Individual retirement account

517:, (2) take a distribution, pay the tax and protect the proceeds along with the other liquid assets, or (3) rely on the state law exemption for IRAs. For example, the California exemption statute provides that IRAs and self-employed plans' assets "are exempt only to the extent necessary to provide for the support of the judgment debtor when the judgment debtor retires and for the support of the spouse and dependents of the judgment debtor, taking into account all resources that are likely to be available for the support of the judgment debtor when the judgment debtor retires". What is reasonably necessary is determined on a case-by-case basis, and the courts will take into account other funds and income streams available to the beneficiary of the plan. Debtors who are skilled, well-educated, and have time left until retirement are usually afforded little protection under the California statute as the courts presume that such debtors will be able to provide for retirement. 382:(RMD) is not taken the penalty is 50% of the amount that should have been taken. The amount that must be taken is calculated based on a factor taken from the appropriate IRS table and is based on the life expectancy of the owner and possibly his or her spouse as beneficiary if applicable. Withdrawals are taxable unless paid to a charity after age 72; this cutoff has changed over time. Payments to charities are called Qualified Charitable Distributions (QCD). At the death of the owner, distributions must continue and if there is a designated beneficiary, distributions can be based on the life expectancy of the beneficiary. 750:(GAO) released a report that stated there were an estimated 314 taxpayers with IRA account balances of greater than $ 25,000,000. Also that there are an estimate of 791 taxpayers with IRA account balances between $ 10,000,000 and $ 25,000,000. The purpose of this report was to study individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and the account valuations. There were concerns raised about whether the tax incentives encourage new or additional saving. Congress is reexamining retirement tax incentives as part of tax reform. GAO was asked to measure IRA balances and assess IRS enforcement of IRA laws. 773:-adjusted stock market values generally rose from 1978 to 1997, in March 2013, they were lower than during the period 1998 through 2007. This has caused IRAs to perform substantially more poorly than expected when current retirees were investing the bulk of their savings in them. In 2010, Duncan Black wrote in an opinion column in USA Today that the median household retirement account balance for workers aged 55 to 64 was $ 120,000, which "will provide only a trivial supplement to Social Security", but a third of households had no retirement savings at all. 81:– Contributions are mostly tax-deductible (often simplified as "money is deposited before tax" or "contributions are made with pre-tax assets"), no transactions within the IRA are taxed, and withdrawals in retirement are taxed as income (except for those portions of the withdrawal corresponding to contributions that were not deducted). Depending upon the nature of the contribution, a traditional IRA may be a "deductible IRA" or a "non-deductible IRA". Traditional IRAs were introduced with the 528:, IRAs are protected from creditors during bankruptcy up to $ 1,000,000 (the act requires the IRS to adjust this limit for inflation every three years; the most recent adjustment was $ 1,362,800 in 2019). An exception is that inherited IRAs do not qualify for an exemption from the bankruptcy estate and thus federal law does not protect them from creditors in bankruptcy. Some state laws, however, may protect inherited IRAs from creditors in bankruptcy. 180:(EGTRRA), many of the restrictions of what type of funds could be rolled into an IRA and what type of plans IRA funds could be rolled into were significantly relaxed. Additional legislation since 2001 has further relaxed restrictions. Essentially, most retirement plans can be rolled into an IRA after meeting certain criteria, and most retirement plans can accept funds from an IRA. An example of an exception is a non-governmental 342:

benefit from/to this real estate investment. An example of such benefit would be the use of the real estate as the owner's personal residence, allowing a parent to live in the property, or allowing the IRA account owner to fix a leaky toilet. The IRS specifically states that custodians may impose their own policies above the rules imposed by the IRS. Neither custodians nor administrators can provide advice.

238:(ERISA). Taxpayers could contribute up to fifteen percent of their annual income or $ 1,500, whichever is less, each year and reduce their taxable income by the amount of their contributions. The contributions could be invested in a special United States bond paying six percent interest, annuities that begin paying upon reaching age 59, or a trust maintained by a bank or an insurance company. 338:(IRC) only outlines what is not allowed in an IRA. Some assets are allowed according to the IRC, but the custodians may add additional restrictions for accounts held in their custody. For example, the IRC allows an IRA to own a piece of rental property, but certain custodians may not allow this to be held in their custody. 162:(IRC) has placed a few restrictions on what can be invested in, the IRA custodian may impose additional restrictions on what assets they will custody. Self-directed IRA custodians, or IRA custodians who specialize in alternative investments, are better equipped to handle transactions involving alternative investments. 762:, who built a Roth IRA worth $ 5 billion by investing in startups on terms unavailable to most taxpayers. The owners of such high-value IRAs constituted less than one tenth of a percent of the more than 65 million IRA owners at the end of 2018, and policy proposals have been advanced to limit such accumulation. 377:

Although funds can be distributed from an IRA at any time, there are limited circumstances when money can be distributed or withdrawn from the account without penalties. Unless an exception applies, money can typically be withdrawn penalty-free as taxable income from an IRA once the owner reaches age

685:

Excluding SEPs and SIMPLEs (i.e., concerning traditional, rollover, and Roth IRAs), 15.1% of individuals holding an IRA contributed to one. The percentage was much higher for Roth IRAs: 7.2% of owners of traditional or rollover IRAs (same for contribution purposes) contributed, while 29.5% of owners

341:

While there are only a few restrictions on what can be invested inside an IRA, some restrictions pertain to actions which would create a prohibited transaction with those investments. For example, an IRA can own a piece of rental real estate, but the IRA owner cannot receive or provide any immediate

368:

An IRA may borrow or loan money but any such loan must not be personally guaranteed by the owner of the IRA. Any loan on assets in the IRA would be required to be a non-recourse loan. The loan could not be personally secured by the IRA account owner, or the IRA itself. It can only be secured by the

766:

has virtually no retirement savings - the median retirement account balance is $ 2,500 for all working-age households and $ 14,500 for near-retirement households. In 2020, half of American adults had less than $ 6,500 in the combination of their IRAs and defined contribution plans, such as 401(k).

