savanna in the Inner Nashville Basin, Tennessee
1643:
1530:"Morrison Meadow, Tennessee Natural Heritage Program"
1075:
Emergent slough along the Cumberland River, Tennessee
1689:
820:
Bottomland forest in the Pennyroyal Plain, Kentucky
1266:
1363:. The University Press, Kentucky. pp. 14–15.
386:Common trees in this community include post oak (
1713:
980:Dolomite barren in the Outer Bluegrass, Kentucky
1183:Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
849:), and large showy forbs such as prairie dock (
1518:The Cedar Glade Ecosystems of Middle Tennessee
1452:
808:) now dominate much of the Bluegrass region.
609:). Significant prairie remnants now remain at
1698:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1554:Interior Low Plateau Seepage Fen, NatureServe
1234:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
1228:List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)
1644:Dey, Daniel C.; Richard P. Guyette (2000).
956:, as well as numerous other natural areas.
1394:Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1129:The dominance of oak in this part of the
134:296,000 km (114,000 sq mi)
1495:
1437:
1391:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1297:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1131:pre-Columbian savannas of North America
1714:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1378:
527:
368:
1358:
837:
540:with smaller areas of prairie in the
58:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
1623:
1341:
1251:
86:Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
76:Central forest-grasslands transition
1632:
1446:
13:
1223:Physiographic regions of the world
522:in the Pennyroyal Plain, Tennessee
14:
1783:
1690:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
1671:
1332:
1176:
280:The region extends from southern
1467:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01857.x
1133:was due to frequent fires. The
1068:
1056:
973:
961:
825:
813:
640:
628:
511:
499:
38:
24:
1727:Ecoregions of the United States
1692:"Central U.S. hardwood forests"
1679:"Central U.S. hardwood forests"
1617:
1612:https://www.wku.edu/greenriver/
1605:
1594:
1583:
1558:
1547:
1522:
1511:
1489:
1440:The Natural Heritage of Indiana
1337:. University Press of Kentucky.
1304:General Technical Report NC-234
1149:has filled the understory with
1097:Birds of the woodlands include
910:), Gattinger's prairie clover (
431:Carya carolinae-septentrionalis
1752:Plant communities of Tennessee
1431:
1400:
1367:
1326:
1291:
1275:University of California Press
1:
1742:Plant communities of Kentucky
1244:
1238:Central U.S. hardwood forests
916:), and Tennessee milk-vetch (
1762:Forests of the United States
1737:Plant communities of Indiana
1732:Plant communities of Alabama
954:Cedars of Lebanon State Park
377:
81:Southern Great Lakes forests
7:
1696:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1442:. Indiana University Press.
1216:
1199:Edge of Appalachia Preserve
1185:of Tennessee and Kentucky;
1142:bottomland hardwood forests
985:
312:. It includes the Kentucky
96:Mississippi lowland forests
10:
1788:
1298:Fralish, James S. (2003).
1124:
940:), one-flower gladecress (
898:), limestone fame-flower (
702:), and cucumber magnolia (
652:
428:), and Carolina shagbark (
331:
275:Mammoth Cave National Park
260:
91:Southeastern mixed forests
1747:Plant communities of Ohio
1496:Campbell, Julian (1989).
1009:Cephalanthus occidentalis
946:), and poverty dropseed (
852:Silphium terebinthinaceum
714:) and umbrella magnolia (
271:humid continental climate
267:humid subtropical climate
227:
219:
214:
148:
138:
130:
125:
117:
109:
63:
51:
46:
37:
23:
18:
1614:WKU Green River Preserve
1438:Jackson, Marion (1997).
1392:Chester, Edward (2015).
1080:
919:Astragalus tennesseensis
904:), Nashville breadroot (
1455:Journal of Biogeography
1191:Yellowwood State Forest
1187:Hoosier National Forest
1045:) and swamp white oak (
949:Sporobolus vaginiflorus
928:), limestone skullcap (
901:Phemeranthus calcaricus
846:Schizachyrium scoparium
778:), and chinquapin oak (
687:Liriodendron tulipifera
582:Erianthus alopecuroides
558:Schizachyrium scoparium
550:Greater prairie chicken
467:Liquidambar styraciflua
410:), and pignut hickory (
31:Hoosier National Forest
1685:. World Wildlife Fund.
1683:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1624:Haag, Wendell (2012).
