History of Malta - Knowledge

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privileges, the abolition of slavery and the granting of freedom to all Turkish slaves (2000 in all). On the judicial level, a family code was framed and twelve judges were nominated. Public education was organised along principles laid down by Bonaparte himself, providing for primary and secondary education. Fifteen primary schools were founded and the university was replaced by an ’Ecole centrale’ in which there were eight chairs, all very scientific in outlook: notably, arithmetic and stereometry, algebra and stereotomy, geometry and astronomy, mechanics and physics, navigation, chemistry, etc.

2905:, and Europe generally. History books were published that began to spread the idea of a disconnection between the Italian and Catholic populations, and instead tried to promote the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa. This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991: "The Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers". 674: 1592:

eight-pointed cross is still in wide use in ambulances and first aid organisations. In return for the many lives they saved, the Order received many newly conquered territories that had to be defended. Together with the need to defend the pilgrims in their care, this gave rise to the strong military wing of the knights. Over time, the Order became strong and rich. From hospitallers first and military second, these priorities reversed. Since much of the territory they covered was around the Mediterranean region, they became notable seamen.

2956: 2690: 527:. During the last quarter of the 19th century, there were advancements in technology and finance. In subsequent years, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank was established in 1882 and the Malta Railway began operating in 1883. In 1921, London granted self-government to Malta. This resulted in the establishment of a bicameral parliament consisting of a Senate (which was later eliminated in 1949) and an elected Legislative Assembly. The Crown Colony of Malta was self-governing in 1921–1933, 1947–1958, and 1962–1964. 1667: 921: 2313: 1511: 1977: 3355:"Though by the end of the fifteenth century all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity, they would still be in the process of acquiring surnames as required in European tradition. Ingeniously, they often used their father's personal Arabic names as the basis of surnames, though there was a consistent cultural avoidance of extremely obvious Arabic and Muslim names, such as Muhammed and Razul. Also, many families disguised their Arabic names, such as 1541: 1291: 3000: 759:(informally known as Clapham Junction). These are pairs of parallel channels cut into the surface of the rock, and extending for considerable distances, often in an exactly straight line. Their exact use is unknown. One suggestion is that beasts of burden used to pull carts along, and these channels would guide the carts and prevent the animals from straying. The society that built these structures eventually died out or at any rate disappeared. 1212:. According to Al-Himyarī, Malta remained almost uninhabited until it was resettled in around 1048 or 1049 by a Muslim community and their slaves, who rebuilt the city of Melite as Medina, making it "a finer place than it was before". However, archaeological evidence suggests that Melite/Medina was already a thriving Muslim settlement by the beginning of the 11th century, so Al-Himyarī's account might be unreliable. In 1053–54, the Byzantines 315: 6361: 663: 648: 1634: 268: 2067: 776: 1733: 3123: 1832: 3338:"Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what actually happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they themselves already spoke Maltese, or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. 1966: 2979:, refused to accept the electoral result and also refused to take their seats in Parliament for the first years of the legislature, mounting a campaign demanding that Parliament should reflect the democratic will of the people. Despite this, the Labour government remained in power for the full five-year term. Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister and Party leader and appointed 989:. Remains show that the city was surrounded by thick defensive walls and was also protected by a protective ditch that ran along the same line of St Rita Street, which was built directly above it. Remains hint that a religious centre with a number of temples was built on the highest part of the promontory. The remains of one impressive residence known as the 2810:. Between 1976 and 1981 Malta went through difficult times and the Labour government demanded that the Maltese tighten their belts in order to overcome the difficulties Malta was facing. There were shortages of essential items; water and electricity supplies were systematically suspended for two or three days a week. Political tensions increased, notably on 3048:

Labour Party in 1998, between the PM Sant and the former PM Mintoff (died in 2012) resulted in the government losing the majority. Notwithstanding the President of the Republic's preference for a negotiated solution, all attempts proved futile, and he had no other option but to accept Sant and his government's resignation and a call for early elections.

2098:, in April 1937 fearing it was too susceptible to air attacks from Europe. At the time of the Italian declaration of war (10 June 1940), Malta had a garrison of less than four thousand soldiers and about five weeks of food supplies for the population of about three hundred thousand. In addition, Malta's air defences consisted of about forty-two 1873:

largely dependent on British military expenditure which varied with the demands of war. Throughout the 19th century, the British administration instituted several liberal constitutional reforms which were generally resisted by the Church and the Maltese elite who preferred to cling to their feudal privileges. Political organisations, like the

1439:(Italy) in 1223, the stationing of a Norman and Sicilian garrison on Malta in 1240 and the settlement in Malta of noble families from Sicily between 1372 and 1450. As a consequence of this, Capelli et al. found in 2005 that "the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria." 1480:, brother of France's King Louis IX, who retained it in ownership until 1283. Eventually, during Charles's rule religious coexistence became precarious in Malta, since he had a genuine intolerance of religions other than Roman Catholicism. However, Malta's links with Africa would still remain strong until the beginning of 2400:

Malta was placed under direct colonial administration from London. The MLP had now fully abandoned support for integration (when Mintoff's demands for financial guarantees were not accepted) and now advocated full independence from Britain. In 1959, an Interim Constitution provided for an Executive Council under British rule.

1052:, Saint Paul is welcomed by the islanders who build him a fire. As Paul is gathering wood for the fire, a poisonous viper in the wood is driven out by the heat and bites Paul. Paul is unaffected by the bite, leading the people of Malta to believe he is a god. This assumption allows Paul the opportunity to introduce the 2896:

years, Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta. These closer ties with Libya meant a dramatic new (but short-lived) development in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta

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He then sailed for Egypt leaving a substantial garrison in Malta. Since the Order had also been growing unpopular with the local Maltese, the latter initially viewed the French with optimism. This illusion did not last long. Within months the French were closing convents and seizing church treasures,

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Unlike other rulers of the island, the Order of St. John did not have a "home country" outside the island. The island became their home, so they invested in it more heavily than any other power. Besides, its members came from noble families, and the Order had amassed considerable fortunes due to

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laid siege to Malta. By the time the Ottoman fleet arrived the Knights were as ready as they could be. First, the Ottomans attacked the newly built fort of St. Elmo and after a whole month of fighting the fort was in rubble and the soldiers kept fighting until they were wiped out. After this the

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to continue the siege following his death. The duration of the siege is unknown, but it probably lasted for some weeks or months. After Melite fell to the invaders, the inhabitants were massacred, the city was destroyed and its churches were looted. Marble from Melite's churches was used to build the

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The civilization which built the temples lasted for about 1,500 years until about 2350 BC, at which point the culture seems to have disappeared. There is speculation about what might have happened and whether they were completely wiped out or assimilated, but it is thought that the collapse

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to improve the constitution. Constitutional amendments were made voted and made effective in January 1987 which guaranteed that the party with an absolute majority of votes would be given a majority of parliamentary seats in order to govern. This paved the way for the return of the Nationalist Party

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The 1953 Coronation incident (where, initially, no invitation was sent for a Maltese delegation to attend the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), temporarily united Maltese politicians. After the MLP's electoral victory in 1955, in December Round Table Talks were held in London, on the future of

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and the Church and the latter's subsequent imposition of mortal sin on voters of the party and its allies, thus making a free and fair election impossible. Again, in 1933 the Constitution was withdrawn over the Government's budgetary vote for the teaching of Italian in elementary schools, after just

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conceded defeat as the approaching winter storms threatened to prevent them from leaving. The Ottoman Empire had expected an easy victory within weeks. They had 40,000 men arrayed against the Knights' 9,000, most of them Maltese soldiers and simple citizens bearing arms. Their loss of thousands

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They were mainly farming and fishing communities, with some evidence of hunting activities. They apparently lived in caves and open dwellings. During the centuries that followed there is evidence of further contacts with other cultures, which left their influence on the local communities, evidenced

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received the most votes, the Nationalists won the most seats. The 1987 constitutional amendments had to be used for the second time, and the Labour Party was awarded an additional four seats to ensure they had a majority in Parliament. Malta's EU application was subsequently frozen. A split in the

2042:' that had dominated Maltese politics for over half a century. In 1934, only about 15% of the population could speak Italian fluently. This meant that out of 58,000 males qualified by age to be jurors, only 767 could qualify by language, as only Italian had until then been used in the courts. 1359:

The islands remained largely Muslim-inhabited long after the end of Arab rule. The Arab administration was also kept in place and Muslims were allowed to practise their religion freely until the 13th century. Muslims continued to demographically and economically dominate Malta for at least another

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has said: "Given the restricted land space of Malta, it is remarkable that the second colonisation survived for 1,500 years. This sort of settlement stability is unheard of in Europe and is impressive in terms of how they were able to live on an ever-degrading land for such a period of time."

