905:
273:, the Association was banned on February 5, 1981, and many of its activists were arrested. The NZS was still active in the underground, especially in large population centers, such as Warsaw, Wrocław and Kraków. Some of its members, such as Teodor Klincewicz from Warsaw, were actively involved in various forms of anti-government protests. Also, students of the Law Department at Łódź University, in opposition to martial law, organized a sit-in, which was brutally broken by the riot police. Another strike was broken at Kraków's
135:, a founding meeting of a newly created student organization took place, with 60 chapters, representing different Polish universities and colleges. At this point, the name Independent Students’ Association was approved. There were other suggestions for the name, such as Solidarity of the Association of Polish Students, but they were not popular. During the meeting, it was decided that the NZS would be seated in
24:
253:). Furthermore, the Association was deeply engaged in political actions. On May 25, 1981, in several Polish cities, the students organized street marches in defence of political prisoners. In November 1981, 55 000 students of 81 Polish colleges declared a general strike to demand the ouster of a newly appointed rector at the Radom Engineering School.
296:, it was agreed that the NZS would be re-registered. However, the government did not keep this promise. This resulted in the creation of the National Student Strike Committee, which consisted of: Tomasz Ziemiński, Mariusz Kamiński, Przemysław Gosiewski, P. Nycz, W. Kiliński, Sławomir Skrzypek, R. Kosiorek,
315:. In the 1990s, NZS limited its political activities, concentrating on cultural events, as well as entertainment. Across the years, NZS total membership has been around 180 000. Several of its activists are now public figures - politicians, journalists, businessmen, artists. Among the most prominent are
439:
In Poland, millions of people hopeful for change rallied around the union and in the 500 days following the Gdańsk
Agreement, 10 million people - students, workers, intellectuals - joined Solidarnosc or one of its suborganisations (Independent Students' Association, Craftsmen's Union, Farmer's Union,
200:
On
January 11, 1981, students of the Mathematics - Physics - Chemistry Department of the University of Łódź began a strike, which on January 21 spread across the whole college. According to NZS sources, it was the longest occupational strike of students in the history of Europe, with 10 000 students
175:
The first request for legalization of the NZS was presented in the
Provincial Court in Warsaw on October 20, 1980, but the Justice refused. On November 13, the Warsaw Court stated that only laborers were entitled to create trade unions. In response, strikes and protests were organized throughout the
104:(December 13, 1981). Some activists were arrested, and others organized an underground NZS. After the fall of Communism in 1989, the organization was recreated, and its focus was changed from political to cultural, although it still stands by its origins, as seen by Polish students’ support for the
240:
The
Association quickly grew, reaching by May 1981 some 80 000 members. Its Coordinating Commission was planning to open an independent students’ magazine, but the government refused, explaining that there was "lack of paper". NZS was a very active association, which organized meetings with key
208:
On
February 17, 1981, the government accepted registration of the Association, under the condition that it would abide by the Constitution. The following day, the strikes in Łódź ended. The government pledged to grant more autonomy to the students and agreed that the students would no longer be
158:
In 1980, the
Association may have been viewed as a student equivalent of Solidarity, as it was created following the strikes of the so-called Polish August 1980. It led to the gathering of young people who wished to organize themselves independently of the Communist regime. They called for
288:
magazines grew, new chapters were created, and finally, in
September 1988, during the Third Meeting of NZS Delegates in Gdańsk, new leaders were elected. Soon afterwards, the Registration Committees were opened across the nation, and thousands of students joined the Association.
307:
later recalled, the
Communists did not want to give up their monopoly of youth organizations. Most Polish colleges began a sit-in, and in Kraków, street fights erupted. During the historic semi-free June 1989 elections, the NZS actively helped Solidarity candidates.
225:, the First Meeting of NZS Delegates took place. It gathered 240 activists from 66 Polish colleges and universities (out of 89 such schools existing then nationwide). The National Coordinating Commission was elected, and the first chairman of the NZS was
209:
obliged to study the
Russian language. Another concession was the elimination of compulsory Marxist-Leninist courses. The Government's decision to register the association was met by Łódź student's applause. The students stood up and sang the
256:
In late
November and early December 1981, another important event took place. On November 25, students of Warsaw's School of Fire Service Officers went on strike to protest their college's being subjected directly to the
213:. The Łódź Agreement is still regarded as the student equivalent of the Gdańsk Agreement. Furthermore, the student strikes in Łódź were mentioned by the Communist services as one of reasons for establishing the law.
975:
1148:
935:
744:
188:, who used his connections to get food for students. Desperate students of the Warsaw University began to occupy the college in late November 1980, but due to the mediation of rector
258:
159:
democratization of Polish universities, as well as respect for the Polish patriotic traditions of fighting for independence. The NZS was an alternative to the official
928:
284:
The NZS, which in the years 1984-1985 was in the decline, began to flourish, beginning in 1986, when a new generation of students replaced the old. The number of
660:
1360:
1314:
1075:
921:
1365:
832:
957:
985:
1090:
736:
112:. It now is the largest independent student organization in Poland, with 90 chapters at Polish universities and a total of 20,000 members.
