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189:. Around 2010, the majority of the loyalist population was moved from the area and the barricades and police station have since been demolished. Further down the road the loyalist Lower Oldpark is divided from the republican Ardoyne by the area around Hillview Road and Rosapenna Street, with Manor Street split in half by a peace line. The Lower Oldpark area sees occasional sectarian clashes as a result.
146:(although a small section of Halliday's Road forms the edge of the New Lodge area and is divided from the rest of the road as a result). There have also been divisions around the Antrim Road between the Protestant Westland Road and the Catholic areas of the Cavehill Road known as "Little America", although there has been more co-operation between community groups aimed at decreasing tensions.
120:, a public amenity straddling both areas. Alexandra Park is believed to be the only park in western Europe to be divided by such a wall, effectively dividing the park between the two adjacent communities. The wall remains in place although a gate was added in 2011 permitting limited access from one side to the other.
332:
became worse and the peace lines grew rapidly in the
Protestant Fountain area bordering the Catholic Bishop Street. The heavily Protestant Waterside area borders the Catholic Dungiven road and it has multiple peace lines, and has been known as a violent area during The Troubles. There were many other
255:
and a huge upturn in violence in these areas most of the direct points of access were sealed by peace lines, generating pockets of urban voids marked by dereliction and abandonment. Low level violence and vandalism often occur at the points where the two areas come very close, notably where
Ainsworth
260:
that border the
Springfield Road and where republican Bombay Street and loyalist Cupar Way almost meet. More recently, on 7 April 2021, the gate at Lanark Way, a road connecting the Springfield Road to the Shankill Road, was the site of rioting in protest against the ‘Northern Ireland Protocol’ of
222:
marching towards the city centre across Ormeau Bridge and via the Lower Ormeau Road. The marches originated in
Ballynafeigh, which although a mixed area, contains an Orange Hall and a couple of Protestant enclaves, leading to a tradition of marches along the Ormeau Road. The Parades Commission has
176:
To the south of
Ardoyne there are a number of interface areas on the Oldpark Road. The Torrens area was a heavily fortified loyalist enclave on the road access onto which is severely restricted. Areas such as Wyndham Street and Oldpark Avenue that surround Torrens are mostly republican. During the
145:
claimed that republican housing was starting to encroach into Tiger's Bay. The
Limestone Road, which runs parallel to Duncairn Gardens, also provides a dividing line, with the Parkside and Newington areas being largely Irish nationalist and the Tiger's Bay and Halliday's Road area mainly unionist
64:, and can be identified at their perimeter by painted kerbs or flags, demarcating the territorial affiliation of the area. However, this is not always the case, so people not local to the area are not always aware of the existence of interface areas. They are sometimes the sites of
251:. Reports of rioting between the two communities go back to at least the 19th century and in the post-war years violence between the young people from both sides was common on the many streets that linked the two areas. Following the outbreak of
736:
341:
has attempted to tackle the tensions in these areas by embarking on a Shared City
Project that aims to bring together people from both communities through education and recreational activities. Harding Street in the city is divided by a fence.
308:
One of the main interface areas is between the
Fountain estate and Bishop Street in the cityside as well as several others including the Dungiven Road, Currynierin and Tullyally interface and Irish Street and Gobnascale in the
213:
Although not strictly an interface as the areas on each side of it are majority
Catholic according to the 2001 and 2011 censuses, Ormeau Bridge became the focus of clashes in the 1990s. Residents of the Lower
51:
residential areas meet. They have been defined as "the intersection of segregated and polarised working class residential zones, in areas with a strong link between territory and ethno-political identity".
200:
contains an interface area between the republican
Whitewell and loyalist White City areas. The Whitewell area, as well as neighbouring Catholic areas of Longlands and Arthur, also border on the loyalist
885:
720:
165:
of 2001 and 2002. The dividing line between the two areas is Alliance Avenue where the peace line has been since 1971. On its western edge Ardoyne borders on the
854:
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town. Violence broke out here in 2011 after loyalist youths had liaised with each other through social network sites in order to launch the disturbances.
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saw one of the deadliest expressions of the tensions in the area, although as recently as 2011 sustained violent clashes have broken out in the area.
