997:
542:, with the means to promote further development activity throughout Zaire, by attracting potential investors and overseas firms; however, there have been suggestions that well-placed officials in the Mobutu government may have accepted gratuities at various critical junctures during the construction phase. As the Republic became more indebted to overseas financial entities, the Inga–Shaba Project ultimately accounted for approximately 20% of the former Zaire's debt burden, the total amount of which was $ 5 billion at the time, according to a variety of credible sources.
1011:
421:
534:
The project was initially conceived as a US$ 250 million contract - but cost overruns, partly due to unanticipated armed conflict in Shaba
Province, pushed the final price up over US$ 1 billion, with unofficial estimates ranging as high as US$ 1.3 billion, inclusive of a comprehensive
972:
The line operated initially at only 10% of capacity. In the 1990s, prior to major social unrest, the line increased its power transmission to 200 MW, still considerably below design capacity. As of 2000, reliability had been poor with many thyristor failures at the inverter station. As of
492:' most important third world commitments of the 1970s and 1980s. However, construction progress was plagued by rebel insurgency in Southern Zaire, massive logistical challenges, large cost overruns, and financing delays.
1117:
Oliveira, H., Sintra, L., Lokala, J., Pembele, I.E., Lubini, I.E.., Goossen, P.V., Bhana, S., Operating experiences in the HVDC systems of the
Southern African power pool Cahora-Bassa: Apollo and Inga-Shaba,
1251:
938:, was designed to transmit 560 megawatts, in the first phase, at a symmetrical bipolar voltage of ±500 kilovolts. Although not the first 500 kV HVDC project in operation (the ±533 kV
946:
per pole. Consequently, its thyristor valves were the highest-rated in the world (in terms of voltage) at the time and remained so until the completion, in 2007, of the ±450 kV, single-converter
267:
187:
227:
147:
67:
882:
and designed as linear ground electrode with a resistance of 0.24 ohm, while the electrode of
Kolwezi static inverter plant, which is situated 11 kilometres away from the station at
797:
709:
753:
665:
621:
561:
107:
885:
1216:
845:
969:. Because the line runs through relatively inaccessible terrain, an unusually broad right-of-way was cleared, at considerable expense, to ensure tower integrity.
1226:
519:, a Brussels newspaper, that Tractionel, a Belgian electrical contractor, had argued that more economical alternatives were available nearer Shaba, using
539:
336:
1241:
1119:
1101:
1052:
1221:
523:, but had been overlooked in favor of the American consortium, consisting of Morrison-Knudsen International as a prime contractor, and Swedish
524:
473:
355:
974:
1217:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280245190_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_THE_INGA-SHABA_EXTRA_HIGH_VOLTAGE_DC_TRANSMISSION_LINE_PROJECT
1002:
1172:
950:
scheme. The thyristor valves for Inga Shaba had 258 thyristors in series in each valve and were air-insulated and air-cooled.
957:
transmission line in service until 2010, when it was overtaken by the 2071 km, ±800 kV, 6400 MW HVDC link from
1256:
985:
was awarded a contract to refurbish and modernise the converter equipment. This upgrade is due to be completed in 2013.
1211:
1105:
1148:
1123:
1246:
1055:
469:
351:
60:
1199:
1194:
551:
453:
53:
1029:
449:
445:
1189:
17:
842:
The electrode for the Inga static inverter plant is situated 39 kilometres away from the station at
943:
1100:
Skog, J.E., van Asten, H., Worzyk, T., Andersrød, T., Norned – World’s longest power cable,
550:
The ten-year project entailed design and construction of a 1,700-kilometre (1,100 mi)
520:
477:
8:
939:
942:
scheme having been completed in 1977) it was the first such scheme to use only a single
1184:
480:
900 million. The scheme was, for many years, the longest HVDC line in the world.