970:
1095:
1355:
995:
601:
300:, B. Pichur, Artur Olszewski, Igor Wójcik, P. Janiszewski, A. Jasionowski, K. Zemler, R. Bitner, A. Szczepkowski and P. Swaczyna.
1350:
990:
1345:
1284:
484:
694:
344:
1085:
452:
427:
865:
311:
The Association was re-legalized on September 22, 1989, when Poland was already ruled by the oppositional government of
1015:
559:
1250:
944:
782:
714:
672:
1138:
1020:
808:
274:
222:
844:
1225:
1065:
525:
372:
261:
versus the Higher Education Bill. The cadets demanded both an exemption from police duties, and academic rights.
164:
160:
148:
132:
97:
1143:
1294:
1245:
1220:
1200:
812:
492:
184:(January - February 1981). Among those who took part in the Łódź strikes was an international soccer player,
630:
1324:
1304:
1153:
293:
278:
277:. At some point in the mid-1980s, the Association began cooperation with high-school students organization
1080:
948:
706:
702:
1025:
100:, and together with it, as well as other similar organizations, was banned after the implementation of
1110:
384:
181:
1185:
1127:
128:
was created, followed by similar bodies in other Polish cities, such as Warsaw, Poznań, and Kraków.
913:
336:
120:
The first meeting of students demanding independent Association took place on August 27, 1980, in
1163:
389:
226:
202:
177:
125:
210:
356:
1289:
1272:
1158:
1100:
965:
774:
767:
270:
101:
93:
185:
1000:
8:
1319:
1299:
1261:
1210:
394:
1215:
1010:
472:
The justices legalized the group, which was banned after the 1981 martial law crackdown.
89:
1309:
1195:
904:
609:
312:
189:
139:, and the National Founding Committee was established, with eleven members (among them
1056:
364:
152:
1205:
980:
778:
710:
332:
328:
320:
297:
105:
88:, NZS) is a Polish student society, created in October 1980, in the aftermath of the
496:
304:
1240:
1235:
1035:
840:
399:
348:
246:
234:
230:
176:
fall of 1980 and winter of 1980-1981, with the most extensive taking place at the
1105:
1040:
1030:
1005:
608:(in Polish). Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS). 2006-05-04. Archived from
324:
285:
81:
352:
140:
1277:
1115:
460:
419:
250:
1339:
1174:
1070:
1051:
872:
871:(in Polish). AE Katowice (Economic Academy in Katowice). 2008. Archived from
567:
360:
1190:
242:
144:
368:
340:
316:
638:
566:(in Polish). Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów. 2005–2009. Archived from
517:
233:. Statutes of the Association were written by a young student of law,
804:
668:
943:
269:
Polish students did not enjoy their freedom for long. Following the
121:
737:"Around the World; Student Strikes Spread In Polish Universities"
109:
809:"Independent Movements in Eastern Europe (an Annotated Survey)"
147:). The NZS associated itself with the late 1970s organization,
136:
205:
joined their Łódź colleagues, declaring a solidarity strike.
699:
US Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland, 1980–1981
124:. On September 2, the Temporary Founding Committee of the
23:
773:(3rd ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc. p.
69:
1315:
1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum
898:
837:Newsweek.pl website: interview with Lech Kaczyński
766:
1337:
986:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
96:). It was a student arm, or suborganization, of
264:
929:
92:and the anti-government strike actions (see:
1361:Student wings of political parties in Poland
758:
241:members of the opposition movement (such as
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
151:, created in 1977, following the murder of
936:
922:
903:
764:
743:. The New York Times Company. 1981-11-26.
695:"7: Jaruzelski Takes the Government Reins"
637:. Warsaw Voice. 2005-08-19. Archived from
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
459:. Boston Globe. 1989-07-23. Archived from
22:
1366:Student organizations established in 1980
866:"Historia: Czyli jak Było na Początku..."
803:
692:
564:Independent Students’ Association Website
524:. Green Brigades Publishing House. 1991.