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Research carried out as part of the FRAGSUS project, comprising analysis of soil cores from valleys, which contained ancient pollen and animal evidence from past environments, revealed that "climate change fluctuations made Malta uninhabitable in some periods of prehistory. There was a substantial

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by their pottery designs and colours. The farming methods degraded the soil; at the same time prolonged drought set in, and the islands became too dry to sustain agricultural practices. This occurred partly due to climate change and drought, and the islands were uninhabited for about a millennium.

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In addition, the decreasing strategic importance of Malta to the Royal Navy meant that the British government was increasingly reluctant to maintain the naval dockyards. Following a decision by the Admiralty to dismiss 40 workers at the dockyard, Mintoff declared that "representatives of the

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arrived on 8 December 1943, and presented a United States Presidential Citation to the people of Malta on behalf of the people of United States. He presented the scroll on 8 December but dated it 7 December for symbolic reasons. In part it read: "Under repeated fire from the skies,

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spoke of the Italian bombing efforts as such: "The Italians decided they didn't like , so they dropped their bombs twenty miles off Malta and went back." Despite these words, the accuracy of Italian bombers improved after repeated attempts, causing a great deal of devastation to both military and

2024:

The 1930s saw a period of instability in the relations between the Maltese political elite, the Maltese Catholic church, and the British authorities; the 1921 Constitution was suspended twice. First in 1930–1932, when British authorities assumed that a free and fair election would not be possible

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had ceased to exist, the Order's glory days were over. In the last three decades of the eighteenth century, the Order experienced a steady decline. This was a result of a number of factors, including the bankruptcy that was a result of some lavish rule of the last Grand Masters, which drained the

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Under protest, Dom Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister along with all the MLP deputies on 21 April 1958. Georgio Borg Olivier was offered to form an alternative government by Governor Laycock but refused. This led to the Governor declaring a state of emergency thus suspending the constitution and

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taking over responsibility for Maltese affairs from the Colonial Office. Under the proposals, the Maltese Parliament would retain authority over all affairs except defence, foreign policy, and taxation. The Maltese were also to have social and economic parity with the UK, to be guaranteed by the

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was held on ecclesiastics serving on Council of Government, and in 1881 an Executive Council under British rule was created; in 1887, the Council of Government was entrusted with "dual control" under British rule. A backlash came in 1903, with the return to the 1849 form of Council of Government

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on the Italian Peninsula beginning in 1223 has led to much speculation that there must have been a general expulsion of all Muslims from Malta in 1224. However, it is virtually impossible to reconcile this viewpoint with a report of 1240 or 1241 by Gilibert to Frederick II of Sicily to the

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was refused to the Maltese until 1921 although a partly elected legislative council was created as early as 1849 (the first Council of Government under British rule had been held in 1835), and the locals sometimes suffered considerable poverty. This was due to the island being overpopulated and

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The order of the Knights of St. John was originally established to set up outposts along the route to the Holy Land, to assist pilgrims going in either direction. Owing to the many confrontations that took place, one of their main tasks was to provide medical assistance, and even today the

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rooms connected at the centre. It has been suggested that these might have represented the head, arms, and legs of a deity, since one of the commonest kinds of statue found in these temples comprises obese human figures, popularly termed "fat ladies" despite their ambiguity of gender, and often

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Malta stood alone and unafraid in the centre of the sea, one tiny bright flame in the darkness – a beacon of hope for the clearer days which have come." (The complete citation now stands on a plaque on the wall of the Grand Master's Palace on Republic Street, in the town square of Valletta.)

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Prof. Malone has stated: "We can learn a lot from the mistakes made by the first Maltese. The lack of water, coupled with the destruction of soil that takes centuries to form, can cause the failure of a civilisation. The second group of inhabitants to Malta in 3850–2350 BC managed their

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During his very short stay (six days), Napoleon accomplished quite a number of reforms, notably the creation of a new administration with a Government Commission, the creation of twelve municipalities, the setting up of a public finance administration, the abolition of all feudal rights and

1248:, who claimed that nothing indicated the continuity of Christianity from the late 9th to the 11th century on the Maltese Islands – the Maltese must have integrated into the new Arab Islamic society. The Christian continuity thesis had a revival in 2010 following the publication of 1256:, Horatio Vella and Joseph Brincat, who challenged Wettinger's interpretation based on a line of a Byzantine poem (which later appeared to have been mistranslated). Wettinger subsequently reaffirmed his thesis, based on sources from the Arab historians and geographers Al Baqri, 2931:

to drill on behalf of the Maltese government 68 nautical miles south-east of Malta had to stop operations after being threatened by a Libyan gunboat. Both Malta and Libya claimed economic rights to the area and this incident raised tensions. The matter was referred to the

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and still most present in popular narratives, the Maltese population continuously inhabited the islands from the early Christian Era up to today, and a Christian community persisted even during Muslim times. This was contested in the 1970s by the medieval historian

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C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome

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has been inhabited since 5900 BC. The first inhabitants were farmers; their agricultural methods degraded the soil until the islands became uninhabitable. The islands were repopulated around 3850 BC by a civilization that at its peak built the

494:, but the invasion was repelled. The Order continued to rule Malta for over two centuries, and this period was characterized by a flourishing of the arts and architecture and an overall improvement in the social order . The Order was expelled after the 1260:, Ibn Hauqal, Qazwini, who all seemed to be in agreement that "the island of Malta remained after that a ruin without inhabitants" – thus ruling out any continuity whatsoever between the Maltese prior to 870 and after. This is also consistent with 2113:

shipping lanes, Malta was bombarded by the Italian and German air forces. Malta was used by the British to launch attacks on the Italian navy and had a submarine base. It was also used as a listening post, reading German radio messages including

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In 1936 the Constitution was revised to provide for the nomination of members to Executive Council under British rule (similar to the 1835 constitution) and in 1939 to provide again for a partly elected Council of Government under British rule.

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was declared an official language, which brought the number up to three. Two years later, the Letters Patent of the 1936 constitution declared that Maltese and English were the only official languages, thereby legally settling the long-standing

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was held on 11 and 12 February 1956, in which 77.02% of voters were in favour of the proposal, but owing to a boycott by the Nationalist Party and the Church, only 59.1% of the electorate voted, thereby rendering the result inconclusive.

1996:(7 June) riots over the excessive price of bread led to greater autonomy for the locals during the 1920s. After Filippo Sciberras had convened a National Assembly, in 1921 self-government was granted under British rule. Malta obtained a 6007: 2129:

being unfinished; however, the airfield was ready by the seventh attack. Initially, the Italians would fly at about 5,500 m, then they dropped down to three thousand metres (in order to improve the accuracy of their bomb-aiming).

