2385:
2373:
122:(roughly 5,000 km, 3,000 miles) long from east to west; Megasthenes gives this number as 16,000 (3,000 km, 2,000 miles). Diodorus states that the Indus may be the world's largest river after the Nile; Megasthenes (as quoted by Arrian) states that the Ganges is much larger than the Nile. Historian R. C. Majumdar points out that the Fragments I and II attributed to Megasthenes in McCrindle's edition cannot originate from the same source, because Fragment I describes the Nile as larger than the Indus, while Fragment II describes the Indus as longer than the Nile and the Danube combined.
2777:. This, according to Kosmin, is because now India is shown as unconquerable. Megasthenes emphasizes that no foreign army had been able to conquer India (since Dionysus) and Indians had not invaded a foreign country either. This representation of India as an isolated, invincible country is an attempt to vindicate Seleucus' peace treaty with the Indian emperor through which he abandoned territories he could never securely hold, stabilized the East, and obtained elephants with which he could turn his attention against his great western rival, Antigonus Monophthalmus.
22:
2805:). According to Thapar, Megasthenes' categorization appears to be based on economic divisions rather than the social divisions; this is understandable because the varnas originated as economic divisions. Thapar also speculates that he wrote his account some years after his visit to India, and at this time, he "arrived at the number seven, forgetting the facts as given to him". Alternatively, it is possible that the later authors misquoted him, trying to find similarities with the Egyptian society, which according to
2364:, which originates from a fountain of the same name. Everything cast into this river sinks down to the bottom – nothing floats in it. In addition, there are a large number of other rivers, supplying abundant water for agriculture. According to the native philosophers and natural scientists, this is because the bordering countries (Scythia, Bactria, and Ariana) are more elevated than India, so their waters run down to India.
2414:). Herakles built several places in this city, fortified it with water-filled trenches and settled a number of people in the city. His descendants ruled India for several generations, but never launched an expedition beyond India. After several years, the royal rule was replaced by democratic city states, although there existed a few kings when Alexander invaded India.
2409:
was one of them. Like the Greeks, they characterize him with the club and the lion's skin. According to them, Herakles was a powerful man who subjugated evil beasts. He had several sons and one daughter, who became rulers in different parts of his dominion. He founded several cities, the greatest of
2401:
in Greek). Dionysus taught
Indians several things including how to grow plants, make wine and worship. He founded several large cities, introduced laws and established courts. For this reason, he was regarded as a deity by the Indians. He ruled entire India for 52 years, before dying of old age. His
2768:
and his actions in India. It depicts contemporary India as an unconquerable territory, arguing that
Dionysus was able to conquer India, because before his invasion, India was a primitive rural society. Dionysus' urbanization of India makes India a powerful, impregnable nation. The later ruler — the
2705:
The foreigners are treated well. Special officers are appointed to ensure that no foreigner is harmed, and judges hand out harsh punishment to those who take unfair advantage of the foreigners. Sick foreigners are attended by physicians and taken care of. Foreigners who die in India are buried, and
2542:
At the beginning of the year, they make prophecies about droughts, rain storms, propitious winds, diseases and other topics. Based on these prophecies, the citizens and the rulers make adequate preparations. A philosopher whose prophecy fails receives strong criticism and has to observe silence for
125:
Schwanbeck's
Fragment XXVII includes four paragraphs from Strabo, and Schwanbeck attributes these entire paragraphs to Megasthenes. However, Strabo cites Megasthenes as his source only for three isolated statements in three different paragraphs. It is likely that Strabo sourced the rest of the text
2493:
In contrast to the general simplicity of their style, they love finery and ornament. Their robes are worked in gold, and ornamented with precious stones, and they wear also flowered garments made of the finest muslin. Some have attendants walking behind hold up umbrellas over them: for they have a
91:
can be reconstructed using the portions preserved by later writers as direct quotations or paraphrase. The parts that belonged to the original text can be identified from the later works based on similar content, vocabulary and phrasing, even when the content has not been explicitly attributed to
2489:
Indian beverage is a liquor composed from rice instead of barley. When the
Indians are at supper, a table is placed before each person, this being like a tripod. There is placed upon it golden bowls, into which they first put rice, boiled as one would boil barley, and then they add many dainties
2825:
included parts of north-western part of India (present-day
Pakistan). It is possible that the Achaemenid control did not extend much beyond the Indus River, which Megasthenes considered to be the border of India. Another possibility is that Megasthenes intended to understate the power of the
117:
to
Megasthenes. However, Diodorus does not mention Megasthenes even once, unlike Strabo, who explicitly mentions Megasthenes as one of his sources. There are several differences between the accounts of Megasthenes and Diodorus: for example, Diodorus describes India as 28,000
2749:. Strabo directly contradicted these descriptions, assuring his readers that Megasthenes' stories, along with his recounting of India’s founding by Hercules and Dionysus, were mythical with little to no basis in reality. Despite such shortcomings, some authors believe that
2479:
The Indian warriors regard those engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry as sacred. Unlike warriors in many other countries, they do not destroy farms or harm farm workers during wars. The warriors do not burn down the enemy lands with fire or cut down their
2357:, and the Acesines. (According to a passage of Diodorus traced to Megasthenes, Indus is the world's largest river after Nile. However, according to Arrian, Megasthenes as well as other writers wrote that Ganges is much larger than Indus.)