453:"Polish Student Union legalized by Court"
216:
1096:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
996:Provisional Government of National Unity
686:
658:
581:
991:Polish Committee of National Liberation
971:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
539:
522:Green Brigades Ecologists Paper No. 5–6
259:Ministry of Interior and Administration
195:
131:Between 18 and 19 October 1980, at the
1338:
1285:Military Council of National Salvation
652:
420:"The Story of the Solidarity Movement"
917:
623:
489:Ukrainian Catholic University website
163:(ZSP), which was subordinated to the
869:Economic Academy in Katowice website
797:
424:Gdańsk-life.com travel guide website
221:Between 3–6 April 1981, at Kraków's
858:
729:
510:
13:
833:"Okrągły Stół, czyli gra o Polskę"
825:
477:
412:
345:Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz
14:
1377:
1251:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
1231:Independent Students' Association
1149:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation
1086:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
890:
445:
78:Independent Students' Association
17:Independent Students' Association
1139:1957 Polish legislative election
1021:1947 Polish legislative election
665:Sports Illustrated Vault website
1356:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
1226:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
1016:1946 Polish people's referendum
747:from the original on 2009-04-17
528:from the original on 2011-06-12
430:from the original on 2009-02-27
170:
149:Student Committee of Solidarity
133:Warsaw University of Technology
86:Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów
1351:Polish dissident organisations
1144:Millennium of the Polish State
693:MacEachin, Douglas J. (2002).
659:Anderson, Bruce (1982-02-15).
485:"Polish students are with us!"
201:participating. On February 9,
192:, the protest was terminated.
1:
1346:1980 establishments in Poland
1246:1981 warning strike in Poland
813:Blinken Open Society Archives
493:Ukrainian Catholic University
405:
115:
1325:Polish Round Table Agreement
1305:Federation of Fighting Youth
1154:1968 Polish political crisis
1066:Polish United Workers' Party
843:Polska. 2009. Archived from
661:"Stan The Fran, Free Spirit"
495:. 2004-11-27. Archived from
279:Federation of Fighting Youth
265:Banning and re-establishment
165:Polish United Workers' Party
161:Polish Students' Association
7:
1081:Socialist realism in Poland
765:Pogonowski, Iwo C. (1988).
703:State College, Pennsylvania
426:. Lifeboat Ltd. 2003–2009.
378:
10:
1382:
1266:autocratic rule and demise
1201:Workers' Defence Committee
1026:Small Constitution of 1947
769:Poland: A Historical Atlas
741:The New York Times website
1259:
1172:
1125:
1049:
955:
457:HighBeam Research archive
180:(November 1980), and the
65:
49:
41:
33:
21:
1221:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes
949:Polish People's Republic
635:The Polish Voice website
1164:Polish protests of 1970
1111:Poznań protests of 1956
390:Polish protests of 1970
385:Poznań protests of 1956
227:Jagiellonian University
275:Pedagogical University
223:Pedagogical University
217:Period of independence
211:Polish national anthem
85:
1290:Pacification of Wujek
1273:Martial law in Poland
1179:international opening
1159:Kniefall von Warschau
1101:Trial of the Generals
966:Recovered Territories
271:martial law in Poland
102:martial law in Poland
94:History of Solidarity
1001:Trial of the Sixteen
976:Expulsion of Germans
875:on December 31, 2008
631:"Solidarity 1980-81"
499:on September 7, 2008
203:University of Poznań
196:1981 strikes in Łódź
178:University of Poznań
126:University of Gdańsk
1320:1988 Polish strikes
1300:Fighting Solidarity
1295:1982 demonstrations
1211:1980 Lublin strikes
1132:autarchic communism
395:1980 Lublin strikes
357:Bronisław Wildstein
70:https://nzs.org.pl/
18:
1310:Orange Alternative
1196:June 1976 protests
612:on January 3, 2008
313:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
190:Henryk Samsonowicz
186:Stanisław Terlecki
182:University of Łódź
16:
1333:
1332:
1206:Flying University
1186:1971 Łódź strikes
1091:1952 Constitution
981:Operation Vistula
847:on April 16, 2013
333:Bogdan Zdrojewski
329:Cezary Grabarczyk
321:Grzegorz Schetyna
298:Grzegorz Schetyna
294:round table talks
106:Orange Revolution
75:
74:
37:22 September 1980
1373:
1241:Bydgoszcz events
1236:Rural Solidarity
1216:Gdańsk Agreement
1076:Collectivization
1036:Battle for trade
1011:Augustów roundup
938:
931:
924:
915:
914:
910:
907:
902:
901:
899:Official website
884:
883:
881:
880:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
772:
762:
756:
755:
753:
752:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
707:Penn State Press
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
656:
650:
649:
647:
646:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
598:
579:
578:
576:
575:
556:
537:
536:
534:
533:
514:
508:
507:
505:
504:
481:
475:
474:
469:
468:
449:
443:
442:
436:
435:
416:
400:Rural Solidarity
349:Jan Maria Rokita
337:Maciej Płażyński
235:Jan Maria Rokita
90:Gdańsk Agreement
58:
26:
19:
15:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1265:
1255:
1178:
1168:
1131:
1121:
1106:PAX Association
1054:
1045:
1041:Three-Year Plan
1031:Amnesty of 1947
1006:Cursed soldiers
951:
942:
908:
897:
896:
893:
888:
887:
878:
876:
864:
863:
859:
850:
848:
831:
830:
826:
817:
815:
802:
798:
789:
787:
785:
763:
759:
750:
748:
735:
734:
730:
721:
719:
717:
709:. p. 111.