256:
Avenue backs onto the Springfield Road, the points at which Kirk Street and Workman Avenue in the Woodvale area touch Springfield, the parts of the
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area. Clashes here date back to at least the early 1970s when local "defence associations" formed by loyalists became part of the wider
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forms a number of interface areas with neighbouring loyalist districts on the Albertbridge Road and the Newtownards Road. The 1970
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and Broadway, which are divided between the loyalist Village area and the republican St James's area by the roundabout where the
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The interface between the loyalist Corcrain Road and republican Obins Drive has been a regular scene of violence in the
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313:. In the early years of The Troubles, the Fountain estate almost directly bordered Bishop Street, which was a part of
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141:. Trouble in the area has been a regular feature with petrol bombs thrown in 2000 and 2001 after local UDA Brigadier
776:"Belfast's 'peace walls': How the politics and policy of 1969–1971 shaped the city's contemporary 'interface areas'"
447:"Belfast's 'peace walls': How the politics and policy of 1969–1971 shaped the city's contemporary 'interface areas'"
1985:
1863:
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Belfast’s ‘peace walls’: How the politics and policy of 1969-1971 shaped the city’s contemporary ‘interface areas.’
223:
determined that marches be prevented from crossing Ormeau Bridge in recent years, and tensions have since reduced.
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2006:
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in Torrens had been preparing to attack Ardoyne after local disturbances, although they were talked out of it by
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stands and the Stewartstown Road that divides the republican Lenadoon area from the loyalist Suffolk.
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387:(An archive of photos, maps, texts and links relating to Belfast's Peacelines & Interface Areas)
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North Belfast is home to a number of interface areas. One of the most famous is Holy Cross in the
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area and the loyalist Glenbryn estate, with this clash reaching its apex in the above mentioned
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Although east Belfast as a whole is largely Protestant in nature the republican enclave of the
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United in deprivation: Two torn communities starved of assistance: Whitewell and White City
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One of the deadliest interface areas in Northern Ireland was that between the loyalist
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374:. Edited by Bobic and Haghighi, Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group, New York).
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Gates in a "peace line" at Lanark Way, between the Shankill and Springfield Roads
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which was seen as such a flashpoint in 1994 that a three-metre high (10') '
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1964:
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The Routledge Handbook of Architecture, Urban Space and Politics, Volume I
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The Routledge Handbook of Architecture, Urban Space and Politics, Volume I
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Demography, Development and Disorder: Changing Patterns of Interface Areas
371:
16:
Area in Northern Ireland where nationalist and unionist neighborhoods meet
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215:
113:
105:
81:
61:
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Interface areas are sometimes bounded by the defensive barriers known as
26:
357:
The Routledge Handbook of Architecture, Urban Space and Politics, Vol I,
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321:
314:
153:
Entrance on Duncairn Gardens to the Catholic section of Halliday's Road
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DISCHARGE OF BATON ROUNDS AT CORCRAIN ESTATE AND EDGARSTOWN, PORTADOWN
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Further north another major flashpoint exists between the republican
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in 2001 and 2002. Another significant area is that between the lower
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158:
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93:
910:
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A major interface also exists at Duncairn Gardens between the
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633:
UDA - Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror Penguin Ireland
68:
violence, when they have become known as "flashpoints".
737:
Census 2011 Population Statistics for Ballynafeigh Ward
595:"'Peace wall' gate to open at Belfast's Alexandra Park"
808:"Northern Ireland's grand plan to tackle sectarianism"
1871:
Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC
861:Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland. 2001-07-12.
892:, Derry City Council, 1999. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
706:'Tensions high' after latest Oldpark Road attacks
419:. Institute for Conflict Research. Archived from
2258:
904:BBC News, 4 February 2002, Retrieved 2012-07-31.
840:Belfast violence flares again as police attacked
660:Kieran Hughes. Belfast Media Group. 2011-09-19.
337:but the two mentioned above were the largest.
926:
264:Other interfaces in west Belfast include the
130:area of the Antrim Road and the neighbouring
694:Under attack PSNI station to be disposed of
407:
933:
919:
670:Interface, Flashpoints in Northern Ireland
527:Interface: Flashpoints in Northern Ireland
622:Henry McDonald. The Guardian, 2011-09-16.
520:
518:
727:Barry McCaffrey. Irish News. 2005-06-14.
403:
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230:
148:
80:
20:
773:
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88:fence, viewed from the Antrim Road side
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1297:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
1075:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
751:BBC. 1999-07-05. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
515:
71:
914:
398:
261:the UK Brexit Withdrawal Agreement.