2314:
from west to east, and 32,000 from north to south. Because of its large size, India is "thought to encompass a larger stretch of the sun's course in summer than any other part of the world". In many of the extreme points of India, a
133:, which appears in the writings of Diodorus. McCrindle believed that Diodorus' source for this description was the now-lost book of Megasthenes. However, according to A. B. Bosworth (1996), Diodorus obtained this information from
2396:
invaded India, and conquered it. When his army was unable to bear the excessive heat, he led his soldiers to the mountains called Meros for recovery; this led to the Greek legend about
Dionysus being bred in his father's thigh
2438:
The land of India produces every kind of metal suitable for adornment, military requipment and other use. It has a great amount of silver and gold, a substantial amount of bronze and iron, and also tin and other metals.
2505:
Like its animals, the humans of India are also "exceptional in stature and bulk" because of abundance of crops. They are also technically accomplished, because of pure air and clean water. They are well-skilled in art.
3322:, p. 157: "He does not respond to the implied claim of Greek primacy, presumably because he did not have, and could not have had, hard information about the beginnings of "parallel" opinions among the Brahmans."
2442:
India has several mountains with a variety of fruit trees. It also has many beautiful cultivated plains, which are irrigated by a large number of rivers. Most of the country is well-watered, and is able to produce
2342:(Gangadarai). The country of Gandaridae has the highest number and the largest elephants in India, because of which other nations are afraid of its strength, and no foreign king has been able to conquer it. Even
2812:
Megasthenes claims that before
Alexander, no foreign power had invaded or conquered Indians, with the exception of the mythical heroes Hercules and Dionysus. However, it is known from earlier sources – such as
137:: Diodorus described the Ganges as 30 stadia (6 km, 4 miles) wide; it is well-attested by other sources that Megasthenes described the median or minimum width of the Ganges as 100 stadia (20 km, 12 miles).
3237:"Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian"
2502:
Because of its large size, India is inhabited by many diverse races, all of which are indigenous. India has no foreign colony, and
Indians have not established any colonies outside India.
2798:) may have confused Megasthenes: Indians did not use large-scale slavery as a means of production, and slaves in India could buy back their freedom or be released by their master.
2648:
Deliberate on public affairs; included the royal advisers, state treasurers, dispute arbitrators; the army generals and chief magistrates also usually belonged to this class.
2476:
The food plants grow in abundance in plains because of water from many rivers, the remarkably regular annual rain cycle, and the heat that ripens the roots in the marshes
113:
in 1887. However, this reconstruction is not universally accepted. Schwanbeck and McCrindle attributed several fragments in the writings of the 1st century BCE writer
2422:
India has a variety of animals, many of which are exceptionally large and strong. India has the highest number of domesticated elephants, and
Indians hunt and
2346:, who subdued all of Asia and defeated all the other Indians, refrained from making war against Gandaridae when he learned that they had 4,000 war elephants.
2678:, since they are engaged in the study of the nature of man. Besides these there are diviners and sorcerers. Women pursue philosophy with some of them.
2447:, since rain falls in both summer and winter. The major crops include wheat (crop of Demeter), millet, many great-quality pulses, rice, a crop called
2509:
A law, prescribed by ancient Indian philosophers, bans slavery. The law treats everyone equally, but allows the property to be unevenly distributed.
2299:
to the Eastern Sea, it is bound by mountains that are called the Kaukasos by the Macedonians. The various native names for these mountains include
3261:
Gochberg, Donald S., et al., ed. "World Literature and Thought: Volume I: The Ancient Worlds"; Fort Worth, TX; Harcourt Brace; 1997, pp. 410-416.
2334:
India has many large and navigable rivers, which rise in the northern mountains, and flow through the plains. Many of these rivers merge into the
3226:
Gochberg, Donald S., et al., ed. "World Literature and Thought: Volume I: The Ancient Worlds"; Fort Worth, TX; Harcourt Brace; 1997, pp. 410-416.
2790:. Historian Shireen Moosvi theorizes that slaves were outcastes, and were not considered members of the society at all. According to historian
2392:
Some believe that in primitive times, the Indians lived on fruits and wore clothes made of animal skin, just like the Greeks. They claim that
2338:, which is 30 stadia wide at its source, and runs from north to south. The Ganges empties into the ocean that forms the southern boundary of
3616:
2353:
also runs from north to south, and empties into the ocean. It has several navigable tributaries, the most notable ones being Hypanis, the
51:. The original work is now lost, but its fragments have survived in later Greek and Latin works. The earliest of these works are those by
2384:
2372:
2745:
contained numerous fantastical stories, such as those about tribes of people with no mouths, unicorns and other mythical animals, and
3824:
823:
3829:
2753:
is creditworthy, and is an important source of information about the contemporary Indian society, administration and other topics.
