Independent film - Knowledge

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averaged $ 100 million, with approximately one-third of it spent on marketing because of the large release campaigns. Another class of Hollywood feature film included art films, specialty films, and other niche-market fare controlled by the conglomerates' indie subsidiaries. Budgets on these indie films averaged $ 40 million per release in the early 2000s, with $ 10 million to $ 15 million spent on marketing (MPA, 2006:12). The final class of film consisted of genre and specialty films whose release campaigns were administered by independent producer-distributors with only a few dozen or possibly a few hundred screens in select urban markets. Films like these usually cost less than $ 10 million, but frequently less than $ 5 million, with small marketing budgets that escalate if and when a particular film performs.

2123:. With the sensor larger than on a traditional camcorder, these DSLRs allow for a greater control over depth of field, great low-light capabilities, and a large variety of exchangeable lenses, including lenses from old film cameras – things which independent filmmakers have been longing for years. With the creation of new, light-weight and accessible cinema cameras, documentaries have also benefitted greatly. It was previously impossible to capture the extreme wild of mother nature because of the lack of maneuverability with film cameras; however, with the creation of DSLRs, documentary filmmakers were able to reach hard-to-get places in order to capture what they couldn't have with film cameras. Cameras have even been attached to animals to allow them to help film never-before-seen scenes. 1991:

emergence of camcorders in the eighties broadened the pool of filmmakers experimenting with the newly available technology. More recently, the switch from film to digital cameras, inexpensive non-linear editing and the move to distribution via the internet have led to more people being able to make and exhibit movies of their own, including young people and individuals from marginalized communities. These people may have little to no formal technical or academic training, but instead are autodidactic filmmakers, using online sources to learn the craft. Aspiring filmmakers can range from those simply with access to a smartphone or digital camera, to those who write "spec" scripts (to pitch to studios), actively network, and use

1982:, specifically through the European Cinema and VOD Initiative (ECVI), has established programs that attempt to adapt the film industry to an increasing digital demand for film on video on demand services, outside of theatrical screenings. With this program, VOD offerings are paired with traditional movie screenings. There is also more of a push from EU National governments to fund all aspects of the arts, including film. The European Commission for Culture has an Audiovisual sector, for example, whose role is most notably to help distribute and promote films and festivals across Europe. Additionally, the Commission organizes policymaking, research, and reporting on "media literacy" and "digital distribution." 31: 397:

its restrictive chain-theater distribution network would leave independent movie houses eager for the kind of populist, seat-filling product of the Poverty Row studios, that same paradigm shift would also lead to the decline and ultimate disappearance of "Poverty Row" as a Hollywood phenomenon. While the kinds of films produced by Poverty Row studios only grew in popularity, they would eventually become increasingly available both from major production companies and from independent producers who no longer needed to rely on a studio's ability to package and release their work.

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24-frame per second rate, so interlacing artefacts are noticeable at times. In 2004 Panasonic released the DVX100 camcorder, which featured film-like 24-frame per second shooting rate. This gave independent filmmakers the ability to shoot video at a frame rate considered standard for movies at the time and opened the possibility of clean digital frame to film frame conversion. Several acclaimed films were made with this camera, for example

2417: 1546:(1984) was a critical and commercial flop, grossing a mere $ 27.4 million domestically against a $ 45 million budget. De Laurentiis, furious that the film had been a commercial disaster, was then forced to produce any film Lynch desired. He offered Lynch only $ 6 million in order to minimize the risk if the film had failed to recoup its costs; however, the film, 1947:, specialty films and niche-market films produced by the conglomerate-owned "indies" and 3) genre and specialty films coming from true indie studios and producers. The third category comprised over half the features released in the United States and usually cost between $ 5 and $ 10 million to produce. 1653:

in an effort to attract more filmmakers to Utah and showcase what the potential of independent film could be. At the time, the main focus of the event was to present a series of retrospective films and filmmaker panel discussions; however it also included a small program of new independent films. The

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system in addition to being produced and distributed by independent entertainment companies (or, in some cases, distributed by major companies). Independent films are sometimes distinguishable by their content and style and how the filmmakers' artistic vision is realized. Sometimes, independent films

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cost thousands of dollars to purchase, independent films are still cheaper than ever, creating footage that looks like 35 mm film without the same high cost. These cameras also perform better than traditional film because of its ability to perform in extremely dark/low light situations relative

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and other financing to get their films professionally produced. Oftentimes, aspiring filmmakers have other day-jobs to support themselves financially while they pitch their scripts and ideas to independent film production companies, talent agents, and wealthy investors. This recent technology-fueled

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development, production and distribution of their films. Very few of these filmmakers ever independently financed or independently released a film of their own, or ever worked on an independently financed production during the height of the generation's influence. Seemingly independent films such as

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practices by the five major Hollywood studios which controlled the production, distribution, and exhibition of films. In 1942, the SIMPP filed an antitrust suit against Paramount's United Detroit Theatres. The complaint accused Paramount of conspiracy to control first-run and subsequent-run theaters

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It is not unusual for well-known actors who are cast in independent features to take substantial pay cuts for a variety of reasons: if they truly believe in the message of the film, they feel indebted to a filmmaker for a career break; their career is otherwise stalled, or they feel unable to manage

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Hollywood was producing these three different classes of feature films by means of three different types of producers. The superior products were the large, budget blockbusters and high-cost star vehicles marketed by the six major studio producer-distributors. Budgets on the major studios' pictures

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started buying up the remaining Hollywood studios, saving them from the oblivion which befell RKO in the 50s. Eventually, even RKO was revived, the corporate mentality these companies brought to the filmmaking business would slowly squeeze out the more idiosyncratic of these young filmmakers, while

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The attempt was a success, and in 1955 United Artists became the first "studio" without an actual studio. UA leased space at the Pickford/Fairbanks Studio, but did not own a studio lot as such. Because of this, many of their films would be shot on location. Primarily acting as bankers, they offered

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and others, were developed in an attempt to retain the dwindling audience by giving them a larger-than-life experience. The 1950s and early 1960s saw a Hollywood dominated by musicals, historical epics, and other films which benefited from these advances. This proved commercially viable during most

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Festival, Raindance Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival, and Palm Springs Film Festival. Award winners from these exhibitions are more likely to get picked up for distribution by major film distributors. Film festivals and screenings like these are just one of the options in which movies can be

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However, having a film audience-classified is strictly voluntary for independents and there is no legal impediment to releasing movies on an unrated basis. However, unrated movies face obstacles in marketing because media outlets, such as TV channels, newspapers and websites, often place their own

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While the small studios that made up Poverty Row could be characterized as existing "independently" of any major studio, they utilized the same kind of vertically and horizontally integrated systems of business as the larger players in the game. Though the eventual breakup of the studio system and

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With the production code abandoned and violent and disturbing films like Romero's gaining popularity, Hollywood opted to placate the uneasy filmgoing public with the MPAA ratings system, which would place restrictions on ticket sales to young people. Unlike the production code, this rating system

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While most members of the New Hollywood generation were, or started out as, independent filmmakers, a number of their projects were produced and released by major studios. The New Hollywood generation soon became firmly entrenched in a revived incarnation of the studio system, which financed the

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were becoming more expensive and more polished, and running times had settled at around ninety minutes (or eight reels). It was believed that no one, no matter how popular, could produce and star in five quality feature films a year. By 1924, Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a

1617:. Rallying around such institutions as the Film-Makers' Cooperative and Anthology Film Archives, this new generation of independents devoted themselves to the defiance of the now-establishment New Hollywood, proposing that "all film schools be blown up and all boring films never be made again." 1374:

article that enthusiasts insisted this era was "when American movies grew up (or at least starred underdressed actresses); when directors did what they wanted (or at least were transformed into brands); when creativity ruled (or at least ran gloriously amok, albeit often on the studio's dime)."

