Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948

4962:. A front line was stabilised which ran south from the Indian controlled Poonch salient, passed just west of Naoshera (which remained in Indian hands), and reached the old Punjab border (now that of Pakistan) a few miles to the west of the Chenab River. The Jammu & Kashmir State town garrisons to the west of this line were unable to hold out against Azad Kashmiri siege, many falling during the course of November 1947. The extreme south of this sector was really an extension of the Punjab plains; and here fighting could take place on a surprisingly large scale, so that in successive Indo-Pakistani Wars this was to be the scene of great clashes of armour and the use of tactical air power, at times of a magnitude which would have aroused notice in World War II 416: 330: 1074: 232: 1854: 449: 438: 363: 352: 1807: 403: 394: 385: 178: 427: 60: 4973:. There would, of course, be much fighting in the future. 1948 saw both the epic struggle for Poonch and, later in the year, the Indian victories at the Zoji La and Kargil which achieved control over the Leh-Srinagar road and not only gave India Possession of the Ladakhi capital but also access to the desolate Tibetan borderlands without which the Sino-Indian conflict of the late 1950s would certainly have assumed a rather different form. By the beginning of 1948, however, astute observers could well have concluded that some kind of partition. 1200: 8710: 218: 1587:, over 60,000 men from Poonch and Mirpur districts enrolled in the British Indian Army. After the war, they were discharged with arms, which is said to have alarmed the Maharaja. In June, Poonchis launched a 'No Tax' campaign. In July, the Maharaja ordered that all the soldiers in the region be disarmed. The absence of employment prospects coupled with high taxation drove the Poonchis to rebellion. The "gathering head of steam", states scholar Srinath Raghavan, was utilised by the local Muslim Conference led by 460: 958: 205: 7613: 165: 1648: 264: 2520:, the then Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army. It was addressed to Kalkat's commanding officer Brig. C. P. Murray, who happened to be away at another post. The Pakistani officials suspected Kalkat and placed him under house arrest. He escaped and made his way to New Delhi on 18 October. However, the Indian military authorities and defence minister did not believe his information. He was recalled and debriefed on 24 October after the tribal invasion of Kashmir had started. 7600: 288: 374: 7587: 309: 152: 8646: 276: 7570: 496: 485: 474: 192: 2153: 1562: 1693: 341: 138: 299: 1285: 1207: 5045:

rebels then recruited additional volunteers in the Gilgit and Baltistan regions and moved along the valleys and Indus River while pushing back the Kashmir state army. In February 1948, the "Azad Forces" besieged the garrison in Skardu where non-Muslim civilian and military personnel had taken refuge. In response Pakistan's motivations and calculations for the Kargil In the end, the fighting proved

1357: 1371: 1261: 1273: 1235: 1221: 966: 1249: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1297: 5001:, the first Kashmir war had two major results. First, it demonstrated that nonstate actors could enable Pakistan to challenge India in a manner that limited the prospect of direct military confrontation ... Second, the war enhanced Kashmir's importance to Pakistan, extending the dispute well past the time of partition and transforming it into a contest of national resolve with India. 1477:(PAVO Cavalry) regiment was briefed about the invasion plan. Colonel Sher Khan, the Director of Military Intelligence, was in charge of the briefing, along with Colonels Akbar Khan and Khanzadah. The Cavalry regiment was tasked with procuring arms and ammunition for the 'freedom fighters' and establishing three wings of the insurgent forces: the South Wing commanded by General 1583:(autonomous principality), governed by an alternative family line of Maharaja Hari Singh. The taxation is said to have been heavy. The Muslims of Poonch had long campaigned for the principality to be absorbed into the Punjab province of British India. In 1938, a notable disturbance occurred for religious reasons, but a settlement was reached. During the 1481:, a Central Wing based at Rawalpindi and a North Wing based at Abbottabad. By 1 October, the Cavalry regiment completed the task of arming the insurgent forces. "Throughout the war there was no shortage of small arms, ammunitions, or explosives at any time." The regiment was also told to be on stand by for induction into fighting at an appropriate time. 844:, the state capital. British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India. However, later in 1948, they relented and Pakistan's armies entered the war shortly afterwards. The fronts solidified gradually along what later came to be known as the 5026:

airlift a battalion of Sikhs, blood enemies of the Pathans, to Srinagar's airfield. A three-thousand-man army brigade was rushed up the terrible roads from the plains to Kashmir. After a month of chaotic fighting, the Pathans and Muslim irregular forces were pushed westward by arriving Indian Army troops.

3911:

Nehru therefore suggested to Patel that the maharaja should 'make friends with the National Conference, 'so that there might be this popular support against Pakistan'. Nehru had hoped that the maharaja could be persuaded to accede to India before any invasion took place and he realised that accession

1778:

Following the rebellions in the Poonch and Mirpur area and the Pakistan-backed Pashtun tribal intervention from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. India set the condition that Kashmir must accede to India for it to receive assistance. The Maharaja complied, and

1055:

The presence of the British commanding officers on both sides made the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947 a strange war. The two commanding officers were in daily telephone contact and adopted mutually defensive positions. The attitude was that "you can hit them so hard but not too hard, otherwise there will

5663:

Pakistan lost all three wars, which is a major source of humiliation for Pakistanis. The first war (1947-1948) was fought over Kashmir, a predominately Muslim region that remained in India when India was portioned into two states. The war failed to secure Pakistan's sovereignty over the region as it

1643:

to explore the possibility of organising a revolt in Kashmir. Meanwhile, Pakistan cut off essential supplies to the state, such as petrol, sugar and salt. It also stopped trade in timber and other products, and suspended train services to Jammu. Iftikharuddin returned in mid-September to report that

5025:

Meanwhile, in typical tribal fashion, the Pathans delayed their attack on Srinagar and its airfield in order to devote themselves to looting and pillage. This delay allowed India time to mount an air bridge to Srinagar. The Indians used their entire inventory of thirty Dakota military transports to

5102:

The first fifteen years of the India-Pakistan conflict witnessed violence of different intensities. Even before institutionalizing their independence, India and Pakistan were locked in a crisis which led to their first war from 1947 to 1949. Pakistan showed no hesitation in starting the war and

2485:

At the beginning of 1947, all the posts above the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army were held by British officers. Pakistan had only four lieutenant colonels, two of whom were involved in the Kashmir conflict: Akbar Khan and Sher Khan. At the beginning of the war, India had about 500 British

1734:

Armed rebellion started in the Poonch district at the beginning of October 1947. The fighting elements consisted of "bands of deserters from the State Army, serving soldiers of the Pakistan Army on leave, ex-servicemen, and other volunteers who had risen spontaneously." The first clash is said to

1015:

with large Muslim-majority areas were to be divided between the two dominions. An estimated 11 million people eventually migrated between the two parts of Punjab, and possibly 1 million perished in the inter-communal violence. Jammu and Kashmir, being adjacent to the Punjab province, was directly

5044:

Kargil was a pivotal battleground during the First Kashmir War. In October 1947, Gilgit Scouts, assisted by Muslim soldiers in the Kashmir state army, mounted a successful coup d'etat in the Northern Areas. The so-called Azad (Free) Forces set up headquarters in the valley town of Astore. The

2906:

During the long campaign, the Indian Army lost 76 officers, 31 JCOs and 996 Other Ranks killed, making a total of 1103. The wounded totalled 3152, including 81 officers and 107 JCOs. Apart from these casualties, it appears that the J & K State Forces lost no less than 1990 officers and men

1798:

ordered his Army Chief General Douglas Gracey to move Pakistani troops to Kashmir at once. However, the Indian and Pakistani forces were still under a joint command, and Field Marshal Auchinleck prevailed upon him to withdraw the order. With its accession to India, Kashmir became legally Indian

1623:

states that the Maharaja had decided, as early as April 1947, that he would accede to India if it was not possible to stay independent. The rebellion in Poonch possibly unnerved the Maharaja. Accordingly, on 11 August, he dismissed his pro-Pakistan Prime Minister, Ram Chandra Kak, and appointed

1609: 1599:

during flag hoisting around 15 August and that the Maharaja unleashed a 'reign of terror' on 24 August. Local Muslims also told Richard Symonds, a British Quaker social worker, that the army fired on crowds, and burnt houses and villages indiscriminately. According to the Assistant British High

1594:

According to state government sources, the rebellious militias gathered in the Naoshera-Islamabad area, attacking the state troops and their supply trucks. A battalion of state troops was dispatched, which cleared the roads and dispersed the militias. By September, order was reestablished. The

1865:

and Domel were quickly defeated by tribal forces (Muslim state forces mutinied and joined them) and the way to the capital was open. Among the raiders, there were many active Pakistani Army soldiers disguised as tribals. They were also provided logistical help by the Pakistan Army. Rather than

1703:

The Maharaja was increasingly driven to the wall with the rebellion in the western districts and the Pakistani blockade. He managed to persuade Justice Mahajan to accept the post of Prime Minister (but not to arrive for another month, for procedural reasons). He sent word to the Indian leaders

1039:

could not be completed by 15 August and hence British officers stayed on after the transfer of power. The service chiefs were appointed by the Dominion governments and were responsible to them. The overall administrative control, but not operational control, was vested with Field Marshal

2168:

resolution on 13 August 1948, were adopted by the commission on 5 January 1949.This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimal forces within the state to preserve law and order. Upon compliance with these conditions, a

2000:

The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The Gilgit scouts made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring

848:. A formal ceasefire was declared effective 1 January 1949. Numerous analysts state that the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side obtaining a clear victory. Others, however, state that India emerged victorious as it successfully gained the majority of the contested territory. 1799:

territory, and the British officers could not a play any role in an inter-Dominion war. The Pakistan Army made available arms, ammunition, and supplies to the rebel forces who were dubbed the "Azad Army". Pakistan Army officers "conveniently" on leave and the former officers of the

1666:, one of a handful of high-ranking officers in the Pakistani Army, with a keen interest in Kashmir, arrived in Murree, and got enmeshed in these efforts. He arranged 4,000 rifles for the rebellion by diverting them from the Army stores. He also wrote out a draft plan titled 2556:

already issued by the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers on both the sides should immediately stand down. However, Mountbatten's decision has been questioned by Joseph Korbel and biographer Philip

2173:

was to be held to determine the future of the territory. Owing to disagreements over the demilitarisation steps, a plebiscite was never held and the cease-fire line essentially became permanent. Some sources may refer to 5 January as the beginning of the ceasefire.

2551:

Accession from Kashmir was requested mainly at the insistence of the Governor General Lord Mountbatten, who was congnizant of the apprehensions of the British military officers on both the sides over the possibility of an inter-dominion war. In fact, there was a

2031:. In the Jammu region, the forces besieged in Poonch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army was able to defend Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts impeding their advance down the Indus valley towards Leh. In August the 1769:

Radio communications between the fighting units were operated by the Pakistan Army. Even though the Indian Navy intercepted the communications, lacking intelligence in Jammu and Kashmir, it was unable to determine immediately where the fighting was taking place.

4964:

As 1947 drew to a close, it was already possible to detect a pattern in the Kashmir conflict. The combination of the Azad Kashmiris and the Gilgit Scouts, with varying degrees of assistance both moral and material from Pakistan, had produced the beginnings of a

1704:

through Mahajan that he was willing to accede to India but needed more time to implement political reforms. However, it was India's position that it would not accept accession from the Maharaja unless it had the people's support. The Indian Prime Minister

1064:

tried to exercise restraint on their respective governments. Bucher was apparently successful in doing so in India, but Gracey yielded and let British officers be used in operational roles on the side of Pakistan. One British officer even died in action.

1104:, decided not to accede to either dominion. The reasons cited were that the Muslim majority population of the state would not be comfortable with joining India, and that the Hindu and Sikh minorities would become vulnerable if the state joined Pakistan. 2136:

was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The

1393:

According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani Army prepared a plan called Operation Gulmarg and put it into action as early as 20 August, a few days after Pakistan's independence. The plan was accidentally revealed to an Indian officer,

1823:

under the command of a British officer Major William Brown mutinied and overthrew the governor Ghansara Singh. Brown prevailed on the forces to declare accession to Pakistan. They are also believed to have received assistance from the

4957:

Following their open intervention, of course, the Indian strength on this sector, once established, increased rapidly; but never to such an extent as to threaten to overwhelm the Azad Kashmiri defenders. During the course of 1948

2907:

killed, died of wounds, or missing presumed killed. The small RIAF lost a total of 32 officers and men who laid down their lives for the nation during these operations. In this roll of honour, there were no less than 9 officers.

2117:

and his men. Thapa held the Skardu with hardly 250 men for whole six long months without any reinforcement and replenishment. On 14 August, Thapa had to surrender Skardu to the Pakistani Army and raiders after a year long siege.

1814:

In May 1948, the Pakistan Army officially entered the conflict, in theory to defend the Pakistan borders, but it made plans to push towards Jammu and cut the lines of communications of the Indian forces in the Mehndar Valley. In

5073:

The war escalated toward the end of 1948, when Pakistan moved troops up from Lahore to fight in Jammu province, exposing itself to possible attack in the Punjab. However, before the war spread beyond the Kashmir territory, and

1708:

demanded that Sheikh Abdullah should be released from prison and involved in the state's government. Accession could only be contemplated afterwards. Following further negotiations, Sheikh Abdullah was released on 29 September.

1159:

in the north was overwhelmingly Muslim and was directly governed by the British under an agreement with the Maharaja. Shortly before the transfer of power, the British returned the Gilgit Agency to the Maharaja, who appointed a

1951:

where Hindu women were reportedly abducted by tribal forces and taken into Pakistan. They were sold in the brothels of Rawalpindi. Around 400 women jumped into wells in Mirpur committing suicide to escape from being abducted.