1602:The Nature Conservancy
1361:Plant Life of Kentucky
1107:Eastern gray squirrels
1105:while mammals include
1042:Fraxinus pennsylvanica
943:Leavenworthia uniflora
775:Fraxinus quadrangulata
760:), bitternut hickory (
591:), prairie cordgrass (
561:(little bluestem) and
101:Ozark Mountain forests
1772:Ecoregions of Indiana
1319:(cites definition by
1036:Schoenolirion croceum
1024:Parnassia grandifolia
895:Leavenworthia stylosa
744:Platanus occidentalis
711:Betula alleghaniensis
678:), northern red oak (
615:Arnold Air Force Base
588:Tripsacum dactyloides
564:Aristida purpurascens
440:) and Virginia pine (
398:), southern red oak (
239:Interior Low Plateaus
19:Interior Low Plateaus
994:Populus heterophylla
907:Pediomelum subacaule
883:Juniperus virginiana
855:) and blazing star (
781:Quercus muhlenbergii
597:), and many rushes (
579:), and plume grass (
425:Quercus muhlenbergii
350:Carboniferous Period
306:Appalachian Plateaus
1628:. pp. 102–103.
1359:Jones, Ron (2005).
1030:Xyris tennesseensis
931:Scutellaria parvula
787:Celtis occidentalis
696:), yellow buckeye (
620:Quercus marilandica
528:Prairie and Savanna
422:), Chinquapin oak (
369:Natural Communities
1015:Taxodium distichum
991:swamp cottonwood (
863:Adams Lake Prairie
838:Barrens and Glades
805:Fraxinus americana
802:), and white ash (
766:), Ohio buckleye (
717:Magnolia tripetala
705:Magnolia tripetala
684:), and tuliptree (
594:Spartina pectinata
576:Andropogon gerardi
570:Sorghastrum nutans
363:dissected plateaus
300:and into northern
1757:Flora of Illinois
1333:Jones, Ronald L.
1284:978-0-520-26256-0
997:) and red maple (
937:Viola egglestonii
934:), glade violet (
889:Cercis canadensis
871:Chaparral Prairie
796:), black walnut (
790:), black cherry (
763:Carya cordiformis
741:), and sycamore (
735:), silver maple (
669:Fagus grandifolia
573:), big bluestem (
470:), and blackgum (
461:Quercus palustris
419:Quercus shumardii
338:Ordovician period
269:in the south and
235:
234:
1779:
1703:
1686:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1652:. Archived from
1641:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1562:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1532:. Archived from
1526:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1413:. Archived from
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1272:
1262:
1135:fire suppression
1072:
1060:
977:
965:
925:Sedum pulchellum
913:Dalea gattingeri
829:
817:
738:Acer saccharinum
726:Celtis laevigata
693:Tsuga canadensis
644:
632:
538:Pennyroyal Plain
515:
503:
452:), overcup oak (
443:Pinus virginiana
407:Quercus velutina
389:Quercus stellata
346:Bluegrass region
42:
28:
16:
15:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1712:
1711:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1633:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1263:
1252:
1247:
1219:
1179:
1127:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1048:Quercus bicolor
988:
981:
978:
969:
966:
840:
833:
830:
821:
818:
793:Prunus serotina
769:Aesculus glabra
752:Inner Bluegrass
675:Tilia americana
655:
648:
645:
636:
633:
542:Nashville Basin
530:
523:
516:
507:
504:
473:Nyssa sylvatica
449:Quercus phellos
437:Quercus montana
401:Quercus falcata
380:
371:
342:Nashville Basin
334:
310:Tennessee River
263:
210:
157:
156:
105:
72:
71:
33:
12:
11:
5:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:on 2010-03-08.
1687:
1673:
1672:External links
1670:
1667:
1666:
1631:
1616:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1557:
1546:
1521:
1510:
1488:
1461:(5): 965–975.
1445:
1430:
1399:
1377:
1366:
1340:
1325:
1290:
1283:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1178:
1177:Protected Land
1175:
1167:garlic mustard
1126:
1123:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1055:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
972:
970:
967:
960:
886:) and redbud (
873:, and others.