765:

According to a 2015 study done by the National Institute on Retirement Security, titled "The Continuing Retirement Savings Crisis", 45% of working Americans do not own any retirement account assets, whether in an employer-based 401(k) type plan or an IRA. Furthermore, the typical working household

486:

of 2005 expanded the protection for IRAs. Certain IRAs (rollovers from SEP or Simple IRAs, Roth IRAs, individual IRAs) are exempt up to at least $ 1,000,000 (adjusted periodically for inflation) without having to show necessity for retirement. The law provides that "such amount may be increased if

440:

basis, and a penalty would apply only on any growth (the taxable amount) that was taken out before 59 where an exception didn't apply. Amounts converted from a traditional to a Roth IRA must stay in the account for a minimum of 5 years to avoid having a penalty on withdrawal of basis unless one of

356:

Publicly traded securities such as options, futures or other derivatives are allowed in IRAs, but certain custodians or brokers may restrict their use. For example, some options brokers allow their IRA accounts to hold stock options, but others do not. Using certain derivatives or investments that

658:

The average and median IRA account balance was $ 54,863 and $ 15,756, respectively, while the average and median IRA individual balance (all accounts from the same person combined) was $ 69,498 and $ 20,046. The average is significantly higher than the median (over three times higher), reflecting

478:

can exempt his or her IRA, up to the amount necessary for retirement, from the bankruptcy estate. The Court indicated that because rights to withdrawals are based on age, IRAs should receive the same protection as other retirement plans. Thirty-four states already had laws effectively allowing an

536:

An IRA owner may not borrow money from the IRA except for a 60-day period in a calendar year. Any borrowing in excess of 60 days in a calendar year disqualifies the IRA from special tax treatment. An IRA may incur debt or borrow money secured by its assets, but the IRA owner may not guarantee or

300:

The total contributions a person can make to all of their traditional and Roth IRAs cannot be more than the lesser amount of either their earned income for the year or $ 6,000 ($ 7,000 if the contributor is age 50 or older). The latter figure is examined annually to determine if an inflationary

256:

The maximum amount allowed as an IRA contribution was $ 1,500 from 1975 to 1981, $ 2,000 from 1982 to 2001, $ 3,000 from 2002 to 2004, $ 4,000 from 2005 to 2007, $ 5,000 from 2008 to 2012, $ 5,500 from 2013 to 2018, and $ 6,000 from 2019 to 2022. In tax year 2023, the maximum amount allowed is $

547:

The rules regarding IRA rollovers and transfers allow the IRA owner to perform an "indirect rollover" to another IRA. An indirect rollover can be used to temporarily "borrow" money from the IRA, once in a twelve-month period. The money must be placed in an IRA arrangement within 60 days, or the

520:

Many states have laws that prohibit judgments from lawsuits to be satisfied by seizure of IRA assets. For example, IRAs are protected up to $ 500,000 in Nevada from Writs of Execution. However, this type of protection does not usually exist in the case of divorce, failure to pay taxes, deeds of

138:

that allowed for direct transfers between qualified plans without an intermediate IRA, but plan administrators may choose to accept transfers only from conduit IRAs. Transferring funds from a qualified plan to a conduit IRA preserves certain tax and asset protection advantages that apply to the

187:

The tax treatment of the above types of IRAs (except for Roth IRAs) are very similar, particularly for rules regarding distributions. SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs also have additional rules similar to those for qualified plans governing how contributions can and must be made and what employees are

308:

The amount of the traditional IRA contributions that can be deducted is partially reduced for levels of income beyond a threshold, and eliminated beyond another threshold, if the contributor or the contributor's spouse is covered by an employer-based retirement plan. The dollar amounts of the

742:

While the average (mean) and median IRA individual balance in 2008 were approximately $ 70,000 and $ 20,000 respectively, higher balances are not rare. 6.3% of individuals had total balances of $ 250,000 or more (about 12.5 times the median), and in rare cases, individuals own IRAs with very

304:

This limit applies to the total annual contributions to both Roth IRAs and traditional IRAs. For example, a person aged 45, who put $ 4,000 into a traditional IRA this year so far, can either put $ 2,000 more into this traditional IRA, or $ 2,000 in a Roth IRA, or some combination of

245:(ERTA) allowed all working taxpayers under the age of 70 to contribute to an IRA, regardless of their coverage under a qualified plan. It also raised the maximum annual contribution to $ 2,000 and allowed participants to contribute $ 250 on behalf of a nonworking spouse. 252:

phased out the deduction for IRA contributions among workers covered by an employment-based retirement plan who earned more than $ 35,000 if single or over $ 50,000 if married filing jointly. Other taxpayers could still make nondeductible contributions to an IRA.

270:

Additionally, an IRA (or any other tax-advantaged retirement plan) can be funded only with what the IRS calls "taxable compensation". This in turn means that certain types of income cannot be used to contribute to an IRA; these include but are not limited to:

497:

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has ruled that if an IRA engages in a "prohibited transaction" under Internal Revenue Code sections 408(e)(2) and 4975(c)(1), the assets in the IRA will no longer qualify for bankruptcy protection.