1187:

and favoured joining Pakistan. The Hindus of the Jammu province favoured an outright merger with India. In the midst of all the diverging views, the Maharaja's decision to remain independent was apparently a judicious one.

1866:

advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants. In the

3970: 1943:, and evacuated the garrisons of that town and others but were forced to abandon it being too weak to defend it. Meanwhile, Mirpur was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947 with the help of Pakistan's 1716:"wherever there is a dispute in regard to any territory, the matter should be decided by a referendum or plebiscite of the people concerned. We shall accept the result of this referendum whatever it may be." 5477:

Duschinski, Haley; Bhan, Mona; Zia, Ather (2018), "Introduction "Rebels of the Streets": Violence, Protest, and Freedom in Kashmir", in Duschinski, Haley; Bhan, Mona; Zia, Ather; Mahmood, Cynthia (eds.),

5913: 1885:, where they reinforced the princely state forces, established a defence perimeter and defeated the tribal forces on the outskirts of the city. Initial defense operations included the notable defense of 1720:

The policy was communicated to Liaquat Ali Khan on 1 October at a meeting of the Joint Defence Council. Khan's eyes are said to have "sparkled" at the proposal. However, he made no response.

2542:, at the time of independence, Pakistan had one major general, two brigadiers, and six colonels, even though the requirements were for 13 major generals, 40 brigadiers, and 52 colonels. 6955: 1484:

Scholars have noted considerable movement of Pashtun tribes during September–October. By 13 September, armed Pashtuns drifted into Lahore and Rawalpindi. The Deputy Commissioner of

866:

Prior to 1815, the area now known as "Jammu and Kashmir" comprised 22 small independent states (16 Hindu and six Muslim) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir (King) of

5494:

Since India's independence from British colonial rule and the subsequent partition in 1947, India and Pakistan, both of which claim sovereign control over the region, have found

2826: 886:

in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under

3132: 2334:

For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award

3955: 1519:

Pakistani sources deny the existence of any plan called Operation Gulmarg. However, Shuja Nawaz does list 22 Pashtun tribes involved in the invasion of Kashmir on 22 October.

2109:. The Pakistani attacked the Skardu on 10 February 1948 which was repulsed by the Indian soldiers. Thereafter, the Skardu Garrison was subjected to continuous attacks by the 3212: 1035:. In the event, Mountbatten stayed on as the Governor General of India, whereas Pakistan chose Jinnah as its Governor General. It was envisaged that the nationalisation of 4481:

Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History.

2224: 7200: 1474: 5137:

Later, when the outcome of the First Kashmir War did not favor either side, the resulting stalemate led to a puzzling division of Kashmir between the two adversaries.

1023:

advanced the date to 15 August 1947. This gave only six weeks to complete all the arrangements for partition. Mountbatten's original plan was to stay on as the joint

582: 3513: 1766:

were lost after some fighting. State Force records reveal that Muslim officers sent with reinforcements sided with the rebels and murdered the fellow state troops.

5197:

Although the war ended in a stalemate with international intervention, Pakistan may have rightly concluded that the strategy of using irregular fighters succeeded.

6290: 1636:

warning him that "if, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them". This set the ball rolling in Pakistan.

8951: 8570: 7272: 5030:, which was joined in 1948 by regular Pakistani army units, sputtered on until the United Nations imposed a ceasefire in January 1949 between India and Pakistan. 4829: 1939:

southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch. Although the relief column eventually reached Poonch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached

1019:

The original target date for the transfer of power to the new dominions was June 1948. However, fearing the rise of inter-communal violence, the British Viceroy

5617: 3040: 8699: 7689: 7195: 2529:

Under the Jammu and Kashmir Arms Act of 1940, the possession of all fire arms was prohibited in the state. The Dogra Rajputs were however exempted in practice.

5732: 7205: 5038:

Khan, Feroz Hassan; Lavoy, Peter R.; Clary, Christopher (2009). "Pakistan's motivations and calculations for the Kargil conflict". In Lavoy, Peter R. (ed.).

2247:. Army officers thought the government's acceptance of UN mediation and ceasefire was weak and squandered an opportunity to capture the entirety of Kashmir. 1984:

The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the tribal forces continued attacking the Uri

5078:, a cease-fire was arranged by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), a five-member body send by the UN to help resolve the conflict. 4465: 2896: 7190: 817:, they took to plunder and stalled. Maharaja Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing of an 5567:

The war for states had not only ended in Indian military victory but had given its leaders enormous self-confidence and satisfaction over a job well done.

1919:, joined the invading tribal forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state. The tribal forces were also joined by troops from 8540: 8342: 17: 5313:

With British officers present in both armies and the international community urging restraint, the conflict ended in a tactical and strategic stalemate.

5049:, and Pakistani and Indian forces reached a military stalemate in Kashmir. The negotiated Cease-Fire Line was codified in the Karachi Agreement of 1949 8545: 8252: 8247: 7144: 7117: 7112: 7085: 690: 685: 2081:

converted the mule track across Zoji La into a jeep track. The surprise attack on 1 November by the brigade with armour supported by two regiments of

8089: 4518: 995:(16 August 1946) and inter-communal violence between Hindus and Muslims became endemic. Consequently, a decision was taken on 3 June 1947 to divide 7704: 7021: 4685: 2165: 700: 8303: 7816: 6095: 5826: 5541:

In the first Kashmir war, India occupied two-thirds of the disputed territory and Pakistan was clearly defeated during its first war with India.

2039:

under Mata ul-Mulk besieged Skardu and with the help of artillery were able to take Skardu. This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into

8457: 7739: 2219: 663: 575: 6049: 1508:. Scholar Robin James Moore states there is "little doubt" that Pashtuns were involved in border raids all along the Punjab border from the 8999: 7828: 1044:, who was titled the 'Supreme Commander', answerable to a newly formed Joint Defence Council of the two dominions. India appointed General 870:, combined with those of local small rulers. These were collectively referred to as the "Punjab Hill States". These small states, ruled by 5417:

The outcome was a stalemate in which India's democratic desires and Pakistan's security aims were stymied on the altar of greater concerns

921:

and required to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million rupees. Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the

8897: 8430: 7699: 7694: 7559: 6937:

Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999. RoseDog Books.

6623: 4543:

Persistence and transformation in the Eastern Hindu Kush: a study of resource management systems in Mehlp Valley, Chitral, North Pakistan

1889:

holding both the capital and airfield overnight against extreme odds. The successful defence included an outflanking manoeuvre by Indian

1861:

On 22 October the Pashtun tribal attack was launched in the Muzaffarabad sector. The state forces stationed in the border regions around

1794:

Pakistan refused to recognise the accession of Kashmir to India, claiming that it was obtained by "fraud and violence." Governor General

929:

to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the company. Gulab Singh became the first

837: 8692: 6996: 3391: 3139: 2822: 1199: 8257: 8242: 8229: 7180: 7107: 7081: 7071: 1632:

of the Punjab High Court to come as the Prime Minister. On the same day, the Muslim Conference wrote to the Pakistani Prime Minister

1565:

Poonch district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir (in green) along with Muzaffarabad (blue) and Mirpur (yellow) districts in 1947

695: 680: 636: 2180:

Numerous analysts state that the war ended in a stalemate, with neither side obtaining a clear victory. Others, however, state that

1673:

On 12 September, the Prime Minister held a meeting with Mian Iftikharuddin, Colonel Akbar Khan and another Punjab politician Sardar

8296: 7860: 7806: 4706:. New Delhi: History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited). p. 418. 2778: 568: 9034: 8535: 8237: 7102: 5469:

With the onset of winter and the consequent problems of maintaining the supply lines, the military situation reached a stalemate.

3209: 1180: 675: 8308: 4969:, and this the cleverer soldiers on both sides appreciated. India now had over 90,000 regular troops in Jammu & Kashmir and 1743:) on 3–4 October 1947. The rebels quickly gained control of almost the entire Poonch district. The State Forces garrison at the 1092:

over the princely states came to an end. The rulers of the states were advised to join one of the two dominions by executing an

9069: 7515: 2948:"An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir war, 1947–48", by Bharat Kumar, Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India) 1784: 1496:, in lorries provided by the Pakistan government. Preparations for attacking Kashmir were also noted in the princely states of 1168: 8082: 4896: 809:

crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take the capital city of

9054: 8685: 8472: 8067: 7761: 7388: 6778: 6707: 6686: 6633: 6590: 6569: 6534: 6510: 6489: 6468: 6447: 6426: 6402: 6378: 6357: 6333: 6303: 6279: 6258: 6237: 6216: 6167: 6133: 6000: 5973: 5946: 5889: 5865: 5810: 5774: 5742: 5683: 5656: 5627: 5601: 5560: 5527: 5487: 5462: 5436: 5410: 5384: 5358: 5332: 5306: 5276: 5246: 5216: 5190: 5160: 5130: 5066: 4990: 4929: 4657: 4632: 4605: 4578: 4551: 4502: 4416: 4177: 4099: 3904: 3838: 3748: 3649: 3622: 3569: 3507: 3191: 3065: 3015: 2969: 2803: 2758: 2702: 2658: 2589: 705: 4318: 2975: 2595: 8488: 8381: 8291: 8099: 5095: 2127: 2052: 1662:. From there, the rebels attempted to acquire arms and ammunition for the rebellion and smuggle them into Kashmir. Colonel 1534: 942: 500: 8771: 8316: 8151: 8119: 7781: 7744: 7236: 7046: 3495: 1682: 829: 806: 4648:

Tikoo, Colonel Tej K. (2013). "Genesis of Kashmir Problem and how it got Complicated: Events between 1931 and 1947 AD".

8849: 8844: 8435: 7663: 7510: 7500: 7393: 7210: 6757: 6309: 4244: 2258:, only minor changes in the ground situation had been effected. After the last war, the two countries reached the 1972 2057:

During this time the front began to settle down. The siege of Poonch continued. An unsuccessful attack was launched by

1081: 938: 861: 762: 717: 552: 116: 3032: 8972: 8943: 8763: 8514: 8114: 8062: 7771: 7751: 7684: 7654: 7452: 7262: 7038: 6942: 6931: 6913: 6866: 6841: 6824: 6733: 6027: 5391:

The first Kashmir War between India and Pakistan lasted from October 1947 to January 1949 and ended in a stalemate...

5018: 4864: 4839: 4812: 4782: 4755: 4728: 4312: 4201: 4072: 2933: 2446: 766: 727: 592: 43: 2177:

Indian losses in the war totalled 1,104 killed and 3,154 wounded; Pakistani, about 6,000 killed and 14,000 wounded.

1056:

be all kinds of repercussions." Both Lockhart and Messervy were replaced in the course of war, and their successors

9039: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8809: 8753: 8601: 8509: 8504: 8467: 8146: 8057: 7835: 7674: 7490: 7026: 7016: 5719:

India won, and gained two-thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965.

5582:

India won, and gained two-thirds of Kashmir, which it successfully held against another Pakistani invasion in 1965.

2466: 988: 641: 4802: 8967: 8425: 8321: 7840: 7669: 7552: 7473: 4462: 2748: 2077:

were moved in dismantled conditions through Srinagar and winched across bridges while two field companies of the

1783:

recognised the accession of the princely state to India. Indian troops were sent to the state to defend it. The

8746: 8616: 8550: 7734: 7679: 7659: 7478: 7338: 6989: 4226: 2240: 2144:

At 23.59 hrs on 1 January 1949, a United Nations-mediated ceasefire came into effect, bring the war to an end.

2141:

pass was forced by using tanks (which had not been thought possible at that altitude) and Dras was recaptured.

1663: 1384: 181: 1073: 9064: 9059: 8819: 8626: 8397: 7898: 7756: 7282: 7132: 2086: 1658:

Meanwhile, Sardar Ibrahim had escaped to West Punjab, along with dozens of rebels, and established a base in

1553:

had been annexed from the Dogra dynasty, and was made part of Pakistan after a brief provisional government.

1179:

and was believed to favour joining India. On the other hand, the Muslims of the Jammu province supported the

9044: 8713: 8077: 8014: 8009: 7964: 7368: 7231: 7076: 5122: 4526: 2058: 1678: 1588: 1431: 1107:

In 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a wide range of ethnic and religious communities. The

833: 292: 8677: 2214:

in July 1949 and established a ceasefire line to be supervised by observers. After the termination of the

1123:, consisting of five districts, had roughly equal numbers of Hindus and Muslims in the eastern districts ( 8596: 8586: 8286: 8049: 7974: 7959: 7954: 7811: 7729: 7644: 7439: 7373: 6370:

Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849–1971

4624:

Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849–1971

2441: 1965: 1873:

Records indicate that the Pakistani tribals beheaded many Hindu and Sikh civilians in Jammu and Kashmir.

1837: 5148:

The International Ambitions of Mao and Nehru: National Efficacy Beliefs and the Making of Foreign Policy

4674: 2023:

The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais (

1853: 9029: 9024: 9019: 8781: 8776: 8731: 8649: 8141: 8124: 7766: 7545: 7526: 7307: 7297: 7056: 7051: 5830: 5152: 4022: 2431: 2255: 2251: 2066: 1576: 1455: 1140: 802: 621: 616: 378: 268: 6107: 3221: 9049: 8923: 8865: 8741: 8736: 8664: 8591: 8519: 8072: 8029: 7969: 7649: 7468: 7415: 6982: 5712: 5575: 5238: 3233: 3231: 2516:, who opened a Demi-Official letter marked "Personal/Top Secret" on 20 August 1947 signed by General 2496: 1976:. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available. 1644:

the National Conference held strong in the Kashmir Valley and ruled out the possibility of a revolt.

1546: 653: 280: 4132: 3434: 1881:

After the accession, India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar under the command of Lt. Col.

8161: 8024: 7979: 7893: 7888: 7845: 7823: 7776: 7505: 7483: 7267: 5905: 5167:

Although certain minor operations were possible, India was essentially confronted with a stalemate.