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While until recently, it was believed that Malta's first inhabitants arrived in the islands in 5700 BC, it has now been established that this occurred around 5900 BC, as is evidenced by studies of ancient soils. These first

1689:, the Grand Master who had seen the Order through its victory. Since the Ottoman Empire never attacked again, the fortifications were never put to the test, and today remain one of the best-preserved fortifications of this period. 630:

people have generally been assumed to have arrived from Sicily (about 80 kilometres or 50 miles north), but DNA analysis shows that they originated from different parts of the Mediterranean, including both Europe and Africa.

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are believed to have served as harbours. The relatively high quantity of Byzantine ceramics found in Malta suggests that the island might have had an important strategic role within the empire from the 6th to 8th centuries.

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civilian infrastructure in Malta. However, these raids proved ineffective to the Axis siege efforts, as any damage incurred was eventually repaired before a new wave of bombers could launch bombing runs over the islands.

3311:"Of greater cultural significance, the demographic and economic dominance of Muslims continued for at least another century and a half after which forced conversions undoubtedly permitted many former Muslims to remain." 3176:

after the Gonzi government lost the Parliamentary majority. The Nationalist Party lost the election after having governed Malta more than 15 years since 1987 (except for a period from 1996 to 1998). Labour Party leader

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succeeded him as Prime Minister and the leader of the Nationalist Party. The accession treaty was signed and ratified and Malta joined the EU on 1 May 2004. A consensus on membership was subsequently achieved with

2224:, managed to arrive in the Grand Harbour, with enough supplies for Malta to survive. In the following year Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill visited Malta. George VI also arrived in Grand Harbour for a visit. 3861: 2874:. A popular event on this memorable day is the traditional regatta. The regatta is held at the Grand Harbour and the teams taking part in it give it their best shot to win the much coveted aggregate Regatta Shield. 1693:

its services to those en route to the Holy Land. The architectural and artistic remains of this period remain among the greatest of Malta's history, especially in their "prize jewel" — the city of Valletta.

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with France, Britain was supposed to evacuate the island, but failed to keep this obligation – one of several mutual cases of non-adherence to the treaty, which eventually led to its collapse and the

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By the end of the 15th century, all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity and had to find ways to disguise their previous identities by Latinizing or adopting new surnames.

4499: 3211:. Her murder caused an uproar of criticism for the Labour government and the judicial system on the islands. Following evidence of implication between Joseph Muscat's close circle and the arrest of 2033:

Before the arrival of the British, the official language since 1530 (and the one of the handful of educated elite) had been Italian, but this was downgraded by the increased use of English. In 1934

3791: 2426:, offering very low tax rates on pensions, royalties and dividends to attract British (referred to as ‘sixpenny settlers’) and former colonial pensioners. Malta saw a large influx of Britons from 1268:, a very rare occurrence which may only be explained by a drastic lapse between one period and the following. To the contrary, the few Byzantine words in Maltese language can be traced to the 400 859:

around the middle of 6th century BC, along with most other Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean. By the late 4th century BC, Malta had become a trading post linking southern Italy and

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observed, "Malta was really a big problem for us—very well-defended.". Nevertheless, the Italian bombing campaign was causing serious damage to the island's infrastructure and the ability of the

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There were also concerns expressed by British MPs that the representation of Malta at Westminster would set a precedent for other colonies, and influence the outcome of general elections.

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The Mifsud Bonnici years were characterised by political tensions and violence. After a five-year debate, Fenech Adami, through the intervention of Dom Mintoff, reached an agreement with

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was shipwrecked on an island named Melite, which many Bible scholars and Maltese conflate with Malta; there is a tradition that the shipwreck took place on the shores of the aptly named "

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Malta, namely the Integration proposal put forward by Mintoff. It was attended by the new Prime Minister Dom Mintoff, Borg Olivier, and other Maltese politicians, along with the British

5183: 2152:. During the first five months of combat, the island's aircraft destroyed or damaged about thirty-seven Italian aircraft, while suffering even greater losses than the Italians. Italian 3440: 1681:

The year after, the Order started work on a new city with fortifications like no other, on the Sciberras Peninsula which the Ottomans had used as a base during the siege. It was named

1435:, the population of the Maltese islands kept growing mainly through immigration from the north (Sicily and Italy), with the exile to Malta of the entire male population of the town of 2947:, under which Malta agreed not to enter into any alliance and Italy agreed to guarantee Malta's neutrality. Malta's relations with Italy have been described as "generally excellent". 738:— altar-like structures made out of very large slabs of stone. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. 2666:

were of the utmost importance to secure independence and establish linkages with continental Europe. Malta signed four cooperation agreements with Italy in 1967, during a visit of

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The year 1828 saw the revocation of the right of sanctuary, following the Vatican Church-State proclamation. Three years later, the See of Malta was made independent of the See of

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were the only remaining Nationalist members of parliament of Malta. Mifsud fainted after delivering a very passionate defence against the deportation to concentration camps in

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stated that it would not be bound by this result were it returned to power in the following general election that year. In the circumstances, elections were called and the

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break of around 1,000 years between the first settlers and the next group who settled permanently on the Maltese islands and eventually built the megalithic temples."

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for a closer, more formal union between the two countries; and, for a brief period, Arabic had become a compulsory subject in Maltese secondary schools. In 1984 the

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official. They built towns, palaces, churches, gardens, and fortifications, they embellished the island with numerous works of art, and enhanced cultural heritage.

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years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island."

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Kenneth M. Setton, "The Byzantine Background to the Italian Renaissance" in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 100:1 (24 February 1956), pp. 1–76.

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where integration with the UK was seriously considered, and subsequent British governments have ruled out integration for remaining overseas territories, such as

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resources adequately and harnessed soil and food for over 1,500 years. It was only when climate conditions and drought became so extreme that they failed."

3161:, in which divorce was not permitted. As a consequence of the referendum outcome, a law allowing divorce under certain conditions was enacted in the same year. 1216:

but they were repelled by its defenders. Although their rule was relatively short, the Arabs left a significant impact on Malta. In addition to their language,

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Krueger, Hilmar C. (1969). "Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade: B. The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095". In Baldwin, M. W. (ed.).

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reactivated the EU membership application. Malta was formally accepted as a candidate country at the Helsinki European Council of December 1999. In 2000,

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Although initially the island was not given much importance, its excellent harbours became a prized asset for the British, especially after the opening of the

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seems to have been the residence of a rich Roman aristocrat, and it is believed to have been built in the 1st century BC and abandoned in the 2nd century AD.

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On Malta, 330 people had been killed and 297 were seriously wounded from the war's inception until December 1941. In January 1941, the German

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was introduced in the islands. Despite this, the local Punic-Hellenistic culture and language is thought to have survived until at least the 1st century AD.

3359:(the city in Tunisia), which became Caruana, and some derived family names by translating from Arabic into a Roman form, such as Magro or Magri from Dejf." 3115:

Malta's accession to the European Union in 2004 had important implications for the state's foreign policy. Notably, Malta was required to withdraw from the

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saw the Nationalist Party achieve such a majority of votes. The new Nationalist administration of Edward Fenech Adami sought to improve Malta's ties with

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nevertheless survived – an indication that either a large number of Christians already spoke Maltese, or that many Muslims converted and remained behind.

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of the County of Malta, in that year the islands of Malta and Gozo had 836 Muslim families, 250 Christian families and 33 Jewish families.

419:, which today are among the oldest surviving buildings in the world. Their civilization collapsed in around 2350 BC; the islands were repopulated by 3802: 1443: 4850: 2858:

On 1 April 1979 the last British forces left the island after the end of the economic pact to stabilise the Maltese economy. This is celebrated as

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retreated into Valletta. After several failed attempts by the locals to retake Valletta, the British were asked for their assistance. Rear Admiral Lord

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most notably the sword of Jean de Valette which has since been returned to Malta in 2017, after a century in Paris, and for many years exhibited at the

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effect that in that year Malta and Gozo had 836 families that were Saracen or Muslim, 250 that were Christian, and 33 that were Jewish. Moreover,

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for nearly 440 years. During this period, Malta was sold and resold to various feudal lords and barons and was dominated successively by the rulers of

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It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity to the constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.