2057:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
871:Loyalists blamed for Portadown riot
573:"Rioting follows NI school dispute"
551:"Q&A: Tension in north Belfast"
501:"Calm call after interface trouble"
13:
2098:Social Democratic and Labour Party
2091:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
345:
55:
14:
2278:
749:Anger over Orange march route ban
680:Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald,
631:Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack,
479:"Fresh trouble at interface area"
378:
29:" along Cupar Way in West Belfast
2242:
2241:
1986:Irish Republican Socialist Party
1801:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting
940:
620:Belfast park opens door to peace
351:James O’Leary (28 October 2022)
208:
76:
2267:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
2007:Republican Socialist Collective
1794:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting
1044:Irish republican paramilitaries
902:New interface security measures
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1682:IRA attacks in the Netherlands
1437:Dublin & Monaghan bombings
1430:Ulster Workers' Council strike
1205:Ulster Volunteer Service Corps
1146:Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
658:The safest barbecue in Belfast
613:
587:
565:
543:
493:
471:
438:
1:
1717:Attack on Derryard checkpoint
696:newsletter.co.uk. 2010-10-11.
391:
173:, two mainly loyalist areas.
1766:Downing Street mortar attack
1731:South Armagh sniper campaign
1528:Jonesborough Gazelle downing
1226:Woodvale Defence Association
1191:Ulster Protestant Volunteers
739:NISRA. Retrieved 2013.06.16.
553:. BBC News. 3 September 2001
291:
7:
1374:Abercorn Restaurant bombing
1130:Direct Action Against Drugs
1110:Irish Revolutionary Brigade
1000:Ulster Special Constabulary
355:Chapter 13 (pp 203-219) in
328:and the end of Free Derry,
10:
2283:
2050:Progressive Unionist Party
1993:Communist Party of Ireland
1843:Downing Street Declaration
1500:Reavey and O'Dowd killings
1163:Ulster Defence Association
575:. BBC News. 9 January 2002
481:. BBC News. 16 August 2002
183:Progressive Unionist Party
139:Ulster Defence Association
2111:
2080:
2043:Democratic Unionist Party
2023:
1952:
1943:
1689:Aughanduff Lynx shootdown
1521:La Mon restaurant bombing
1353:Balmoral showroom bombing
1277:
1235:
1143:
1119:
1041:
1010:
996:Royal Ulster Constabulary
966:
957:
948:
829:Belfast Interface Project
810:. Bbc.co.uk. 28 July 2010
503:. BBC News. 13 March 2007
408:Neil Jarman (July 2004).
2000:Irish Independence Party
1955:Irish republican parties
1864:Crossmaglen Lynx downing
1668:Milltown Cemetery attack
1556:Republican hunger strike
1381:Beginning of direct rule
1246:Ulster Protestant Action
1184:Loyalist Volunteer Force
788:10.4324/9781003112464-16
529:. Belfast: Lagan Books.
459:10.4324/9781003112464-16
303:
100:, which was the site of
2213:Special Category Status
2071:Ulster Democratic Party
2026:Ulster loyalist parties
1696:Ballygawley bus bombing
1640:Remembrance Day bombing
1465:Miami Showband killings
1451:Birmingham pub bombings
1219:Protestant Action Force
1096:Republican Action Force
981:Ulster Defence Regiment
760:Cusack & McDonald,
684:, Poolbeg, 1997, p. 345
644:McDonald & Cusack,
1857:Loughinisland massacre
1654:Start of peace process
1598:Brighton hotel bombing
1444:Guildford pub bombings
1156:Ulster Volunteer Force
525:Heatley, Colm (2004).
286:Battle of St Matthew's
236:
179:Ulster Volunteer Force
154:
89:
36:is the name given in
30:
2036:Ulster Unionist Party
1927:Good Friday Agreement
1829:Shankill Road bombing
1745:Augher Lynx shootdown
1710:Deal barracks bombing
1619:Anglo-Irish Agreement
1486:Balcombe Street siege
1409:Sunningdale Agreement
959:State security forces
873:UTV News. 2011-07-16.
708:BBC News. 2010-06-29.