3912:

would only be more easily accepted if Abdullah, as a popular leader, were brought into the picture.

1920: 1833: 1505: 1410:, were to be recruited from among various Pashtun tribes, and armed at the brigade headquarters at 1176: 825: 5253:

That effort failed, and the ensuing war in 1947 – 48 ended in a military stalemate.

3228: 8358: 8019: 7903: 7883: 7878: 7639: 7427: 6343: 6061: 5938:

Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: The Progressive Episode in South Asia, 1932–56

5298: 5283:

In January 1948, with a military stalemate at hand, India referred the Kashmir dispute to the UN.

5182: 4206: 3422: 3149: 2553: 1184: 1093: 984: 818: 658: 2187:

India gained control of about two-thirds of the Jammu and Kashmir princely state, including the

9014: 9009: 9004: 8462: 8376: 8281: 8276: 8262: 8169: 7936: 7421: 7287: 7277: 7215: 5646: 2694:

American Interests in South Asia: Building a Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India

2383: 2200: 2082: 1969: 1890: 1806: 1686: 913:

of 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the

722: 478: 6639: 6416: 6206: 5963: 5936: 5853: 5766: 5452: 5374: 5232: 5206: 5146: 4919: 4893:"Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948" 4089: 3738: 3639: 3612: 3055: 2692: 2648: 2065:

pass. Operation Duck, the earlier epithet for this assault, was renamed as Operation Bison by

1470:. Detailed arrangements for the military leadership and armaments were described in the plan. 8824: 8717: 8621: 8611: 8606: 8334: 7931: 7926: 7908: 7378: 7322: 7160: 7127: 6323: 6248: 6157: 6123: 5990: 5802: 5673: 5648:

Nations and Nationalism [4 volumes]: A Global Historical Overview [4 volumes]

5517: 5426: 5400: 5322: 5292: 5262: 5176: 5116: 3864: 3862: 3559: 3181: 2961:

The Oxford Companion to Modern Warfare in India: From the Eighteenth Century to Present Times

2421: 2236: 2078: 1935:

Indian forces ceased pursuit of tribal forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a

1729: 1712:

Nehru, foreseeing a number of disputes over princely states, formulated a policy that states

1595:

Muslim Conference sources, on the other hand, narrate that hundreds of people were killed in

1570: 1497: 1116: 798: 6078: 5619:

The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics

4821: 3403: 1600:

Commissioner in Pakistan, H. S. Stephenson, "the Poonch affair... was greatly exaggerated".

8902: 8659: 8654: 8402: 8129: 7855: 7850: 7398: 7363: 7312: 7257: 7170: 3922: 3920: 2584:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: KW Publishers in association with Centre for Air Power Studies. 2399: 2374: 1948: 1800: 1528: 1501: 1136: 1000: 894: 754: 196: 6770:

The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan

3937: 3935: 3859: 8: 8407: 8177: 7984: 7573: 7317: 7165: 7139: 6743: 5882:

The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan

3539: 2774: 1894: 1795: 1780: 1097: 1077: 1036: 1032: 467: 420: 6809:. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History. 6766: 4433:

Back to the future: the Khanate of Kalat and the genesis of Baluch Nationalism 1915–1955

4028: 3917: 3475: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 1549:. The operation was launched shortly after the independence of Pakistan. By 1 November, 991:, demanding a separate state for India's Muslims. The demand took a violent turn on the 805:, and lost control in portions of the western districts. On 22 October 1947, Pakistan's 402: 393: 384: 177: 8928: 8415: 8134: 8004: 7634: 7520: 7383: 7343: 7292: 6717: 6664: 6612: 6544: 6194: 5856:, in Joachim Alexander Koops; Norrie MacQueen; Thierry Tardy; Paul D. Williams (eds.), 4983:

Jihad as Grand Strategy: Islamist Militancy, National Security, and the Pakistani State

4271: 4064: 4058: 4012: 4004: 3932: 3614:

State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950, By I. Copland

3115: 1674: 1640: 1629: 1596: 1395: 1344: 978: 906: 857: 773:. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal 770: 397: 223: 59: 51: 4252: 3874: 3769: 3658: 2199:. Pakistan had control of one-third of the state: three western districts later named 2184:

emerged victorious as it successfully gained the majority of the contested territory.

8367: 7348: 6938: 6927: 6909: 6862: 6837: 6820: 6774: 6753: 6729: 6703: 6682: 6668: 6629: 6586: 6565: 6530: 6506: 6485: 6464: 6443: 6422: 6398: 6374: 6353: 6329: 6299: 6275: 6254: 6233: 6212: 6198: 6163: 6129: 6023: 5996: 5969: 5942: 5885: 5861: 5806: 5795: 5770: 5759: 5738: 5679: 5652: 5623: 5597: 5556: 5523: 5519:

Pakistan's National Security Approach and Post-Cold War Security: Uneasy Co-existence

5483: 5458: 5432: 5406: 5380: 5354: 5328: 5302: 5272: 5242: 5212: 5208:

The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962

5186: 5156: 5126: 5091: 5062: 5014: 4986: 4925: 4860: 4835: 4808: 4778: 4751: 4724: 4653: 4628: 4601: 4574: 4547: 4498: 4412: 4308: 4197: 4173: 4095: 4068: 4016: 3900: 3834: 3824: 3744: 3685: 3645: 3618: 3565: 3503: 3187: 3119: 3107: 3061: 3011: 2965: 2929: 2864: 2799: 2754: 2698: 2654: 2585: 2369: 2366: 2211: 2074: 2036: 1829: 1041: 1004: 992: 970: 750: 142: 6550:

Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India

6177:

Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2010), "Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar",

6121: 5040:

Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict

1670:

and gave it to Mian Iftikharuddin to be passed on to the Pakistan's Prime Minister.

1579:, about which diverging views have been received. Poonch was originally an internal 8887: 8786: 8631: 8326: 8219: 8209: 7946: 7618: 7495: 7446: 7358: 7061: 7005: 6656: 6610: 6388: 6186: 4892: 4212: 3996: 3720: 3704: 3440: 3428: 3284: 3237: 3099: 2461: 2426: 2335: 2271: 2244: 1924: 1886: 1882: 1705: 1696: 1633: 1620: 1612: 1584: 1550: 1485: 1459: 1434:

by the first week of September. They were expected to reach the launching point of

1108: 1024: 1020: 910: 626: 605: 431: 345: 334: 170: 47: 6859:

Without Baggage: A personal account of the Jammu and Kashmir Operations 1947–1949

5454:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

3987:

Ganguly, Sumit (September 1995), "Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict",

3561:

Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives

3308: 2203:, and the northern areas including the Gilgit district, the Gilgit Agency and the 2113:

for the next three months and each time, their attack was repulsed by the Colonel

1284: 8880: 8814: 8801: 8224: 8191: 8156: 7433: 7353: 7302: 7241: 7185: 7175: 7122: 6768: 6747: 6697: 6676: 6601: 6580: 6559: 6548: 6524: 6500: 6479: 6458: 6437: 6392: 6368: 6347: 6288: 6269: 6267: 6227: 6017: 5642: 5591: 5550: 5348: 4772: 4745: 4718: 4622: 4595: 4568: 4541: 4492: 4469: 4446: 4406: 4365: 4302: 4167: 4138: 3894: 3828: 3781: 3454: 3251: 3216: 3005: 2959: 2793: 2719: 2579: 2436: 2416: 2404: 2377: 2352: 2339: 2263: 2259: 2157: 2114: 2024: 2018: 1689:, the head of the Muslim League National Guard, to mobilise the Frontier tribes. 1489: 1415: 1172: 1101: 845: 406: 8709: 4374: 4000: 3847: 3527: 3272: 555:, prompting the armies of India and Pakistan to get involved shortly afterwards. 8875: 5522:. Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. 5365:

In the south of J&K, the war situation was essentially a stalemate by 1949.

4666: 4283: 4259: 3595: 3593: 2539: 2517: 2456: 2386: 2292: 2192: 2188: 2032: 1825: 1751: 1443: 1120: 1112: 1061: 1049: 934: 758: 548: 544: 453: 442: 249: 244: 6722: 6660: 6190: 5995:. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 76. 3724: 3564:. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series. Taylor & Francis. p. 60. 3103: 8993: 8933: 7798: 5697:

Pakistan has fought and lost four wars with India (1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999)

5593:

War bellies: the critical relationship between resolve and domestic audiences

5339:

A stalemate developed, with neither side able to win an overwhelming victory.

5090:. Asian Security Studies series. London and New York: Routledge. p. 91. 5011:

War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet

4948: 4386: 4345: 4333: 4163: 4054: 3953: 3111: 2513: 2509: 2288: 2133: 2110: 1936: 1916: 1820: 1744: 1542: 1538: 1399: 1156: 996: 957: 922: 875: 239: 210: 64: 6961: 4120: 3675: 3673: 3590: 3260: 3161: 1260: 1151:) in the east had a significant Buddhist presence with a Muslim majority in 8707: 8271: 7537: 6520: 6412: 4960:

a stalemate was reached which has persisted more or less to the present day

3496:"Memories of a Soldier by Major General Syed Wajahat Hussain (Book Review)" 3332: 2904:. History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. p. 379. 1944: 1867: 1862: 1447: 1206: 1045: 918: 887: 883: 560: 356: 312: 263: 6292:

History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background

6271:

History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background

4924:. Routledge Studies in Modern History. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. 4169:

India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947–2004

3463: 3296: 1272: 1068: 8918: 8870: 7918: 7870: 7605: 7592: 6477: 6325:

The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective

4921:

Embassies in Crisis: Studies of Diplomatic Missions in Testing Situations

3670: 3578: 3481: 3387: 3344: 2361: 2295:

were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable amongst which are:

2098: 2006: 1902: 1788: 1755: 1625: 1509: 1356: 946: 926: 898: 867: 489: 448: 437: 362: 351: 302: 157: 5854:"United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)" 5291:

Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen P. (19 March 2009).

4091:

State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950

3356: 1692: 1164:

governor for the district and a British commander for the local forces.

8791: 8214: 8184: 7066: 6742: 6621: 5608:

the 1947 First Kashmir (won by India, according to MIDS classification)

5088:

Nuclear Weapons and Conflict Transformation: The Case of India-Pakistan

4144: 4008: 3926: 3880: 3868: 3775: 3691: 3664: 3155: 2451: 2358: 2170: 1908:

In the Poonch valley, tribal forces continued to besiege state forces.

1647: 1513: 1435: 1370: 1308: 1248: 1089: 1057: 1031:

till June 1948. However, this was not accepted by the Pakistani leader

945:

that was to rule the state, the second-largest principality during the

914: 790: 780: 631: 388: 367: 308: 7569: 6646: 6439:

The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan

6342: 6144: 4277: 3941: 3545: 3314: 2877: 2859: 2848: 1591:(Sardar Ibrahim) to further their campaign for accession to Pakistan. 1220: 5268: 3320: 2229: 2204: 2089:, forced the pass and pushed the tribal and Pakistani forces back to 2070: 1898: 1740: 1463: 1152: 814: 6695: 6159:

Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspective

5751: 4230: 4108: 3757: 3290: 8892: 6974: 6699:

The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition

6176: 5107:, the war has left a permanent mark on the India-Pakistan conflict. 5076:

before a conclusive military outcome was reached on the battlefield

4774:

Operation Rescue:Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1947–49

2928:(paperback ed.). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343. 2721:

Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947-1948

2635: 2152: 1985: 1608: 1561: 1438:

on 18 October, and cross into Jammu and Kashmir on 22 October. Ten

1419: 1407: 1124: 1028: 930: 841: 810: 794: 495: 484: 473: 459: 254: 191: 6906:

The Indian Armour: History Of The Indian Armoured Corps 1941–1971

6578: 5294:

Four Crises and a Peace Process: American Engagement in South Asia

5234:

The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia

4953:

Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute 1947–1948

4194:

Incomplete partition: the genesis of the Kashmir dispute 1947–1948

3989:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3533: 2919: 2917: 2915: 1955: 1870:, the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged. 1603: 1533:

Operation Datta Khel was a military operation and coup planned by

1473:

The regimental records show that, by the last week of August, the

5992:

Regional Economic Integration in South Asia: Trapped in Conflict?

2674: 2672: 2670: 2267: 2266:

and disavowing the use of force across it. In 1984, India gained

2160:

between India and Pakistan agreed in the Simla Agreement (UN Map)

2138: 2090: 2062: 2028: 1961: 1930: 1763: 1575:

Sometime in August 1947, the first signs of trouble broke out in

1493: 1478: 1234: 902: 784: 464: 90: 6394:

India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

6246: 5641: 4044:, Azad Kashmir Regimental Centre, NLC Printers, Rawalpindi,1997 3793: 3787: 3368: 2207:

tehsil of the Ladakh district (later renamed Gilgit-Baltistan).

4408:

Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India

3805: 3386: 2912: 2196: 2106: 2040: 1989: 1973: 1912: 1816: 1759: 1736: 1659: 1651: 1161: 1144: 1012: 1008: 871: 775: 298: 6716: 6208:

Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817–1949

5705: 5223:

In the stalemate that followed the first Indo-Pakistani War...

4392: 4380: 4367:

Auchinleck: A Biography of Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck

4351: 4339: 4289: 4265: 3599: 3410: 3167: 2728: 2667: 2495:

Auchinleck was an Indian Army officer since 1903 who had been

2235:

The resentment over Pakistani defeat in the war resulted in a

2132:

The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors.

1857:

Pashtun warriors from different tribes on their way to Kashmir

1758:

on the Jhelum river were captured by rebels around 8 October.