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A wide-ranging programme of liberalisation and public investments meant the confirmation in office of the Nationalists with a larger majority in the

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on Gozo. The former settlement was also known as Ann, suggesting it served as the colony's seat of government. The principal port, meanwhile, was at

4469: 1025:. Many Roman antiquities still exist, testifying to the close link between the Maltese inhabitants and Sicily. Throughout the period of Roman rule, 5741: 4880: 2442: 1261: 4325: 4249: 1603:, which had excellent harbours to house their fleet. Birgu was one of the two major urban places at that time, the other most urban place being 966:, but by the 1st century it had its own local senate and people's assembly. By this time, both Malta and Gozo minted distinctive coins based on 6469: 6117: 5191: 5052: 3432: 3388: 6022:

Katsourides, Yiannos, and Antigone Heraclidou. "Nationalism and Decolonisation in the Mediterranean: Cyprus and Malta Compared, 1918–1964."

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capitulated on 11 June. The following day a treaty was signed by which the order handed over sovereignty of the island of Malta to the

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Cini, Michelle (September 2004). "Culture, institutions and campaign effects: Explaining the outcome of Malta's EU accession referendum".

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Attard, David; Fenech, Dominic (2000). "The Law of the Sea and jurisdictional issues in the Mediterranean". In Hattendorf, John B. (ed.).

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Maltese people in Parliament declare that they are no longer bound by agreements and obligations toward the British government" (the 1958

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the old capital city of Malta. The defences around Birgu were enhanced and new fortifications built on the other point where now there is

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Among the most interesting and mysterious remnants of this era are the so-called cart ruts as they can be seen at a place on Malta called

6808: 1146:. At this point, the Byzantines probably improved the defences of Malta, as can be seen by defensive walls built around the basilica at 802:, using it as an outpost from which they expanded sea exploration and trade in the Mediterranean. They called the principal island Ann ( 5716: 1424:, sent an expedition against Malta to establish royal control and prevent its Muslim population from helping a Muslim rebellion in the 951: 296: 2396:). In response, the Colonial Secretary sent a cable to Mintoff, stating that he had "recklessly hazarded" the whole integration plan. 7374: 3909: 3759: 1239:

A long historiographic controversy loomed over Medieval Muslim Malta. According to the "Christian continuity thesis", spearheaded by

1203:, which was ruled by governor Amros (probably Ambrosios). Al-Hādim was killed in the fighting, and Sawāda Ibn Muḥammad was sent from 3685: 1815: 5449: 5015: 762:

Between 1400 BC and 1200 BC there was a Mycaenaean influence on the Malta, which is evidenced by presence of Mycaenaean artefacts.

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Zammit, Martin R. (12 October 2012). Nielsen, Jørgen S.; Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibasi, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.).

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An Act to make provision for, and in connection with, the attainment by Malta of fully responsible status within the Commonwealth.

2013:

was played for the first time in public, and the same year Francisco Buhagiar became Prime Minister, followed in 1924 by Sir

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advocated Malta's membership in the European Union presenting an application on 16 July 1990. This became a divisive issue, with

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Following the 1846 Carnival riots, in 1849 a Council of Government with elected members under British rule was set up. In 1870 a

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Bishku, Michael B. "The Middle Eastern Relations of Cyprus and Malta: From Independence to Nonalignment to the European Union."

1313:

on the southern tip of Sicily, the last Arab stronghold in the region to be retaken by the resurgent Christians. In 1091, Count

6442: 6164: 2882: 2604: 2502: 2357: 379: 241: 5827: 5688: 4810: 4203: 1348:

and Spain. Eventually, the Crown of Aragon, which then ruled Malta, joined with Castile in 1479, and Malta became part of the

967: 958:

for that year, who was on his way to North Africa. The archipelago—known to the Romans as Melita or Melite—became part of the

889:. The Greek language also began to be used in Malta, as shown in the bilingual Phoenician and Greek inscriptions found on the 702:

Temple in Gozo is one of the oldest free-standing buildings in the world. The name of the complex stems from the Maltese word

6735: 4791: 4686: 4661: 4636: 4575: 877:, so some support that Malta was never a Greek colony. Hellenistic architectural features can be seen in the Punic temple at 678: 351: 17: 5248: 2572: 7367: 2940: 1658:

of men was very demoralising. The Ottomans made no further attempts to conquer Malta and the Sultan died in the next year.

1514:

Deed of Donation of the islands of Malta, Gozo and Tripoli to the Order of St. John by Emperor Charles V in 1530.

5214: 4965: 4524: 2580:(M1204) moored in Msida Creek, Malta. The ship, seen on 21 September 1964, is decorated in honour of Malta's independence. 7323: 5477: 5428: 5367: 5038: 2345: 1789: 1545: 1499:

but were repelled by the Maltese. The invaders pillaged the countryside and took about 3,000 inhabitants as slaves.

986: 358: 7509: 7177: 6496: 6343: 5331: 4158: 2301: 1930:(1883); the first definitive postage stamps were issued in 1885, and in 1904 tram service began. In 1886 Surgeon Major 1749: 1163: 539: 122: 4930:"'Funk Money': The end of empires, the expansion of tax havens, and decolonization as an economic and financial event" 2185: 1172: 7439: 6062: 5933: 5895: 5258: 5224: 5114: 4730: 4607: 4523:

Ardizzone, Pietro. "Le iniziative culturali italiane negli anni '30 per Malta e per le comunità maltesi all'estero".

4232: 4141: 4061: 4036: 4011: 3718: 3483: 1757: 1432: 1306: 1067:

might have briefly occupied the islands in the 5th century, but there is no archaeological evidence to support this.

398: 332: 5289: 4828: 3862:"The 'Norman' Heritage of Malta : GODFREY WETTINGER sifts the evidence surrounding Count Roger's visit in 1091" 7308: 6903: 6511: 5794: 5504: 4904: 2936:

in 1982 but the court's ruling in 1985 dealt only with the delineation of a small part of the contested territory.

2717:

win by just over 4,000 votes. The Labour government immediately set out to re-negotiate the post-Independence

2484: 2353: 1785: 1461:, this event marked the end of Islam in Malta. According to Wettinger, "there is no doubt that by the beginning of 1421: 1378:, had the impression, based upon his brief visit to Malta, that it was exclusively or mainly inhabited by Muslims. 4929: 3847: 365: 7333: 6936: 6801: 6761: 6476: 6245: 6177: 4681:. Ballantine Espionage Intelligence Library. Vol. 10 (reprint ed.). Ballantine Books. pp. 42, 44. 3272: 3150: 2971:(NP) gaining an absolute majority of votes, yet the Labour winning the majority of parliamentary seats under the 2198: 1577:. They dispersed to their commanderies in Europe. Wanting to protect Rome from invasion from the south, in 1530, 1375: 2437:

provided for a new constitution allowing for a measure of self-government and recognising the "State" of Malta.

2030:

13 months of a Nationalist administration. Malta thus reverted to the Crown Colony status it held in 1813.

7120: 6953: 6891: 6574: 6411: 6306: 5990:

Filigheddu, Paolo (2007), "Die Ortsnamen des Mittelmeerraums in der Phönizischen und Punischen Überlieferung",

5874: 5082:

Boissevain, Jeremy (1991). "Ritual, play, and identity: Changing patterns of celebration in Maltese villages".

3936: 3643: 3216: 2933: 2288:

The 1946 National Assembly resulted in a new constitution in 1947. This restored Malta's self-government, with

2121:

The first air raids against Malta occurred on 11 June 1940; there were six attacks that day. The island's

2004: 1866:

in 1869. The island became a military and naval fortress, the headquarters of the British Mediterranean fleet.

