338:"rowing ergometer" was the Model A, a fixed-frame sliding-seat design using a bicycle wheel with fins attached for air resistance. The Model B, introduced in 1986, introduced a solid cast flywheel and the first digital performance monitor, which proved revolutionary. This machine's capability of accurate calibration combined with easy transportability spawned the sport of competitive indoor rowing, and revolutionised training and selection procedures for watercraft rowing. Later models were the C (1993) and D (2003).
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torso is then engaged by pivoting at the hips to move the torso in front of the hips. Weight transfers from the back of the seat to the front of the seat at this time. When the hands come over the knees, the legs are bent at the knees, moving the slide towards the front of the machine. As the back becomes more parallel to the thighs, the recovery is completed when the shins are perpendicular to the ground. At this point the recovery transitions to the catch for the next stroke.
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563:, in February 1982 with participation of 96 on-water rowers who called themselves the "Charles River Association of Sculling Has-Beens", hence the acronym, "CRASH-B". The core events for indoor rowing competitions that are currently competed in at the World Rowing Indoor Championships are the individual 500m, individual 2000m, individual 1 hour, and 3-minute teams event. Events at other indoor rowing competitions include the mile and the 2500-meter.
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359:. Indoor rowers that utilise flywheel resistance can be categorised into two motion types. In both types, the rowing movement of the user causes the footrests and the seat to move further and closer apart in co-ordination with the user's stroke. The difference between the two types is in the movement, or absence of movement, of the footrests relative to ground.
448:
Sometimes, slides are placed underneath the machine, which allows the machine to move back and forth smoothly as if there were water beneath the rower. The slides can be connected in rows or columns so that rowers are forced to move together on the ergometer, similarly to the way they would match up
550:
The recovery is a slow slide back to the initial part of the stroke, it gives the rower time to recover from the previous stroke. During the recovery the actions are in reverse order of the drive. The recovery is initiated by the extensions of the arms until fully extended in front of the body. The
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Rowing on an ergometer requires four basic phases to complete one stroke; the catch, the drive, the finish and the recovery. The catch is the initial part of the stroke. The drive is where the power from the rower is generated while the finish is the final part of the stroke. Then, the recovery is
366:
The second type is characterised by the Rekers device. With this type, both the seat and the footrests are free to slide fore and aft on a rail or rails integral to a stationary frame. Therefore, during use, the seat and the footrests move relative to each other, and both also move relative to
362:
The first type is characterised by the
Dreissigacker/Williams device. With this type the flywheel and footrests are fixed to a stationary frame, and the seat is free to slide fore and aft on a rail or rails integral to the stationary frame. Therefore, during use, the seat moves relative to the
341:
In 1995, Casper Rekers, a Dutch engineer, was granted a U.S. patent for a (US 5382210A) "Dynamically
Balanced Rowing Simulator". This device differed from the prior art in that the flywheel and footrests are fixed to a carriage, the carriage being free to slide fore and aft on a rail or rails
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Although ergometer tests are used by rowing coaches to evaluate rowers and are part of athlete selection for many senior and junior national rowing teams, data suggests that "physiological and performance tests performed on a rowing ergometer are not good indicators of on-water performance".
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Early rowing machines are known to have existed from the mid-1800s, a US patent being issued to W.B. Curtis in 1872 for a particular hydraulic-based damper design. Machines using linear pneumatic resistance were common around 1900—one of the most popular was the
Narragansett hydraulic rower,
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to begin the motion of the body levering backward, adding to the work of the legs. When the legs are fully extended, the rower begins to pull the handle toward the chest with their arms, completing the stroke with the handle half way up the body and the forearms parallel to the ground.
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The legs are at full extension and flat. The shoulders are slightly behind the pelvis, and the arms are in full contraction with the elbows bent and hands against the chest below the nipples. The back of the rower is still maintained in an upright posture and wrists should be flat.
303:, an Athenian admiral of the 4th century BC, introduced the first rowing machines as supplemental military training devices. "To train inexperienced oarsmen, Chabrias built wooden rowing frames onshore where beginners could learn technique and timing before they went onboard ship."
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The standard measurement of speed on an ergometer is generally known as the "split", or the amount of time in minutes and seconds required to travel 500 metres (1,600 ft) at the current pace. Other standard measurement units on the indoor rowing machine include
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Knees are bent with the shins in a vertical position. The back should be roughly parallel to the thigh without hyperflexion (leaning forward too far). The arms and shoulders should be extended forward and relaxed. The arms should be level.