2734:
in their works. Of these writers, Arrian speaks most highly of Megasthenes, while Strabo and Pliny treat him with less respect.
2426:. Because of availability of a great amount of food, the Indian elephants are the largest in the world, and stronger than the
3814:
3784:
3761:
3740:
3719:
3605:
3550:
3523:
3374:
3154:
98:
2786:
attests to the existence of slavery in contemporary India; Strabo also counters Megasthenes's claim based on a report from
3834:
2430:. The gestation period of the elephants ranges from 16 to 18 months, and the oldest of the elephants live up to 200 years.
3236:
2662:
Megasthenes makes a different division of the philosophers, saying that they are of two kinds - one of which he calls the
3809:
2539:
Engaged by others to offer sacrifices and perform funerary rites, for which they received valuable gifts and privileges
2451:, fruits and other plants that are useful as food. At the time of summer solstice, the following crops are sown: rice,
3698:
3678:
3650:
3575:
3095:
3028:
2929:
2899:
3804:
126:
from sources other than Megasthenes: that's why he attributes only three statements specifically to Megasthenes.
2402:
descendants ruled India for several generations, before being dethroned and replaced by democratic city-states.
3085:
3819:
2689:, may have misunderstood Megasthenes to be responding to claims of Greek primacy by admitting Greek views of
3561:
2872:
2466:
The Indians are always assured of at least one of the two seasonal crops; in most years, both crops succeed
2685:
views among the Brahmans in India and Jews in Syria. Five centuries later Clement of Alexandria, in his
2801:
Megasthenes mentions seven castes in India, while the Indian texts mention only four social classes (
2795:
1959:
1631:
227:
3585:
2770:
2406:
2915:
2682:
2109:
1909:
1859:
1735:
1098:
743:
669:
617:
435:
3542:
2532:"believed to be most dear to the gods, and to be the most conversant with matters pertaining to
3593:
2427:
1807:
1524:
3772:
3709:
2889:
2670:. Of the Sarmanes he tells us that those who are held in most honour are called the Hylobioi (
3751:
3730:
3660:
3638:
3589:
3513:
2919:
2562:
Regarded as public benefactors, and protected from damage during wars, even by enemy warriors
2037:
1585:
1504:
697:
201:
175:
106:
2794:, the lack of sharp distinction between slaves and others in the Indian society (unlike the
2737:
The first century Greek writer Strabo called both Megasthenes and his succeeding ambassador
2139:
2065:
1939:
1128:
1004:
773:
134:
8:
3670:
3567:
2343:
2207:
2011:
1985:
1559:
1364:
1338:
1260:
643:
591:
539:
513:
25:
3535:
2765:
2694:
2444:
2307:
country "occupying the portion of India which lies southward and extends to the sea".
1889:
105:
E. A. Schwanbeck traced several fragments to Megasthenes, and based on his collection,
21:
3780:
3757:
3736:
3715:
3694:
3674:
3646:
3601:
3571:
3546:
3519:
3370:
3150:
3149:
Nagendra Kumar Singh (1997). Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. Anmol Publications. pp=1714.
3091:
3024:
2925:
2895:
2822:
2802:
2727:
2517:
2494:
high regard for beauty, and avail themselves of every device to improve their looks.
2490:
prepared according to Indian receipts. Indian never drink wine except in sacrifice.
2259:
in the west, and Emodus mountain in the north ("Emodus" (or "Hemodus") refers to the
2213:
2017:
1991:
1370:
1344:
1266:
982:
649:
597:
545:
519:
66:
3016:
3010:
2818:
2746:
2292:
1781:
1458:
1432:
1404:
207:
181:
114:
52:
3020:
2741:
liars, and stated that "no faith whatever" could be placed in their writings. The
3688:
3664:
3627:
3360:
2264:
2236:
2115:
1915:
1865:
1833:
1683:
1418:
1312:
1182:
1104:
924:
869:
793:
749:
717:
675:
623:
441:
383:
253:
75:
1697:
Indians had not attacked anyone or faced external attacks; Dionysos and Herakles
1671:
Indians had not attacked anyone or faced external attacks; Dionysos and Herakles
2757:
2470:
2311:
2304:
2303:, Hemodus (or Emodus) and Himaos. and the southern extremities of India as the
1450:
976:
119:
3009:
Klaus Karttunen (2006). "Emodus". In Hubert Cancik; Helmuth Schneider (eds.).
2601:
Exempted from paying taxes, and receive a maintenance from the state exchequer
3798:
2791:
2300:
1709:
2512:
The population of India is divided into 7 endogamous and hereditary castes:
3366:
2782:
2671:
2423:
2377:
2361:
2354:
2271:
taken as a single mountain range; the word is derived from the Indian term
2252:
93:
2388:
Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra.