691:
687:
678:
676:
657:
653:
644:
642:
629:
628:
624:
615:
613:
600:
599:
582:
573:
571:
558:
557:
540:
531:
529:
516:
515:
511:
502:
500:
483:
482:
478:
466:
464:
451:
450:
446:
433:
431:
418:
417:
413:
408:
381:
373:Tadeusz Nowicki
365:Paweł Piskorski
325:Waldemar Pawlak
267:
219:
198:
173:
153:Stanisław Pyjas
118:
61:
56:
29:
28:Logo of the NZS
12:
11:
5:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:Militsiya hour
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1116:Polish October
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
958:Early post-war
953:
952:
941:
940:
933:
926:
918:
912:
911:
892:
891:External links
889:
886:
885:
857:
824:
807:(1988-11-17).
796:
783:
757:
728:
715:
685:
671:Archived from
651:
622:
602:"Historia NZS"
580:
560:"Pierwszy NZS"
538:
509:
476:
444:
410:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
380:
377:
305:Lech Kaczyński
286:self-published
266:
263:
218:
215:
197:
194:
172:
169:
117:
114:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
60:
59:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1378:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Six-Year Plan
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1052:Sovietization
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
959:
954:
950:
946:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
919:
916:
906:
900:
895:
894:
874:
870:
867:
861:
846:
842:
841:Axel Springer
838:
834:
828:
814:
810:
806:
800:
786:
784:0-87052-282-5
780:
776:
771:
770:
761:
746:
742:
738:
732:
718:
716:0-271-02528-X
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
675:on 2009-05-21
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
641:on 2012-09-17
640:
636:
632:
626:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
570:on 2009-04-05
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
527:
523:
519:
513:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
473:
463:on 2012-10-25
462:
458:
454:
448:
441:
429:
425:
421:
415:
411:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Marcin Meller
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
231:Jarosław Guzy
228:
224:
214:
212:
206:
204:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
166:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
68:
64:
55:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
1230:
1191:Letter of 59
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
868:
860:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
836:
827:
816:. Retrieved
799:
788:. Retrieved
768:
760:
749:. Retrieved
740:
731:
720:. Retrieved
698:
688:
677:. Retrieved
673:the original
664:
654:
643:. Retrieved
639:the original
634:
625:
614:. Retrieved
610:the original
606:UMCS Website
605:
572:. Retrieved
568:the original
563:
530:. Retrieved
521:
512:
501:. Retrieved
497:the original
488:
479:
471:
465:. Retrieved
461:the original
456:
447:
438:
432:. Retrieved
423:
414:
353:Maciej Kuroń
310:
302:
291:
283:
268:
255:
243:Adam Michnik
239:
220:
207:
199:
174:
171:Legalization
157:
145:Piotr Bikont
141:Maciej Kuroń
130:
119:
77:
76:
42:Headquarters
909:(in Polish)
369:Adam Bielan
341:Marek Jurek
317:Donald Tusk
292:During the
251:Jacek Kuroń
247:Lech Wałęsa
1340:Categories
1262:Jaruzelski
879:2009-04-10
851:2009-04-10
818:2021-09-07
790:2009-04-10
751:2009-04-10
722:2009-04-10
679:2009-04-10
645:2009-04-10
616:2009-04-10
574:2009-04-10
532:2009-04-10
503:2009-04-10
467:2009-04-10
434:2009-04-10
406:References
116:Beginnings
98:Solidarity
805:Jiri Pehe
669:Time Inc.
34:Formation
1260:1981–89
1173:1970–81
1126:1956–70
1050:1948–56
956:1945–48
745:Archived
526:Archived
428:Archived
379:See also
50:Location
1128:Gomułka
1059:'s rule
947:of the
945:History
110:Ukraine
66:Website
1175:Gierek
1118:(1956)
1057:Bierut
1055:under
781:
713:
143:, and
137:Warsaw
122:Gdańsk
82:Polish
57:Poland
45:Warsaw
518:"NZS"
440:etc.)
779:ISBN
711:ISBN
1177:'s
303:As
229:'s
108:in
1342::
1264:'s
1130:'s
839:.
835:.
811:.
777:.
775:37
739:.
705::
701:.
697:.
667:.
663:.
633:.
604:.
583:^
562:.
541:^
520:.
491:.
487:.
470:.
455:.
437:.
422:.
375:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
281:.
249:,
245:,
237:.
167:.
155:.
84::
937:e
930:t
923:v
882:.
854:.
821:.
793:.
754:.
725:.
682:.
648:.
619:.
577:.
535:.
506:.
80:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
