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infants, toddlers, and their relationships with their caregivers when suffering and dysfunction reach a level suggestive of psychopathology that requires intervention. Both Zero to Three and WAIMH cite empirical research in advocating the assessment and treatment of psychiatric issues in pre-verbal children. Several states have infant mental health organizations affiliated with WAIMH and Zero to Three.
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and 1970s. The vast literature that has emerged since the field's origins has been reviewed in several key texts. Basic principles of infant mental health evaluation and treatment involve consideration of at least three patients: parent(s), child, and their relationship, while keeping in mind the rapid and formative development of the brain and mind in the first years of life.
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to help the parents engage with their infants and toddlers and to better understand the unresolved losses from their past in order to be more emotionally available to them. One chief goal of infant mental health intervention is to attain a more satisfying relationship between the parent(s) and infant/toddler as well as greater attachment security.
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in Great
Britain, infant mental health as a movement of public health policy, empirical research (i.e. baby-watching), and change in clinical practice paralleled both that of the women's movement and of increased awareness of the prevalence and consequences of child abuse and neglect during the 1960s
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and her article "Ghosts in the
Nursery" among other key figures. Infant mental health practitioners provide relationship-focused interventions to parents, foster parents, and other primary caregivers together with their infants and toddlers. Support and mental health care when indicated is offered
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Worldwide, the World
Association for Infant Mental Health (WAIMH) and its affiliates are active in addressing infant mental health concerns, and work toward ongoing scientific and clinical study of the infant's development and its impact on later development. The WAIMH organizes a world congress in
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also plays an important role in research and advocacy for infants and toddlers. Zero to Three was responsible for creating the
Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 (DC:0-3), the revised version (DC:0-3R), and in 2016 the DC:0-5 that allows mental health professionals to give a mental health diagnosis to
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Fraiberg S, Adelson E, & Shapiro V (1975). Ghosts in the
Nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant- mother relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 13, 387-421
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may also be considered part of the infant mental health picture. While the interest in the mental life of infants in the context of their early relationships can be traced back to the work of
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Zeanah CH, Anders TF, Seifer R, Stern DN (1989). Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice. J Am Acad Child
Adolesc Psychiatry. 28(5):657-68.
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Zero-to-Three: National Center for
Infants, Toddlers, and Families (2005). Diagnostic Classification: 0-3 Revised (DC:0-3R). Washington, D.C.: Zero-to-Three Press, Inc.
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These organizations publish newsletters, journals, and organize conferences and training events for individuals working with young children and their families.
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Osofsky JD, Fitzgerald HD (1999). WAIMH Handbook of Infant Mental Health: Perspectives on Infant Mental Health. New York: Wiley, Inc.
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Lieberman AF, Weston DR, Pawl JH (1991). Preventive intervention and outcome with anxiously attached dyads.Child Dev. 62(1):199-209.
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Steele BF (1986). Notes on the lasting effects of early child abuse throughout the life cycle. Child Abuse Negl. 10(3):283-91.
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Call JD, Galenson E, Tyson RL (1985). Frontiers of Infant
Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
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Zeanah CH (2012). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd
Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc.
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Infant mental health most often implies interdisciplinary practice that began with the work of
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345:"Making it Happen: Overcoming Barriers to Providing Infant-Early Childhood Mental Health"
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development of infants and their families in the first three years of life.
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Punamäki, Raija-Leena; Qouta, Samir R.; Peltonen, Kirsi (2017).
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Williams, Robin C.; Biscaro, Anne; Clinton, Jean (August 2019).
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Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
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