2787:
2462:
No famines have ever occurred in India because of the following reasons:
2411:
2350:
2256:
1657:
1605:
1472:
1390:
1286:
1234:
1208:
1072:
950:
909:
895:
843:
565:
487:
461:
409:
357:
331:
305:
279:
61:
48:
3563:
Megasthenes and Indian Religion- Volume 11 of History and Culture Series
3690:
Megasthenes' Indica: A New Translation of the Fragments with Commentary
3639:"Apologetic Ethnography: Megasthenes' Indica and the Seleucid Elephant"
2686:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2260:
130:
2331:
is not visible, and it is said that the shadows incline to the south.
1787:
p. 419, ed. Benn. (p. 221 ed. Paris, p. 177 ed. Venet.)
2814:
2806:
2738:
2607:
2328:
2291:
border India. India's northern border reaches the extremities of the
2268:
2187:
2163:
1052:
3693:. Routledge Classical Translations. Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
2921:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
2697:, was simply comparing the ideas of the different ancient cultures.
2568:
In addition, they remit 1/4th of their produce to the state treasury
143:
Fragments used by John Watson McCrindle to reconstruct Megasthenes'
3488:
2847:
2774:
2773:— is presented as a native of India, despite similarities with the
2723:
2675:
2663:
2459:, and millet. During winter, wheat is sown, as in other countries.
2393:
1813:
1802:
1741:
1715:
1579:
1530:
1498:
1162:
1028:
3773:"Domestic service in precolonial India: Bondage, caste and market"
3515:
Pseudo Hecataeus, "On the Jews": Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora
3416:
3313:
3196:
3131:
2667:
2592:
2456:
2284:
2280:
2089:
1156:
3404:
3325:
3288:
3208:
3172:
3160:
3121:
3119:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2635:
Report to the king or (in states not ruled by kings) magistrates
2622:
Maintained at state expense, along with war horses and elephants
3632:, Sumptibus Pleimesii, bibliopolae (Original Oxford University)
2843:
2780:
Megasthenes states that there were no slaves in India, but the
2719:
2715:
2574:
2335:
2316:
2296:
2288:
1965:
1839:
1689:
1663:
1637:
1611:
1478:
1424:
1396:
1318:
1292:
1240:
1214:
1188:
1078:
956:
930:
901:
875:
849:
799:
723:
571:
493:
467:
415:
389:
363:
337:
311:
285:
259:
233:
70:
56:
44:
3464:
3337:
3104:
2693:
were preceded by those of Jews and Indians. Megasthenes, like
3452:
3276:
3264:
3184:
3116:
3037:
2977:
2533:
2276:
2230:
3476:
3428:
3392:
3365:. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society /
2955:
2953:
3440:
2938:
2275:, meaning "covered with snow".) Beyond the Emodus lies the
3358:
2950:
2523:
Not numerous compared to other castes, but most prominent
2405:
The Indians who inhabit the hill country also claim that
129:
Another example is the earliest confirmed description of
16:
Lost account of Mauryan India by Greek writer Megasthenes
2619:
Indulge in amusements and idleness during peaceful times
2565:
Pay a land tribute to the ruler, the official land owner
2251:
India is a quadrilateral-shaped country, bounded by the
3777:
Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity
2914:
2327:) are not visible at night. In the furthest parts, the
1847:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1821:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1790:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1767:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1749:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1723:
King of the Babylonians surpassed Herakles in greatness
1248:
Administration of public affairs; horses and elephants.
2598:
Create weapons as well as tools for farmers and others
2543:
the rest of his life, but otherwise incurs no penalty.
2469:
A number of remarkably sweet fruits grow in wild, and
3659:
3618:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian
102:
contains 36 pages of content traced to Megasthenes.
2073:
Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis
1973:
Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis
1645:
Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis
1619:
Indian philosophers: Kalanos (Calanus) and Mandanis
3584:
3534:
3511:
3494:
3319:
3068:
2846:was a vegetarian deity, associated with Greek god
2874:The Historical Atlas, "Mediaeval Commerce (Asia)"
2239:(1877) and Richard Stoneman (2022), Megasthenes'
2094:pp. 62, 68 et seq. ed. Pallad. Londin. 1668.
3796:
3686:
3559:
3343:
3202:
3137:
3110:
3050:
2996:
2706:their property is delivered to their relatives.
3614:
3600:(Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
3354:
3352:
3331:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3214:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3125:
3062:
3008:
2583:Hunt and trap crop-destroying birds and animals
2319:of the sundial casts no shadow, and the Bears (
3770:
3636:
3532:
3458:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
2971:
2944:
2559:Exempted from fighting and other public duties
28:empire, to which Megasthenes was an ambassador
3728:
3707:
3482:
3470:
3446:
3306:FRAGM. XLI Strab. XV. 1. 58-60,--pp. 711-714
2891:A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India
2887:
2681:Megasthenes also comments on the presence of
3749:
3626:Megasthenes (1846), E. A. Schwanbeck (ed.),
3349:
2959:
3625:
2645:Composed of wise people with good character
2061:Palladius De gentibus Indiae et Bragmanibus
3090:. Asian Educational Services. p. 15.
2924:. Princeton University Press. p. 62.
2826:Achaemenid Empire, a rival of the Greeks.