594:

treat the IRA account as his or her own, which means that he or she can name a beneficiary for the assets, continue to contribute to the IRA and avoid having to take distributions. This avoids paying the extra 10% tax on early distributions from an

117:– a provision that allows an employer (typically a small business or self-employed individual) to make retirement plan contributions into a Traditional IRA established in the employee's name, instead of to a pension fund in the company's name. 743:

substantial balances, in some cases $ 100 million or above (about 5,000 times the median individual balance). This can occur when IRA owners invest in shares of private companies, and the share value subsequently rises substantially.

707:

Few taxpayers had aggregated balances exceeding $ 5 million as of 2011. Generally, taxpayers with IRA balances greater than $ 5 million tend to have adjusted gross incomes greater than $ 200,000, be joint filers, and are age 65 or

757:

reported that as of the end of 2019, there were 28,615 taxpayers with traditional and Roth IRA assets in excess of $ 5 million and an aggregate value totaling almost $ 280 billion. An investigative report in 2021 highlighted

95:– Contributions are non-deductible and transactions within the IRA have no tax impact. The contributions may be withdrawn at any time without penalty, and earnings may be withdrawn tax-free in retirement. Named for Senator 801:(New Zealand) – Australia and New Zealand have a reciprocal agreement allowing New Zealanders moving to Australia to transfer their KiwiSaver funds to an approved Australian superannuation scheme, and vice versa. 711:

In 2014, the federal government will forgo an estimated $ 17.45 billion in tax revenue from IRAs, which Congress created to ensure equitable tax treatment for those not covered by employer-sponsored retirement

795:(Australia) – Australia and New Zealand have a reciprocal agreement allowing Australians moving to New Zealand to transfer their Australian superannuation scheme to an approved KiwiSaver funds, and vice versa. 1623:(showing dollar threshold breakouts and the numbers of both traditional and Roth IRAs with large balances, based on the most recent data available, without taking into account designated Roth 401(k) accounts) 1638: 353:(REIT). Self-directed IRA custodians/administrators can allow real estate and other non-traditional assets held in forms other than a REIT, such as a piece of rental property, raw land, or fishing rights. 267:

An IRA can be funded only with cash or cash equivalents. Attempting to transfer any other type of asset into the IRA is a prohibited transaction and disqualifies the fund from its beneficial tax treatment.

1087: 1109: 700:

issued a report on IRAs in November 2014. This report gives the GAO's estimate on the number of taxpayers with IRAs as well as the estimated account balances. Here are some highlights from the report:

692:– of those contributing to an IRA, approximately 40% contributed the maximum (whether contributing to traditional or Roth), and 46.7% contributed close to the maximum (in the $ 5,000–$ 6,000 range). 674:– the overwhelming majority of IRA contributions, in dollar terms, were from rollovers, rather than new contributions – over 10 times as much is added to IRAs from rollovers than new contributions. 704:

For tax year 2011 (the most recent year available), an estimated 43 million taxpayers had individual retirement accounts (IRAs) with a total reported fair market value (FMV) of $ 5.2 trillion.

444:

If the contribution to the IRA was nondeductible or the IRA owner chose not to claim a deduction for the contribution, distributions of those nondeductible amounts are tax and penalty free.

395:. Each exception has detailed rules that must be followed to be exempt from penalties. This group of penalty exemptions are popularly known as hardship withdrawals. The exceptions include: 257:

6,500. Beginning in tax year 2024, the limit is $ 7,000. Beginning in 2002, those over 50 years old could make an additional contribution of up to $ 1,000 called a "catch-up contribution".

677:

While many rollovers were small (28.5% were less than $ 5,000, and 53.1% were less than $ 25,000), a significant number of rollovers were quite large, with 20.2% being more than $ 100,000.

567:

may be taxed at their point of origin, and the IRS does not recognize this tax as a creditable deduction. There is some controversy over whether this violates tax treaties, such as the

487:

the interests of justice so require." Other IRAs (rollovers from most employer sponsored retirement plans (401(k)s, etc.) and non-rollover SEP and SIMPLE IRAs) are entirely exempt.

505:

in June 2014, that funds in an inherited IRA do not qualify as "retirement funds" within the meaning of the federal bankruptcy exemption statute, 11 U.S.C. section 522(b)(3)(C).

525: 634:

the distribution amounts are based on the oldest beneficiary's age. Alternatively, multiple beneficiaries can split the inherited IRA into separate accounts, in which case the

378:

59 years and 6 months. Also, non-Roth owners must begin taking distributions of at least the calculated minimum amounts by April 1 of the year after reaching age 72. If the

123:– a Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees that requires employer matching contributions to the plan whenever an employee makes a contribution. The plan is similar to a 1832: 365:

which hold alternative investments such as real estate, horses, or intellectual property, can involve more complexity than IRAs which only hold stocks or mutual funds.

2081: 1395: 682:

IRAs were divided by type as 33.6% traditional IRAs, 33.4% rollover IRAs (combined with the traditional IRAs, 67 percent), 23.4% Roth IRAs, and 9.6% SEPs and SIMPLEs.