372:10.4324/9781003112464
234:
152:
84:
24:
2220:Shoot-to-kill policy
1979:Republican Sinn Féin
1913:Second IRA ceasefire
1570:Droppin Well bombing
1479:Tullyvallen massacre
1346:McGurk's Bar bombing
1253:Ulster Service Corps
842:BBC News. 2011-06-21
723:1 April 2012 at the
102:significant disputes
2129:Irish republicanism
1822:Bishopsgate bombing
1815:Warrington bombings
1612:Newry mortar attack
1339:Operation Demetrius
1212:Down Orange Welfare
988:Force Research Unit
883:Shared City Project
601:. 16 September 2011
333:interface areas in
243:and the republican
177:summer of 1996 the
72:Key interface areas
2199:Punishment attacks
1972:Official Sinn Féin
1892:Manchester bombing
1836:Greysteel massacre
1675:Corporals killings
1584:Maze Prison escape
1542:Warrenpoint ambush
1507:Kingsmill massacre
1472:Bayardo Bar attack
1402:Old Bailey bombing
1395:Operation Motorman
1198:Ulster Third Force
888:2013-04-26 at the
857:2011-12-14 at the
330:sectarian violence
326:Operation Motorman
237:
163:Holy Cross dispute
155:
90:
31:
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2064:UK Unionist Party
1945:Political parties
1885:Docklands bombing
1661:Operation Flavius
1423:M62 coach bombing
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1260:Orange Volunteers
1177:Ulster Resistance
1170:Red Hand Commando
1139:
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426:on 18 August 2007
385:Peacewall Archive
364:978-1-003-11246-4
249:Springfield roads
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56:Characteristics
40:to areas where
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1082:Continuity IRA
1078:
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1021:Defence Forces
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379:External links
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210:
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198:Whitewell Road
118:Alexandra Park
108:and the lower
86:Alexandra Park
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34:Interface area
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2082:Other parties
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1934:Omagh bombing
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536:1-904684-10-6
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298:County Armagh
289:
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266:Donegall Road
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241:Shankill Road
233:
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217:
209:South Belfast
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171:Woodvale Road
168:
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143:Jimbo Simpson
140:
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77:North Belfast
69:
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1325:Falls Curfew
1317:
1303:
1289:
1280:Major events
1061:Official IRA
977:British Army
950:Participants
942:The Troubles
897:
878:
866:
847:
835:
824:
812:. Retrieved
802:
791:, retrieved
779:
769:
761:
756:
744:
732:
713:
701:
689:
681:
676:
665:
653:
645:
640:
632:
627:
615:
603:. Retrieved
598:
589:
577:. Retrieved
567:
555:. Retrieved
545:
526:
505:. Retrieved
495:
483:. Retrieved
473:
462:, retrieved
450:
440:
428:. Retrieved
421:the original
411:
356:
307:
295:
282:Short Strand
279:
276:East Belfast
263:
253:the Troubles
238:
227:West Belfast
220:Orange Order
218:opposed the
212:
194:Newtownabbey
191:
175:
167:Crumlin Road
156:
122:
91:
59:
33:
32:
18:
2121:peace lines
2117:Segregation
270:Rise statue
216:Ormeau Road
185:politician
135:Tiger's Bay
106:Antrim Road
62:peace lines
45:nationalist
2164:Free Derry
1237:Vigilantes
1121:Vigilantes
793:26 January
605:26 January
464:26 January
392:References
322:no-go area
319:Republican
315:Free Derry
114:peace wall
110:Shore Road
42:segregated
27:peace line
1965:Sinn Féin
1724:1990–1997
1290:1967–1972
1103:Saor Éire
311:Waterside
292:Portadown
203:Rathcoole
128:New Lodge
66:sectarian
2261:Category
2247:Category
2206:Finances
2143:Unionism
1906:NI riots
1311:NI riots
1089:Real IRA
886:Archived
855:Archived
721:Archived
648:, p. 345
599:BBC News
579:23 March
557:23 March
205:estate.
192:Towards
96:area of
49:unionist
2192:Parades
1012:Ireland
814:10 June
764:, p. 20
507:9 March
485:9 March
430:9 March
159:Ardoyne
98:Belfast
94:Ardoyne
2185:Murals
533:
362:
2178:Flags
2171:Films
2014:Unity
424:(PDF)
417:(PDF)
335:Derry
304:Derry
245:Falls
25:The "
1920:1998
1899:1997
1878:1996
1850:1994
1808:1993
1780:1992
1759:1991
1738:1990
1703:1989
1647:1988
1626:1987
1605:1985
1591:1984
1577:1983
1563:1982
1549:1981
1535:1979
1514:1978
1493:1976
1458:1975
1416:1974
1360:1972
1332:1971
1318:1970
1304:1969
1068:INLA
816:2011
795:2023
607:2023
581:2009
559:2009
531:ISBN
509:2008
487:2008
466:2023
432:2008
360:ISBN
317:, a
247:and
196:the
169:and
47:and
784:doi
762:UVF
682:UVF
646:UDA
455:doi
368:doi
2263::
782:,
778:,
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786::
609:.
583:.
561:.
539:.
511:.
489:.
457::
434:.
414:"
410:"
370::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