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began to talk of forming their own company to better control their own work as well as their futures. They were spurred on by the actions of established Hollywood producers and distributors, who were making moves to tighten their control over their stars' salaries and creative license. With the

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that was shot by the Belic brothers on two Hi8 consumer camcorders and won that year's Sundance Film Festival Audience Award for a Documentary. At the time, distribution was still film-based so the movie had to be "filmed out" from interlaced digital video format to film running at traditional

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was largely overlooked by American audiences, Zoetrope would become a powerful force in New Hollywood. Through Zoetrope, Coppola formed a distribution agreement with studio giant Warner Bros., which he would exploit to achieve wide releases for his films without making himself subject to their

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As with other media, the availability of new technologies has fueled the democratization of filmmaking and the growth of independent film. In the late forties and fifties, new inexpensive portable cameras made it easier for independent filmmakers to produce content without studio backing. The

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began a sweeping body of work that would become legendary for its frugality and grueling shooting schedule. Until his so-called "retirement" as a director in 1971 (he continued to produce films even after this date), he would produce up to seven movies a year, matching and often exceeding the

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was financed by United Artists, the company was certainly a studio. Likewise, Zoetrope was another "independent studio" which worked within the system to make a space for independent directors who needed funding. George Lucas would leave Zoetrope in 1971 to create his own independent studio,

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and others were studio films: the scripts were based on studio pitches and subsequently paid for by the studios, the production financing was from the studio, and the marketing and distribution of the films were designed and controlled by the studio's advertising agency. Though Coppola made

996:. As such, it was the first and last film of its kind to enjoy a completely unrestricted screening, in which young children were able to witness Romero's new brand of highly realistic gore. This film would help to set the climate of independent horror for decades to come, as films like 342:(Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Edison. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the 2034:

that can exceed the quality of film and easy-to-use computer editing software. Until digital alternatives became available, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was a major obstacle to independent filmmakers who wanted to make their own films. Successful films such as

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By the late 1950s, RKO had ceased film production, and the remaining four of the big five had recognized that they did not know how to reach the youth audience. In an attempt to capture this audience, the Studios hired a host of young filmmakers (many of whom were mentored by

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money to independent producers. Thus UA did not have the overhead, the maintenance or the expensive production staff which ran up costs at other studios. UA went public in 1956, and as the other mainstream studios fell into decline, UA prospered, adding relationships with the

1345:(1977) marked the beginning of the end for the New Hollywood. With their unprecedented box-office successes, these movies jump-started Hollywood's blockbuster mentality, giving studios a new paradigm as to how to make money in this changing commercial landscape. The focus on 2138:

Independent filmmaking has also benefited from the new editing software. Instead of needing a post-house to do the editing, independent film makers use a personal computer or even just a cellphone with editing software to edit their films. Editing software available include

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renaissance has helped fuel other supporting industries such as the "prosumer" camera segment and film schools for those who are less autodidactic. Film programs in universities such as NYU in New York and USC in Los Angeles have benefited from this transitional growth.

1231:(1971), also released by Zoetrope through their deal with Warner Bros., announcing himself as another major talent of New Hollywood. By the following year, two New Hollywood directors had become sufficiently established for Coppola to be offered oversight of Paramount's 97:

a more significant commitment to a studio film; the film offers an opportunity to showcase a talent that has not gained traction in the studio system; or simply because they want to work with a particular director that they admire. Many examples of the latter include

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New technologies have also allowed the development of new cinematic techniques originating in independent films, such as the development of the zoom lens in the early 20th century. The use of the (controversial) hand-held shot made popular in the groundbreaking

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The acquisitions of the smaller studios by conglomerate Hollywood was a plan in part to take over the independent film industry and at the same time start "independent" studios of their own. The following are all "indie" studios owned by conglomerate Hollywood:

910:) budgets encouraged a huge boom in popularity for non-studio films. Low-budget film making promised exponentially greater returns (in terms of percentages) if the film could have a successful run in the theaters. During this time, independent producer/director 2012:, and Tubestart have helped people raise thousands of dollars; enough to fund their own, low-budget productions. As a result of the falling cost of technology to make, edit and digitally distribute films, filmmaking is more widely accessible than ever before. 855:

rather than entertainment. Based upon a common belief that the "official cinema" was "running out of breath" and had become "morally corrupt, aesthetically obsolete, thematically superficial, temperamentally boring", this new crop of independents formed

2159:. There are also many free tutorials and courses available online to teach different post production skills needed to use these programs. These new technologies allow independent film makers to create films that are comparable to high-budget films. 2551: 846:

Unlike the films made within the studio system, these new low-budget films could afford to take risks and explore new artistic territory outside the classical Hollywood narrative. Maya Deren was soon joined in New York by a crowd of like-minded

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were made "producing partners" (i.e., sharing in the profits), but ownership still rested with the founders. As the years passed and the dynamics of the business changed, these "producing partners" drifted away. Goldwyn and Disney left for

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Los Angeles's distance from New York was also comforting to independent film producers, making it easier for them to avoid being harassed or sued by the Motion Picture Patents Company, AKA the Trust, which Thomas Edison helped create in

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During the 1970s, shifts in thematic depictions of sexuality and violence occurred in American cinema, prominently featuring heightened depictions of realistic sex and violence. Directors who wished to reach mainstream audiences of

1255:(1976), all of which met with critical and commercial success. These successes by the members of New Hollywood led each of them, in turn, to make more and more extravagant demands, both on the studio and eventually on the audience. 1503:(1983). However, Lynch had seen what had happened to Lucas and his comrades in arms after their failed attempt to do away with the studio system. He refused the opportunity, stating that he would rather work on his own projects. 1321:

bought back the rights from the studio to his 1980 film and paid for its distribution out of his own pocket, convinced that the picture was better than what the studio believed — he eventually went bankrupt because of this.

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technology is available to low-budget, independent filmmakers. By the second decade of the 21st century high-quality cellphone cameras allowed people to make, edit and distribute films on a single inexpensive device.

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experienced a period of tremendous growth during this time. As these tiny producers, theaters, and distributors continued to attempt to undercut one another, the B-grade shlock film soon fell to the level of the

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as its first managing director. The original terms called for Pickford, Fairbanks, Griffith, and Chaplin to independently produce five pictures each year, but by the time the company got underway in 1920–1921,

243:: one in 1912, which canceled the patent on raw film, and a second in 1915, which cancelled all MPPC patents. Though these decisions succeeded at legalizing independent film, they would do little to remedy the 1696:

with Robert Redford. In 1985, the now well-established Sundance Institute, headed by Sterling Van Wagenen, took over management of the US Film Festival, which was experiencing financial difficulties.

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premises, with greater concentration on tie-in merchandise (such as toys), spin-offs into other media (such as soundtracks), and the use of sequels (which had been made more respectable by Coppola's

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The economic side of filmmaking is also less of an obstacle than before, because the backing of a major studio is no longer needed to access necessary movie funding. Crowdfunding services like

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had made a deal with the remaining stockholders of United Artists which would allow them to make an attempt to revive the company and, if the attempt was successful, buy it after five years.

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himself rather than compromise with skeptical studio executives, he, and filmmakers like him, had saved the old studios from financial ruin by providing them with a new formula for success.

1113:(1967) instead of a minimal fee. The movie had grossed over $ 70 million worldwide by 1973. These initial successes paved the way for the studio to relinquish almost complete control to the 318:

immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called

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services have made it possible to distribute a digital version of a film to an entire country or even the world, without involving shipping or warehousing of physical DVDs or film reels.

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were developing the skills they would use to take over Hollywood, many of their peers had begun to develop their style of filmmaking in a different direction. Influenced by foreign and

1534:, on the condition that the company release a second Lynch project, over which the director would have complete creative control. Although De Laurentiis hoped it would be the next 3204: 2163:(CGI) has also become more accessible, transitioning from a highly specialized process done by post-production companies into a task that can be performed by independent artists. 1700:

and Sterling Van Wagenen spearheaded production of the inaugural Sundance Film Festival which included Program Director Tony Safford and Administrative Director Jenny Walz Selby.

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before distribution (theatrical or retail release). An independent film production can rival a mainstream film production if it has the necessary funding and distribution.