177: 1737:

Bhutta, Neil et al., Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2016 to 2019: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN (Sept. 2020) at 16,

146:

is considered the same by the tax code, but refers to IRAs where the custodian allows the investor wider flexibility in choosing investments, typically including

483: 345:

Many IRA custodians limit available investments to traditional brokerage accounts such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Investments in an asset class such as

1775: 1681: 1443: 1488: 1656: 127:

plan, but with lower contribution limits and simpler (and thus less costly) administration. Although it is termed an IRA, it is treated separately.

1425: 170: 1982: 1655:

SOI Tax Stats - Accumulation and Distribution of Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRA), Statistical Tables 2018, INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,

17: 1505: 1596:"INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS: IRS Could Bolster Enforcement on Multimillion Dollar Accounts, but More Direction from Congress Is Needed" 1547:"INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS: IRS Could Bolster Enforcement on Multimillion Dollar Accounts, but More Direction from Congress Is Needed" 1151: 1806: 537:

secure the loan personally. An example of this is a real estate purchase within a self-directed IRA along with a non-recourse mortgage.

1712: 1639:"Lord of the Roths: How Tech Mogul Peter Thiel Turned a Retirement Account for the Middle Class Into a $ 5 Billion Tax-Free Piggy Bank" 821:) - a compulsory savings scheme for employees who receive a salary of Vt3, 000 or more a month, to help them financially at retirement. 605:

disclaim up to 100% of the IRA assets, which, besides avoiding extra taxable income, enables their children to inherit the IRA assets

608:

take all of the IRA assets out in one lump-sum, which can subject the spouse to federal taxes if particular requirements are not met

548:

transaction will be deemed an early withdrawal (subject to the appropriate withdrawal taxes and penalties) and may not be replaced.

2076: 235: 82: 666:

Average and median balances increased with age, reaching a maximum in the 65–69 age group, before leveling off for 70 and over.

626:

if the beneficiary is older than the IRA owner, he or she can take distributions from the account based on the IRA owner's age.

349:

would only be permitted in an IRA if the real estate is held indirectly via a security such as a publicly traded or non-traded

241:

Initially, ERISA restricted IRAs to workers who were not covered by a qualified employment-based retirement plan. In 1981, the

1127: 432:

There are a number of other important details that govern different situations. For Roth IRAs with only contributed funds the

322:

Once money is inside an IRA, the IRA owner can direct the custodian to use the cash to purchase most types of publicly traded

109:– a 2014 Obama administration initiative based on the Roth IRA, which can invest only in government bonds; phased out in 2017. 886: 881: 491: 419: 412: 1403: 1762:"S&P 500 Stock Price Index (SP500)/Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items (CPIAUCSL)", 1960-March 2013 1619:

Barthold, Thomas A Memorandum to: Kara Gertz, Tiffany Smith, and Drew Crouch, JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION (July 27, 2021),

620:

take out all of the assets within 10 years of the owners death (10-year rule); withdrawals may be subject to federal taxes.

284: 598:

rollover the IRA funds into another plan and take distributions as a beneficiary. Distributions will be determined by the

292:

Child support payments received. (On the other hand, alimony and separate maintenance payments, if taxable, are eligible.)

150:. Some examples of these alternative investments are: real estate, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas 854: 834: 647: 1324: 782: 599: 467: 379: 1451: 1783: 864: 786: 541: 242: 86: 1975: 1274: 650:, in its EBRI IRA Database (Center for Research on IRAs), and various analyses performed. An overview is given in ( 1931: 747: 697: 309:

thresholds vary depending on tax filing status (single, married, etc.) and on which spouse is covered at work (see

1688: 1195: 911: 814: 616:

IRAs, the beneficiary cannot choose to treat the IRA as his or her own, but the following options are available:

280: 63: 1657:

https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-accumulation-and-distribution-of-individual-retirement-arrangements

130:

Conduit IRA – a traditional IRA funded exclusively with a transfer from a qualified plan, such as a 401(k) plan.

2034: 166: 2005: 479:

individual to exempt an IRA in bankruptcy, but the Supreme Court decision allows federal protection for IRAs.

1963: 463: 358: 1568: 1485: 1466:"Convention Between Canada and the United States of America With Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital" 350: 297:

Rollovers, transfers, and conversions between IRAs and other retirement arrangements can include any asset.

264:

The IRS allows an investor to revoke a new IRA, without penalty, for seven calendar days after opening it.

1209: 792: 754: 569:

Convention Between Canada and the United States of America With Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital

459: 100: 844: 1620: 579:

If the IRA owner dies, different rules are applied depending on who inherits the IRA (spouse or other

357:

involve leverage may be allowed by the IRC, it may also cause the IRA to pay taxes under the rules of

2027: 369:

asset in question. The owner of the IRA may not pledge the IRA as security against an outside debt.

1991: 804: 437: 1990:, EBRI Issue Brief, vol. 346, Employee Benefit Research Institute, p. 20, archived from 1509: 327: 147: 824: 249: 219:, either independent or "captive" (affiliated with a specific mutual fund or insurance company) 2054: 2048: 1738: 1173: 513:

There are several options of protecting an IRA: (1) roll it over into a qualified plan like a

54:

for the taxpayer's eventual benefit in old age. An individual retirement account is a type of

1749:

Caporal, Jack Average Retirement Savings in the U.S.: $ 65,000, MOTLEY FOOL (June 16, 2021),

1065: 1002: 952: 935: 623:

disclaim all or part of the assets in the IRA for up to 9 months after the IRA owner's death.