1167:

The predominant political movement in the Kashmir Valley, the

6617:. History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. 6599: 6411: 5858:

The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

5724: 5059:

Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Duribility of Peace

4126: 4029:

Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1998

2215: 2181: 1968:

unsuccessfully, and made a series of unsuccessful attacks on

1940: 1685:. The Prime Minister approved both the plans, and despatched 1628:

in his place. On 25 August, he sent an invitation to Justice

1467: 1427: 1423: 1411: 1332: 1320: 1296: 1132: 1128: 965: 879: 373: 340: 137: 6850:

Slender Was The Thread: The Kashmir confrontation 1947–1948.

6647:

Nawaz, Shuja (May 2008), "The First Kashmir War Revisited",

6155: 6076: 5797:

Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia

3679: 3584: 3090:

Nawaz, Shuja (May 2008), "The First Kashmir War Revisited",

2690: 2581:

An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir War 1947–1948

2225:

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

2105:

while their opponents eventually withdrew northwards toward

1979: 6204: 5781:

Indo Pakistani war of 1947: India gained two third Kashmir.

4857:

In a State of Violent Peace: Voices from the Kashmir Valley

4831:

In a State of Violent Peace: Voices from the Kashmir Valley

3302: 2094: 787:

and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India.

6125:

The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66

5402:

The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66

4042:

History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Volume 1 (1947–1949)

2750:

Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice

6519: 6418:

Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition

5675:

My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics

4873: 4150: 3986: 3896:

Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War

2102: 2002: 1876: 6498: 6387: 5622:(illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 37. 5118:

Complex Rivalry: The Dynamics of India-Pakistan Conflict

4448:

Frontier facets: Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province

4213:

Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987

4139:

Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (2010)

3853: 3441:

Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987

3429:

Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987

3338: 3278: 3266: 3238:

Prasad & Pal, Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1987

1475:

11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)

973:, Supreme Commander of Indian and Pakistani armed forces 7273:

2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing

6678:

Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within

6603:

Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles

6366: 6142: 3469: 3362: 3350: 3326: 3080:

By B. Chakravorty, "Stories of Heroism, Volume 1", p. 5

3007:

With Honour & Glory: Wars fought by India 1947–1999

1175:, believed in secular politics. It was allied with the 1069:

Developments in Jammu and Kashmir (August–October 1947)

6321: 4627:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 157–160. 4233:

on 17 November 2015 – via Store norske leksikon.

4114: 515:

1,990 J&K forces killed or missing presumed killed

119:

controlled by Pakistan. Indian control over remainder.

8372:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu) 6674: 6543: 5324:

Pakistan Since Independence: A History, 1947 to Today

4796: 4794: 4723:. Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 227. 3763: 1754:

of the Mirpur district, border posts at Saligram and

6908:. (1987). Vision Books Private Limited, New Delhi, 6435: 4704:

History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948

3183:

Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia

2740: 1897:. The defeated tribal forces were pursued as far as 1100:

of Jammu and Kashmir, along with his prime minister

840:

on 26 October 1947, Indian troops were airlifted to

6093: 5178:

Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War

4917: 3830:

Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War

3799: 1840:, which had acceded to Pakistan on 6 October 1947. 1135:), and a Muslim majority in the western districts ( 6721: 6047: 6019:Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971 5794: 5758: 4791: 3892: 3617:. Palgrave Macmillan. 26 April 2005. p. 143. 3416: 3374: 3243: 3057:India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2009:and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu. 1791:in its campaign to drive out the Pathan invaders. 1723: 6456: 5476: 4172:. Asian Security Studies. Routledge. p. 19. 3956:"Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947–48 AD." 3811: 2734: 2678: 2243:in 1951 against the government of Prime Minister 2121: 1119:had a majority Muslim population (over 90%). The 1048:as its Army chief and Pakistan appointed General 8991: 6460:Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir 6179:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 5884:. Oxford University Press. pp. xvi, 28–29. 5596:. University of Wisconsin—Madison. p. 142. 5290: 4295: 3482:Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold (2008) 1927:the Mehtar of Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan. 1677:. Hayat Khan had a separate plan, involving the 8304:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 6924:History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (1820–1956) 6529:(second ed.). Princeton University Press. 6050:"Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir" 5851: 4701: 4695: 4546:. In Kommission bei Asgard-Verlag. p. 32. 4472:, Air Combat Information Group, 29 October 2003 3502:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2990: 2027:). They also repelled a counterattack aimed at 1956:Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri 1604:Pakistan's preparations, Maharaja's manoeuvring 961:Partition of India and the movement of refugees 949:, until India gained its independence in 1947. 547:tribesmen and Tanoli from Pakistan invaded the 7740:Department of Defence Research and Development 7690:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services 6728:. London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co. 5061:. Princeton University Press. pp. 59–61. 5037: 3487: 3249: 2228:(UNMOGIP) to observe and report violations of 1992:was brought under siege by the Gilgit Scouts. 1931:Attempted link-up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur 8693: 8458:Defence Research and Development Organisation 7553: 6990: 6966: 6211:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 133–. 6146:Kashmir, 1945–66: From Empire to the Cold War 6022:. New Delhi: Vision Books. pp. 227–238. 5852:Shucksmith, Christy; White, Nigel D. (2015), 5264:The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect 4278:Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir (2014) 3205: 3203: 2691:Nicholas Burns; Jonathon Price, eds. (2011). 2012: 1972:. In the south a minor Indian attack secured 1003:comprising the Muslim majority areas and the 874:, were variously independent, vassals of the 664:1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown 576: 7567: 6421:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 185–. 6250:NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom 5879: 5786: 5482:, Pennsylvania University Press, p. 2, 4357: 3927:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 3881:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 3869:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 3776:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 3692:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 3665:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 3551: 3250:Hutchison, J.; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1933). 3156:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 2810:Indian forces won control of most of Kashmir 2795:Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II 2767: 1915:, the state paramilitary forces, called the 1406:(tribal militias), each consisting of 1,000 1088:With the independence of the Dominions, the 765:from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four 590: 5982: 5955: 5928: 5714:New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24–29 5577:New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24–29 5372: 5211:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237. 4985:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. 4971:yet no quick military solution was in sight 4675:"Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948" 4034: 3942:Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 2014 3707:(March 1998), "Response (to the reviews of 3546:Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 3315:Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 3047: 2878:Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 2860:Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited 2008 2849:Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir 2014 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 8700: 8686: 8317:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait 7560: 7546: 6997: 6983: 6926:. (1990). Lancer International New Delhi, 6614:Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 6502:The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan 5860:, Oxford University Press, pp. 139–, 5717:. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. 5678:. Liverpool University Press. p. 27. 5615: 5580:. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. 5443:The 1947 war ended in a military stalemate 5376:International Conflict: Logic and Evidence 5373:Quackenbush, Stephen L. (12 August 2014). 5042:. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. 4398: 4060:Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 3200: 2898:Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 2791: 2300:Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48 (theatre honour) 2164:The terms of the ceasefire, laid out in a 2097:. The brigade linked up on 24 November at 1995: 1810:A Pakistan Army convoy advances in Kashmir 1639:Liaquat Ali Khan sent a Punjab politician 583: 569: 6807:Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 6803:Ministry of Defence, Government of India 5737:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 460. 5555:. Columbia University Press. p. 66. 4652:. New Delhi, Atlanta: Lancer Publishers. 3947: 3291:Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game 2007 3030: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2746: 2631: 2629: 1980:Operation Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger 1681:and the militant Pashtun tribes from the 1191: 8754:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 7861:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 6009: 5968:. Oxford University Press. p. 231. 5457:. Pearson Education India. p. 208. 5431:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. 5353:. Oxford University Press. p. 185. 5321:Sprague, Stanley B. (12 November 2020). 5230: 5008: 4800: 4777:. New Delhi: Vision Books. p. 174. 4720:In the Line of Duty: A Soldier Remembers 4650:Kashmir: Its Aborigines and their Exodus 3743:. Oxford University Press. p. 155. 3637: 2964:. Oxford University Press. p. 215. 2833: 2653:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 158. 2636:Bangash, Three Forgotten Accessions 2010 2262:, converting the cease-fire line into a 2151: 1960:The tribal forces attacked and captured 1852: 1805: 1691: 1646: 1607: 1560: 1541:, aimed at overthrowing the rule of the 1072: 964: 956: 27:1947–1948 war between India and Pakistan 6888:. (1955). Orient Longman Ltd. Hyderabad 6852:(1969). Orient Longmans Ltd, New Delhi. 6611:Prasad, Sri Nandan; Pal, Dharm (1987). 5845: 5730: 5651:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1235. 5552:Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation 5346: 5320: 5260: 5204: 5144: 4764: 4744:Bloeria, Sudhir S. (31 December 1997). 4743: 4620: 4594:Snedden, Christopher (1 January 2015). 4593: 4570:Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation 4560: 4363: 4224: 4087: 3833:. Oxford University Press. p. 58. 3736: 3557: 3534:Moore, Making the new Commonwealth 1987 3053: 2895:Prasad, Sri Nandan; Pal, Dharm (1987). 2724:. Oxford University Press. p. 141. 2684: 2287:After the war, a total of number of 11 1905:and these towns, too, were recaptured. 1785:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 1773: 1522: 1007:comprising the rest. The two provinces 14: 8992: 6861:. (1987). Natraj Publishers Dehradun. 6557: 6253:. Partridge Publishing. pp. 42–. 6247:Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (2013). 5961: 5792: 5671: 5589: 5548: 5424: 5056: 4918:Pastor-Castro, R.; Thomas, M. (2020). 4854: 4827: 4750:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 72. 4566: 4539: 4094:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 143. 3709:The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 3644:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 178–179. 3452: 3043:from the original on 17 November 2015. 2883: 2646: 2626: 2608: 1877:Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley 1803:were recruited to command the forces. 1556: 1488:noted a scheme to send tribesmen from 1016:affected by the happenings in Punjab. 8850:War with Islamic State (2022–Present) 8681: 7541: 7082:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 6978: 6965: 6958:, Indian Army, archived 5 April 2011. 6956:Partition and Indo Pak War of 1947–48 6898:. (1962). Military Digest, New Delhi. 6817:Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990 6628:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 101–. 6349:War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947–48 6225: 6015: 5988: 5941:. Taylor & Francis. p. 128. 5934: 5425:Behera, Navnita Chadha (1 May 2007). 5398: 5114: 4980: 4911: 4879: 4770: 4716: 4691:from the original on 20 October 2016. 4647: 4490: 4444: 4404: 4162: 3788:Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom 2013 3713:Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 3089: 3033:"Indian military hysteria since 1947" 3003: 2923: 2853: 2829:from the original on 30 January 2015. 2798:. Taylor & Francis. p. 721. 2640: 2620: 2598:from the original on 6 February 2023. 2577: 952: 564: 8489:List of equipment of the Indian Army 7004: 6373:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 5906:"Rawalpindi conspiracy case, part 1" 5664:left the majority of it under India. 5205:Gardner, Kyle J. (21 January 2021). 5174: 5145:Kennedy, Andrew (29 December 2011). 5103:India reciprocated in kind. Though 5085: 4955:. Roxford Books. pp. 181, 197. 4947: 4804:Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947–1993 4321:from the original on 6 February 2023 4225:Filseth, Gunnar (13 November 2018). 4186: 4063:. Harvard University Press. p. 4053: 3823: 3493: 3459:. Allied Publishers. pp. 40–42. 3179: 3060:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 160–. 2717: 2128:Military operations in Poonch (1948) 2053:Military operations in Ladakh (1948) 1843: 1454:were expected to join the rebels in 983:The years 1946–1947 saw the rise of 824:The war was initially fought by the 797:of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an 7745:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare 7237:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute 6328:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 51–. 5916:from the original on 28 August 2009 5761:The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia 5515: 5450: 5350:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 4717:Singh, Harbakhsh (1 January 2000). 4597:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 4494:The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs 4451:. National Book Foundation; Lahore. 4405:Brown, William (30 November 2014). 4393:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4381:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4352:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4340:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4307:. Allied Publishers Limited. 1992. 4290:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4266:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 4237: 4218: 3740:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 3703: 3600:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 3500:Pakistan Military Review, Volume 18 3168:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 3010:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 18–. 2957: 2951: 2571: 2329: 1848: 24: 7664:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 7394:Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir 6834:The Indian Army After Independence 6789: 6481:Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold 5115:Mohan, Surinder (6 October 2022). 4127:Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms 1972 3494:Amin, Agha Humayun (August 2015), 2697:. Aspen Institute. pp. 155–. 2277: 2101:with Indian troops advancing from 2046: 901:, which asserted sovereignty over 862:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) 25: 9081: 8742:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan 8571:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 7389:Islamic State – Khorasan Province 7263:2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 7072:2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 6949: 5634:Victor: India, Defeated: Pakistan 4899:from the original on 7 March 2016 4672: 4540:Rahman, Fazlur (1 January 2007). 3976:from the original on 9 March 2017 3680:Ankit, The Problem of Poonch 2010 3585:Ankit, The Problem of Poonch 2010 3516:from the original on 8 March 2021 3256:. Superint., Gov. Print., Punjab. 3253:History of the Panjab Hill States 2781:from the original on 2 June 2012. 2753:. Hurst Publishers. p. 204. 2447:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 2282: 897:(1845–46) was fought between the 67:soldiers during the 1947–1948 war 8737:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan 8708: 8645: 8644: 8602:Women in the Indian Armed Forces 8225:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes 7836:Northern Theatre Command (India) 7611: 7598: 7585: 7568: 6836:. (1993). Lancer International, 6232:. University of Nebraska Press. 6149:(phd), University of Southampton 5898: 5873: 5819: 5506: 5013:. Routledge. pp. 121, 157. 4938: 4885: 4848: 4807:. Lancer Publishers. p. 5. 4737: 4710: 4702:Prasad, S.N.; Dharm Pal (1987). 4641: 4614: 4587: 4533: 4511: 4484: 4475: 4455: 4438: 4425: 4251:. 2 January 2002. Archived from 3641:Kashmir and the Freedom Movement 3303:Barua, Gentlemen of the Raj 2003 2978:from the original on 18 May 2022 2486:officers and Pakistan over 1000. 2467:List of wars between democracies 1369: 1355: 1343: 1331: 1319: 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1233: 1219: 1205: 1198: 494: 483: 472: 458: 447: 436: 425: 414: 401: 392: 383: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 307: 297: 286: 274: 262: 230: 216: 203: 190: 176: 163: 150: 136: 58: 9000:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 8322:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 7841:Western Theatre Command (India) 7453:Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day 7201:Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) 7047:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6696:Sarila, Narendra Singh (2007). 6094:Ankit, Rakesh (November 2010), 6040: 5480:Resisting Occupation in Kashmir 5261:Ganguly, Sumit (1 March 2004). 4682:Centre for Land Warfare Studies 4497:. Lexington Books. p. 35. 4463:I Indo-Pakistani War, 1947–1949 4156: 4081: 4047: 3980: 3954:ul-Hassan, Syed Minhaj (2015), 3886: 3817: 3730: 3697: 3631: 3605: 3446: 3380: 3173: 3125: 3083: 3074: 3024: 2942: 2926:Kargil from Surprise to Victory 2815: 2785: 2545: 2532: 2523: 2502: 2489: 2479: 1724:Operations in Poonch and Mirpur 838:accession of the state to India 799:uprising by his Muslim subjects 743:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 37:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 18:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 9035:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan 8617:Indian Armed Forces rank flags 7735:Department of Military Affairs 7339:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front 6749:Kashmir: The Unwritten History 6229:The State at War in South Asia 5399:Ankit, Rakesh (17 June 2016). 