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ended the careers of Pickford and Fairbanks. Chaplin, rich enough to do what he pleased, worked only occasionally. Schenck resigned in 1933 to organize a new company with

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was strictly an out-of-pocket, low-budget, independent film, Lynch made the transition with unprecedented grace. The film was a huge commercial success, and earned eight

992:, a new kind of intense and unforgiving independent horror film. This film was released just after the abandonment of the production code, but before the adoption of the 349:

By establishing a new system of production, distribution, and exhibition which was independent of The Edison Trust in New York, these studios opened up new horizons for

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and receiving injunctions against independent filmmakers. Because of this, a number of filmmakers responded by building their own cameras and moving their operations to

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The development of independent film in the 1990s and 21st century has been stimulated by a range of technical innovations, including the development of affordable

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The 1990s saw the rise and success of independent films not only through the film festival circuit but at the box office as well while established actors, such as

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described this era as the "halcyon age" of the decade's filmmaking that "was less revolution than business as usual, with rebel hype". She also pointed out in her

1243:(1973) from Universal. In the mid-1970s, the major Hollywood studios continued to tap these new filmmakers for both ideas and personnel, producing films such as 1751:

garnered resounding critical acclaim and unprecedented box office sales. The significance of the Sundance Film Festival is documented in the work of Professor

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these themes to make their films appealing and attractive rather than repulsive or obscene. However, at the same time that the maverick film students of the

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control. These three films provided the major Hollywood studios with both an example to follow and a new crop of talent to draw from. Zoetrope co-founder

3254: 2041:(which grossed over US$ 248.6 million while only spending US$ 60,000) have emerged from this new accessibility to filmmaking tools. In 2002, the cost of 1203: 717:. The Society aimed to preserve the rights of independent producers in an industry overwhelmingly controlled by the studio system. SIMPP fought to end 2650: 301:, a little village that was friendly and positive about the movie company filming there. Griffith then filmed the first movie ever shot in Hollywood, 6395: 3292: 393:", a catch-all term used to encompass any other smaller studio that managed to fight their way up into the increasingly exclusive movie business. 3035: 1020:

restrictions on movies that do not come with a built-in national rating, in order to avoid presenting movies to inappropriately young audiences.

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effectively made it possible for any person in America with an interest in making films to write, produce, and direct one without the aid of any

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The independent film industry exists globally. Many of the most prestigious film festivals are hosted in various cities around the world. The

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was hired as president. Not only had he been producing pictures for a decade, but he brought along commitments for films starring his wife,

6167: 2614: 2103:. More recent devices allow "filming" at very high frame rates to facilitate distribution into a number of frame rates without artifacts. 2070:

have taken away the use of editing stands such as the KEM, dramatically reducing the costs of post-production, while technologies such as

860:, an artist-run, non-profit organization which they would use to distribute their films through a centralized archive. Founded in 1962 by 737:

to sell their theater chains and to eliminate certain anti-competitive practices. This effectively brought an end to the studio system of

3398: 884:. When he returned to America, Ken Anger would debut many of his most important works there. Mekas and Brakhage would go on to found the 3196: 1838:, putting Miramax and New Line Cinema in the sights of big companies looking to cash in on the success of independent studios. In 1993, 796: 833:. As the 1950s progressed, the new low-budget paradigm of filmmaking gained increased recognition internationally, with films such as 4915: 1476: 1039: 3315: 513:

was formed, the first movie studio owned and controlled by independent filmmakers. In 1919, four of the leading figures in American

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would make a name for themselves by the early 1970s for the bizarre and often disturbing imagery which characterized their films.

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This table lists the companies active in late 1935 illustrates the categories commonly used to characterize the Hollywood system.

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in the 1800s, while it belonged to Mexico. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York.

274: 611:. Schenck also formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. 5102: 1816:

grossed over $ 100 million in the United States making it the most successful indie film in box-office history to that point.

3810: 3592: 3543: 3522: 3501: 3480: 3068: 2682: 2486:"Don't Lose It At The Movies The Brothers McMullen and Blair Witch--yes. Waterworld II--no. A primer on indie-film investing" 1968: 1692:(1980), ceased to exist as a venue for independent filmmakers, Sterling Van Wagenen left the film festival to help found the 1016:

theaters' share of the youth market. This change would further widen the divide between commercial and non-commercial films.

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of the 1950s. However, by the late 1960s, audience share was dwindling at an alarming rate. Several costly flops, including

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nod. Lynch subsequently returned to independent filmmaking, and did not work with another major studio for over a decade.

1103:) and allowed them to make their films with relatively little studio control. Warner Brothers offered first-time producer 888:

in 1970, which would likewise prove essential to the development and preservation of independent films, even to this day.

7083: 2186: 1964: 950:, these films hoped to draw audiences to independent theaters by offering to show them what the major studios could not. 554:

addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before things had formalized. When he heard about their scheme,

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was soon established which left little room for any newcomers. By the mid-1930s, at the top were the five major studios,

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The studio system quickly became so powerful that some filmmakers once again sought independence. On May 24, 1916, the

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Inventing the Movies: Hollywood's Epic Battle Between Innovation and the Status Quo, from Thomas Edison to Steve Jobs

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Full-length films are often showcased at film festivals such as the Sundance Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival,

1573:(1981). During the 1980s, Waters would become a pillar of the New York–based independent film movement known as the " 1531: 922:

took advantage of the fact that unlike the studio system, independent films had never been bound by its self-imposed

209:. A number of filmmakers declined or were refused membership to the trust and came to be described as "independent". 1559:

Unlike the former, John Waters released most of his films during his early life through his own production company,

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franchises. In fact, the only two movies of the movement which can be described as uncompromisingly independent are

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crisis: either bring in others to help support a costly distribution system or concede defeat. The veteran producer

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posed a threat to independent films in that it would affect the number of tickets they could sell and cut into the

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who himself resigned after only a few months. Pickford produced a few films, and at various times Goldwyn, Korda,

6725: 6608: 6381: 5267: 4347: 3606: 2760: 2430: 1553: 1472: 857: 475: 1175:, took numerous cues from Kenneth Anger and his influences in the French New Wave. It became the first and only 763:. These circumstances soon resulted in a number of critically acclaimed and highly influential works, including 6130: 4476: 4287: 3016: 2156: 2132: 2031: 1191:, who had already become symbols of the militantly anti-Hollywood climate of NYC's independent film community. 1158: 963:, a niche category of films with production values so low that they became a spectacle in their own right. The 510: 500: 154: 1963:

attracts over 130 countries, making it the largest film festival in the world. Other large events include the

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that held a monopoly on film production and distribution comprising all the major film companies of the time (

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nods for Lynch. It also established his place as a commercially viable, if somewhat dark and unconventional,

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One of the examples of such a new indie approach to filmmaking is the 1999 Oscar-nominated documentary film

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Indeed, it was during this period that the very definition of an independent film became blurred. Though

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In 1991, the festival was officially renamed the Sundance Film Festival, after Redford's famous role as

7073: 6041: 5648: 5491: 4136: 2160: 877: 741:. By 1958, many of the reasons for creating the SIMPP had been corrected and SIMPP closed its offices. 655:. By the late 1940s, United Artists had virtually ceased to exist as either a producer or distributor. 623: 258: 3047: 2566: 6688: 6496: 6051: 5608: 5563: 5471: 4849: 4292: 4252: 3803: 3177: 2455: 2435: 2170: 2067: 1924: 1851: 1432:) a number of young film makers began to experiment with transgression not as a box-office draw, but 789:, with little or no formal training, began to experiment with new ways of making and shooting films. 494: 427: 319: 123: 3759:

A Killer Life: How an Independent Film Producer Survives Deals and Disasters in Hollywood and Beyond

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considerable efforts to resist the influence of the studios, opting to finance his risky 1979 film

988: 30: 5618: 6981: 6678: 5543: 5421: 4873: 4677: 3880: 3851: 2720: 2037: 1688: 1574: 1459: 1437: 1157:'s breakthrough performance in the supporting role of George Hanson, an alcoholic lawyer for the 1109: 885: 769: 738: 566: 1854:

in 1994. The acquisitions proved to be a good move for Turner Broadcasting as New Line released

297:. While there, the company decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to 6954: 6923: 6889: 6866: 6854: 5815: 5763: 5628: 5349: 5141: 4950: 4822: 4655: 4558: 4543: 4337: 4225: 3043: 2628: 2624: 2440: 2045: 1886: 1682:. In 1981, the same year that United Artists, bought out by MGM after the financial failure of 1671: 1114: 972: 726:

brought by producers against exhibitors alleging monopoly and restraint of trade. In 1948, the

298: 6974: 6730: 6673: 6438: 5999: 5558: 5200: 5090: 4747: 2450: 1650: 1351: 1265: 1137:, Hopper was responsible for one of the first completely independent films of New Hollywood. 1061: 955: 775: 229: 6036: 1939:

By the early 2000s, Hollywood was producing three different classes of films: 1) big-budget

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Not all low-budget films existed as non-commercial art ventures. The success of films like

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five-per-year schedule that the executives at United Artists had once thought impossible.