399:

The portion of unreimbursed medical expenses that are more than 7.5% of adjusted gross income

335: 159: 1750: 385:

There are several exceptions to the rule that penalties apply to distributions before age 59

471: 1725:

PK, Average, Median, Top 1%, and all United States Retirement Savings Percentiles, DQYDJ,

1299: 8: 1465: 151: 96: 1229:"Publication 590-B (2022), Distributions from Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)" 330:). Specific assets such as collectibles (e.g., art, baseball cards, and rare coins) and 323: 727:<0.1% (or 7,952) taxpayers have IRA account balances of $ 5,000,000 to $ 10,000,000 501:

With respect to inherited IRAs, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in the case of

2012: 1706: 1634: 839: 730:<0.1% (or 791) taxpayers have IRA account balances of $ 10,000,000 to $ 25,000,000 454: 362: 234:

Individual retirement arrangements were introduced in 1974 with the enactment of the

143: 1761: 1340:

11 USC section 522(n); see also Internal Revenue Code of 1986 sections 408 and 408A.

1254:"26 CFR 1.408-4, Treatment of distributions from individual retirement arrangements" 405:

Disability (defined as not being able to engage in any substantial gainful activity)

402:

Distributions that are not more than the cost of medical insurance while unemployed

311:

IRS Publication 590-A, "Contributions to Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)"

1253: 956: 724:

0.1% (or 36,171) taxpayers have IRA account balances of $ 3,000,000 to $ 5,000,000

721:

0.2% (or 83,529) taxpayers have IRA account balances of $ 2,000,000 to $ 3,000,000

1492: 1378: 1328: 1006: 939: 556: 155: 78: 1726: 1069: 425:

Distributions to buy, build, or rebuild a first home ($ 10,000 lifetime maximum)

1632: 848: 331: 222: 216: 2070: 1969: 733:<0.1% (or 314) taxpayers have IRA account balances of $ 25,000,000 or more 660: 51: 43: 1883: 462:

ruled unanimously on April 4, 2005, that under section 522(d)(10)(E) of the

310: 184:

which cannot be rolled into anything but another non-governmental 457 plan.

2060: 981: 718:

1.2% of tax payers have IRA account balances at $ 1,000,000 to $ 2,000,000.

205: 1028: 1278: 1228: 906: 901: 759: 560: 346: 287:

payments, may or may not be taxable, but in either case are not eligible.

210: 1939: 1595: 1546: 1128:"Retirement Topics - IRA Contribution Limits | Internal Revenue Service" 475: 433: 213:

companies, sometimes for the purpose of offering their own mutual funds

120: 1668: 1444:"Supreme Court: Inherited IRAs Don't Qualify for Bankruptcy Exemption" 1976:

IRS Publication 590 (2005), Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)

1429: 828: 808: 798: 770: 47: 1984:

IRA Balances and Contributions: An Overview of the EBRI IRA Database

715:

98.5% of taxpayers have IRA account balances at $ 1,000,000 or less.

1621:

https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21018466-72821-jct-mega-ira

1275:"Publication 590 (2005), Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)" 1210:"72(t) Basics - Potential Pitfalls of Early Retirement Withdrawals" 916: 564: 181: 92: 1907: 1859: 858: 818: 114: 39: 896: 526:

Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005

514: 326:(traditional investments), and non-publicly traded securities ( 135: 124: 301:

adjustment is needed and has been in effect from 2019 to 2021.

868: 436:

can be withdrawn before age 59 without penalty (or tax) on a

408:

Amounts distributed to beneficiaries of a deceased IRA owner

165:

Some IRA custodians and some investment funds specialize in

1739:

https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf20.pdf

982:"Publication 590: Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRA)" 891: 200: 106: 635: 540:

Income from debt-financed property in an IRA may generate

1751:

https://www.fool.com/research/average-retirement-savings/

1353:, 424 F. App'x 80, docket no. 10-11980 (11th Cir. 2011) ( 583:, other beneficiary, multiple beneficiaries, and so on). 178:

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001

50:

that holds investment assets purchased with a taxpayer's

1854: 1852: 422:

expenses of the owner or their children or grandchildren

1833:"Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) - Canada.ca" 1379:

Nevada Revised Statutes Section 21.075 - Civil Practice

1060:"Major Provisions of the Pension Bill Signed by Ford". 646:

Detailed statistics on IRAs have been collected by the

484:

Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act

277:

Any tax-exempt income, apart from military combat pay.

1369:, case no. 13-299, U.S. Supreme Court (June 12, 2014). 942:

and the Treasury regulation at 26 C.F.R. sec. 1.408-2.

776: 638:

rules will apply separately to each separate account.

602:

rules based on the surviving spouse's life expectancy.

42:

provided by many financial institutions that provides

1849: 1590: 1588: 1110:"Tax Bill Prompts Questions, Questions, and Answers" 690:

Contributions are concentrated at the maximum amount

590:

IRAs, the owner's spouse has the following options:

418:Distributions that are not more than the qualified 62:. Other arrangements include individual retirement 1585: 1479: 1305:. Supreme Court Of The United States. October 2005 2082:Tax-advantaged savings plans in the United States 976: 974: 2068: 1528: 1526: 1426:"Protecting Retirement Accounts from Creditors" 158:, horses, and intellectual property. While the 83:Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 1088:"IRAs Congress' big gift to working Americans" 1029:"Self Directed IRA Custodians (IRS Compliant)" 971: 654:). Some highlights from the 2008 data follow: 563:investment arrangements. For example, foreign 171:environmental, social and corporate governance 1727:https://dqydj.com/average-retirement-savings/ 1495:How do I? Get the most from my inherited IRA? 411:Distributions in the form of an annuity (see 99:, the Roth IRA was introduced as part of the 1964:"Court shields IRAs from bankruptcy seizure" 1523: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1152:"Retirement Topics - Catch-Up Contributions" 663:– very large balances increase the average. 508: 1396:"Inherited IRAs lose bankruptcy protection" 494:insurance limit for IRA deposits at banks. 428:Distribution due to an IRS levy of the plan 1831:Agency, Canada Revenue (11 October 2005). 1764:FRED Graph, St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank 1667:Feuer, Albert Mega-IRAs, Boon or a Bane?, 1389: 1387: 1671:COMP. PLAN. J. No. 8, 179 (Aug. 6, 2021). 1600:US Government Accountability Office (GAO) 1560: 1216: 1085: 317: 283:payments, whether retirement pensions or 66:and employer-established benefit trusts. 60:Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs) 1980: 1566: 1533: 1086:Eisenberg, Richard (December 16, 1981). 651: 372: 1384: 1103: 1101: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 236:Employee Retirement Income Security Act 134:Conduit IRAs have fallen in use due to 14: 2069: 1830: 1711:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1423: 1393: 1174:"Retirement Plans FAQs regarding IRAs" 1081: 1079: 951:See paragraph 37 of subsection (a) of 698:Government Accountability Office (GAO) 1804: 1776:"Counterparties: Retiring the 401(k)" 1773: 1277:. Irs.gov. 2011-12-20. Archived from 887:Comparison of 401(k) and IRA accounts 882:Retirement plans in the United States 737: 492:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 413:substantially equal periodic payments 58:as described in IRS Publication 590, 2055:Retirement Plans FAQs regarding IRAs 1424:Sheedy, Rachel (September 3, 2019). 1107: 1098: 1046: 447: 38:) in the United States is a form of 1669:https://ssrn.com/abstract=390501449 1076: 855:Personal Retirement Savings Account 835:Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia) 777:Similar policies in other countries 648:Employee Benefit Research Institute 490:The 2005 BAPCPA also increased the 334:cannot be held in an IRA. The U.S. 24: 1981:Copeland, Craig (September 2010), 1805:Black, Duncan (February 5, 2013). 1637:; Bandler, James (June 24, 2021). 1508:. EBRI. 2012-11-30. Archived from 1196:"Are Non-traded REITs a Safe Bet?" 1001:See, generally, subsection (b) of 783:Registered retirement savings plan 551: 85:(ERISA) and made popular with the 27:Form of individual retirement plan 25: 2093: 2042: 1394:Levine, Jeffrey (June 13, 2014). 1256:. Cornell Law Library. 2013-04-01 1108:Buck, Richard (October 5, 1986). 1064:. September 3, 1974. p. 24. 865:Nippon individual savings account 672:Rollovers overwhelm contributions 542:unrelated business taxable income 87:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 74:There are several types of IRAs: 56:individual retirement arrangement 1351:Willis v. Menotte (In re Willis) 748:Government Accountability Office 46:for retirement savings. It is a 1924: 1900: 1876: 1824: 1798: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1674: 1661: 1649: 1626: 1613: 1539: 1498: 1458: 1436: 1417: 1372: 1360: 1343: 1334: 1317: 1292: 1267: 1246: 1202: 1188: 1166: 1144: 1120: 912:Rollovers as business start-ups 815:Vanuatu National Provident Fund 581:eligible designated beneficiary 2077:Individual retirement accounts 1448:Rubino & Company Chartered 1021: 1012: 995: 962: 945: 928: 441:the above exceptions applies. 167:socially responsible investing 13: 1: 1956: 1774:Walsh, Ben (March 13, 2013). 1567:Maremont, Mark (2012-01-19). 1506:"Center for Research on IRAs" 1486:Presti&Naegele Newsletter 641: 600:required minimum distribution 574: 464:United States Bankruptcy Code 380:required minimum distribution 359:Unrelated Business Income Tax 191: 32:individual retirement account 18:Individual Retirement Account 1018:IRS Publication 590-A (2020) 922: 531: 351:real estate investment trust 274:Any unearned taxable income. 7: 1009:and 26 C.F.R. sec. 1.408-3. 968:See 26 C.F.R. sec. 1.408-4. 875: 793:Superannuation in Australia 755:Joint Committee on Taxation 460:United States Supreme Court 101:Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 10: 2098: 1938:(in Malay). Archived from 1300:"Rousey Et Ux. v. Jacoway" 1176:. Internal Revenue Service 1154:. Internal Revenue Service 845:Individual savings account 559:still occurs within these 229: 188:qualified to participate. 2049:IRA Online Resource Guide 1569:"Romney's Unorthodox IRA" 686:of Roth IRAs contributed. 