1727: 1352:. Meanwhile, Malta's administration fell in the hands of local nobility who formed a governing body called the 1006: 509: 462:

in 1091, and a gradual Christianization of the islands followed. At this point, the islands became part of the

336: 289: 167: 1714:, but the revolt was suppressed and some of the leaders were executed while others were imprisoned or exiled. 1297:, which was built between the late 15th and mid 16th centuries. It is the second oldest surviving building in 7753: 7646: 7459: 7328: 7237: 6338: 4858: 3282: 3250: 3173: 3139: 3079: 3052: 3040: 3034: 3011: 2964: 2807: 2793: 2706: 2655: 2651: 2055: 1907:. In 1839, press censorship was abolished, and the construction of St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral began. 1578: 1562: 1213: 1086: 535: 347: 206: 5904:

Baldoli, Claudia. "The ‘Northern Dominator’ and the Mare Nostrum: Fascist Italy's ‘Cultural War’ in Malta."

5138:

Mattes, Hans Peter (1985). "Aspekte der libyschen Außeninvestitionspolitik 1972-1985 (Fallbeispiel Malta)".

4284: 3461: 7712: 7484: 6012:

Heraclidou, Antigone. "Politics of education and language in Cyprus and Malta during the inter-war years."

3588: 3267: 2538: 2026: 1985: 1931: 698:

One of the most notable periods of Malta's history is the temple period, starting around 3600 BC. The

6131: 1118:. During the Byzantine period, the main settlements remained the city of Melite on mainland Malta and the 7287: 7282: 6898: 6569: 6406: 6198: 6193: 4477: 4052:

Loud, Graham A.; Metcalfe, Alex (1 January 2002). "Religious Toleration in the South Italian Peninsula".

3329:

is on record as stating that some Maltese Muslims were sent to the Italian colony of Lucera around 1249.

3292: 2678: 2205:(the highest civilian award for gallantry) "to the island fortress of Malta — its people and defenders". 2083: 1752:. Napoleon asked for safe harbour to resupply his ships, and when they refused to supply him with water, 1485: 1457:, established for Sicilian Muslims. For some historians, including Godfrey Wettinger, who follow on this 1095: 685: 652: 416: 255: 2584: 2340:

favouring independence, with the same "dominion status" that Canada, Australia and New Zealand enjoyed.

1465:

times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island." The

523:

in 1813. The islands became an important naval base for the British, serving as the headquarters of the

7727: 7679: 7571: 7566: 7343: 7338: 6794: 6459: 6296: 6157: 4526:

Studi maltesi – Lotte per l'egemonia culturale e politica a Malta: aspetti linguistici ed istituzionali

3193: 2418:

From 1959 Malta's British governor started to pursue a plan of economic development based on promoting

2408: 1765: 1723: 1551: 1394: 502: 162: 5610: 2559: 1649:

After a protracted siege ended on 8 September of the same year, which became known in history as

894: 882: 7776: 7313: 7067: 7028: 6715: 6593: 6401: 6328: 6218: 6093: 3964: 3342:

has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last

3249:

In March 2022, the ruling Labour party, led by Prime Minister Robert Abela, won its third successive

3075: 3056: 3023: 2968: 2829: 2659: 2333: 2255: 2039: 1874: 1410: 947: 588: 431: 282: 201: 35: 4990: 871:

features in architecture and pottery. It is not known if Malta was settled like a traditional Greek

852:, "The Port"), it was probably the namesake of the Greeks' and Romans' names for the entire island. 7684: 7531: 6725: 6301: 6257: 6135: 6073: 5832: 2972: 2168: 1836: 1642: 1596: 1566: 1318: 1281: 1240: 1030: 963: 756: 722:

Between 2600 and 2400 BC. e. on the island of Malta there was a huge infant mortality - about 50%.

498: 455: 171: 5060: 4890: 7689: 7651: 7318: 6976: 6506: 6486: 6391: 6381: 6279: 3500: 2975:

and Mintoff remained Prime Minister, leading to a political crisis. The Nationalists, now led by

2917: 2871: 2765:

was abolished in 1971. The following year, Malta entered into a Military Base Agreement with the

2620: 2274: 1698: 1686: 1671: 1462: 1406: 1402: 1337: 1151: 795: 706:, which reflects the magnitude of the temple's size. Many of the temples are in the form of five 620: 558: 325: 2552: 2332:

seeking either full integration with the UK or else "self-determination" (independence) and the

1272:

coming with the knights in 1530, as well as to the influx of Greek rite Christians from Sicily.

7631: 7142: 6971: 5942:

Bulmer, William Elliot. "Constrained majoritarianism: Westminster constitutionalism in Malta."

5349: 4392: 3204: 2987: 2980: 2263: 2251: 2190: 1893: 1595:

From Malta the knights resumed their seaborne attacks of Ottoman shipping, and before long the

1386: 1236:(waterwheel), are still used, unchanged, today. Many place names in Malta date to this period. 1143: 591:, the sea level was lower, and Malta was on a bridge of dry land that extended between the two 5102: 2407:, the status offered to Malta from Britain constituted a unique exception. Malta was the only 1584:

For the next 275 years, the "Knights of Malta" made the island their domain and made the

1447: 372: 7601: 7561: 7541: 7521: 7424: 7222: 7087: 6673: 6658: 6615: 6605: 6544: 6449: 6437: 6323: 6289: 6267: 6240: 6150: 5454: 4596: 3100: 2833: 2663: 2662:

emerged as the largest party, gaining a majority of the Parliamentary seats. In these years,

2600: 2492: 2206: 1820: 1805: 1761: 1707: 1496: 1200: 1011: 974: 520: 495: 447: 196: 3708: 2877:

Under Mintoff's premiership, Malta began establishing close cultural and economic ties with

2070:

Service personnel and civilians clear up debris on the heavily bomb-damaged Strada Reale in

7717: 7536: 7277: 7272: 7212: 7147: 7052: 6625: 6559: 6481: 6311: 6284: 4763: 3232: 3116: 2811: 2710: 2438: 2404: 2325: 2202: 1711: 1650: 1628: 1049: 1037: 491: 157: 3770: 1325:

fully established Norman rule in Malta, paving the way for the islands' Christianization.

8: 7737: 7722: 7669: 7616: 7611: 7586: 7444: 7242: 7172: 7115: 7032: 6858: 6720: 6620: 6491: 5107:

Religion, Power and Protest in Local Communities: The Northern Shore of the Mediterranean

4960: 4504: 4339: 3693: 2859: 2337: 2236: 2232: 2014: 2000: 1939: 1923: 1884:

In 1813 Malta was granted the Bathurst Constitution; in 1814 it was declared free of the

1570: 1565:

feared that if Rome fell to the Turks, it would be the end of Christian Europe. In 1522,

1525: 1477: 898: 803: 734:. From this period there are remains of a number of settlements and villages, as well as 585: 524: 479: 7707: 7359: 3215:, a long series of protests on the islands and international criticism precipitated the 1114:

to North Africa, and by 535, the islands were integrated into the Byzantine province of

673: 450:. Malta may have been sparsely populated for a few centuries until being repopulated by 72: 7641: 7591: 7551: 7504: 7499: 7489: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7449: 7434: 7429: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7348: 7252: 7036: 6988: 6983: 6886: 6876: 6833: 6825: 6705: 6630: 6610: 6579: 6501: 6454: 6369: 6318: 5981: 5410: 4179: 4130: 4101: 3287: 3189: 3104: 3092: 3083: 3071: 3060: 3044: 3027: 3003: 2976: 2814:, when following an attempted assassination of the Prime Minister, the premises of the 2789: 2758: 2596: 2563: 2259: 2214: 2157: 2061: 1889: 1848: 1801: 1753: 1745: 1599:

ordered a final attack on the Order. By this time the Knights had occupied the city of

1364: 1322: 550: 513: 191: 6017: 5317: 5157: 3239:, son of former president George Abela, as party leader, and Prime Minister of Malta. 1918:

The last quarter of the century saw technical and financial progress in line with the

1703:

finances of the Order. Due to this, the Order also became unpopular with the Maltese.