465:
321:
1144:
978:
515:, then Shaba, province, but never actually exercised this option. It was reported in
1079:
615:
528:
512:
508:
359:
922:
is designed as three-legged ground star electrode with a resistance of 0.14 ohm.
1024:
538:
Construction of the Inga–Shaba
Project provided the Ministry of Energy and the
1235:
1016:
981:, approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) northeast of Kinshasa. In 2009
901:
887:
861:
847:
813:
799:
769:
755:
725:
711:
681:
667:
637:
623:
611:
607:
577:
563:
489:
283:
269:
243:
229:
203:
189:
163:
149:
123:
109:
83:
69:
472:, an American engineering company, with the converter equipment supplied by
599:
461:
958:
511:
was theoretically able to control the flow of power to secession-prone
1252:
Electric power infrastructure in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
982:
931:
1175:
962:
603:
500:
496:
457:
311:
420:
1010:
791:
703:
947:
747:
659:
966:
504:
39:
Route of the Inga–Shaba EHVDC in
Democratic Republic of Congo
954:
935:
618:. It featured switching stations at Selo (near Kinshasa) (
555:
1157:
The Congo from
Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
992:
1141:Endless Enemies: The Making of an Unfriendly World
476:. Construction was completed in 1982 and it cost
1233:
495:By utilizing the hydroelectric potential of the
499:and by constructing one switching station near
434:The Inga–Shaba Extra High Voltage D.C. Intertie
973:2010, the line was still functional as far as
444:) is a 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi)-long
1227:CIGRÉ SC B4 Compendium of HVDC schemes, 2005
1222:CIGRÉ SC B4 Compendium of HVDC schemes, 2005
1047:
1045:
930:This scheme, equipped from the outset with
488:The Inga–Shaba HVDC represented one of the
1212:ABB HVDC Reference Projects – Inga Kolwezi
1042:
934:valves provided by Swedish subcontractor
419:
1242:Energy infrastructure completed in 1982
1003:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
14:
1234:
540:Société nationale d'électricité (SNEL)
424:Single Line Diagram of Inga-Shaba HVDC
337:Société nationale d'électricité (SNEL)
535:Operations and Maintenance Contract.
790:), prior to delivering power to the
468:. It was primarily constructed by
527:, Italian Sadelmi-Cogepi and Irish
24:
614:region then known as Shaba, today
25:
1268:
1162:
1091:Technical Reports, MKI, 1975-1985
1068:U.S. State Department, Zaire Desk
1009:
995:
606:, one of Africa's three largest
27:Electric power transmission line
1133:
1082:, G., 2002, and Kwitny, J.,1984
1159:. New York: Zed Books, 2002.
1111:
1094:
1085:
1073:
1061:
470:Morrison-Knudsen International
352:Morrison-Knudsen International
13:
1:
1035:
925:
837:
398:1,700 km (1,100 mi)
1257:1982 establishments in Zaire
1155:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges.
1051:Compendium of HVDC schemes,
552:electrical transmission line
454:Democratic Republic of Congo
54:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
1200:GPX (secondary coordinates)
1030:High-voltage direct current
988:
953:Inga Shaba was the longest
503:at Selo, the Government of
450:electric power transmission
446:high-voltage direct current
10:
1273:
1056:Technical Brochure No. 003
610:complexes, to the distant
483:
458:Inga hydroelectric complex
312:Inga hydroelectric complex
1195:GPX (primary coordinates)
1170:Map all coordinates using
825:Kolwezi Converter station
737:Kananga Switching Station
521:low-head generator plants
430:Inga–Shaba EHVDC Intertie
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
373:
365:
347:
342:
332:
327:
317:
307:
295:Kolwezi Converter Station
215:Kananga Switching Station
59:
49:
44:
37:
32:
1178:Download coordinates as:
781:Kamina Switching Station
693:Kikwit Switching Station
602:, specifically from the
545:
440:and also referred to as
358:, Sadelmi-Cogepi, Irish
343:Construction information
255:Kamina Switching Station
175:Kikwit Switching Station
1247:HVDC transmission lines
1124:paper reference 14-111
1122:session, Paris, 2000,
1106:paper reference B1-106
1104:session, Paris, 2010,
649:Selo Switching Station
598:) at the mouth of the
589:Inga Converter station
425:
135:Selo Switching Station
95:Inga Converter Station
1190:GPX (all coordinates)
902:10.60750°S 25.53889°E
814:10.65750°S 25.45222°E
464:to mineral fields in
423:
374:Technical information
328:Ownership information
284:10.65750°S 25.45222°E
862:5.33500°S 13.65583°E
770:8.74528°S 24.87500°E
726:5.99056°S 22.44778°E
682:5.11083°S 18.78500°E
638:4.71194°S 15.29472°E
578:5.52417°S 13.61083°E
531:as sub-contractors.