509:Protection from creditors 243:Economic Recovery Tax Act 169:, sometimes using public 989:Internal Revenue Service 805:Mandatory Provident Fund 787:tax-free savings account 196:Custodians can include: 69: 2033:CS1 maint: postscript ( 1860:"KiwiSaver - KiwiSaver" 1468:. Fin.gc.ca. 2008-10-21 1381:onecle - Court Opinions 524:In accordance with the 328:alternative investments 148:alternative investments 1807:"401Ks are a disaster" 1450:. 2014. Archived from 1323:See subsection (n) of 934:See subsection (a) of 825:Central Provident Fund 746:In November 2014, the 632:multiple beneficiaries 318:Restricted investments 250:Tax Reform Act of 1986 1864:www.kiwisaver.govt.nz 373:Distribution of funds 336:Internal Revenue Code 260:Current limitations: 160:Internal Revenue Code 1932:"KWSP - Home - KWSP" 1281:on December 13, 2012 614:non-spouse inherited 472:§ 522(d)(10)(E) 152:limited partnerships 2061:IRA Publication 590 1908:"CPFB Members Home" 1573:Wall Street Journal 1092:The Daily Oklahoman 97:William V. Roth Jr. 1635:Callahan, Patricia 1491:2013-02-16 at the 1062:The New York Times 991:. 2012. p. 8. 738:Retirement savings 521:trust, and fraud. 438:first in first out 363:Self-directed IRAs 176:Starting with the 2023:|postscript= 2020:External link in 2006:Executive Summary 1786:on March 15, 2013 1633:Elliott, Justin; 1549:. GAO. 2014-11-19 1198:. 16 August 2021. 1114:The Seattle Times 840:Pensions in Chile 455:Rousey v. Jacoway 448:Bankruptcy status 144:self-directed IRA 16:(Redirected from 2089: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1962:(April 5, 2005) 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1782:. Archived from 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1687:. Archived from 1686: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1630: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1502: 1496: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1454:on July 2, 2014. 1440: 1434: 1433: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1402:. Archived from 1391: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1367:Clark v. Rameker 1364: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1083: 1074: 1073: 1057: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1033:SelfDirected.org 1025: 1019: 1016: 1010: 999: 993: 992: 986: 978: 969: 966: 960: 949: 943: 932: 637: 588:spouse inherited 503:Clark v. Rameker 420:higher education 394: 393: 389: 139:qualified plan. 136:2001 legislation 21: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2067: 2066: 2045: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1959: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1936:www.kwsp.gov.my 1930: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1888:www.mpfa.org.hk 1882: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1682:"Archived copy" 1680: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1493:Wayback Machine 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1106: 1099: 1084: 1077: 1059: 1058: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1000: 996: 984: 980: 979: 972: 967: 963: 950: 946: 933: 929: 925: 878: 789:(TFSA) (Canada) 779: 740: 644: 577: 557:Double taxation 554: 552:Double taxation 534: 511: 474:), a debtor in 452:In the case of 450: 391: 387: 386: 375: 320: 281:Social Security 232: 217:Brokerage firms 194: 156:precious metals 79:Traditional IRA 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2095: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2044: 2043:External links 2041: 2040: 2039: 1978: 1973: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1923: 1912:www.cpf.gov.sg 1899: 1875: 1848: 1823: 1797: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1673: 1660: 1648: 1625: 1612: 1584: 1559: 1538: 1522: 1497: 1478: 1457: 1435: 1416: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1342: 1333: 1325:11 U.S.C. 1316: 1291: 1266: 1245: 1215: 1212:. 9 June 2019. 1201: 1187: 1165: 1143: 1119: 1097: 1075: 1045: 1020: 1011: 1003:26 U.S.C. 994: 970: 961: 953:26 U.S.C. 944: 936:26 U.S.C. 926: 924: 921: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 877: 874: 873: 872: 862: 852: 849:United Kingdom 842: 837: 832: 822: 812: 802: 796: 790: 778: 775: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 709: 705: 694: 693: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 669: 668: 667: 643: 640: 628: 627: 624: 621: 610: 609: 606: 603: 596: 576: 573: 553: 550: 533: 530: 510: 507: 468:11 U.S.C. 449: 446: 430: 429: 426: 423: 416: 409: 406: 403: 400: 374: 371: 332:life insurance 319: 316: 315: 314: 306: 302: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 288: 275: 268: 265: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223:Life insurance 220: 214: 208: 203: 193: 190: 132: 131: 128: 118: 112: 111: 110: 90: 71: 68: 44:tax advantages 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2094: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2036: 2029: 2014: 2007: 1997:on 2012-01-25 1993: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1970:Seattle Times 1965: 1961: 1960: 1942:on 2018-10-15 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1838: 1837:www.canada.ca 1834: 1827: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1694:on 2016-12-04 1690: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1534:Copeland 2010 1529: 1527: 1512:on 2012-05-13 1511: 1507: 1501: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1467: 1461: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1406:on 2016-03-04 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1301: 1295: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1255: 1249: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1211: 1205: 1197: 1191: 1175: 1169: 1153: 1147: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1116:. p. D1. 