5057:Fortna, Virginia Page (2017). 4151:Korbel, Danger in Kashmir 1966 3995:, Sage Publications: 167–178, 3963:FWU Journal of Social Sciences 3470:Effendi, Punjab Cavalry (2007) 3180:Lyon, Peter (1 January 2008). 3004:Singh, Maj Gen Jagjit (2000). 2747:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). 2711: 2614: 2602: 2218:, the Security Council passed 2210:India and Pakistan signed the 2122:Operation Easy; Poonch link-up 999:into two separate states, the 826:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces 182:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces 173:(Combat, transport and supply) 102: 79:October 1947 – 1 January 1949 13: 1: 8431:Counter-insurgency operations 7762:Standing Committee on Defence 7757:Cabinet Committee on Security 7283:2002 Raghunath temple attacks 7133:2016 Nagrota army base attack 6625:War and Peace in Modern India 6077:Ankit, Rakesh (August 2010), 5347:Snedden, Christopher (2015). 5028:Further inconclusive fighting 4771:Sinha, Lt. Gen. S.K. (1977). 4573:. Columbia University Press. 3854:Guha, India after Gandhi 2008 3737:Snedden, Christopher (2015). 3339:Hodson, The Great Divide 1969 3279:Hodson, The Great Divide 1969 3267:Hodson, The Great Divide 1969 3031:Sabir Sha (10 October 2014). 2792:Ciment, J.; Hill, K. (2012). 882:or sometimes controlled from 851: 281:Indian National Army veterans 269:Azad Kashmir irregular forces 9055:Military history of Pakistan 7416:Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day 7077:2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 6367:Effendi, Col. M. Y. (2007). 6156:Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). 5765:. Kingfisher. 2004. p. 5734:South Asia in World Politics 5616:Hoontrakul, Pongsak (2014). 5549:Wilcox, Wayne Ayres (1963). 5123:University of Michigan Press 4834:. HarperCollins Publishers. 4621:Effendi, Col. M. Y. (2007). 4567:Wilcox, Wayne Ayres (1963). 3638:Parashar, Parmanand (2004). 3363:Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66 2014 3351:Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66 2014 3327:Ankit, Kashmir, 1945–66 2014 3133:"Pakistan Covert Operations" 2564: 2147: 1679:Muslim League National Guard 1615:, Prime Minister of Pakistan 1589:Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan 1442:were expected to attack the 1402:. According to the plan, 20 834:North-West Frontier Province 293:Muslim League National Guard 7: 8473:Weapons of mass destruction 8287:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 8277:Sino-Indian border skirmish 7812:Andaman and Nicobar Command 7807:Integrated Theatre Commands 7782:Defence Intelligence Agency 7685:Vice Chief of Defence Staff 7440:Jammu and Kashmir Black Day 7374:Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir) 6773:. Oxford University Press. 6681:. Oxford University Press. 6582:Making the new Commonwealth 6579:Moore, Robin James (1987). 5912:(Opinion). 27 August 2009. 5451:Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). 5175:Fair, C. Christine (2014). 4859:. HarperCollins Publisher. 4747:The battles of Zojila, 1948 4600:. Oxford University Press. 4115:Cheema, Crimson Chinar 2015 4001:10.1177/0002716295541001012 3893:Victoria Schofield (2000). 3392:"The Question of Accession" 2442:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 2410: 1838:princely states of Pakistan 1668:Armed Revolt inside Kashmir 1388:Operation Gulmarg locations 749:, was a war fought between 10: 9086: 8343:Indo-Myanmar border strike 7767:Defence Planning Committee 7527:Village Defence Committees 7308:2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 7298:March 2013 Srinagar attack 7057:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 7052:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 6622:Raghavan, Srinath (2010). 6322:Cheema, Brig Amar (2015). 6289:Brahma Singh, K. (2010) , 6162:. Har-Anand Publications. 6060:(5): 44–49. Archived from 6048:Ankit, Rakesh (May 2010). 5801:. Westview Press. p. 5645:, Guntram H. Herb (2008). 5231:Alagappa, Muthiah (2008). 5153:Cambridge University Press 4519:"Defence of Srinagar 1947" 3899:. I.B.Tauris. p. 44. 3764:Mahajan, Looking Back 1963 3158:, pp. 31, 34–35, 105. 2432:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 2338:, and the Pakistani award 2250:After two further wars in 2125: 2050: 2016: 2013:Operations Gulab and Eraze 1727: 1568: 1526: 1466:with a view to advance to 1183:, which was allied to the 976: 855: 783:, in an effort to capture 535:Total military casualties: 523:Total military casualties: 9070:Muslim League (1947–1958) 8960: 8942: 8911: 8858: 8800: 8762: 8724: 8640: 8579: 8563: 8528: 8497: 8481: 8450: 8390: 8351: 8200: 8107: 8098: 8078:Border Roads Organisation 8042: 8030:Border Roads Organisation 7997: 7970:South Western Air Command 7945: 7917: 7869: 7797: 7790: 7772:Nuclear Command Authority 7752:National Security Council 7720: 7713: 7655:National Security Advisor 7627: 7580: 7469:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 7461: 7407: 7331: 7250: 7224: 7153: 7095: 7037: 7012: 6972: 6967:Links to related articles 6902:Sandhu, Maj Gen Gurcharan 6819:. (1991). Roxford Books. 6661:10.1080/14736480802055455 6558:Massey, Reginald (2005). 6268:Brahma Singh, K. (1990). 6191:10.1080/03086530903538269 5405:. Routledge. p. 63. 5327:. McFarland. p. 29. 5239:Stanford University Press 4040:Regimental History Cell, 3725:10.1080/14662049808447762 3453:Kalkat, Onkar S. (1983). 3402:(11): 4–6, archived from 3104:10.1080/14736480802055455 2497:Commander-in-Chief, India 2222:(1951) and established a 1699:, Prime Minister of India 828:and by militias from the 771:newly independent nations 654:Bangladesh Liberation War 602: 542: 507: 320: 236:Pakistani paramilitaries 127: 71: 57: 41: 36: 8952:UN peacekeeping missions 8597:President's Colour Award 8587:President's fleet review 7846:Maritime Theatre Command 7824:Strategic Forces Command 7777:Integrated Defence Staff 7675:Chief of the Naval Staff 7484:OHCHR reports on Kashmir 7268:Chittisinghpura massacre 7232:Jinnah–Mountbatten talks 6564:. Abhinav Publications. 6553:. Asia Publishing House. 6484:. India Research Press. 6274:. Lancer International. 6106:(11): 9–, archived from 5965:Making Sense of Pakistan 5962:Shaikh, Farzana (2018). 5815:– via archive.org. 5299:Rowman & Littlefield 4445:Tahir, M. Athar (2007). 3800:Ankit, October 1947 2010 3281:, pp. 293, 329–330. 3186:. ABC-CLIO. p. 80. 2823:"BBC on the 1947–48 war" 2472: 2457:Brigadier Mohammad Usman 2083:25-pounder gun-howitzers 1747:came under heavy siege. 1368: 1354: 1342: 1330: 1318: 1306: 1294: 1282: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1232: 1218: 1204: 1177:Indian National Congress 594:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 9040:History of Azad Kashmir 8888:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman) 7670:Chief of the Army Staff 6752:. HarperCollins India. 6226:Barua, Pradeep (2005). 6205:Barua, Pradeep (2003). 6079:"The Problem of Poonch" 6016:Singh, Sarbans (1993). 5731:Hagerty, Devin (2005). 5183:Oxford University Press 5009:Margolis, Eric (2001). 4981:Kapur, S. Paul (2017). 4192:Lamb, Alastair (1997), 3456:The Far-flung Frontiers 3417:Ankit, Henry Scott 2010 3375:Ankit, Henry Scott 2010 3222:Encyclopædia Britannica 3054:Krishna, Ashok (1998). 2400:Captain Muhammad Sarwar 2061:(Brig Atal) to capture 2005:under siege, capturing 1996:Indian spring offensive 1185:All-India Muslim League 1094:Instrument of Accession 985:All-India Muslim League 819:Instrument of Accession 807:Pashtun tribal militias 659:1959 Canberra shootdown 255:Pashtun tribal militias 8463:Ordnance Factory Board 8382:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8090:Awards and Decorations 7937:Southern Naval Command 7680:Chief of the Air Staff 7660:Chief of Defence Staff 7422:Kashmir Solidarity Day 7332:Militant organisations 7288:2006 Srinagar bombings 7278:2001 Kishtwar massacre 7251:Bombings and massacres 6767:Zaheer, Hasan (1998). 6505:. London: Hutchinson. 6499:Hodson, H. V. (1969). 6143:Ankit, Rakesh (2014), 6122:Ankit, Rakesh (2016). 5590:Brozek, Jason (2008). 5496:four inconclusive wars 4855:Khanna, Meera (2015). 4828:Khanna, Meera (2015). 4491:Iqbal, Khuram (2015). 4468:2 October 2016 at the 4364:Connell, John (1959). 3812:Jamal, Shadow War 2009 3225:(2011), online edition 3037:The News International 2735:Jamal, Shadow War 2009 2679:Jamal, Shadow War 2009 2647:Khanna, K. K. (2015). 2578:Kumar, Bharat (2014). 2384:Company Havildar Major 2201:Azad Jammu and Kashmir 2161: 2087:3.7-inch mountain guns 1858: 1811: 1718: 1700: 1655: 1616: 1566: 1192:Operation Gulmarg plan 1085: 974: 962: 321:Commanders and leaders 8866:Arab–Israeli conflict 8718:Pakistan Armed Forces 8627:National War Memorial 8622:Indian military bands 8612:Armed Forces Tribunal 8607:Armed Forces Flag Day 7932:Eastern Naval Command 7927:Western Naval Command 7909:Army Training Command 7899:South Western Command 7379:Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind 7323:2022 Srinagar bombing 7196:Operation Sarp Vinash 7161:1947 Poonch rebellion 7128:2016 Baramulla attack 6882:Cohen, Lt Col Maurice 6675:Nawaz, Shuja (2008). 6600:Palit, D. K. (1972). 6478:Joshi, Manoj (2008). 6352:. SAGE Publications. 6298:, brahmasingh.co.nf, 5880:Hasan Zaheer (1998). 5793:Thomas, Raju (1992). 5379:. SAGE. p. 323. 4801:Malhotra, A. (2003). 4523:Indian Defence Review 4088:Copland, Ian (2005). 3215:30 April 2015 at the 3145:on 12 September 2014. 2958:Roy, Kaushik (2009). 2924:Malik, V. P. (2010). 2538:According to scholar 2508:Major Kalkat was the 2272:short military action 2155: 2071:M5 Stuart light tanks 1964:. They then attacked 1856: 1809: 1787:volunteers aided the 1730:1947 Poonch rebellion 1714: 1695: 1654:, overlooking Kashmir 1650: 1611: 1571:1947 Poonch rebellion 1564: 1117:Muzaffarabad district 1076: 968: 960: 856:Further information: 830:frontier tribal areas 508:Casualties and losses 226:(Supply support only) 81:(1 year and 10 weeks) 9065:Wars involving India 9060:Nehru administration 8903:Grand Mosque seizure 8130:Battle of Asal Uttar 8010:National Cadet Corps 7965:Southern Air Command 7856:Defence Space Agency 7851:Defence Cyber Agency 7428:Kashmir Martyrs' Day 7399:United Jihad Council 7364:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen 7313:2018 Sunjuwan attack 7258:1947 Jammu massacres 7171:Operation Grand Slam 6886:Thunder over Kashmir 6744:Snedden, Christopher 6457:Jamal, Arif (2009). 6436:Hiro, Dilip (2015). 5827:"UNMOGIP Background" 5428:Demystifying Kashmir 5086:Khan, Saira (2009). 4684:. pp. 141–142. 4245:"Kashmir-konflikten" 4227:"Kashmir-konflikten" 3558:Warikoo, K. (2009). 3269:, pp. 293, 320. 2405:Naik Saif Ali Janjua 2387:Piru Singh Shekhawat 2059:77 Parachute Brigade 1949:1947 Mirpur massacre 1801:Indian National Army 1774:Accession of Kashmir 1529:Operation Datta Khel 1523:Operation Datta Khel 1385:class=notpageimage| 1027:for both of the new 1001:Dominion of Pakistan 933:of the newly formed 895:First Anglo-Sikh war 813:, but upon reaching 745:, also known as the 543:Conflict began when 9045:Indo-Pakistani wars 8944:Foreign deployments 8541:Historical Aircraft 8436:LOC surgical strike 8178:Battle of Longewala 8115:Indo-Pakistani wars 8083:Paramilitary forces 8054:Ranks and insignia 8015:Paramilitary forces 7985:Maintenance Command 7975:Western Air Command 7960:Eastern Air Command 7955:Central Air Command 7730:Ministry of Defence 7723:Committees/Councils 7645:Minister of Defence 7574:Indian Armed Forces 7521:Over ground workers 7479:Human rights abuses 7318:2019 Pulwama attack 7206:Operation Calm Down 7166:Operation Gibraltar 6920:Singh, Maj K Brahma 6724:Kashmir in Conflict 6718:Schofield, Victoria 6606:. Palit & Dutt. 6585:. Clarendon Press. 6545:Mahajan, Mehr Chand 6110:on 21 February 2018 5672:Hughes, G. (2012). 4999:inconclusive ending 4882:, pp. 164–165. 4141:, pp. 235–236. 3871:, pp. 105–106. 3472:, pp. 151–153. 3341:, pp. 262–265. 2777:. Persecution.org. 1895:Battle of Shalateng 1796:Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1781:Government of India 1557:Rebellion in Poonch 1535:Major William Brown 1169:National Conference 1143:). The mountainous 1098:Maharaja Hari Singh 1090:British Paramountcy 1084:in military uniform 1078:Maharaja Hari Singh 1033:Mohammad Ali Jinnah 767:Indo-Pakistani wars 421:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 44:Indo-Pakistani wars 8929:Somalian civil war 8924:Sudanese civil war 8764:India and Pakistan 8546:Aircraft Squadrons 8468:Ballistic missiles 8135:Battle of Chawinda 8050:Military Academies 8005:Indian Coast Guard 7829:Commander-in-Chief 7817:Commander-in-Chief 7384:Dukhtaran-e-Millat 7344:Tehreek-e-Hurriyat 7293:2006 Doda massacre 7039:Wars and conflicts 6892:Hinds, Brig Gen SR 6856:Vas, Lt Gen. E. A. 6642:on 19 August 2019. 6463:. Melville House. 6064:on 12 October 2017 5989:Batra, A. (2012). 5935:Ahmed, T. (2020). 3825:Fair, C. Christine 3548:, p. 124–125. 3406:on 17 January 2023 3353:, pp. 54, 56. 2650:Art of Generalship 2270:after launching a 2162: 2085:and a regiment of 1947:. This led to the 1859: 1812: 1701: 1675:Shaukat Hayat Khan 1656: 1641:Mian Iftikharuddin 1630:Mehr Chand Mahajan 1617: 1567: 1396:Major O. S. Kalkat 1111:consisting of the 1086: 989:Muslim nationalism 979:Partition of India 975: 963: 953:Partition of India 907:East India Company 878:since the time of 858:History of Kashmir 513:1,103 army deaths 398:Mehr Chand Mahajan 224:Pakistan Air Force 52:Partition of India 9030:Conflicts in 1949 9025:Conflicts in 1948 9020:Conflicts in 1947 8987: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8820:Panjshir Uprising 8675: 8674: 8559: 8558: 8446: 8445: 8263:Balakot airstrike 8038: 8037: 7993: 7992: 7650:Defence Secretary 7535: 7534: 7349:Hizbul Mujahideen 7191:Operation All Out 7096:Border skirmishes 6896:Battle of Zoji La 6847:Sen, Maj Gen L.P. 6780:978-0-19-577892-2 6709:978-1-84529-588-2 6688:978-0-19-547660-6 6635:978-1-137-00737-7 6592:978-0-19-820112-0 6571:978-81-7017-469-1 6536:978-1-4008-7523-8 6526:Danger in Kashmir 6512:978-0-09-097150-3 6491:978-81-87943-52-5 6470:978-1-933633-59-6 6449:978-1-56858-503-1 6428:978-0-547-66924-3 6404:978-0-330-39611-0 6397:. Pan Macmillan. 6389:Guha, Ramachandra 6380:978-0-19-547203-5 6359:978-81-321-1795-7 6335:978-81-7062-301-4 6305:978-81-7062-091-4 6281:978-81-7062-091-4 6260:978-1-4828-1625-9 6239:978-0-8032-1344-9 6218:978-0-275-97999-7 6169:978-81-241-0923-6 6135:978-1-317-22525-6 6002:978-1-135-12984-2 5975:978-0-19-006206-4 5948:978-1-000-08394-1 5891:978-0-19-577892-2 5867:978-0-19-968604-9 5812:978-0-8133-8343-9 5776:978-0-7534-5784-9 5744:978-0-7425-2587-0 5685:978-1-83764-186-4 5658:978-1-85109-908-5 5629:978-1-137-41235-5 5603:978-1-109-04475-1 5562:978-0-231-02589-8 5529:978-1-000-37239-7 5489:978-0-8122-4978-1 5464:978-81-317-0834-7 5438:978-0-8157-0859-9 5412:978-1-317-22525-6 5386:978-1-4522-4098-5 5360:978-1-84904-342-7 5334:978-1-4766-8151-1 5308:978-0-8157-1386-9 5278:978-1-135-75658-1 5248:978-0-8047-6086-7 5218:978-1-108-84059-0 5192:978-0-19-989270-9 5162:978-1-139-50193-4 5132:978-0-472-22063-2 5068:978-0-691-11512-2 4992:978-0-19-976852-3 4931:978-1-351-12348-8 4659:978-1-935501-58-9 4634:978-0-19-547203-5 4607:978-1-84904-342-7 4580:978-0-231-02589-8 4553:978-3-537-87668-3 4529:on 18 March 2016. 4504:978-1-4985-1649-5 4418:978-1-4738-2187-3 4411:. Pen and Sword. 4383:, pp. 65–67. 4304:My Life and Times 4292:, pp. 58–59. 4280:, pp. 25–26. 4268:, pp. 52–53. 4179:978-0-415-40459-4 4101:978-0-230-00598-3 3944:, pp. 28–29. 3929:, pp. 49–51. 3906:978-1-86064-898-4 3840:978-0-19-989271-6 3790:, pp. 25–27. 3750:978-1-84904-342-7 3705:Jha, Prem Shankar 3651:978-81-7625-514-1 3624:978-0-230-00598-3 3571:978-1-134-03294-5 3509:978-1-5168-5023-5 3443:, pp. 17–19. 