2674:). Next in honour to the Hylobioi are the
2556:Live in villages, and avoid visiting towns
2231:Indica according to the reconstructed text
2049:Brachhmans (Brahmins) and their philosophy
3641:. In Eran Almagor, Joseph Skinner (ed.).
2709:
2580:Live in tents, outside villages and towns
2376:Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at
2310:The area of India is said to span 28,000
3083:
2894:. Pearson Education India. p. 324.
2870:
2383:
2371:
2070:pp. 8, 20 et seq. ed. Londin. 1668.
20:
2842:D. R. Patil suggests that the Rigvedic
2809:was divided into seven social classes.
2235:According to the text reconstructed by
3797:
2881:
1818:I. 41 (ed. Colon. 1688, p. 456 D)
824:Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie
3775:. In Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux (ed.).
3389:Strabo, Geography, Book XV, Chapter 1
2613:Second most numerous among the castes
1167:Opp. ed. Reisk, tom. ix. p. 701.
142:
109:published a reconstructed version of
99:Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
3711:Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
3359:Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004).
3012:Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity volumes
2484:
2283:. Besides Scythia, the countries of
1746:X. ii. 1 (T. I p. 533, Havere.)
3643:Ancient Ethnography: New Approaches
2616:Well-organized and equipped for war
166:Book number in Megasthenes' Indica
13:
2764:served a legitimizing purpose for
2651:Least numerous, but most respected
1720:I. 20 (T. II p. 451, Havere.)
14:
3846:
3714:. Oxford University Press India.
3666:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
2700:
82:
3825:Ancient Greek geographical works
3590:"India in the Age of the Nandas"
3830:Works about legendary creatures
3504:
3383:
3300:
3255:
3229:
3220:
3143:
3077:
2836:
2526:Exempted from all public duties
3002:
2908:
2864:
2632:Carry out administrative tasks
938:Pataliputra and Indian manners
579:Animals of India, and the Reed
1:
3598:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas
3021:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e329930
2871:Shepherd, William R. (1926).
2857:
2657:
2529:Neither masters, nor servants
1378:Of the diseases of Elephants.
553:Winged scorpions and serpents
3815:3rd-century BC history books
3518:. Univ of California Press.
3084:Caldwell, Bishop R. (2004).
2586:involved in animal husbandry
2246:
2243:describes India as follows:
215:Three persons named Dionusos
7:
3835:Ancient Greek history books
3621:. London: Trübner & Co.
3512:Bezalel Bar-Kochva (2010).
3308:Of the Indian Philosophers.
2553:Most numerous of all castes
2255:in the east and the south,
2043:?Adamantius (Pseudo-Origen)
1760:Zonar. Annal. Basileae 1557
10:
3851:
3753:The India They Saw (Vol-1)
2497:
2433:
2367:
2360:One peculiar river is the
2147:Catalogue of Indian Races.
1947:Ancient history of Indians
1923:Ancient history of Indians
47:India by the Greek writer
3810:History books about India
3735:. Penguin Books Limited.
3687:Richard Stoneman (2022).
3645:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3560:Allan Dahlaquist (1996).
2641:Councillors and Assessors
1960:The Anabasis of Alexander
1632:The Anabasis of Alexander
228:The Anabasis of Alexander
3615:J. W. McCrindle (1877).
2829:
2817:and the inscriptions of
2424:trained them for warfare
2417:
1170:Race of mouthless humans
3805:Historiography of India
3771:Shireen Moosvi (2004).
3637:Paul J. Kosmin (2013).
3533:A. B. Bosworth (1996).
3495:H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988
3320:Bezalel Bar-Kochva 2010
2916:Christopher I. Beckwith
2085:De Moribus Brachmanorum
1148:On the Face in the Moon
883:Number of Indian rivers
37:(Greek: Ἰνδικά; Latin:
3729:Romila Thapar (1990).
3708:Romila Thapar (2012).
3594:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
3537:Alexander and the East
2888:Upinder Singh (2008).
2714:Later writers such as
2710:Historical reliability
2410:which was Palibothra (
2389:
2381:
1808:Praeparatio evangelica
1525:Praeparatio evangelica
1152:de facie in orbe lunae
423:Ursa Major and shadows
29:
3750:Sandhya Jain (2011).
3541:. Clarendon. p.
3344:Allan Dahlaquist 1996
3203:Richard Stoneman 2022
3138:Richard Stoneman 2022
3111:Richard Stoneman 2022
3087:History of Tinnevelly
3051:Richard Stoneman 2022
2997:Richard Stoneman 2022
2473:grow in marshy places
2387:
2375:
2224:(Doubtful fragments)
2198:(Doubtful fragments)
2174:(Doubtful fragments)
2150:(Doubtful fragments)
2126:(Doubtful fragments)
2100:(Doubtful fragments)
2076:(Doubtful fragments)
2052:(Doubtful fragments)
2038:De recta in Deum fide
2028:(Doubtful fragments)
2002:(Doubtful fragments)
1736:Antiquitates Judaicae
1586:Clement of Alexandria
1505:Clement of Alexandria
698:Antigonus of Carystus
293:Boundaries and extent
241:Boundaries and rivers
202:Bibliotheca historica
176:Bibliotheca historica
107:John Watson McCrindle
24:
3820:Texts in Ionic Greek
3661:Radha Kumud Mookerji
3332:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3295:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3283:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3271:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3215:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3191:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3179:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3167:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3126:J. W. McCrindle 1877
3063:J. W. McCrindle 1877
2666:, and the other the
2380:site of Pataliputra.