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the initial phase to begin taking a new stroke. The phases repeat until a time duration or a distance is completed. At each stage of the stroke the back should remain in a neutral, flat position, pivoting at the hips to avoid injury.
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The drive is initiated by a push and extension of the legs; the body remains in the catch posture at this point of the drive. As the legs continue to full extension, the hip angle opens and the rower engages the
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used a friction brake mechanism with industrial strapping applied over the broad rim of the flywheel. Weights hanging from the strap ensured that an adjustable and predictable friction could be calculated.
334:. In 1981, Peter and Richard Dreissigacker, and Jonathan Williams, filed for U.S. patent protection, as joint inventors of a "Stationary Rowing Unit". The first commercial embodiment of the
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Some standard indoor rower ergometer tests include: 250 m ergometer test, 2000 m ergometer test, 5 km ergometer test, 16 km ergometer test and the 30-minute ergometer test.
292:). Indoor rowing has become established as a sport, drawing a competitive environment from around the world. The term "indoor rower" also refers to a participant in this sport.
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peak. Indoor rowing primarily works the cardiovascular systems with typical workouts consisting of steady pieces of 20–40 minutes.
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footrests and also relative to ground, while the flywheel and footrests remain stationary relative to ground.
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integral to the frame. The seat is also free to slide fore and aft on a rail or rails integral to the frame.
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models use vanes on the flywheel to provide the flywheel braking needed to generate resistance.
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1009:"Physiological and Performance Effects of Low- versus Mixed-Intensity Rowing Training"
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Krishna Prasad, S; Megharaja, M; Abhishek, M; Chandan, S; Prashanth, N (August 2018).
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Most competitions are organised into categories based on sex, age, and weight class.
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1241:"2021 WORLD ROWING INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS, PRESENTED BY CONCEPT2 COMPETITION SCHEDULE"
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932:"Types of Rowing Machines - Advantages and Disadvantages of Resistance Mechanisms"
646:"Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy"
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Ingham, Stephen; Carter, Helen; Whyte, Gregory; Doust, Jonathan (March 2008).
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Gee, Thomas; Ohlsen, Peter; Golby, Jim; Thompson, Kevin (March 2011).
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Indoor rowers usually also display estimates of rowing boat speed and
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Gjessing-Nilson rowing ergometer, showing helical pulley and flywheel
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94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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models consist of a paddle revolving in an enclosed tank of water.
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International
Journal of Engineering Science and Computing
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1198:"Understanding Rowing Technique: Catch, Drive and Finish"
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Modern indoor rowers have their resistance provided by a
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that are attached to the handles of the rowing machine.
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844:"Design and Fabrication of Rowing Human Powered Car"
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manufactured in Rhode Island from around 1900–1960.
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1407:List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics
1107:The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
1075:"How to Use Your PM3 - Viewing Calories or Watts"
473:, which has been observed to improve athletes' VO
318:In the 1970s, the Gjessing-Nilson ergometer from
288:performed by the rower (which can be measured in
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559:The first indoor rowing competition was held in
1213:"How To Use A Rowing Machine - Beginners Guide"
1103:"Strength and Conditioning Practises in Rowing"
1013:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
901:"Exercise Bikes and Their Types of Resistance"
714:"SynergyAIR CVT and air displacement dynamics"
264:, is a machine used to simulate the action of
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16:Exercise machine simulating watercraft rowing
1057:"How to Use Your PM3 - Understanding Splits"
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268:for the purpose of exercise or training for
1091:Ed McNeely, The Sport Journal, Jan. 2, 2012
992:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
744:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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330:ergometers were introduced around 1980 by
272:. Modern indoor rowers are often known as
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230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
936:Rowing Machine Reviews & User Guides
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150:adding citations to reliable sources
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1336:Head of the River (New South Wales)
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1326:Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)
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1211:Norris, Taylor (1 February 2022).
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789:Rekers, Casper (17 January 1995).
596:List of world best times in rowing
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958:"Air Vs. Magnetic Rowing Machine"
876:"Rowing Machine Resistance Types"
791:"United States Patent US5382210A"
684:"The History of the Indoor Rower"
617:"Rowing Australia - About Events"
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1184:"The Catch in Rowing Technique"
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1341:Head of the River (Victoria)
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1026:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31815ecc6a
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905:www.indoortrainingbikes.com
880:Rowing Machine Reviews 2017
662:The Independent Rowing News
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1893:School and university oars
1751:World Junior Championships
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386:Braked flywheel resistance
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1158:"Indoor Rowing Technique"
699:"Tim Koch on Land Rowing"
615:Rowing Australia (2021).