3390:(November 2010), 3365:, pp. 57–58. 3193:978-1-57607-712-2 3067:978-1-897829-47-9 3017:978-81-7062-109-6 2971:978-0-19-569888-6 2805:978-1-136-59614-8 2760:978-1-85065-916-7 2718:Lamb, A. (2002). 2704:978-1-61792-400-2 2660:978-93-82652-93-9 2591:978-93-81904-52-7 2370:Rama Raghoba Rane 2367:Second Lieutenant 2212:Karachi Agreement 2037:Chitral Bodyguard 1844:Stages of the war 1735:have occurred at 1408:Pashtun tribesmen 1398:serving with the 1181:Muslim Conference 1082:Jammu and Kashmir 1042:Claude Auchinleck 1005:Dominion of India 993:Direct Action Day 971:Claude Auchinleck 939:Jammu and Kashmir 763:Jammu and Kashmir 747:first Kashmir war 736: 735: 670:Border skirmishes 559: 558: 553:Jammu and Kashmir 123: 122: 117:Jammu and Kashmir 91:Jammu and Kashmir 16:(Redirected from 9077: 9050:Kashmir conflict 8787:Siachen conflict 8712: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8648: 8647: 8632:Amar Jawan Jyoti 8510:Historical Ships 8479: 8478: 8220:Siachen conflict 8210:Kashmir conflict 8105: 8104: 8025:Territorial Army 7998:Other components 7980:Training Command 7894:Southern Command 7889:Northern Command 7795: 7794: 7718: 7717: 7705:Serving marshals 7700:Serving admirals 7695:Serving generals 7619:Indian Air Force 7617: 7615: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7572: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7447:Azad Kashmir Day 7359:Jaish-e-Mohammed 7062:Siachen conflict 7006:Kashmir conflict 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6963: 6962: 6921: 6903: 6893: 6883: 6857: 6848: 6832: 6814: 6804: 6784: 6763: 6739: 6727: 6713: 6692: 6671: 6643: 6638:. Archived from 6618: 6607: 6596: 6575: 6554: 6540: 6516: 6495: 6474: 6453: 6442:. Nation Books. 6432: 6408: 6384: 6363: 6339: 6316: 6314: 6308:, archived from 6297: 6285: 6264: 6243: 6222: 6201: 6173: 6150: 6139: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6090: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6034: 6033: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5829:. Archived from 5823: 5817: 5816: 5800: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5666: 5636: 5610: 5584: 5569: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5516:Ali, A. (2021). 5510: 5504: 5500: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5393: 5367: 5341: 5315: 5285: 5255: 5225: 5199: 5169: 5139: 5109: 5097:978-0-20389176-6 5080: 5051: 5032: 5003: 4975: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4525:. Archived from 4515: 4509: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4255:on 18 June 2013. 4241: 4235: 4234: 4229:. Archived from 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3226: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3138:. Archived from 3137: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2831: 2830: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2665: 2664: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2575: 2558: 2554:Stand Down Order 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2462:Siachen conflict 2427:Battle of Badgam 2422:Rann of Kuch War 2336:Param Vir Chakra 2330:Gallantry awards 2245:Liaquat Ali Khan 1988:. In the north, 1925:Muzaffar ul-Mulk 1883:Dewan Ranjit Rai 1849:Initial invasion 1832:of the state of 1706:Jawaharlal Nehru 1697:Jawaharlal Nehru 1683:Frontier regions 1634:Liaquat Ali Khan 1621:Prem Shankar Jha 1613:Liaquat Ali Khan 1585:Second World War 1551:Gilgit-Baltistan 1486:Dera Ismail Khan 1450:and another ten 1373: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1287: 1275: 1263: 1251: 1237: 1223: 1209: 1202: 1109:Kashmir province 1037:the armed forces 1025:Governor General 1021:Lord Mountbatten 911:Treaty of Lahore 836:. Following the 779:(militias) from 769:between the two 637:2001–02 standoff 627:Siachen conflict 606:Kashmir conflict 597: 595: 585: 578: 571: 562: 561: 517:32 RIAF members 503: 499: 498: 488: 487: 477: 476: 463: 462: 452: 451: 441: 440: 432:Liaquat Ali Khan 430: 429: 428: 419: 418: 417: 409: 405: 396: 387: 377: 376: 366: 365: 355: 354: 346:Jawaharlal Nehru 344: 343: 335:Lord Mountbatten 333: 332: 331: 311: 301: 291: 290: 289: 279: 278: 277: 267: 266: 235: 234: 233: 222: 220: 219: 209: 207: 206: 195: 194: 180: 171:Indian Air Force 169: 167: 166: 156: 154: 153: 145: 141: 140: 73: 72: 62: 48:Kashmir conflict 34: 33: 21: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9074: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8956: 8938: 8907: 8881:Black September 8854: 8815:Bajaur Campaign 8810:Waziristan 1948 8796: 8758: 8720: 8706: 8676: 8671: 8636: 8575: 8555: 8536:Active Aircraft 8524: 8493: 8477: 8442: 8398:Northeast India 8386: 8347: 8292:Doklam standoff 8202: 8196: 8192:Sino-Indian War 8157:Battle of Chamb 8094: 8034: 7989: 7941: 7913: 7904:Western Command 7884:Eastern Command 7879:Central Command 7865: 7786: 7722: 7709: 7623: 7612: 7610: 7599: 7597: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7566: 7536: 7531: 7457: 7434:Youm-e-Istehsal 7403: 7369:Harkat ul-Ansar 7354:Lashkar-e-Taiba 7327: 7303:2016 Uri attack 7246: 7242:Simla Agreement 7220: 7186:Operation Eraze 7181:Operation Bison 7176:Operation Tupac 7149: 7123:2016 Uri attack 7091: 7033: 7008: 7003: 6968: 6952: 6919: 6901: 6891: 6881: 6855: 6846: 6830: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6790:Further reading 6787: 6781: 6760: 6736: 6710: 6689: 6636: 6593: 6572: 6537: 6513: 6492: 6471: 6450: 6429: 6405: 6381: 6360: 6336: 6315:on 6 March 2016 6312: 6306: 6295: 6282: 6261: 6240: 6219: 6170: 6136: 6113: 6111: 6067: 6065: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5643:David H. Kaplan 5638: 5637: 5630: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5490: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5241:. p. 218. 5227: 5226: 5219: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5155:. p. 194. 5141: 5140: 5133: 5111: 5110: 5098: 5082: 5081: 5069: 5053: 5052: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4470:Wayback Machine 4460: 4456: 4443: 4439: 4431:Martin Axmann, 4430: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4315: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3856:, Section 4.II. 3852: 3848: 3841: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3510: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3217:Wayback Machine 3208: 3201: 3194: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3002: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2913: 2901: 2893: 2884: 2876: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2668: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2592: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2437:Sino-Indian War 2417:Siege of Skardu 2413: 2378:Jadu Nath Singh 2353:Som Nath Sharma 2340:Nishan-E-Haider 2332: 2327: 2285: 2280: 2278:Military awards 2264:Line of Control 2260:Simla Agreement 2239:led by General 2158:Line of Control 2150: 2130: 2124: 2115:Sher Jung Thapa 2055: 2049: 2047:Operation Bison 2025:Operation Eraze 2021: 2019:Siege of Skardu 2015: 1998: 1982: 1958: 1933: 1923:, whose ruler, 1879: 1851: 1846: 1819:, the force of 1776: 1732: 1726: 1606: 1573: 1559: 1537:along with the 1531: 1525: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1194: 1173:Sheikh Abdullah 1102:Ram Chandra Kak 1071: 981: 955: 864: 854: 846:Line of Control 739: 738: 737: 732: 648:Other conflicts 598: 593: 591: 589: 537: 533: 532: 531:~14,000 wounded 530: 525: 521: 520: 518: 516: 514: 493: 492: 482: 481: 471: 470: 457: 456: 446: 445: 435: 434: 426: 424: 423: 415: 413: 412: 407:Sheikh Abdullah 400: 391: 382: 381: 371: 370: 360: 359: 349: 348: 338: 337: 329: 327: 326: 287: 285: 275: 273: 261: 250:Frontier Scouts 231: 229: 217: 215: 204: 202: 189: 164: 162: 151: 149: 135: 134: 111: 93: 80: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9083: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8716:involving the 8714:Armed conflict 8705: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8515:Weapon Systems 8512: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8413: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8111: 8109: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8020:Special forces 8017: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7726: 7724: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7640:Prime Minister 7637: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7608: 7595: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516:Women's rights 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7442:(Invasion Day) 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7216:2019 airstrike 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7086:media coverage 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6951: 6950:External links 6948: 6947: 6946: 6935: 6917: 6899: 6889: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6853: 6844: 6828: 6813:Lamb, Alastair 6810: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6764: 6759:978-9350298985 6758: 6740: 6734: 6714: 6708: 6693: 6687: 6672: 6655:(2): 115–154, 6644: 6634: 6619: 6608: 6597: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6555: 6541: 6535: 6517: 6511: 6496: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6454: 6448: 6433: 6427: 6409: 6403: 6385: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6340: 6334: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6304: 6280: 6265: 6259: 6244: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6202: 6185:(1): 117–143, 6174: 6168: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6134: 6119: 6096:"October 1947" 6091: 6074: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6008: 6001: 5981: 5974: 5954: 5947: 5927: 5897: 5890: 5872: 5866: 5844: 5833:on 3 July 2017 5818: 5811: 5785: 5775: 5750: 5743: 5723: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5684: 5669: 5657: 5639: 5628: 5613: 5602: 5587: 5572: 5561: 5546: 5528: 5512: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5488: 5474: 5463: 5448: 5437: 5422: 5411: 5396: 5385: 5370: 5359: 5344: 5333: 5318: 5307: 5301:. p. 15. 5288: 5277: 5271:. p. 94. 5258: 5247: 5228: 5217: 5202: 5191: 5185:. p. 14. 5172: 5161: 5142: 5131: 5125:. p. 91. 5112: 5096: 5083: 5067: 5054: 5035: 5019: 5006: 4991: 4978: 4949:Lamb, Alastair 4944: 4937: 4930: 4910: 4884: 4872: 4865: 4847: 4840: 4820: 4813: 4790: 4783: 4763: 4756: 4736: 4729: 4709: 4694: 4673:Singh, Rohit. 4665: 4658: 4640: 4633: 4613: 4606: 4586: 4579: 4559: 4552: 4532: 4510: 4503: 4483: 4474: 4454: 4437: 4435:(2008), p. 273 4424: 4417: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4313: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4236: 4217: 4205: 4185: 4178: 4164:Swami, Praveen 4155: 4143: 4131: 4129:, p. 162. 4119: 4107: 4100: 4080: 4073: 4055:Bose, Sumantra 4046: 4033: 4031:, p. 113. 4021: 3979: 3946: 3931: 3916: 3905: 3885: 3883:, p. 106. 3873: 3858: 3846: 3839: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3778:, p. 103. 3768: 3766:, p. 123. 3756: 3749: 3729: 3719:(1): 113–123, 3696: 3684: 3669: 3667:, p. 105. 3657: 3650: 3630: 3623: 3604: 3589: 3577: 3570: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3508: 3486: 3484:, p. 59–. 3474: 3462: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 133. 3295: 3293:, p. 324. 3283: 3271: 3259: 3242: 3240:, p. 371. 3227: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3124: 3098:(2): 115–154, 3082: 3073: 3066: 3046: 3023: 3016: 2989: 2970: 2950: 2941: 2934: 2911: 2882: 2880:, p. 120. 2863: 2852: 2832: 2814: 2804: 2784: 2775:"Furqan Force" 2766: 2759: 2739: 2727: 2710: 2703: 2683: 2666: 2659: 2639: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2590: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2544: 2540:Christine Fair 2531: 2522: 2518:Frank Messervy 2501: 2488: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2364: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293:theatre honour 2289:battle honours 2284: 2283:Battle honours 2281: 2279: 2276: 2193:Jammu province 2189:Kashmir Valley 2149: 2146: 2126:Main article: 2123: 2120: 2079:Madras Sappers 2051:Main article: 2048: 2045: 2033:Chitral Scouts 2017:Main article: 2014: 2011: 1997: 1994: 1981: 1978: 1957: 1954: 1932: 1929: 1878: 1875: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1826:Chitral Scouts 1775: 1772: 1728:Main article: 1725: 1722: 1687:Khurshid Anwar 1624:retired Major 1605: 1602: 1569:Main article: 1558: 1555: 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1444:Kashmir Valley 1383: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1121:Jammu province 1113:Kashmir Valley 1070: 1067: 1062:Douglas Gracey 1050:Frank Messervy 977:Main article: 969:Field Marshal 954: 951: 935:princely state 853: 850: 832:adjoining the 759:princely state 734: 733: 731: 730: 725: 720: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 667: 666: 661: 656: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 612:War of 1947–48 603: 600: 599: 588: 587: 580: 573: 565: 557: 556: 549:princely state 540: 539: 527: 519:3,154 wounded 510: 509: 505: 504: 479:Khurshid Anwar 454:Douglas Gracey 443:Frank Messervy 410: 379:K. M. Cariappa 323: 322: 318: 317: 316: 315: 305: 295: 283: 271: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 245:Kurram Militia 242: 227: 213: 186: 185: 184: 174: 160: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 113: 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 55: 54: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9082: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9015:1949 in India 9013: 9011: 9010:1948 in India 9008: 9006: 9005:1947 in India 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8934:War on terror 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7609: 7607: 7596: 7594: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Peacebuilding 7509: 7507: 7506:Stone pelting 7504: 7502: 7501:Crowd control 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6944: 6943:9780805995947 6940: 6936: 6933: 6932:81-7062-091-0 6929: 6925: 6918: 6915: 6914:81-7094-004-4 6911: 6907: 6900: 6897: 6890: 6887: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6874:Other sources 6873: 6872: 6868: 6867:81-85019-09-6 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6842:1-897829-45-0 6839: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6825:0-907129-06-4 6822: 6818: 6811: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6795:Major sources 6794: 6793: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6735:1-86064-898-3 6731: 6726: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702:. Constable. 6701: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6521:Korbel, Josef 6518: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6413:Hajari, Nisid 6410: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6131: 6128:. Routledge. 6127: 6126: 6120: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6031: 6029:81-7094-115-6 6025: 6021: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5789: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5498:over Kashmir. 5497: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5022: 5020:0-415-92712-9 5016: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4868: 4866:9789351364832 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4841:9789351364832 4837: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4814:9788170622963 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4784:81-7094-012-5 4780: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4757:9788124105092 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4730:9788170621065 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4395:, p. 63. 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4354:, p. 60. 4353: 4348: 4342:, p. 61. 4341: 4336: 4320: 4316: 4314:9788170233558 4310: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4215:, p. 18. 4214: 4209: 4203: 4202:0-907129-08-0 4199: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4153:, p. 94. 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4117:, p. 57. 4116: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4074:0-674-01173-2 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3814:, p. 50. 