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
824:
822:
819:
812:
757:Acer saccharum
699:Aesculus flava
663:Acer saccharum
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
639:
637:
634:
627:
603:) and sedges (
534:Mitchell Plain
529:
526:
525:
524:
517:
510:
508:
505:
498:
491:Symphyotrichum
488:), and aster (
482:), sunflower (
455:Quercus lyrata
404:), black oak (
392:), white oak (
379:
376:
370:
367:
333:
330:
262:
259:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
154:
153:
152:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:Mammal species
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
69:
68:
67:
65:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Geomorphology
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1656:on 2013-02-24
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1572:on 2017-07-13
1571:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1536:on 2017-10-13
1535:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1420:on 2016-12-27
1416:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1310:on 2012-02-18
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:Shawnee Hills
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:yellow poplar
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
976:
971:
964:
959:
958:
957:
955:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
828:
823:
816:
811:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
800:
799:Juglans nigra
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
776:
772:), blue ash (
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
758:
753:
748:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
733:
729:), boxelder (
728:
727:
721:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
681:Quercus rubra
677:
676:
672:), basswood (
671:
670:
665:
664:
658:
643:
638:
631:
626:
625:
624:
622:
621:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
521:
514:
509:
502:
497:
496:
495:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
468:
464:), sweetgum (
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
420:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
390:
384:
375:
366:
364:
359:
355:
354:Shawnee Hills
351:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
326:Shawnee Hills
323:
319:
318:Knobs regions
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:
240:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
151:
147:
144:
143:United States
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
17:
1700:the original
1695:
1682:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1649:
1625:
1619:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1560:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1524:
1513:
1504:
1491:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1402:
1393:
1369:
1360:
1334:
1328:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1303:
1293:
1268:
1209:in southern
1193:in southern
1180:
1139:
1128:
1096:
1084:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1005:
998:
992:
989:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
867:Lynx Prairie
856:
850:
844:
841:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
742:
736:
732:Acer negundo
730:
724:
722:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
659:
656:
618:
611:Ft. Campbell
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
554:
546:Highland Rim
531:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
458:), pin oak (
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
413:Carya glabra
411:
405:
399:
395:Quercus alba
393:
387:
385:
381:
372:
348:, up to the
335:
322:Highland Rim
296:and central
279:
264:
238:
236:
220:Habitat loss
215:Conservation
110:Bird species
1240:designation
1163:honeysuckle
1091:Green River
1000:Acer rubrum
191:Mississippi
1716:Categories
1660:2008-10-15
1576:2017-02-06
1540:2017-02-06
1507:: 231–246.
1424:2017-02-06
1314:2008-10-05
1245:References
1205:; and the
1147:succession
1087:Duck River
666:), beech (
485:Helianthus
358:till plain
1111:chipmunks
520:flatwoods
383:savanna.
378:Woodlands
314:Bluegrass
294:Tennessee
251:woodlands
244:temperate
228:Protected
186:Tennessee
126:Geography
1483:56359912
1475:30142885
1217:See also
1211:Illinois
1119:opossums
1115:raccoons
1103:tanagers
986:Wetlands
518:Wet oak
479:Solidago
324:and the
298:Kentucky
292:through
290:Illinois
255:prairies
206:Oklahoma
201:Arkansas
181:Kentucky
166:Illinois
161:Missouri
1195:Indiana
1125:Threats
858:Liatris
653:Forests
374:areas.
352:in the
340:in the
332:Geology
308:to the
302:Alabama
286:Indiana
261:Setting
247:forests
223:46.522%
196:Alabama
171:Indiana
139:Country
64:Borders
47:Ecology
1481:
1473:
1281:
1197:; the
1159:privet
1151:maples
1099:vireos
877:Glades
600:Juncus
320:, the
253:, and
149:States
1501:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1471:JSTOR
1418:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1323:1950)
1321:Braun
1171:kudzu
1081:Fauna
606:Carex
231:7.01%
53:Biome
1279:ISBN
1203:Ohio
1189:and
1169:and
1153:and
1117:and
1101:and
613:and
544:and
536:and
344:and
316:and
288:and
282:Ohio
237:The
176:Ohio
155:List
131:Area
70:List
1463:doi
1201:in
747:).
720:).
494:).
113:203
1718::
1694:.
1681:.
1648:.
1634:^
1503:.
1477:.
1469:.
1459:35
1457:.
1380:^
1343:^
1302:.
1277:.
1273:.
1253:^
1213:.
1173:.
1165:,
1161:,
1121:.
1113:,
1109:,
869:,
865:,
365:.
328:.
284:,
257:.
249:,
121:69
1663:.
1579:.
1543:.
1485:.
1465::
1427:.
1396:.
1317:.
1287:.
880:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