820: 8: 6994: 6986: 6647: 6545: 5855: 5728: 5713: 5578: 5481: 5416: 5112: 5073: 4945: 4930: 4757: 4516: 4322: 4297: 4262: 4215: 2288: 2140: 1843: 1744: 873: 537:. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, and cowboy star 417: 362: 250: 194: 35: 2883: 2119:

to film. In 2008, Nikon released the first DSLR camera that could also shoot video, the

6884: 6595: 6418: 6259: 6179: 6103: 5989: 5979: 5881: 5773: 5753: 5653: 5633: 5401: 5329: 5235: 5220: 5151: 4856: 4792: 4650: 4630: 4521: 4171: 4092: 4026: 4016: 3979: 3714: 3679: 3641: 3512: 2384: 2144: 2050: 2016: 1847: 1834: 1693: 1626: 1548: 1527: 1499: 1004: 993: 730: 648: 592: 555: 434: 366: 85: 2802: 1071:(1969) put severe strain on the studios. Meanwhile, in 1951, lawyers-turned-producers 533:) formed United Artists. Each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer 7010: 6821: 6710: 6585: 6540: 6518: 6474: 6423: 6358: 6309: 6098: 6021: 5871: 5825: 5798: 5793: 5783: 5698: 5658: 5436: 5324: 5314: 5240: 5168: 5048: 4893: 4888: 4817: 4772: 4735: 4672: 4660: 4578: 4526: 4460: 4455: 4431: 4399: 4131: 4126: 3875: 3763: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3721: 3698: 3692: 3648: 3625: 3588: 3567: 3561: 3539: 3518: 3497: 3476: 2891: 2834: 2690: 2655: 2378: 2251: 2099: 2063: 1898: 1755:

Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film, (NYU Press, 1999; 2001).

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and now the darling of the studios, offered Lynch the opportunity to direct his next

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Lincoln Motion Picture Company, United Artists and resistance to the studio system

353:. The Hollywood oligopoly replaced the Edison monopoly. Within this new system, a 7037: 6760: 6603: 6486: 6279: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6174: 6083: 6026: 5925: 5820: 5738: 5733: 5663: 5598: 5518: 5391: 5386: 5359: 5255: 5053: 5016: 4962: 4955: 4908: 4782: 4752: 4665: 4625: 4620: 4553: 4499: 4484: 4404: 4379: 4374: 4312: 4230: 4220: 4181: 4097: 4021: 3947: 3491: 3466: 2445: 2209: 2174: 2152: 2079: 2042: 1862: 1813: 1806:, found success themselves both in independent films and Hollywood studio films. 1564: 1511: 1409: 1208: 1167: 1146: 1076: 931: 923: 808: 750: 694: 674: 608: 538: 522: 293:, and others. They began filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown 178: 119: 81: 5913: 3643:

Independent Visions: A Critical Introduction to Recent Independent American Film

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The efforts of the SIMPP and the advent of inexpensive portable cameras during

706: 686: 600: 588: 584: 570: 559: 530: 504: 422: 382: 335: 323: 166: 131: 39: 6120: 5918: 5210: 2949: 7067: 6811: 6801: 6239: 6219: 5768: 5708: 5693: 5583: 5528: 5523: 5496: 5466: 5431: 5272: 5225: 5215: 5178: 5146: 5136: 5127: 5097: 4967: 4903: 4844: 4839: 4777: 4742: 4687: 4645: 4615: 4605: 4598: 4414: 4362: 4332: 4317: 4272: 4257: 4176: 4043: 3996: 3962: 3922: 3890: 3863: 2989: 2895: 2746: 2694: 2396: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2148: 2092: 2059: 1992: 1817: 1799: 1759: 1581:

in 1985 to describe a loose-knit group of like-minded New York artists using

1507: 1421: 1417: 1385: 1299: 1233: 1124: 1118: 1104: 1029: 865: 829: 800: 734: 698: 670: 635: 604: 596: 579: 518: 514: 354: 286: 278: 270: 254: 213: 206: 202: 190: 186: 182: 98: 5548: 3563:

Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film

2062:

in the early 1990s, lowered the technology barrier to movie production. The

253:

during the enforcement of the trust had already laid the groundwork for the

130:. Independent films are often screened at local, national, or international 7015: 6969: 6933: 6642: 6562: 6550: 6110: 6093: 6046: 5896: 5840: 5371: 5366: 5297: 5173: 5117: 5068: 5043: 5031: 4762: 4494: 4489: 4426: 4389: 4367: 4357: 4235: 4166: 4146: 4048: 4006: 3912: 3895: 3197:"European Digital Initiatives Offer New Paths for Distributing Indie Films" 2460: 2336: 2296: 2274: 2246: 2075: 1874: 1828: 1795: 1773: 1769: 1752: 1748: 1659: 1610: 1560: 1518: 1484: 1429: 1359: 1346: 1336: 1222: 1100: 1088: 951: 919: 911: 834: 816: 756: 718: 682: 599:. Contracts were signed with a number of independent producers, especially 574: 542: 482: 468: 374: 370: 343: 339: 331: 327: 282: 148: 127: 111: 102: 73: 49: 6964: 7047: 6928: 6894: 6876: 6841: 6831: 6637: 6575: 6570: 6491: 6479: 6373: 6362: 6324: 6304: 6299: 6284: 6274: 6254: 6184: 6162: 6088: 5994: 5935: 5930: 5788: 5593: 5573: 5538: 5287: 5183: 4940: 4925: 4866: 4832: 4610: 4583: 4548: 4419: 4409: 4282: 4242: 4210: 4161: 4077: 4058: 4031: 3927: 3885: 3836: 3533: 2422: 2349: 2319: 2278: 2237: 2215: 2197: 2005: 1972: 1803: 1740: 1712: 1675: 1614: 1582: 1441: 1331: 1251: 1134: 1072: 1047: 935: 881: 861: 839: 678: 631: 627: 546: 390: 294: 90: 2858:"'60s Hollywood, the Rebels and the Studios: Power Shifted (or Did It?)" 807:. Both Engel and Anger's films won acclaim overseas from the burgeoning 701:—many of the same people who were members of United Artists—founded the 6849: 6703: 6314: 6294: 6244: 6224: 6209: 6199: 6115: 6066: 5876: 5683: 5623: 5441: 5334: 5277: 5205: 5163: 4994: 4812: 4797: 4767: 4725: 4694: 4384: 4247: 4011: 3952: 3932: 3822: 3683: 3662:

Maccann, Richard Dyer (Summer 1962). "Independence, with a Vengeance".

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audiences these pictures attracted soon made them ideal candidates for

943: 786: 764: 710: 652: 615: 550: 308: 233: 221: 77: 1358:

On realizing how much money could potentially be made in films, major

562:, is said to have observed, "The inmates are taking over the asylum." 7024: 6949: 6806: 6693: 6657: 6463: 6450: 6125: 6071: 5969: 5908: 5901: 5743: 5638: 5588: 5309: 5195: 5058: 5004: 4807: 4730: 4720: 4593: 4588: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4114: 4087: 4063: 4001: 3974: 3917: 2324: 2306: 2256: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2202: 2120: 2055: 1789: 1736: 1697: 1594: 1590: 1578: 1493: 1293: 1285: 964: 852: 815:

inspiring praise and an invitation to study under him in Europe from

714: 249:

ban on small productions; the independent filmmakers who had fled to

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ensconcing the more malleable and commercially successful of them.