1115: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1015: 1008: 1004: 998: 990: 983: 977: 975: 965: 958: 954: 948: 941: 937: 931: 927: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 870: 866: 863: 860: 856: 853: 850: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 830: 826: 823: 820: 816: 813: 810: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 784: 781: 780: 774: 772: 767: 763: 761: 756: 751: 749: 744: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 710: 706: 703: 702: 701: 699: 691: 688: 684: 681: 676: 675: 673: 670: 665: 664: 662: 661:positive skew 657: 656: 655: 653: 652:Copeland 2010 649: 639: 633: 625: 622: 619: 618: 617: 615: 607: 604: 601: 597: 593: 592: 591: 589: 584: 582: 572: 570: 566: 562: 561:tax-sheltered 558: 549: 545: 543: 538: 529: 527: 522: 518: 516: 506: 504: 499: 495: 493: 488: 485: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456: 445: 442: 439: 435: 427: 424: 421: 417: 414: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 397: 396: 383: 381: 370: 366: 364: 360: 354: 352: 348: 343: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 312: 307: 303: 299: 296: 291: 286: 282: 279: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 254: 251: 246: 244: 239: 237: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 207: 206:Credit unions 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 189: 185: 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 137: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 113: 108: 105: 104: 102: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 75: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 52:earned income 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 1999:, retrieved 1992:the original 1983: 1967: 1944:. Retrieved 1940:the original 1935: 1926: 1915:. Retrieved 1911: 1902: 1891:. Retrieved 1887: 1878: 1867:. Retrieved 1863: 1840:. Retrieved 1836: 1826: 1814:. Retrieved 1810: 1800: 1788:. Retrieved 1784:the original 1779: 1769: 1757: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1696:. Retrieved 1689:the original 1676: 1663: 1651: 1642: 1628: 1615: 1604:. Retrieved 1602:. 2014-11-19 1599: 1576:. Retrieved 1572: 1562: 1551:. Retrieved 1541: 1514:. Retrieved 1510:the original 1500: 1481: 1470:. Retrieved 1460: 1452:the original 1447: 1438: 1419: 1408:. Retrieved 1404:the original 1399: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1319: 1309:December 21, 1307:. Retrieved 1294: 1283:. Retrieved 1279:the original 1269: 1258:. Retrieved 1248: 1237:. Retrieved 1232: 1204: 1190: 1180:December 21, 1178:. Retrieved 1168: 1156:. Retrieved 1146: 1135:. Retrieved 1131: 1122: 1113: 1091: 1061: 1036:. Retrieved 1032: 1023: 1014: 997: 988: 964: 947: 930: 768: 764: 752: 745: 741: 695: 689: 671: 659:significant 645: 631: 629: 613: 611: 587: 585: 580: 578: 568: 555: 546: 544:in the IRA. 539: 535: 523: 519: 512: 502: 500: 496: 489: 481: 453: 451: 443: 431: 384: 376: 367: 355: 344: 340: 321: 259: 255: 247: 240: 233: 195: 186: 175: 164: 141: 133: 73: 59: 55: 35: 31: 29: 1400:Marketwatch 1233:www.irs.gov 1132:www.irs.gov 957:§ 7701 907:Roth 401(k) 902:Solo 401(k) 785:(RRSP) and 760:Peter Thiel 630:In case of 612:In case of 586:In case of 347:real estate 211:Mutual fund 2071:Categories 2001:2012-01-20 1957:References 1946:2018-10-15 1917:2018-10-15 1893:2018-10-10 1869:2018-10-10 1842:2018-10-10 1698:2015-06-01 1643:ProPublica 1606:2014-11-19 1578:2012-01-20 1553:2014-11-19 1516:2012-12-10 1472:2012-12-10 1410:2014-09-08 1355:per curiam 1329:§ 522 1285:2012-12-10 1260:2013-04-01 1239:2023-09-05 1158:August 22, 1137:2024-02-04 1007:§ 408 940:§ 408 642:Statistics 575:Inheriting 476:bankruptcy 324:securities 285:disability 192:Custodians 121:SIMPLE IRA 2063:– IRS.gov 2057:– IRS.gov 2051:– IRS.gov 1811:USA Today 1430:Kiplinger 1070:120028769 1038:March 15, 923:Citations 829:Singapore 809:Hong Kong 799:KiwiSaver 771:inflation 565:dividends 532:Borrowing 225:companies 173:ratings. 64:annuities 2013:citation 1707:cite web 1489:Archived 1066:ProQuest 917:Gold IRA 876:See also 867:(NISA) ( 857:(PRSA) ( 361:(UBIT). 182:457 plan 93:Roth IRA 1816:3 April 1790:3 April 1780:Reuters 859:Ireland 847:(ISA) ( 819:Vanuatu 390:⁄ 230:Funding 115:SEP IRA 40:pension 1884:"MPFA" 1327: 1235:. 2022 1068: 1005: 955: 938: 897:401(k) 769:While 712:plans. 708:older. 515:401(k) 470: 458:, the 305:those. 125:401(k) 1995:(PDF) 1988:(PDF) 1692:(PDF) 1685:(PDF) 1303:(PDF) 985:(PDF) 869:Japan 434:basis 201:Banks 70:Types 48:trust 2035:link 2028:help 1968:The 1818:2013 1792:2013 1713:link 1349:See 1311:2006 1182:2006 1160:2014 1040:2017 892:MyRA 753:The 696:The 595:IRA. 482:The 248:The 107:myRA 636:RMD 36:IRA 30:An 2073:: 2017:: 2015:}} 2011:{{ 2004:, 1966:, 1934:. 1910:. 1886:. 1862:. 1851:^ 1835:. 1809:. 1778:. 1709:}} 1705:{{ 1641:. 1598:. 1587:^ 1571:. 1525:^ 1446:. 1428:. 1398:. 1386:^ 1357:). 1231:. 1218:^ 1130:. 1112:. 1100:^ 1090:. 1078:^ 1048:^ 1031:. 987:. 973:^ 571:. 313:). 154:, 142:A 103:. 2037:) 2030:) 2026:( 1949:. 1920:. 1896:. 1872:. 1845:. 1820:. 1794:. 1715:) 1701:. 1645:. 1609:. 1581:. 1556:. 1536:) 1532:( 1519:. 1475:. 1432:. 1413:. 1331:. 1313:. 1288:. 1263:. 1242:. 1184:. 1162:. 1140:. 1094:. 1072:. 1042:. 959:. 871:) 861:) 851:) 831:) 827:( 817:( 811:) 807:( 466:( 415:) 392:2 388:1 89:. 34:( 20:)

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