460:at the mouth of the
244:8.74528°S 24.87500°E
204:5.99056°S 22.44778°E
164:5.11083°S 18.78500°E
124:4.71194°S 15.29472°E
84:5.52417°S 13.61083°E
944:twelve-pulse bridge
907:-10.60750; 25.53889
897: /
857: /
819:-10.65750; 25.45222
809: /
765: /
721: /
677: /
633: /
573: /
289:-10.65750; 25.45222
279: /
239: /
199: /
159: /
119: /
79: /
1058:, 1987, pp136-141.
867:-5.33500; 13.65583
775:-8.74528; 24.87500
731:-5.99056; 22.44778
687:-5.11083; 18.78500
643:-4.71194; 15.29472
583:-5.52417; 13.61083
426:
249:-8.74528; 24.87500
209:-5.99056; 22.44778
169:-5.11083; 18.78500
129:-4.71194; 15.29472
89:-5.52417; 13.61083
1139:Kwitny, Jonathan
979:Bandundu province
977:, the capital of
794:Inverter Station(
517:La Libre Belgique
418:
417:
16:(Redirected from
1264:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:Nzongola-Ntalaja
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
921:
920:
918:
917:
916:
914:
909:
908:
903:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
881:
880:
878:
877:
876:
874:
869:
868:
863:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
833:
832:
830:
829:
828:
826:
821:
820:
815:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
782:
777:
776:
771:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
745:
744:
742:
741:
740:
738:
733:
732:
727:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
701:
700:
698:
697:
696:
694:
689:
688:
683:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
650:
645:
644:
639:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
597:
596:
594:
593:
592:
590:
585:
584:
579:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
509:Mobutu Sese Seko
303:
302:
300:
299:
298:
296:
291:
290:
285:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
263:
262:
260:
259:
258:
256:
251:
250:
245:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
216:
211:
210:
205:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
183:
182:
180:
179:
178:
176:
171:
170:
165:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
136:
131:
130:
125:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
96:
91:
90:
85:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
33:Inga–Shaba EHVDC
30:
29:
21:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1232:
1231:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1165:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1015:
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
928:
912:
910:
906:
904:
900:
899:
896:
891:
888:
886:
884:
883:
872:
870:
866:
864:
860:
859:
856:
851:
848:
846:
844:
843:
840:
824:
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:
808:
803:
800:
798:
796:
795:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
767:
764:
759:
756:
754:
752:
751:
736:
734:
730:
728:
724:
723:
720:
715:
712:
710:
708:
707:
692:
690:
686:
684:
680:
679:
676:
671:
668:
666:
664:
663:
648:
646:
642:
640:
636:
635:
632:
627:
624:
622:
620:
619:
588:
586:
582:
580:
576:
575:
572:
567:
564:
562:
560:
559:
548:
486:
466:Shaba (Katanga)
387:Type of current
322:Shaba (Katanga)
294:
292:
288:
286:
282:
281:
278:
273:
270:
268:
266:
265:
264:
254:
252:
248:
246:
242:
241:
238:
233:
230:
228:
226:
225:
224:
214:
212:
208:
206:
202:
201:
198:
193:
190:
188:
186:
185:
184:
174:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
144:
134:
132:
128:
126:
122:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
104:
94:
92:
88:
86:
82:
81:
78:
73:
70:
68:
66:
65:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:External links
1161:
1153:
1152:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1110:
1093:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1025:Grand Inga Dam
1021:
1020:
1006:
990:
987:
927:
924:
913:Inga electrode
873:Inga electrode
839:
836:
547:
544:
485:
482:
456:, linking the
416:
415:
414:+/-500 kV
412:
408:
407:
404:
400:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
349:
345:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
63:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:OpenStreetMap
1171:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1149:0-14-008093-7
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:Energy portal
1012:
1007:
1004:
993:
986:
984:
980:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
923:
919:
879:
835:
831:
793:
787:
749:
743:
705:
699:
661:
655:
617:
613:
612:copper mining
609:
608:hydroelectric
605:
601:
595:
557:
553:
543:
541:
536:
532:
530:
529:GE subsidiary
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
490:United States
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:(officially:
431:
422:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:overhead line
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
361:
360:GE subsidiary
357:
353:
350:
346:
341:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
301:
261:
221:
181:
141:
101:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1134:Bibliography
1113:
1096:
1087:
1075:
1070:, circa 1985
1067:
1063:
971:
952:
940:Cahora Bassa
929:
841:
549:
537:
533:
516:
494:
487:
452:line in the
442:Inga–Kolwezi
441:
437:
436:; nickname:
433:
429:
427:
403:Power rating
395:Total length
366:Commissioned
905: /
865: /
817: /
773: /
729: /
685: /
641: /
600:Congo River
581: /
462:Congo River
406:560 MW
348:Contractors
287: /
247: /
207: /
167: /
127: /
87: /
61:Coordinates
1236:Categories
1036:References
959:Xiangjiaba
926:Technology
911: (
892:25°32′20″E
889:10°36′27″S
871: (
852:13°39′21″E
838:Electrodes
823: (
804:25°27′08″E
801:10°39′27″S
779: (
760:24°52′30″E
757:08°44′43″S
735: (
716:22°26′52″E
713:05°59′26″S
691: (
672:18°47′06″E
669:05°06′39″S
647: (
628:15°17′41″E
625:04°42′43″S
587: (
568:13°36′39″E
565:05°31′27″S
438:Inga–Shaba
411:DC voltage
293: (
274:25°27′08″E
271:10°39′27″S
253: (
234:24°52′30″E
231:08°44′43″S
213: (
194:22°26′52″E
191:05°59′26″S
173: (
154:18°47′06″E
151:05°06′39″S
133: (
114:15°17′41″E
111:04°42′43″S
93: (
74:13°36′39″E
71:05°31′27″S
18:Inga-Shaba
932:thyristor
448:overhead
989:See also
975:Bandundu
963:Shanghai
849:5°20′6″S
604:Inga Dam
501:Kinshasa
497:Inga Dam
333:Operator
45:Location
1143:(1984;
961:Dam to
792:Kolwezi
704:Kananga
616:Katanga
513:Katanga
484:History
50:Country
1147:
948:NorNed
748:Kamina
746:) and
660:Kikwit
507:under
1120:CIGRÉ
1102:CIGRÉ
1053:CIGRÉ
967:China
554:from
546:Route
505:Zaire
1145:ISBN
955:HVDC
936:ASEA
556:Inga
525:ASEA
478:US$
474:ASEA
428:The
390:HVDC
379:Type
369:1982
356:ASEA
308:From
1185:KML
983:ABB
965:in
834:).
702:),
658:),
1238::
1044:^
354:,
318:To
1151:)
1126:.
1108:.
915:)
875:)
827:)
783:)
750:(
739:)
706:(
695:)
662:(
651:)
591:)
558:(
297:)
257:)
217:)
177:)
137:)
97:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