426:

Malta's prehistory ends in around 700 BC, when the islands were colonized by the

7732: 7674: 7636: 7626: 7606: 7596: 7581: 7576: 7556: 7526: 7494: 7479: 7454: 7390: 7227: 7202: 7182: 7162: 7152: 7042: 7024: 6993: 6926: 6843: 6817: 6640: 6564: 6425: 6274: 6252: 6058: 5992:

Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas

5929: 5891: 5870: 5802: 5414: 5402: 5254: 5220: 5120: 5110: 4787: 4726: 4682: 4657: 4632: 4603: 4571: 4564: 4280: 4228: 4137: 4105: 4081: 4057: 4032: 4007: 3932: 3714: 3639: 3479: 3127: 2847: 2843: 2674: 2103: 2087: 2018: 1529: 1519: 1425: 1414: 1398: 1382: 1329: 1314: 1285: 1245: 1119: 1045: 829: 690:

A second wave of colonization arrived from Sicily in around 3850 BC. Prof.

483: 463: 236: 152: 132: 5916: 2403:

While France had implemented a similar policy in its colonies, some of which became

1768:

to procure a principality for the Grand Master, equivalent to the one he gives up".

1177: 584:

embedded in rock in the highest points of Malta. As the ridge was pushed up and the

7621: 7516: 7217: 7132: 7077: 7047: 6998: 6958: 6941: 6931: 6866: 6838: 6754: 6700: 6663: 6650: 6532: 6396: 6386: 6208: 5949:

Buttigieg, Emanuel. "Childhood and adolescence in early modern Malta (1565-1632)."

5394: 5282:"Presidency Conclusions – Helsinki European Council – 10 and 11 December 1999" 4937: 4768: 4363: 4198: 4093: 3262: 3153:. At that time, Malta was one of only three countries in the world, along with the 2920:

was officially opened by Muammar Gaddafi in Malta, two years after its completion.

2689: 2643:), a national holiday in Malta. On 1 December 1964, Malta was admitted to the 2636: 2612: 2349: 2278: 2182:. Over the next four months 820 people were killed and 915 seriously wounded. 2146: 2142: 2134: 2115: 2034: 1980:

Voting document of Ernesto Laiviera for the later cancelled 1930 elections in Malta

1885: 1878: 1852: 1585: 1466: 1345: 1265: 1103: 1041: 939: 890: 856: 780: 459: 439: 5216:

The Peacetime Use of Foreign Military Installations Under Modern International Law

1744:

Over the years, the power of the knights declined; their reign ended in 1798 when

7257: 7232: 7020: 7003: 6848: 6683: 6668: 6554: 6262: 6230: 6052: 6034: 5973: 5923: 5885: 5860: 5767: 5635: 5583: 5557: 5529: 4885: 4207: 3243: 2878: 2742: 2726: 2423: 2352:. The British government agreed to offer the islands their own representation in 2244: 1943: 1856: 1616: 1481: 1341: 1081: 994: 959: 909: 868: 691: 667: 471: 117: 65: 6088:

Yiangou, Anastasia. "The Political Impact of World War II on Cyprus and Malta."

5398: 5303: 4082:"Tristia ex Melitogaudo: Lament in Greek Verse of a XIIth-century Exile on Gozo" 2955: 1919: 1646:

Turks started attacking Birgu and the fortifications at Senglea but to no gain.

1561:

started spreading over the region, reaching South East Europe. The Spanish king

977:. Its size grew to its maximum extent, occupying the entire area of present-day 7207: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7167: 7157: 7072: 7015: 6908: 6871: 6770: 6730: 6710: 6635: 6350: 6213: 4530: 3393: 3228: 3087: 3015: 3006:, Prime Minister of Malta 1987–96 and 1998–2004, and President of Malta 2004–09 2816: 2766: 2746: 2738: 2722: 2644: 2628: 2608: 2297: 2293: 1844: 1654: 1558: 1492: 1390: 1349: 1321:

Malta and turned the island's Muslim rulers into his vassals. In 1127, his son

1294: 1232:

and many new techniques in irrigation were introduced. Some of these, like the

1225: 1167: 1017:

The islands prospered under Roman rule, and were eventually distinguished as a

905: 821: 656: 600: 562: 554: 487: 475: 435: 231: 145: 82: 3760:"The 'Castellu di la Chitati' the medieval castle of the walled town of Mdina" 1792:

decided on a total blockade in 1799. The French garrison surrendered in 1800.

1666: 938:, the Maltese Islands passed into the hands of the Romans at the start of the 7770: 7303: 7102: 6695: 6678: 5806: 5406: 5124: 4723:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa

3220: 3212: 3178: 3019: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2632: 2562:

as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from

2282: 2153: 2099: 2003:

with a Senate (later abolished in 1949) and an elected Legislative Assembly.

1927: 1217: 973:

Serving as the administrative hub of the islands, Mdina also became known as

791: 87: 4941: 1957:

due to the large number of wounded soldiers who were accommodated in Malta.

1257: 1192: 1142:

From the late 7th century onward, the Mediterranean was being threatened by

920: 580:. At some time in the distant past, Malta was submerged, as shown by marine 7262: 7092: 6963: 6881: 6775: 6688: 6333: 6225: 5693: 3277: 3236: 3224: 3185: 3158: 3143: 2785: 2694: 2624: 2520: 2312: 2267: 2240: 2175: 1992: 1969: 1188: 1131: 990: 982: 955: 926: 864: 837: 817: 707: 543: 531: 272: 5768:"Malta: Robert Abela elected new PM after crisis over journalist's murder" 2365:

British Ministry of Defence (MoD) the islands' main source of employment.

1976: 595:, surrounded by large lakes. Some caverns in Malta have revealed bones of 7247: 7125: 7110: 7082: 6918: 5006:"Kim Jong Il's unlikely Maltese mentor & a secret military agreement" 4836: 3339: 3326: 3154: 2893: 2886: 2714: 2698: 2361: 2329: 2110: 1950: 1935: 1540: 1510: 1458: 1059:

Malta remained part of the Roman Empire until the early 6th century. The

787: 110: 5958:

The Santa Marija Convoy: Faith and Endurance in Wartime Malta, 1940–1942

5250:

Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future

2595:

Following the passage of the Malta Independence Act 1964 (c. 86) by the

1764:. In return the French Republic agreed to "employ all its credit at the 1405:

started in Malta. The conquest of the Normans would lead to the gradual

1147: 1091: 878: 699: 7010: 6030: 4380: 4097: 3200: 3169: 3165: 2289: 2247:

accused of pro-Italian political activities. He died a few days later.

2228: 2161: 2131: 2091: 2079: 2009: 1911: 1863: 1831: 1611:. A small fort was built at the tip of the peninsula where the city of 1290: 1127: 1123: 1107: 1064: 1018: 731: 592: 420: 5109:. Religion and Society. Vol. 24. Walter de Gruyter. p. 166. 4079:(inhabited by Saracens, and under the dominion of the King of Sicily). 2999: 2994: 886: 7057: 6203: 5742:"Robert Abela elected Labour Party leader and will be Malta's new PM" 5662:"Watch: George Vella - Who is Malta's new President of the Republic?" 2823: 2774: 2667: 2412: 2324:

After the Second World War, the islands achieved self-rule, with the

2317: 1997: 1869: 1810: 1453:

Around 1249, some Maltese Muslims were sent to the Italian colony of

1196: 872: 627: 596: 443: 427: 6786: 3832:

Wettinger has been vindicated, but why do historians still disagree?