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1868:Glossary of rowing terms
561:Cambridge, Massachusetts
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449:their rhythm in a boat.
432:Rower is a professional
1756:World U23 Championships
1182:Caroe, Rebecca (2018).
956:Emerson, Heather M. J.
284:) because they measure
1761:European Championships
1682:Head of the Schuylkill
1463:Henley Women's Regatta
1453:Head of the River Race
732:"Model B Indoor Rower"
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764:www.rowinghistory.net
630:World Rowing (2021).
456:used by the athlete.
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1687:Poughkeepsie Regatta
1523:Henley Royal Regatta
1376:Rowing Canada Aviron
1316:Rowing Championships
930:Palmer, Roy (2021).
591:Row (weight-lifting)
146:improve this article
1766:Asian Championships
1741:World Championships
818:Mao, Helen (2021).
760:"RowHist-Equipment"
537:Finish (or release)
404:Magnetic resistance
400:resistance rowers.
380:hydraulic cylinders
1956:Exercise equipment
1786:Commonwealth Games
1776:Pan American Games
1601:Princess Elizabeth
1478:Scottish Boat Race
1417:Rowing New Zealand
1400:New Zealand rowing
1250:. 19 February 2021
978:Concept 2 (2021).
730:Concept 2 (2021).
697:Koch, Tim (2011).
665:, 22 February 2002
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1508:Women's Boat Race
1493:University rowing
1458:Henley Boat Races
1391:Head of the Trent
1321:Head of the River
1304:Australian rowing
980:"Rowergs - Slide"
820:"The Best Rowing"
434:fitness equipment
408:permanent magnets
376:Piston resistance
266:watercraft rowing
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1736:Paralympic Games
1677:Head of the Ohio
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262:rowing machine
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202:February 2019
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163: –
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157:Find sources:
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135:This article
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100:February 2019
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1827:Racing shell
1812:Indoor rower
1811:
1722:World Rowing
1657:Harvard–Yale
1541:Queen Mother
1498:Welsh Rowing
1252:. Retrieved
1248:World Rowing
1247:
1222:15 September
1220:. Retrieved
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1165:. Retrieved
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801:. Retrieved
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772:. Retrieved
768:the original
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258:indoor rower
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144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1847:Rowing tank
1817:Lightweight
1771:Universiade
910:9 September
586:Rowing tank
440:intervals.
378:comes from
371:Damper type
351:Motion type
1945:Categories
1802:Bumps race
1331:King's Cup
1217:LIT Method
669:3 February
602:References
326:The first
274:ergometers
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
1873:Club oars
1630:US rowing
1586:Britannia
1566:Visitors'
1536:Stewards'
1431:UK rowing
1412:Maadi Cup
1137:207503192
1079:Concept 2
1061:Concept 2
505:Technique
346:Equipment
88:verifying
45:talk page
1917:Category
1832:Sculling
1647:Dad Vail
1611:Remenham
1129:21311351
1043:44811917
1035:18379224
988:cite web
963:7 August
941:10 April
885:7 August
740:cite web
570:See also
546:Recovery
483:calories
465:Exercise
390:magnetic
367:ground.
357:flywheel
336:Concept2
301:Chabrias
250:Concept2
248:Several
1929:Commons
1852:Women's
1807:Coastal
1702:NCAA D1
1642:CRASH-B
1561:Ladies'
1556:Diamond
1254:8 April
1167:8 April
803:8 April
576:Rowbike
493:Testing
296:History
186:scholar
82:Please
1724:events
1606:Fawley
1591:Temple
1581:Wyfold
1576:Thames
1297:Rowing
1135:
1127:
1041:
1033:
774:15 May
581:Rowing
454:energy
444:Slides
396:, and
320:Norway
270:rowing
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
1861:Lists
1842:Sweep
1692:SRAAA
1531:Grand
1244:(PDF)
1133:S2CID
1039:S2CID
847:(PDF)
794:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
555:Sport
523:Drive
514:Catch
487:watts
398:water
332:Repco
260:, or
193:JSTOR
179:books
1822:Para
1712:ACRA
1662:HOCR
1256:2021
1224:2022
1169:2021
1125:PMID
1031:PMID
994:link
965:2017
943:2021
912:2021
887:2017
805:2021
776:2017
746:link
671:2012
530:core
485:and
438:HIIT
290:ergs
286:work
282:ergo
165:news
1707:IRA
1115:doi
1021:doi
460:Use
410:or
394:air
280:or
278:erg
256:An
148:by
86:by
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