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3694:, p. 42. 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3602:, p. 41. 3601: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3536:, p. 49. 3535: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 17. 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3377:, p. 45. 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3329:, p. 43. 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3170:, p. 80. 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2937: 2935:9789350293133 2931: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2737:, p. 49. 2736: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2681:, p. 57. 2680: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2623:, p. 192 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2519: 2515: 2514:Bannu Brigade 2511: 2510:brigade major 2505: 2498: 2492: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2220:Resolution 91 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2166:UN Commission 2159: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111:Pakistan Army 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:relief column 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Gilgit Scouts 1914: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:armoured cars 1888: 1884: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868:Poonch valley 1864: 1855: 1841: 1839: 1836:, one of the 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1821:Gilgit Scouts 1818: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543:Dogra dynasty 1540: 1539:Gilgit Scouts 1536: 1530: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Bannu Brigade 1397: 1386: 1372: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1236: 1222: 1208: 1201: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1157:Gilgit Agency 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:British India 994: 990: 986: 980: 972: 967: 959: 950: 948: 944: 941:, founding a 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 880:Emperor Akbar 877: 876:Mughal Empire 873: 869: 863: 859: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 643: 642:2008 standoff 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 607: 601: 596: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 566: 563: 554: 550: 546: 541: 536: 529:6,000 killed 528: 524: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501:William Brown 497: 491: 486: 480: 475: 469: 466: 461: 455: 450: 444: 439: 433: 422: 411: 408: 404: 399: 395: 390: 386: 380: 375: 369: 364: 358: 353: 347: 342: 336: 325: 324: 319: 314: 310: 306: 304: 300: 296: 294: 284: 282: 272: 270: 265: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Gilgit Scouts 238: 237: 228: 225: 214: 212: 211:Pakistan Army 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 161: 159: 148: 147: 146: 144: 139: 132: 131: 126: 118: 115:One-third of 114: 109: 108: 104: 100: 97: 96: 92: 88: 85: 84: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 61: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 8898:Yemen crisis 8580:Other topics 8505:Active Ships 8417: 8409: 8391:Insurgencies 8369: 8360: 8336: 8328: 8310: 8272:Congo Crisis 8231: 8172:Cactus-Lilly 8171: 8163: 7721:Ministry and 7714:Organisation 7451:26 October— 7445:24 October— 7438:22 October— 7420:5 February— 7414:19 January— 7225:Negotiations 7027:1947–present 6923: 6905: 6895: 6885: 6858: 6849: 6833: 6831:Praval, K.C. 6816: 6806: 6769: 6748: 6723: 6698: 6677: 6652: 6649:India Review 6648: 6640:the original 6624: 6613: 6602: 6581: 6560: 6549: 6525: 6501: 6480: 6459: 6438: 6417: 6393: 6369: 6348: 6344:Dasgupta, C. 6324: 6310:the original 6291: 6270: 6249: 6228: 6207: 6182: 6178: 6158: 6145: 6124: 6112:, retrieved 6108:the original 6103: 6099: 6086: 6082: 6066:. Retrieved 6062:the original 6057: 6053: 6041:Bibliography 6018: 6011: 5991: 5984: 5964: 5957: 5937: 5930: 5918:. Retrieved 5909: 5900: 5881: 5875: 5857: 5847: 5835:. Retrieved 5831:the original 5821: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5760: 5753: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5696: 5689:. Retrieved 5674: 5662: 5647: 5633: 5618: 5607: 5592: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5551: 5540: 5533:. Retrieved 5518: 5508: 5495: 5493: 5479: 5468: 5453: 5442: 5427: 5416: 5401: 5390: 5375: 5364: 5349: 5338: 5323: 5312: 5293: 5282: 5263: 5252: 5233: 5222: 5207: 5196: 5177: 5166: 5147: 5136: 5117: 5105:inconclusive 5104: 5101: 5087: 5075: 5072: 5058: 5047:inconclusive 5046: 5043: 5039: 5027: 5024: 5010: 4998: 4997:Despite its 4996: 4982: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4940: 4920: 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4887: 4875: 4856: 4850: 4830: 4823: 4803: 4773: 4766: 4746: 4739: 4719: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4681: 4668: 4649: 4643: 4623: 4616: 4596: 4589: 4569: 4562: 4542: 4535: 4527:the original 4522: 4513: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4461:Tom Cooper, 4457: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4407: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4366: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323:. Retrieved 4303: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4253:the original 4248: 4239: 4231:the original 4220: 4208: 4193: 4188: 4168: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4090: 4083: 4059: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4024: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3949: 3910: 3895: 3888: 3876: 3849: 3829: 3819: 3807: 3802:, p. 9. 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3739: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3687: 3682:, p. 9. 3660: 3640: 3633: 3613: 3607: 3587:, p. 8. 3580: 3560: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3518:, retrieved 3499: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3455: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3404:the original 3399: 3395: 3388:Puri, Balraj 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3252: 3245: 3220: 3182: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3140:the original 3127: 3095: 3092:India Review 3091: 3085: 3076: 3056: 3049: 3036: 3026: 3006: 2980:. Retrieved 2960: 2953: 2944: 2925: 2905: 2897: 2855: 2817: 2809: 2794: 2787: 2769: 2749: 2742: 2730: 2720: 2713: 2693: 2686: 2649: 2642: 2616: 2611:, p. 97 2604: 2580: 2573: 2547: 2534: 2525: 2504: 2491: 2481: 2389:(Posthumous) 2380:(Posthumous) 2355:(Posthumous) 2333: 2286: 2249: 2234: 2223: 2209: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2163: 2143: 2131: 2056: 2022: 1999: 1983: 1959: 1945:PAVO Cavalry 1934: 1910: 1907: 1880: 1872: 1863:Muzaffarabad 1860: 1813: 1793: 1777: 1768: 1752:Kotli tehsil 1749: 1733: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1638: 1618: 1593: 1580: 1574: 1532: 1518: 1483: 1472: 1451: 1448:Muzaffarabad 1439: 1403: 1392: 1213:Muzaffarabad 1166: 1148: 1106: 1087: 1054: 1046:Rob Lockhart 1018: 982: 919:Sutlej River 892: 888:Ranjit Singh 884:Kangra state 872:Rajput kings 865: 823: 789: 774: 746: 742: 740: 728:J&K 2019 723:Balakot 2019 711: 710: 669: 668: 647: 646: 611: 604: 534: 522: 357:Rob Lockhart 313:Furqan Force 188: 133: 128:Belligerents 42:Part of the 29: 8961:Anti-piracy 8919:Bosnian War 8859:Middle East 8802:Afghanistan 8732:Martial law 8363:(Hyderabad) 8352:Annexations 8337:Devi Shakti 8073:Coast Guard 7606:Indian Navy 7593:Indian Army 7408:Observances 7211:2016 strike 6114:28 December 5920:19 December 5691:22 December 5535:22 December 4325:15 November 4196:, Roxford, 2609:Massey 2005 2362:Karam Singh 2237:failed coup 1893:during the 1789:Indian Army 1756:Owen Pattan 1745:Poonch city 1626:Janak Singh 1363:Indus river 947:British Raj 927:Gulab Singh 899:Sikh Empire 868:Afghanistan 622:War of 1971 617:War of 1965 490:Zaman Kiani 158:Indian Army 110:Territorial 8994:Categories 8825:Soviet War 8416:Operation 8408:Operation 8368:Operation 8359:Operation 8335:Operation 8327:Operation 8309:Operation 8230:Operation 8215:Korean War 8185:Kargil War 8170:Operation 8162:Operation 8100:Operations 7628:Leadership 7474:Insurgency 7432:5 August— 7154:Operations 7067:Kargil War 6068:6 November 5910:The Nation 4880:Barua 2005 4370:. Cassell. 3969:(1): 1–7, 2621:Barua 2005 2452:Kargil War 2359:Lance Naik 2241:Akbar Khan 2171:plebiscite 2093:and later 1664:Akbar Khan 1436:Abbottabad 1377:Ravi river 1254:Abbottabad 1147:district ( 1058:Roy Bucher 915:Beas River 905:, and the 852:Background 821:to India. 791:Hari Singh 781:Waziristan 632:Kargil War 468:Akbar Khan 389:Hari Singh 368:Roy Bucher 50:, and the 8973:Venezuela 8912:Worldwide 8840:1996-2001 8665:Air Force 8564:Documents 8529:Air Force 8451:Equipment 8410:Blue Star 8253:2016–2018 8248:2014–2015 8203:Conflicts 8201:External 8147:Naval War 8120:1947–1948 8068:Air Force 8043:Personnel 7947:Air Force 7635:President 7426:13 July— 7145:2020–2021 7118:2016–2018 7113:2014–2015 7022:1846–1946 6746:(2013) . 6720:(2003) . 6669:155030407 6523:(1966) . 6346:(2014) . 6199:159652497 6089:(8): 8–49 5269:Routledge 4967:stalemate 4017:144787951 3120:155030407 3112:1473-6489 2565:Citations 2499:from 1943 2230:ceasefire 2205:Baltistan 2148:Aftermath 2075:7 Cavalry 1899:Baramulla 1830:Bodyguard 1741:Rawalakot 1464:Rawalakot 1153:Baltistan 1029:dominions 909:. In the 815:Baramulla 757:over the 303:Swat Army 103:Aftermath 8893:Gulf War 8725:Domestic 8650:Category 8418:Woodrose 8377:Junagadh 8232:Parakram 7791:Commands 7017:Timeline 6547:(1963). 6415:(2015). 6391:(2008). 6100:Epilogue 6083:Epilogue 6054:Epilogue 5914:Archived 4951:(1997). 4897:Archived 4686:Archived 4466:Archived 4319:Archived 4166:(2007). 4057:(2003). 3971:archived 3827:(2014). 3520:17 April 3514:archived 3396:Epilogue 3213:Archived 3041:Archived 2976:Archived 2827:Archived 2779:Archived 2596:Archived 2557:Ziegler. 2411:See also 2394:Pakistan 2318:Srinagar 2309:Naoshera 2291:and one 2067:Cariappa 1986:garrison 1966:Naoshera 1828:and the 1619:Scholar 1490:Malakand 1452:lashkars 1446:through 1440:lashkars 1432:Nowshera 1420:Peshawar 1404:lashkars 1350:Nowshera 1125:Udhampur 1115:and the 931:Maharaja 917:and the 842:Srinagar 811:Srinagar 795:Maharaja 755:Pakistan 718:LoC 2016 197:Pakistan 86:Location 8968:Somalia 8845:2001-21 8835:1992-96 8830:1989-92 8592:History 8426:Kashmir 8164:Trident 8152:Air War 7462:Related 6561:Azaadi! 5837:29 June 4903:3 April 4009:1048283 3210:Kashmir 2512:at the 2324:Zoji La 2321:Teetwal 2315:Rajouri 2268:Siachen 2139:Zoji La 2091:Matayan 2063:Zoji La 2029:Teetwal 1962:Jhanger 1921:Chitral 1834:Chitral 1764:Throchi 1750:In the 1547:Kashmir 1512:to the 1506:Chitral 1494:Sialkot 1460:Bhimber 1290:Chitral 1241:Bhimber 1171:led by 1149:wazarat 943:dynasty 903:Kashmir 785:Kashmir 776:lashkar 712:Strikes 701:2020–21 691:2016–18 686:2014–15 545:Pashtun 112:changes 105:section 8551:Future 8520:Future 8403:Punjab 8329:Raahat 8311:Cactus 7616: 7603: 7590: 7523:(OGWs) 7496:Ikhwan 6941: 6930: 6912: 6865: 6840: 6823: 6777: 6756: 6732: 6706: 6685: 6667: 6632: 6589: 6568: 6533: 6509: 6488: 6467: 6446: 6425: 6401: 6377: 6356: 6332: 6302: 6278: 6257: 6236: 6215: 6197: 6166: 6132: 6026: 5999: 5972: 5945: 5888: 5864: 5809: 5773: 5741: 5682: 5655: 5626: 5600: 5559: 5526: 5486: 5461: 5435: 5409: 5383: 5357: 5331: 5305: 5275: 5245: 5215: 5189: 5159: 5129: 5094: 5065: 5017: 4989: 4928: 4863: 4838: 4811: 4781: 4754: 4727: 4656: 4631: 4604: 4577: 4550: 4501: 4415: 4311: 4200: 4176: 4098: 4071: 4015: 4007: 3903: 3837: 3747: 3648: 3621: 3568: 3506: 3190: 3118: 3110: 3064: 3014: 2982:18 May 2968: 2932: 2802: 2757: 2701: 2657: 2588: 2351:Major 2306:Kargil 2303:Gurais 2197:Ladakh 2191:, the 2134:Poonch 2107:Skardu 2099:Kargil 2041:Ladakh 2007:Kargil 1990:Skardu 1913:Gilgit 1887:Badgam 1817:Gilgit 1760:Sehnsa 1739:(near 1737:Thorar 1660:Murree 1652:Murree 1577:Poonch 1504:, and 1456:Poonch 1227:Poonch 1155:. The 1145:Ladakh 1141:Poonch 1137:Mirpur 1013:Bengal 1009:Punjab 925:ruler 803:Poonch 793:, the 538:20,000 221: 208: 168: 155: 98:Result 65:Indian 8747:1970s 8370:Vijay 7799:Joint 6665:S2CID 6313:(PDF) 6296:(PDF) 6195:S2CID 4689:(PDF) 4678:(PDF) 4013:S2CID 4005:JSTOR 3974:(PDF) 3959:(PDF) 3143:(PDF) 3136:(PDF) 3116:S2CID 2902:(PDF) 2473:Notes 2346:India 2312:Punch 2216:UNCIP 2182:India 1974:Chamb 1941:Kotli 1581:jagir 1510:Indus 1479:Kiani 1468:Jammu 1428:Thall 1424:Kohat 1416:Wanna 1412:Bannu 1338:Thall 1326:Kohat 1314:Wanna 1302:Bannu 1162:Dogra 1133:Reasi 1129:Jammu 923:Dogra 751:India 526:6,279 143:India 8876:1973 8871:1967 8792:1999 8782:1971 8777:1965 8772:1947 8660:Navy 8655:Army 8498:Navy 8482:Army 8361:Polo 8297:2020 8282:1987 8258:2019 8243:2013 8238:2011 8142:1971 8125:1965 8108:Wars 8063:Navy 8058:Army 7919:Navy 7871:Army 7491:Rape 7140:2019 7108:2013 7103:2011 6939:ISBN 6928:ISBN 6910:ISBN 6863:ISBN 6838:ISBN 6821:ISBN 6775:ISBN 6754:ISBN 6730:ISBN 6704:ISBN 6683:ISBN 6630:ISBN 6587:ISBN 6566:ISBN 6531:ISBN 6507:ISBN 6486:ISBN 6465:ISBN 6444:ISBN 6423:ISBN 6399:ISBN 6375:ISBN 6354:ISBN 6330:ISBN 6300:ISBN 6276:ISBN 6255:ISBN 6234:ISBN 6213:ISBN 6164:ISBN 6130:ISBN 6116:2016 6070:2016 6024:ISBN 5997:ISBN 5970:ISBN 5943:ISBN 5922:2023 5886:ISBN 5862:ISBN 5839:2017 5807:ISBN 5771:ISBN 5739:ISBN 5693:2023 5680:ISBN 5653:ISBN 5624:ISBN 5598:ISBN 5557:ISBN 5537:2023 5524:ISBN 5484:ISBN 5459:ISBN 5433:ISBN 5407:ISBN 5381:ISBN 5355:ISBN 5329:ISBN 5303:ISBN 5273:ISBN 5243:ISBN 5213:ISBN 5187:ISBN 5157:ISBN 5127:ISBN 5092:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5015:ISBN 4987:ISBN 4926:ISBN 4905:2016 4861:ISBN 4836:ISBN 4809:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4752:ISBN 4725:ISBN 4654:ISBN 4629:ISBN 4602:ISBN 4575:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4499:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4327:2015 4309:ISBN 4198:ISBN 4174:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4069:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3835:ISBN 3745:ISBN 3711:)", 3646:ISBN 3619:ISBN 3566:ISBN 3522:2018 3504:ISBN 3188:ISBN 3108:ISSN 3062:ISBN 3012:ISBN 2984:2022 2966:ISBN 2930:ISBN 2800:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2699:ISBN 2655:ISBN 2586:ISBN 2375:Naik 2256:1971 2254:and 2252:1965 2195:and 2156:The 2095:Dras 2035:and 1901:and 1779:the 1762:and 1597:Bagh 1514:Ravi 1498:Swat 1462:and 1430:and 1266:Swat 1139:and 1131:and 1060:and 1011:and 987:and 893:The 860:and 753:and 741:The 706:2023 696:2019 681:2013 676:2011 465:Col. 101:See 76:Date 6657:doi 6187:doi 5767:460 4249:NRK 4065:100 3997:doi 3993:541 3721:doi 3219:in 3100:doi 2103:Leh 2073:of 2003:Leh 1970:Uri 1911:In 1903:Uri 1545:of 1502:Dir 1492:to 1278:Dir 1080:of 937:of 801:in 761:of 551:of 8996:: 6922:. 6904:. 6894:. 6884:. 6815:. 6805:. 6663:, 6651:, 6193:, 6183:38 6181:, 6102:, 6098:, 6085:, 6081:, 6056:. 6052:. 5908:. 5805:. 5803:25 5779:. 5769:. 5695:. 5661:. 5632:. 5606:. 5565:. 5539:. 5492:, 5467:. 5441:. 5415:. 5389:. 5363:. 5337:. 5311:. 5297:. 5281:. 5267:. 5251:. 5237:. 5221:. 5195:. 5181:. 5165:. 5151:. 5135:. 5121:. 5100:. 5071:. 5023:. 4995:. 4895:. 4793:^ 4680:. 4521:. 4317:. 4247:. 4067:. 4011:, 4003:, 3991:, 3965:, 3961:, 3934:^ 3919:^ 3909:. 3861:^ 3717:36 3715:, 3672:^ 3592:^ 3512:, 3498:, 3398:, 3394:, 3230:^ 3202:^ 3114:, 3106:, 3094:, 3039:. 3035:. 2992:^ 2974:. 2914:^ 2885:^ 2866:^ 2835:^ 2825:. 2808:. 2669:^ 2628:^ 2594:. 2342:: 2274:. 2232:. 2069:. 2043:. 1516:. 1500:, 1458:, 1426:, 1422:, 1418:, 1414:, 1127:, 1096:. 1052:. 890:. 46:, 8701:e 8694:t 8687:v 7666:) 7662:( 7561:e 7554:t 7547:v 7088:) 7084:( 6998:e 6991:t 6984:v 6945:. 6934:. 6916:. 6869:. 6827:. 6783:. 6762:. 6738:. 6712:. 6691:. 6659:: 6653:7 6595:. 6574:. 6539:. 6515:. 6494:. 6473:. 6452:. 6431:. 6407:. 6383:. 6362:. 6338:. 6284:. 6263:. 6242:. 6221:. 6189:: 6172:. 6138:. 6104:4 6087:4 6072:. 6058:4 6032:. 6005:. 5978:. 5951:. 5924:. 5894:. 5841:. 5747:. 4934:. 4907:. 4869:. 4844:. 4817:. 4787:. 4760:. 4733:. 4662:. 4637:. 4610:. 4583:. 4556:. 4507:. 4421:. 4329:. 4182:. 4104:. 4077:. 3999:: 3967:9 3843:. 3753:. 3723:: 3654:. 3627:. 3574:. 3419:. 3400:4 3317:. 3196:. 3102:: 3096:7 3070:. 3020:. 2986:. 2938:. 2763:. 2707:. 2663:. 584:e 577:t 570:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948

Index