1355:), all showed the studios how to make money in the new environment. 926:. Corman's example (and that of others like him) would help start a 6959: 6871: 6789: 6652: 6528: 6433: 6011: 5673: 5568: 5354: 5344: 5292: 4982: 4441: 4193: 3870: 2391: 2259:, directed by Barbara Seghezzi and Marcello Mencarini in 2005 from 2083: 1944: 1397: 1227: 277:

to the west coast with his acting troupe, consisting of performers

245: 3285:"Crowdfunding Statistics and Analytics for Film and Video in 2014" 2266:

Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan

658: 565:

The four partners, with advice from McAdoo (son-in-law and former

118:

Generally, the marketing of independent films is characterized by

6750: 6720: 6580: 6445: 6428: 6410: 6334: 6016: 5959: 4977: 2361: 2335:

are the first noted experimental works with the first generation

2270: 2009: 1904: 1176: 1084: 976: 960: 225: 1127:, the American actor, made his writing and directing debut with 1042:, the major studios attempted to lure audiences with spectacle. 614:

Still, even with a broadening of the company, UA struggled. The

224:. The MPPC vigorously enforced its patents, constantly bringing 7031: 6289: 5486: 5411: 5063: 4999: 4972: 4635: 4448: 4302: 2402: 2367: 1839: 1777: 1606: 1051: 891: 217: 162: 3788: 3113: 3101: 3091: 3089: 541:

a year earlier as they were traveling around the U.S. selling

6622: 6506: 5974: 5107: 5085: 5078: 4878: 3694:

Celluloid Mavericks: The History of American Independent Film

3468:

Marketing To Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics

3255:"New York University – The Top 25 American Film Schools 2017" 2651:"Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll" 2332: 2314: 2260: 1586: 1523: 1514: 1199: 930:

in the 1960s, the principal aim of which was to bring in the

236:

made it more difficult for the MPPC to enforce its patents.

5026: 3819: 3734: 3125: 3086: 1023: 3493:

Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film

2249:

are widely using also for mainstream film cinematography.

1457:, he soon found himself in charge of the $ 5 million film 934:

which the major studios had lost touch with. By promising

779:

in 1947, and Morris Engel, Ruth Orkin and Ray Abrashkin's

3612: 2071: 1506:

Lynch instead chose to direct a big budget adaptation of

644: 315: 126:, but they can also have major marketing campaigns and a 2078:

and online video services have simplified distribution;

1212:(1969), a film he had produced through his own company, 239:

The Edison Trust was soon ended by two decisions of the

3148:"What Are the World's Most Prestigious Film Festivals?" 3443: 2990:"UbuWeb Film & Video: The Cinema of Transgression" 1846:, in a billion-dollar deal, acquired New Line Cinema, 1552:(1986), was a resounding success, earning him another 795:

became the first independent film to be nominated for

3074: 2765: 549:

effort. Already veterans of Hollywood, the four film

2412: 1483:director. Seeing Lynch as a fellow studio convert, 1453:(1977), brought Lynch to the attention of producer 3713: 3640: 1204:Donostia-San Sebastian International Film Festival 1165:shortly afterward was the revived United Artists' 1133:(1969). Along with his producer/co-star/co-writer 1985: 1237:(1972) and Lucas had obtained studio funding for 827:as an essential inspiration to his seminal work, 27:Film done outside of the major film studio system 7065: 1179:film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. 232:, where the distance from Edison's home base of 220:relating to motion pictures, including that for 3178:"The Berlinale: A Constantly Evolving Festival" 2910:"Bruce Conner: The Artist Who Shaped Our World" 2743:"The Film-Maker's Cooperative: A Brief History" 2235:mobile phone on tripod which was used to shoot 703:Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers 665:Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers 659:Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers 314:During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many 3735:Redding, Judith; Brownworth, Victoria (1997). 3017:"My Year Of Flops Case File #81 Heaven's Gate" 2552:"The Lincoln Motion Picture Company is Formed" 2058:in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of 1620: 1597:. Other key players in this movement included 1194:Within a month, another young Corman trainee, 1046:processes and technical improvements, such as 6389: 3804: 3510: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 1971:, and the Panafrican Film and TV Festival of 906:, which had been made with low (or sometimes 3670:(4). University of California Press: 14–21. 3338: 3316:"10 US Film Festivals You Should Know About" 2169:, long an advocate of new technologies like 918:Like those of the avant-garde, the films of 892:Exploitation boom and the MPAA rating system 476:Producers Releasing Corporation (a.k.a. PRC) 3611:. Season 20. Episode 8. November 22, 2001. 3511:McDonald, Paul; Wasko, Janet, eds. (2008). 3440:Eric Escobar from NAB, We Are All Geeks Now 2849: 2511:"How 'Pulp Fiction' Destroyed Indie Cinema" 2106:Even though new cinema cameras such as the 573:), formed their distribution company, with 6403: 6396: 6382: 3811: 3797: 2615:"The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992" 2180: 2131:also led to an entirely new subgenre: the 797:Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay 212:At the time of the formation of the MPPC, 3784:The Edge of Hollywood - Annenberg Learner 3738:Film Fatales: Independent Women Directors 3194: 2567:"Mission Improbable: Tom Cruise as Mogul" 322:. Within a few years, ambitious men like 42:(second from the left) at a screening of 3603:"indies are dead. long live the indies!" 3514:The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry 2483: 2226: 2208: 2190: 1768: 1654:jury of the 1978 festival was headed by 1643:, (veteran of New Hollywood and star of 1024:New Hollywood and independent filmmaking 205:) and the biggest supplier of raw film, 29: 3711: 3690: 3661: 3559: 3531: 3449: 3419: 2821: 2803:"What Is Independent Film? – Raindance" 1999: 1183:also held the distinction of featuring 1008:(1980) continued to push the envelope. 14: 7066: 3755: 3464: 3230:"Culture and Creativity — Audiovisual" 2881: 2855: 2827: 2771: 2607: 2564: 2527: 1766:revenue was from independent studios. 1711:was launched. Such notable figures as 6377: 3792: 3638: 3345:Amdur, Meredith (November 16, 2003). 3344: 3224: 3222: 3142: 3140: 3034:Peden, Lauren David (December 2005). 3033: 3014: 2884:"An Artist of the Cutting-Room Floor" 2856:Dargis, Manohla (November 12, 2010). 2558: 1969:Hong Kong International Film Festival 1145:and garnered the "First Film Award" ( 3619: 3580: 3517:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 3489: 3377:"Elijah Wald • Film Writing Archive" 3080: 2025: 1378: 3401:from the original on March 20, 2021 3326:from the original on March 20, 2021 3313: 3265:from the original on March 20, 2021 3207:from the original on March 20, 2021 3158:from the original on March 20, 2021 2828:Dargis, Manohla (August 17, 2003). 2719:. February 12, 2005. Archived from 2484:Callahan, Peter (January 8, 2001). 2187:List of films shot on mobile phones 1965:Toronto International Film Festival 1325:In retrospect, it can be seen that 744: 377:Then came three smaller companies, 24: 6699:List of American independent films 6151:List of American independent films 3553: 3473:Southern Illinois University Press 3291:. January 19, 2015. Archived from 3219: 3137: 3015:Rabin, Nathan (November 1, 2007). 2466:List of American independent films 1961:Berlin International Film Festival 1954: 1646:Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 803:. It also received Silver Lion at 241:Supreme Court of the United States 157:or "Edison Trust" was formed as a 25: 7095: 3777: 3584:The History of Independent Cinema 3195:Caranicas, Peter (July 4, 2017). 2996:from the original on July 3, 2018 2882:Dargis, Manohla (July 12, 2008). 2683:"The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" 2565:Siklos, Richard (March 4, 2007). 2528:Edidin, Peter (August 21, 2005). 2020:independently produced/released. 1842:bought Miramax for $ 60 million. 1532:De Laurentiis Entertainment Group 1447:When Lynch's first feature film, 1225:made his feature film debut with 1117:and began what the media dubbed " 982:In 1968, a young filmmaker named 89:are made with considerably lower 6357: 6348: 6347: 3420:Thomson, Patricia (April 2006). 2972:"The 59th Academy Awards | 1987" 2928:"The 53rd Academy Awards | 1981" 2785:"The 42nd Academy Awards | 1970" 2595:from the original on May 2, 2019 2585:"The 26th Academy Awards | 1954" 2415: 2401:are some other examples shot on 898:B movies (The exploitation boom) 851:who were interested in creating 264: 6609:Experimental musical instrument 3818: 3458: 3434: 3422:"Sundance 2006: Frozen Moments" 3413: 3387: 3369: 3347:"Sharing pix is risky business" 3307: 3277: 3247: 3188: 3170: 3071:data from January to March 2005 3062: 3027: 3008: 2982: 2964: 2948:. Davidlynch.de. Archived from 2938: 2920: 2902: 2875: 2795: 2777: 2735: 2705: 2431:British Independent Film Awards 2323:, a narrative film shot on the 2287:, a narrative film shot on the 1776:, a widely renowned indie film 1554:Academy Award for Best Director 412:Poverty Row (top four of many) 142: 3608:The Monster That Ate Hollywood 2675: 2643: 2577: 2544: 2521: 2503: 2477: 2269:, a docufiction film shot on 2032:digital cinematography cameras 1986:Technology and democratization 1783: 1408:, exploitation shockers (i.e. 1159:American Civil Liberties Union 511:Lincoln Motion Picture Company 501:Lincoln Motion Picture Company 155:Motion Picture Patents Company 13: 1: 7053:Social peer-to-peer processes 2471: 1463:(1980) for Paramount. Though 1107:40% of the gross on his film 722:in Detroit. It was the first 307:, a Biograph melodrama about 105:taking less pay to work with 3624:. Indiana University Press. 3538:. Boston: CinemaTech Books. 2946:"David Lynch interview 1985" 2761:The Film-Makers' Cooperative 2255:, a documentary shot on the 1809:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1707:. Through this festival the 1161:. Following on the heels of 999:The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 971:screenings revolving around 928:boom in independent B-movies 858:The Film-Makers' Cooperative 785:in 1953. Filmmakers such as 201:), the leading distributor ( 38:(second from the right) and 7: 3622:American Independent Cinema 2408: 2151:, (Color Grading Software) 1919:Warner Independent Pictures 1709:Independent Cinema movement 1621:Independent Cinema movement 1567:agreed to work with him on 1420:) and avant-garde cinema, ( 728:United States Supreme Court 351:cinema in the United States 10: 7100: 7084:Film and video terminology 6042:Classical Hollywood cinema 5231:Commedia sexy all'italiana 4139:Exploitation film template 4083:Commedia sexy all'italiana 3756:Vachon, Christine (2006). 3395:"Internet Filmmaker's FAQ" 2184: 2161:Computer-generated imaging 2048:went up 23%, according to 1820:had a string of hits with 1787: 1758:In 2005, about 15% of the 1624: 1288:, which would produce the 1151:Prix de la premiere oeuvre 1027: 895: 748: 662: 624:Twentieth Century Pictures 595:, and his brother-in-law, 498: 259:classical Hollywood cinema 146: 137: 124:independent movie theaters 93:than major studio films. 7003: 6942: 6907: 6840: 6797: 6788: 6689:American eccentric cinema 6666: 6630: 6621: 6594: 6514: 6505: 6497:Amateur press association 6409: 6343: 5946: 5864: 5609:German underground horror 5564:Documentary Film Movement 5472:American eccentric cinema 5457: 4703: 3829: 3697:. Thunder's Mouth Press. 3132:McDonald & Wasko 2008 3120:McDonald & Wasko 2008 3108:McDonald & Wasko 2008 3096:McDonald & Wasko 2008 2530:"La-La Land: The Origins" 2456:American Eccentric Cinema 2436:Independent Spirit Awards 2068:non-linear editing system 2054:. The advent of consumer 1925:Castle Rock Entertainment 1852:Castle Rock Entertainment 1187:roles by many of the top 1171:(also 1969), which, like 773:in 1943, Kenneth Anger's 705:. Later members included 651:, Selznick and Korda for 3762:. Simon & Schuster. 3566:. Simon & Schuster. 3427:American Cinematographer 2305:, a documentary shot on 1869:The Shawshank Redemption 1823:Sex, Lies, and Videotape 1034:Following the advent of 989:Night of the Living Dead 837:'s critically acclaimed 269:In early 1910, director 216:owned most of the major 6679:Cinema of Transgression 5544:Cinema of Transgression 4678:Cinema of Transgression 3560:Biskind, Peter (2004). 3532:Kirsner, Scott (2008). 3465:Marich, Robert (2013). 2830:"The '70s: Get over it" 2181:Camera phone filmmaking 2129:The Blair Witch Project 2114:Epic, and the many new 2038:The Blair Witch Project 1872:, and Miramax released 1866:, Castle Rock released 1575:Cinema of Transgression 1477:Best Adapted Screenplay 1471:nominations, including 986:shocked audiences with 886:Anthology Film Archives 770:Meshes of the Afternoon 6995:Independent TV station 6924:Independent soft drink 6890:Open-source video game 6404:Independent production 5629:Hollywood on the Tiber 3712:Pierson, John (2004). 3691:Merritt, Greg (2000). 3639:Lyons, Donald (1994). 3490:Levy, Emanuel (1999). 3259:The Hollywood Reporter 3044:Freedom Communications 2659:. 