2344:Alexander of Macedon
2195:Hercules and Pandaea
2140:Gaius Julius Solinus
2097:Calanus and Mandanis
2066:Palladius of Galatia
2046:vol. I. p. 904.
1940:Gaius Julius Solinus
1274:Horses and elephants
1129:Gaius Julius Solinus
1086:Extraordinary tribes
1005:Nicolaus of Damascus
774:Gaius Julius Solinus
657:Of the Electric Eel.
135:Hieronymus of Cardia
3671:Motilal Banarsidass
3570:Publ. p. 386.
3568:Motilal Banarsidass
3459:Shireen Moosvi 2004
3435:Paul J. Kosmin 2013
3423:Paul J. Kosmin 2013
3411:Paul J. Kosmin 2013
3399:Paul J. Kosmin 2013
2974:, pp. 188–189.
2972:A. B. Bosworth 1996
2945:Paul J. Kosmin 2013
2279:-inhabited part of
2208:De Natura Animalium
2012:De Natura Animalium
1986:De Natura Animalium
1593:Indian philosophers
1567:Indian philosophers
1560:Cyril of Alexandria
1538:Indian philosophers
1512:Indian philosophers
1486:Indian philosophers
1365:De Natura Animalium
1339:De Natura Animalium
1261:De Natura Animalium
1136:Extraordinary races
1112:Extraordinary races
644:De Natura Animalium
592:De Natura Animalium
540:De Natura Animalium
514:De Natura Animalium
43:) is an account of
26:Chandragupta Maurya
3732:A History of India
3586:H. C. Raychaudhuri
3483:Romila Thapar 2012
3471:Romila Thapar 1990
3447:Romila Thapar 1990
3425:, p. 103-104.
3074:India By John Keay
2695:Numenius of Apamea
2390:
2382:
1890:Phlegon of Tralles
30:
3786:978-3-03910-589-2
3763:978-81-8430-106-9
3742:978-0-14-194976-5
3721:978-0-19-908868-3
3607:978-81-208-0466-1
3552:978-0-19-158945-4
3525:978-0-520-26884-5
3497:, pp. 31–32.
3473:, pp. 89–90.
3413:, p. 98-100.
3376:978-81-85229-92-8
3205:, pp. 29–30.
3155:978-81-7488-168-7
3140:, pp. 30–31.
3065:, pp. 48–49.
2960:Sandhya Jain 2011
2823:Achaemenid Empire
2747:gold-digging ants
2485:Food and clothing
2228:
2227:
2214:Claudius Aelianus
2120:VI. 21. 8-23. 11.
2018:Claudius Aelianus
1992:Claudius Aelianus
1778:G. Syncell. T. I.
1459:Gold-digging ants
1433:Gold-digging ants
1405:Gold-digging ants
1371:Claudius Aelianus
1345:Claudius Aelianus
1267:Claudius Aelianus
1222:7 castes of India
1196:7 castes of India
983:Claudius Aelianus
650:Claudius Aelianus
598:Claudius Aelianus
546:Claudius Aelianus
520:Claudius Aelianus
3842:
3790:
3767:
3746:
3725:
3704:
3683:
3669:(4th ed.),
3656:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3581:
3556:
3540:
3529:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3334:, p. 44-45.
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3310:J. W. McCrindle.
3304:
3298:
3297:, p. 40-44.
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3217:, p. 32-33.
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3181:, p. 39-40.
3176:
3170:
3169:, p. 35-38.
3164:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2851:
2840:
2819:Darius the Great
2445:two crops a year
2428:Libyan elephants
1782:George Syncellus
1509:I. p. 305 D
1057:iv. p. 153.
781:Indus and Ganges
757:Indus and Ganges
731:Indus and Ganges
694:Antigon. Caryst.
605:Animals of India
208:Diodorus Siculus
189:Summary of India
182:Diodorus Siculus
140:
139:
53:Diodorus Siculus
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3764:
3756:. Ocean Books.
3743:
3722:
3701:
3681:
3653:
3608:
3578:
3553:
3526:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3038:
3031:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2771:Indian Herakles
2712:
2703:
2660:
2500:
2487:
2436:
2420:
2370:
2249:
2237:J. W. McCrindle
2233:
2221:Beasts of India
2110:Natural History
1910:Natural History
1860:Natural History
1834:Indica (Arrian)
1805:'s writings in
1684:Indica (Arrian)
1550:Contra Julianum
1419:Indica (Arrian)
1313:Indica (Arrian)
1183:Indica (Arrian)
1099:Natural History
1048:Deipnosophistae
925:Indica (Arrian)
870:Indica (Arrian)
828:I. p. 419,
819:Anecdota Graeca
794:Indica (Arrian)
754:VI. 21.9-22. 1.