2820:

were burned and the house of the Leader of Opposition was attacked.

2635:. The date continues to be celebrated annually as Independence Day ( 2292:

as Prime Minister. On 5 September 1947, universal suffrage for

2277:

was held in 1945, in which Churchill and Roosevelt met prior to the

538:

by Italian and German air power, but the British held firm. In 1942

314: 7267: 7062: 5534: 5429:"Cyprus and Malta: Welcome to the euro area! - European Commission" 3356: 3135: 3096: 2867: 2851: 2800: 2781: 2754: 2718: 2701:

at the proclamation of the Republic of Malta, 13 December 1974

2589: 2427: 2384: 2126: 2071: 1824: 1737: 1682: 1675: 1633: 1612: 1446:, who was the royal governor of Frederick II of Sicily during the 1333: 833: 662: 647: 467: 5964:

Dimont, Charles (August 1955). "Malta and the British Connexion".

3661:"Underwater Archeology: A New Turning-Point in Maltese Archeology" 3473: 3070:

saw 90.86% casting a valid vote of which 53.65% were "yes" votes.

2066: 1965: 1877:, were created or had as one of their aims, the protection of the 1784:. The Maltese people rebelled, and the French garrison of General 775: 7137: 6948: 6142: 5184:"Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice" 5010: 4909: 4027:

Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (27 April 2010). "Chronology".

3242:

Malta became the first country in the European Union to legalize

3208: 3122: 2913: 2419: 2218: 2122: 1904: 1732: 1608: 1473: 1180:, a 12th-century marble tombstone believed to have been found in 1150:

around the 8th century. The Byzantines might have also built the

1060: 1022: 581: 3320:"The establishment of an Italian colony for Sicilian Muslims at 576:

stands on an underwater ridge that extends from North Africa to

5717:"Malta's PM quits in crisis over Daphne Caruana Galizia murder" 4781: 4745: 4026: 3767:

Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification

3389:"First inhabitants arrived 700 years earlier than thought" 3343: 3321: 2928: 2924: 2762: 2141:

By the end of August, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve

1777: 1574: 1454: 1436: 1269: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1135: 1115: 1111: 1053: 946:

Livy reports the commander of the Punic garrison on the Island

860: 749: 745: 735: 608: 604: 577: 5994:, vol. 38 2006, Munster: Ugarit Verlag, pp. 149–266 4761:"Mr. Roosevelt gives scroll to people on isle Of Malta". 3462:

Island cores unravel mysteries of ancient Maltese civilisation

2784:

on 13 December 1974, with the last Governor-General, Sir

2387:

with anti-British and pro-Independence signs in the late 1950s

466:

and were dominated by successive feudal rulers, including the

6360: 6173: 5866: 4829:"Referenda in Malta: The questions and the voters' responses" 4654:

The Cross and the Ensign: A Naval History of Malta, 1798-1979

4051: 4031:(2 (illustrated) ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. 3635: 3110: 2944: 2179: 2095: 1781: 1756:

sent a division to scale the hills of Valletta. Grand Master

1604: 1600: 1548:

takes possession of the island of Malta, 26 October 1530

1298: 1229: 1026: 978: 825: 824:

on Gozo, suggesting the main settlements were at present-day

573: 451: 411: 4112: 3149:

On 28 May 2011, the Maltese voted 'yes' in the consultative

3066:

EU accession negotiations were concluded late in 2002 and a

2780:

Through a package of constitutional reforms, Malta became a

2217:

was sent to relieve Malta. Five ships, including the tanker

2049: 677:

Spiral motif from one of the megalithic temples, now at the

184: 6549: 6107: 4166:. p. 161. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 2898: 2770: 2677:, and in 1970, Malta signed an Association Treaty with the 2078:

Before World War II, Valletta was the location of the

1310: 1181: 935: 666:

One of the so-called "fat ladies" of ancient Malta, at the

3951:

A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Hundred Years

3253:. It gained even bigger victory than in 2013 and in 2017. 3231:. An internal election on 11 January 2020 within the 2799:, promulgated the following year, abolished all titles of 1795: 557:, and in 1974 it became a republic while remaining in the 7389: 5190:. sum 353, code lm, pp 3–5, case 68, k a8. Archived from 3953:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 40–53. 2619:) was formed on 21 September 1964 as an independent 2109:

Being a British colony, situated close to Sicily and the

1748:'s expeditionary fleet stopped off there en route to his 1363:

In 1122, Malta experienced a Muslim uprising and in 1127

224: 5795:"Malta Becomes First E.U. Country to Legalize Marijuana" 3538: 3536: 3119:

of which the state had been an active member since 1971.

3037:. In 1993, local councils were re-established in Malta. 2803:

in Malta and mandated that they cease to be recognised.

2650:

In the first two post-independence electoral rounds, in

1264:’s finding of no further substrata beyond Arabic in the 1154:

which reduced Melite to one-third of its original size.

561:. Since 2004 the country has been a member state of the 546:, which today appears on Malta's flag and coat of arms. 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3041:

General elections were held in Malta on 26 October 1996

2902: 6118:"Study reveals how Malta looked 20,000 years ago" 4077:

a Saracenis habitata, et est sub dominio regis Sicilie

2745:

being introduced in salary pay. Concerning civil law,

2453: 2102:

guns (thirty-four "heavy" and eight "light") and four

442:

in the 6th century AD, who were expelled by

5558:"Malta's Tonio Borg appointed EU Health Commissioner" 4977: 4975: 4557: 4555: 4002:

Goodwin, Stefan (2002). "2. Islam and Realignments".

3533: 3523: 3521: 3382: 3380: 3219:. This resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister 3207:

was assassinated in a car bomb near her residence in

2959:

A "Vote PN" graffiti in Strait street, Valletta, 1980

2950: 2866:) on 31 March. Celebrations start with a ceremony in 1710:

occurred. Rebels managed to capture Fort St Elmo and

512:

and the French were expelled in 1800. Malta became a

5530:"MPs in Catholic Malta pass historic law on divorce" 5219:. Dordrecht, DE: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 99–100. 4448:"Malta earns the title 'nurse of the Mediterranean'" 4216: 4006:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. 3630:

Depasquale, Suzannah; Cardona, Neville Juan (2005).

3408: 3082:, In April 2004, Eddie Fenech Adami was sworn in as 3063:

was abolished also from the military code of Malta.

2125:

ability to defend the island was limited due to the

1397:

contender to the throne. Between 1194 and 1530, the

4318:"575th anniversary of the 1429 Siege of Malta" 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3589:"The Tradition of an Ancient Greek Colony in Malta" 3553: 3551: 2995:

Accession process to the European Union (1987–2004)