1999. Archived from 2625:British Film Institute 2441:List of film festivals 2242: 2224: 2206: 1887:Sony Pictures Classics 1780: 1672:Charles E. Sellier Jr. 1563:. In the early 1980s, 1307:at the beginning, and 1150: 1115:film school generation 973:audience participation 849:avant-garde filmmakers 739:Hollywood's Golden Age 733:ordered the Hollywood 53: 6975:Visionary environment 6674:Independent animation 5619:Grupo Cine Liberación 5559:Czechoslovak New Wave 5554:Commedia all'italiana 3901:Commedia all'italiana 3357:on September 15, 2007 3154:. November 26, 2013. 3050:on September 27, 2007 2713:"All-time 100 Movies" 2451:Independent animation 2245:Nowadays, high pixel 2241:, a mobile phone film 2230: 2212: 2194: 1788:Further information: 1772: 1651:Utah/US Film Festival 1625:Further information: 1561:Dreamland Productions 1352:The Godfather Part II 1266:The Last Picture Show 956:science fiction films 853:films as works of art 591:, his sister-in-law, 389:. Finally there was " 230:Hollywood, California 33: 6987:Independent circuit 6817:Open-source software 6716:Guerrilla filmmaking 6146:Guerrilla filmmaking 5809:Kitchen sink realism 5764:Praška filmska škola 5694:New French Extremity 5604:German Expressionist 5512:Kitchen sink realism 5377:Contemporary Western 5157:Environmental issues 4688:New French Extremity 4646:New French Extremity 4471:Softcore pornography 4466:Hardcore pornography 4333:New French Extremity 3647:. Ballantine Books. 3620:King, Geoff (2005). 2167:Francis Ford Coppola 2000:Crowdsourced funding 1893:Searchlight Pictures 1729:Paul Thomas Anderson 1637:Charles Gary Allison 1633:Sterling Van Wagenen 1577:", a term coined by 1436:. Directors such as 1198:, made his debut in 1196:Francis Ford Coppola 535:William Gibbs McAdoo 409:Little Three majors 45:The Measure of a Man 6955:Amateur photography 6648:Amateur pornography 6596:Musical instruments 6576:Tracker (MOD) music 5882:Children and family 5856:Yugoslav Black Wave 5729:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 5614:Nigerian Golden Age 5579:European art cinema 5482:Australian New Wave 3716:Spike Mike Reloaded 3587:. BearManor Media. 3581:Hall, Phil (2009). 3295:on January 22, 2015 3234:European Commission 2978:. January 28, 2022. 2952:on October 11, 2010 2591:. October 4, 2014. 2517:. October 14, 2014. 2289:Sony Ericsson W900i 2141:Avid Media Composer 1844:Turner Broadcasting 1745:Joel and Ethan Coen 1639:, with Chairperson 1388:quickly learned to 874:Gregory Markopoulos 418:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 363:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 251:Southern California 6419:Alternative comics 6180:Major film studios 5774:Pure Film Movement 5754:Polish Film School 5654:Italian neorealist 5634:Hong Kong New Wave 5236:Mexican sex comedy 4293:German underground 3397:. filmmaking.net. 3289:insights.wired.com 3036:"Sundance Subdued" 2934:. October 5, 2014. 2888:The New York Times 2862:The New York Times 2809:. January 19, 2014 2791:. October 4, 2014. 2701:on March 29, 2005. 2687:The New York Times 2663:on August 26, 2007 2571:The New York Times 2534:The New York Times 2243: 2225: 2207: 2171:non-linear editing 2145:Adobe Premiere Pro 2133:found-footage film 2017:South by Southwest 1848:Fine Line Features 1781: 1694:Sundance Institute 1627:Sundance Institute 1528:Dino De Laurentiis 1500:Return of the Jedi 1434:as an artistic act 1400:directors such as 1005:Cannibal Holocaust 994:MPAA rating system 731:Paramount Decision 649:Universal Pictures 593:Constance Talmadge 569:of then-President 567:Treasury Secretary 556:Richard A. Rowland 435:Paramount Pictures 367:Paramount Pictures 161:. The Trust was a 54: 7074:Independent films 7061: 7060: 7011:Independent media 6903: 6902: 6822:Software cracking 6784: 6783: 6711:Exploitation film 6617: 6616: 6586:Underground music 6534:Open-source label 6519:Independent music 6424:Alternative manga 6371: 6370: 6310:Socialist realist 6022:Behind-the-scenes 5799:Socialist realist 5794:Spaghetti Western 5784:Romanian New Wave 5659:Japanese New Wave 5325:Sword and sorcery 5241:Nazi exploitation 4823:Mumbai underworld 4579:Planetary romance 3720:. Miramax Books. 3594:978-1-59393-335-7 3545:978-1-4382-0999-9 3524:978-1-40-513388-3 3503:978-0-8147-5124-4 3482:978-0-80-933196-3 2835:Los Angeles Times 2749:on April 27, 2011 2723:on March 14, 2007 2656:The Village Voice 2620:Sight & Sound 2277:in 2007 from the 2252:New Love Meetings 2100:Iraq in Fragments 2064:personal computer 2026:Analog to digital 1899:Paramount Vantage 1863:Dumb & Dumber 1733:Steven Soderbergh 1721:Quentin Tarantino 1664:Linwood Gale Dunn 1394:American New Wave 1379:Outside Hollywood 1319:Peter Bogdanovich 1309:Peter Bogdanovich 1240:American Graffiti 1214:American Zoetrope 1189:Warhol superstars 821:François Truffaut 761:major film studio 691:David O. Selznick 640:David O. Selznick 527:Douglas Fairbanks 492: 491: 462:Monogram Pictures 457:Universal Studios 445:Republic Pictures 440:Columbia Pictures 387:Universal Studios 379:Columbia Pictures 304:In Old California 107:Quentin Tarantino 86:major film studio 62:independent movie 16:(Redirected from 7091: 7043: 6990: 6827:Unofficial patch 6795: 6794: 6744: 6684:Independent film 6628: 6627: 6558:Cassette culture 6512: 6511: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6361: 6351: 6350: 6330:Vulgar auteurism 6158:Interstitial art 6136:Hyperlink cinema 5851:Vulgar auteurism 5846:Toronto New Wave 5836:Telefoni Bianchi 5831:Sword-and-sandal 5649:Italian futurist 5644:Iranian New Wave 5507:British New Wave 5320:Sword-and-sandal 5201:Rape and revenge 5142:Mouth of Garbage 4988:Tentacle erotica 4936:Goona-goona epic 4916:Extraterrestrial 4803:Heroic bloodshed 4437:Occult detective 4268:Christmas horror 4120:Sword-and-sandal 3852:Hong Kong action 3847:Heroic bloodshed 3813: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3773: 3752: 3731: 3719: 3708: 3687: 3658: 3646: 3635: 3616: 3598: 3577: 3549: 3528: 3507: 3486: 3471:(3rd ed.). 3453: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353:. Archived from 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3314:Clemons, Audra. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3122:, p. 30-31. 3117: 3111: 3110:, p. 29-30. 3105: 3099: 3093: 3084: 3083:, p. 13-14. 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3046:. Archived from 3031: 3025: 3024: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2916:. June 25, 2011. 2906: 2900: 2899: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2745:. Archived from 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2697:. Archived from 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2631:on March 9, 2012 2627:. Archived from 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2481: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2374:High Flying Bird 2329:Sathish Kalathil 2311:Sathish Kalathil 1725:David O. Russell 1717:Robert Rodriguez 1705:The Sundance Kid 1609:, Tommy Turner, 1460:The Elephant Man 1406:Federico Fellini 1327:Steven Spielberg 1314:They All Laughed 1110:Bonnie and Clyde 1093:Joseph E. Levine 984:George A. Romero 799:at the American 745:Low-budget films 620:Darryl F. Zanuck 452:20th Century Fox 406:Big Five majors 403: 402: 359:20th Century Fox 291:Lionel Barrymore 275:Biograph Company 273:was sent by the 58:independent film 21: 18:Independent Film 7099: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7041: 6999: 6988: 6938: 6917: 6899: 6836: 6780: 6761:Low-budget film 6742: 6736:'60s–'70s 6662: 6613: 6604:Circuit bending 6590: 6501: 6487:Self-publishing 6405: 6402: 6372: 6367: 6339: 6280:Semidocumentary 6205:Minimalist film 6195:Message picture 6190:Maximalist film 6084:Database cinema 6067:Computer screen 6027:Black-and-white 5952: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5860: 5816:Soviet parallel 5739:Parallel cinema 5734:Pan-Indian film 5664:Kammerspielfilm 5599:French New Wave 5519:Budapest school 5502:Brighton School 5477:New Objectivity 5459: 5453: 5422:Science fiction 5054:Bruceploitation 4963:Girls with guns 4909:Turksploitation 4783:Gentleman thief 4699: 4534:Science fiction 4380:Minimalist film 4375:Maximalist film 4353:Science fiction 4313:Japanese horror 4110:Social guidance 3825: 3817: 3780: 3770: 3749: 3728: 3705: 3676:10.2307/1211185 3655: 3632: 3601: 3595: 3574: 3556: 3554:Further reading 3546: 3525: 3504: 3483: 3475:. p. 350. 3461: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3032: 3028: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2526: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2446:Outline of film 2421: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2189: 2183: 2175:digital cameras 2153:DaVinci Resolve 2080:video streaming 2028: 2002: 1988: 1957: 1955:Internationally 1878:, all in 1994. 1814:New Line Cinema 1792: 1786: 1658:, and included 1629: 1623: 1565:New Line Cinema 1512:science fiction 1414:Michael Findlay 1410:Joseph P. Mawra 1381: 1281:Midnight Cowboy 1218:The Rain People 1209:The Rain People 1181:Midnight Cowboy 1168:Midnight Cowboy 1077:Robert Benjamin 1032: 1026: 924:production code 904:Little Fugitive 900: 894: 825:Little Fugitive 809:French New Wave 793:Little Fugitive 782:Little Fugitive 753: 751:Low-budget film 747: 695:Alexander Korda 675:Charles Chaplin 667: 661: 616:coming of sound 609:Alexander Korda 539:William S. Hart 523:Charles Chaplin 507: 499:Main articles: 497: 340:Warner Brothers 267: 151: 145: 140: 120:limited release 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7035: 7028: 7021:Do it yourself 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6776:Double feature 6773: 6771:No wave cinema 6768: 6766:No-budget film 6763: 6758: 6756:Midnight movie 6753: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Reverse motion 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6215:Modernist film 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6077:midnight movie 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5865:By demographic 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5804:Social realist 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5759:Poliziotteschi 5756: 5751: 5749:Poetic realist 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5704:New generation 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Modernist film 5676: 5671: 5669:L.A. Rebellion 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5534:Cinéma du look 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5447:Zapata Western 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5427:Singing cowboy 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Dacoit Western 5379: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5263:Shoshimin-eiga 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251:Nunsploitation 5248: 5246:Pornochanchada 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4921:Food and drink 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:Blaxploitation 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4828:Poliziotteschi 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4683:Extreme cinema 4680: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4263:Chinese horror 4260: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3893: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3778:External links 3776: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3747: 3741:. Seal Press. 