744:Natural History
718:Indica (Arrian)
670:Natural History
631:Boa constrictor
618:Natural History
436:Natural History
384:Indica (Arrian)
254:Indica (Arrian)
157:Author / Editor
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3779:. Peter Lang.
3768:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3705:
3699:
3684:
3679:
3657:
3651:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3582:
3576:
3557:
3551:
3530:
3524:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3485:, p. 118.
3475:
3463:
3461:, p. 548.
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3382:
3375:
3369:. p. 19.
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3254:
3228:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3142:
3130:
3115:
3103:
3096:
3076:
3067:
3055:
3036:
3029:
3001:
2976:
2964:
2949:
2937:
2930:
2907:
2900:
2880:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2775:Greek Heracles
2758:Paul J. Kosmin
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:Administration
2699:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2499:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2416:
2369:
2366:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:White elephant
2023:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:Against Julian
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:Dio Chrysostom
1448:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:VII. ii. 14-22
1107:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:Indian suppers
1058:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:Indian manners
1034:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:Indian manners
1010:
1007:
1002:
1001:Nicol. Damasc.
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:Indian manners
988:
985:
980:
977:Varia Historia
973:
969:
968:
965:
964:Indian manners
962:
959:
954:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
928:
921:
917:
916:
913:
907:
904:
899:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
873:
866:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
847:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
821:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
797:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
771:
766:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
747:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
721:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
673:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
647:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
621:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
595:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
569:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
543:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
517:
510:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
491:
484:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
465:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
439:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
413:
406:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
387:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
361:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
335:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
309:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
283:
276:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
257:
250:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
231:
224:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
205:
198:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
179:
172:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
148:
147:
84:
83:Reconstruction
81:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3847:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3788:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3700:9781032023571
3696:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:81-208-0433-3
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:9781472537607
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3577:81-208-1323-5
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3449:, p. 89.
3448:
3443:
3437:, p. 98.
3436:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3401:, p. 91.
3400:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:Mauryan India
3355:
3353:
3346:, p. 28.
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3285:, p. 40.
3284:
3279:
3273:, p. 31.
3272:
3267:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3193:, p. 44.
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3128:, p. 35.
3127:
3122:
3120:
3113:, p. 37.
3112:
3107:
3099:
3097:9788120601611
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3053:, p. 30.
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3030:9789004122598
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2999:, p. 29.
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2962:, p. 22.
2961:
2956:
2954:
2947:, p. 99.
2946:
2941:
2933:
2931:9781400866328
2927:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2901:9788131711200
2897:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2796:Greek society
2793:
2792:Romila Thapar
2789:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:According to
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:VII. ii. 3-9.
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:VI. xxi. 4-5.
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:Pandaian land
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1801:Fragments of
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
399:
397:Size of India
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:
373:
371:Size of India
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:Size of India
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:Size of India
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
132:
127:
123:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
100:
95:
92:Megasthenes.
90:
87:Megasthenes'
80:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
35:
27:
23:
19:
3776:
3752:
3731:
3710:
3689:
3665:
3642:
3628:
3617:
3597:
3562:
3536:
3514:
3505:Bibliography
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3385:
3367:Tulika Books
3361:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3243:. p. 69
3240:
3231:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3145:
3133:
3106:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3058:
3011:
3004:
2967:
2940:
2920:
2910:
2890:
2883:
2873:
2866:
2838:
2811:
2800:
2783:Arthashastra
2781:
2779:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2713:
2704:
2690:
2683:pre-Socratic
2680:
2672:Gymnosophist
2661:
2640:
2627:
2606:
2591:
2573:
2548:
2518:Philosophers
2516:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2378:Bulandi Bagh
2359:
2348:
2333:
2309:
2272:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2206:
2182:
2158:
2134:
2123:Indian races
2108:
2084:
2060:
2036:
2010:
1984:
1958:
1934:
1908:
1884:
1858:
1832:
1806:
1734:
1710:Contra Apion
1708:
1682:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1578:
1553:
1549:
1523:
1497:
1471:
1445:
1417:
1389:
1363:
1337:
1311:
1285:
1259:
1233:
1207:
1193:Xl.l.-XII.-9
1181:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1123:
1097:
1071:
1047:
1023:
975:
949:
923:
894:
868:
842:
818:
792:
768:
742:
716:
705:Marine trees
668:
642:
616:
590:
564:
538:
512:
501:Wild animals
486:
475:Fertile soil
460:
434:
408:
382:
356:
330:
304:
278:
252:
226:
200:
174:
144:
128:
124:
110:
104:
97:
94:Felix Jacoby
88:
86:
74:
60:
39:
38:
33:
32:
31:
18:
3241:archive.org
2821:– that the
2788:Onesicritus
2412:Pataliputra
2301:Parapamisos
2257:Indus River
1658:Geographica
1642:VII ii. 3-9
1606:Geographica
1473:Geographica
1391:Geographica
1287:Geographica
1235:Geographica
1209:Geographica
1073:Geographica
951:Geographica
910:Pataliputra
896:Geographica
857:Silas river
844:Geographica
831:Silas river
807:Silas river
628:VIII. 14. 1
566:Geographica
527:Indian apes
488:Geographica
462:Geographica
410:Geographica
358:Geographica
332:Geographica
306:Geographica
280:Geographica
62:Geographica
49:Megasthenes
3799:Categories
2858:References
2766:Seleucus I
2687:Stromateis
2676:physicians
2664:Brachmanes
2658:Philosophy
2340:Gandaridae
2325:Ursa Minor
2321:Ursa Major
2267:, and the
2261:Hindu Kush
2218:XVI. 2-22.
2183:Stratagems
2168:I. 1. 1-3.
2159:Stratagems
2135:Polyhistor
1935:Polyhistor
1483:XV.1.58-60
1323:ch. 13-14.
1297:XV.1.41-43
1245:XV.1.50-52
1219:XV.1.39-41
1124:Polyhistor
961:XV.1.53-56
906:XV.1.35-36
769:Polyhistor
602:XVI. 20.21
449:Ursa Major
267:Boundaries
238:V. 6. 2-11
131:Gandaridae
3663:(1988) ,
3588:(1988) .
2815:Herodotus
2807:Herodotus
2739:Deimachus
2730:refer to
2628:Overseers
2329:pole star
2273:Haimavata
2269:Himalayas
2253:Great Sea
2247:Geography
2188:Polyaenus
2164:Polyaenus
2144:52. 6-17.
1999:Elephants
1885:Mirabilia
1352:Elephants
1326:Elephants
1300:Elephants
1271:XIII. 10.
1133:52. 26-30
1053:Athenaeus
683:Taprobane
446:VI. 22.6.
394:III. 7-8.
3247:7 August
2918:(2015).
2848:Dionysus
2724:Diodorus
2668:Sarmanes
2608:Military
2593:Artisans
2453:bosporos
2449:bosporos
2407:Herakles
2394:Dionysus
2355:Hydaspes
2192:I. 3. 4.
2171:Dionysos
2022:III. 46.
1814:Eusebius
1803:Abydenus
1742:Josephus
1716:Josephus
1694:V. 4-12.
1580:Stromata
1531:Eusebius
1499:Stromata
1446:Orations
1375:XIII. 7.
1349:XII. 44.
1163:Plutarch
1029:Stobaeus
1024:Sermones
778:52. 6-7.
728:4. 2-13.
524:XVII 39.
264:II. 1. 7
218:Summary
192:Summary
186:II.35-42
115:Diodorus
3596:(ed.).
2691:physics
2575:Herders
2549:Farmers
2498:Society
2434:Economy
2368:History
2295:. From
2285:Bactria
2281:Scythia
2090:Ambrose
1996:XII. 8.
1668:XV.1.68
1616:XV.1.68
1429:XV.5-7.
1401:XV.1.44
1157:Moralia
1083:XV.1.57
854:XV.1.38
804:6. 2-3.
680:VI.24.1
576:XV.1.56
550:XVI. 41
498:XV.1.37
472:XV.1.20
420:II.1.19
342:XV.1.12
290:XV.1.11
160:Section
45:Mauryan
3783:
3760:
3739:
3718:
3697:
3677:
3649:
3629:Indica
3604:
3574:
3549:
3522:
3373:
3153:
3094:
3027:
2928:
2898:
2844:Prithu
2803:varnas
2762:Indica
2751:Indika
2743:Indika
2732:Indika
2726:, and
2720:Strabo
2716:Arrian
2480:trees.
2457:sesame
2362:Sillas
2336:Ganges
2317:gnomon
2312:stades
2305:Pandya
2297:Ariana
2293:Tauros
2289:Ariana
2241:Indica
1966:Arrian
1944:52. 5.
1873:Pearls
1840:Arrian
1690:Arrian
1664:Strabo
1638:Arrian
1612:Strabo
1479:Strabo
1455:Or. 35
1425:Arrian
1397:Strabo
1319:Arrian
1293:Strabo
1241:Strabo
1215:Strabo
1189:Arrian
1079:Strabo
957:Strabo
931:Arrian
902:Strabo
876:Arrian
850:Strabo
800:Arrian
724:Arrian
654:VIII.7
572:Strabo
494:Strabo
468:Strabo
416:Strabo
390:Arrian
368:II.1.4
364:Strabo
338:Strabo
316:II.1.7
312:Strabo
286:Strabo
260:Arrian
234:Arrian
212:III.63
145:Indica
120:stadia
111:Indica
89:Indica
76:Indica
71:Arrian
69:, and
57:Strabo
40:Indica
34:Indika
3592:. In
2830:Notes
2728:Pliny
2534:Hades
2471:roots
2418:Fauna
2399:meros
2351:Indus
2277:Sacae
2265:Pamir
2116:Pliny
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