3732: 3726: 3709: 3703: 3688: 3664:Film Quarterly 3659: 3653: 3636: 3630: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3544: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3452:, p. 199. 3442: 3433: 3412: 3386: 3381:elijahwald.com 3368: 3337: 3306: 3276: 3246: 3218: 3187: 3169: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3040:Coast Magazine 3026: 3007: 2981: 2963: 2937: 2919: 2914:DangerousMinds 2901: 2874: 2848: 2820: 2794: 2776: 2774:, p. 350. 2764: 2734: 2704: 2674: 2642: 2606: 2576: 2557: 2543: 2520: 2502: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2410: 2407: 2327:, directed by 2309:, directed by 2291:, directed by 2273:, directed by 2182: 2179: 2027: 2024: 2001: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1980:European Union 1956: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1935:(1993–present) 1933:Marvel Studios 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927:(1987–present) 1916: 1915:(2002–present) 1913:Focus Features 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907:(1979–present) 1896: 1895:(1994–present) 1890: 1889:(1992–present) 1785: 1782: 1684:Michael Cimino 1680:Anthea Sylbert 1668:Katherine Ross 1649:) founded the 1641:Robert Redford 1622: 1619: 1603:Casandra Stark 1599:Kembra Pfahler 1402:Ingmar Bergman 1380: 1377: 1372:New York Times 1368:Manohla Dargis 1317:, at the end. 1273:Apocalypse Now 1155:Jack Nicholson 1040:Paramount Case 1028:Main article: 1025: 1022: 969:midnight movie 896:Main article: 893: 890: 870:Shirley Clarke 801:Academy Awards 749:Main article: 746: 743: 724:antitrust suit 707:William Cagney 687:Samuel Goldwyn 663:Main article: 660: 657: 601:Samuel Goldwyn 589:Norma Talmadge 585:Joseph Schenck 571:Woodrow Wilson 560:Metro Pictures 531:D. W. Griffith 505:United Artists 496: 493: 490: 489: 487: 485: 479: 478: 473: 471: 465: 464: 459: 454: 448: 447: 442: 437: 431: 430: 428:Grand National 425: 423:United Artists 420: 414: 413: 410: 407: 383:United Artists 336:Louis B. Mayer 324:Samuel Goldwyn 266: 263: 199:American Pathé 147:Main article: 144: 141: 139: 136: 132:film festivals 40:Rodrigo Moreno 36:Stéphane Brizé 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7096: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Free software 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Cowboy coding 6800: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 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6253: 6251: 6250:Participatory 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220:Musical short 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:Found footage 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:Cinéma vérité 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953:or production 5945: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Prussian film 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:New Nollywood 5712: 5710: 5709:New Hollywood 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Cannibal boom 5527: 5525: 5524:Calligrafismo 5522: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Berlin School 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442:Weird Western 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Slice of life 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Bavarian porn 5224: 5223: 5222: 5221:Sexploitation 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5179:Partisan film 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5147:Muslim social 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5128:Zombie comedy 5126: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Giant monster 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:Mexploitation 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Coming-of-age 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4673:Transgressive 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:Psychological 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4606:Slice of life 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Psychological 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Korean horror 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Found footage 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177:Magic realism 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4093:Sexploitation 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4044:Calligrafismo 4042: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3997:City symphony 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3769:0-7432-5630-1 3765: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3748:1-878067-97-4 3744: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3727:1-4013-5950-7 3723: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3704:1-56025-232-4 3700: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3654:0-345-38249-8 3650: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3631:9780253218261 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3573:0-684-86259-X 3569: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496:. NYU Press. 3495: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3446: 3437: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3405:September 29, 3400: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3134:, p. 31. 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3098:, p. 29. 3097: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3021:The A.V. Club 3018: 3011: 3000:September 29, 2995: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2956:September 29, 2951: 2947: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2476: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2337:Camera phones 2334: 2331:in 2010 from 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2313:in 2008 from 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2302:Veenavaadanam 2298: 2295:in 2008 from 2294: 2293:Aryan Kaganof 2290: 2286: 2285: 2284:SMS Sugar Man 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247:Camera phones 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:Final Cut Pro 2146: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2093:Genghis Blues 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:digital video 2057: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1993:crowdsourcing 1983: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818:Miramax Films 1815: 1812:in 1990 from 1811: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1800:John Travolta 1797: 1791: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1689:Heaven's Gate 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508:Frank Herbert 1504: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Best Director 1470: 1469:Academy Award 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Kenneth Anger 1419: 1418:Henri Pachard 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Old Hollywood 1376: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1300:Indiana Jones 1296: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1234:The Godfather 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125:Dennis Hopper 1122: 1120: 1119:New Hollywood 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1105:Warren Beatty 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068:Hello, Dolly! 1064: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1030:New Hollywood 1021: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 1000: 995: 991: 990: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 913: 909: 905: 899: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866:Stan Brakhage 863: 859: 854: 850: 844: 843:(1955–1959). 842: 841: 836: 832: 831: 830:The 400 Blows 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 788: 784: 783: 778: 777: 772: 771: 766: 762: 758: 752: 742: 740: 736: 735:movie studios 732: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Walter Wanger 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Mary Pickford 666: 656: 654: 650: 647:, Wanger for 646: 641: 637: 636:Walter Wanger 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 605:Howard Hughes 602: 598: 597:Buster Keaton 594: 590: 586: 581: 580:feature films 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 552: 548: 544: 543:Liberty bonds 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:Mary Pickford 516: 515:silent cinema 512: 506: 502: 488: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 411: 408: 405: 404: 401: 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:pecking order 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:Mary Pickford 284: 280: 279:Blanche Sweet 276: 272: 271:D.W. Griffith 265:Studio system 262: 260: 256: 255:studio system 252: 248: 247: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214:Thomas Edison 210: 208: 207:Eastman Kodak 204: 203:George Kleine 200: 196: 195:American Star 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153:In 1908, the 150: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 114: 113: 108: 104: 100: 99:John Travolta 94: 92: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 32: 19: 7038: 7030: 7016:Indie design 6970:Outsider art 6934:Microbrewery 6877: 6683: 6667:Professional 6643:Amateur film 6563: 6551:Pirate radio 6524:Record label 6462: 6140: 6099:Experimental 6094:Ethnofiction 5841:Third Cinema 5744:Persian Film 5487:Auteur films 5458:By movement 5315:Swashbuckler 5174:Ozploitation 5169:Outlaw biker 5049:Martial arts 5044:Magical girl 4894:Exploitation 4889:Ethnographic 4818:Mafia comedy 4461:Pornographic 4338:Psycho-biddy 4323:Lovecraftian 4157:Contemporary 4138: 4132:Exploitation 4127:Experimental 4007:Mockumentary 3876:Biographical 3758: 3737: 3715: 3693: 3667: 3663: 3642: 3621: 3607: 3582: 3562: 3534: 3513: 3492: 3467: 3459:Bibliography 3450:Kirsner 2008 3445: 3436: 3425: 3415: 3403:. 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