2441:became Prime Minister the following year, when the 748:, which was used to build temples, still stands at 438:. The island was acquired by the Eastern Romans or 339:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 211: 4972: 4595: 4566:The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II 4563: 4552: 4129: 3518: 3377: 3142:confirmed Gonzi in the premiership, while in 2009 3134:In the context of EU membership, Malta joined the 2824:End of British presence and new regional alliances 1942:discovered the fever's sources. Finally, in 1912, 1811:British Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries 1393:, perhaps for his unexpected success in capturing 642: 127: 5976:(1992), "Phoenicia and Phoenician Colonization", 5636:"Labour returns to power in Malta after 15 years" 4385:"Chapter 12 – The Egyptian Campaign of 1798" 4275: 4273: 4222: 3965:"Arab Heritage in Malta - The Baheyeldin Dynasty" 3792:"New Light on the Darkest Age in Malta's History" 3629: 3476:Ancient Stones, The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 2684: 2448: 2307: 7768: 5828:"Labour Party claims victory in Malta elections" 4370:(London: Longman, Brown, Green, 1858), v.2, 451. 4184:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3982: 3548: 1922:: The following years saw the foundation of the 1717: 1401:ruled the Maltese islands and a process of full 1275: 841: 752:; it is one of the few still in good condition. 715:occurred due to climate conditions and drought. 5689:"Malta car bomb kills Panama Papers journalist" 3130:commemorating Malta's entry into the EU in 2004 2885:, as well as diplomatic and military ties with 1505: 1110:may have landed at Malta while on his way from 855:The Maltese Islands fell under the hegemony of 607:, while others have revealed animals native to 508:After a few months of French rule, the Maltese 5984:: Cambridge University Press, pp. 461–546 5450:"Gonzi Beats them all - The Malta Independent" 4716: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4589: 4587: 4270: 4160:From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily 3632:Site Catalogue: The Domvs Romana – Rabat Malta 3613: 3611: 3609: 3467: 1843:In 1800, Malta voluntarily became part of the 1417:in Malta, after previous Islamic domination. 1187:In 870 AD, Malta was occupied by Muslims from 993:have been excavated, revealing well-preserved 725: 614: 7375: 6802: 6158: 4645: 4542: 4540: 4529:(in Italian). pp. 69–101. Archived from 3785: 3783: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3474:Piccolo, Salvatore; Darvill, Timothy (2013). 2164:to operate effectively in the Mediterranean. 1926:(1882) and the beginning of operation of the 1360:150 years after the Christian conquest. 290: 92: 5968:. Vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 545–553. 5246: 4676: 4561: 4132:The Ismāʻı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 4056:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 337. 3757: 3174:snap election was called for March 2013 5140:Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts 4711: 4695: 4584: 4580:– via Internet Archive (archive.org). 3606: 1892:reaffirmed the British rule under the 1814 998: 770: 7382: 7368: 6809: 6795: 6165: 6151: 6050: 5989: 5478:"Abela to be nominated President tomorrow" 5368:"Joe Borg re-nominated as EU commissioner" 5100: 5081: 4805: 4803: 4782:Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). 4746:Shankland, Peter; Hunter, Anthony (1961). 4537: 4227:. Vol. 4. Malta: BRILL. p. 389. 3893:de Borja, Zeininger (January–March 1959). 3780: 3563: 3542: 3111:Malta in the European Union (2004–present) 2923:In 1980 an oil rig of the Italian company 1305:Malta returned to Christian rule with the 486:as a vassal state of Sicily. In 1565, the 297: 283: 6465:Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs 6074:"Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy" 5212: 4670: 4627:. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. p. 4622: 4279: 4156: 3859: 3433:"700 years added to Malta's history" 3055:with a wide 13,000 vote margin, the 2806:The Party was confirmed in office in the 2588:Monument to the independence of Malta in 2106:, for which three pilots were available. 2050:British Malta during the Second World War 1581:handed over the island to these knights. 1442:According to a report in 1240 or 1241 by 1094:, which was built on the site of earlier 399:Learn how and when to remove this message 5502: 3892: 3478:. Abingdon, GB: Brazen Head Publishing. 3386: 3121: 2998: 2954: 2837: 2688: 2583: 2571: 2378: 2311: 2184: 2090:'s objections, the command was moved to 2065: 2025:following a clash between the governing 1975: 1964: 1830: 1814: 1731: 1665: 1632: 1539: 1509: 1289: 1171: 1085: 1005: 919: 774: 672: 661: 646: 6081:Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 5972: 5944:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 5890:. Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group. 5714: 5686: 5608: 5505:"Malta votes yes to legalising divorce" 5253:. London, UK: Frank Cass. p. 362. 4800: 4651: 4127: 4121: 4001: 3948: 3658: 3586: 3527: 3012:general elections that followed in 1987 2912:, in response to repeated overtures by 2560:Text of the Malta Independence Act 1964 1839:on a one-pound colonial-era stamp, 1922 1796:Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964) 1706:Indeed, in 1775, a revolt known as the 901:using the inscriptions on these cippi. 867:. This resulted in the introduction of 603:, and other large animals now found in 14: 7769: 6039:. UK: Harrap – via Google Books. 5963: 5921: 5887:Britain and Malta: The story of an era 5883: 5858: 5792: 5137: 5028: 4956:"Chapter 251 – Ġieh ir-Repubblika Act" 4720: 4429: 4405: 4315: 4285:"The origin of the 'Maltese' surnames" 3957: 3818: 3745: 3733: 3617: 3574: 3227:, and Prime Minister's Chief of Staff 3184:In April 2019, the parliament elected 3078:, led by Prime minister Fenech Adami, 2773:countries, after mediation by Italy's 2007:was named Prime Minister. In 1923 the 1896:. In 1819, the local Italian-speaking 1029:became Malta's official language, and 893:. In the 18th century, French scholar 501:in 1798, marking the beginning of the 454:in the 11th century. The islands were 7391:History of current European countries 7363: 6816: 6790: 6146: 6132:"History of Malta: Primary documents" 6071: 6054:The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945 6036:Malta: An Account and an Appreciation 5715:Garside, Juliette (1 December 2019). 5687:Garside, Juliette (16 October 2017). 5003: 4913:. H.C. Deb. 3 August 1976. cc726-7W. 4786:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 197–198. 4522: 4445: 4247: 3557: 3095:saying it would respect this result. 2553:Text of statute as originally enacted 2270:surrendered to the British in Malta. 1413:and subsequent firm establishment of 1201:besieged the Byzantine city of Melite 490:attempted to take the islands in the 6029: 5384: 4927: 4917:from the original on 9 January 2016. 4625:The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean 4562:Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). 4546: 4500:"Lord Gerald Strickland (1924–1932)" 4433: 4417: 4305:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4266:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2729:programmes and the expansion of the 1557:In the early 16th century, the 842: 807: 549:In 1964 Malta became an independent 430:. They ruled the islands until they 337:adding citations to reliable sources 308: 7324:History of the Mediterranean region 5029:Falzon, Michael (22 October 2006). 5004:Young, Benjamin R. (11 June 2014). 4936:. Vol. 249. pp. 213–249. 4725:. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press. 4446:Galea, Michael (16 November 2014). 3789: 3706: 3498: 3387:Farrugia, Claire (19 March 2018) . 3172:as Maltese commissioner in 2012. A 3051:On being returned to office in the 2908:Malta and Libya had entered into a 2897:appeared to be turning its back on 2454:Nationalist governments (1964–1971) 2304:as a Maltese Member of Parliament. 2266:later in 1943, a large part of the 1934:discovered the microbe causing the 1090:Remains of a Byzantine basilica at 816:). Necropolises have been found at 711:considered to represent fertility. 24: 6172: 5584:"Malta general election vote ends" 5350:"WTO | Malta - Member information" 4771:. 10 December 1943. pp. 1, 4. 4379: 4316:Cauchi, Mark (12 September 2004). 4259:. The Arabs in Malta. p. 37. 3713:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 9. 3443:from the original on 16 March 2018 3190:President of the Republic of Malta 3168:had to resign and was replaced by 2951:Constitutional crisis in the 1980s 2721:and financial agreements with the 2086:'s headquarters. However, despite 1960: 1661: 1472:In 1266, Malta was turned over in 1164:History of Islam in southern Italy 912:, devastating much of the island. 25: 7788: 6100: 6047:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2018). 5793:Bubola, Emma (15 December 2021). 4989:. 17 January 1972. Archived from 4964:. 17 October 1975. Archived from 4889:. 13 January 1958. Archived from 4368:A History of the Knights of Malta 3931:. New Holland Publishers. p. 25. 3758:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2004–2007). 2910:Friendship and Cooperation Treaty 2189:Illustration of the bomb-damaged 1946:wrote his first poem in Maltese. 1075: 730:After the Temple period came the 7309:Bibliography of European history 6904:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6359: 6235: 6090:Journal of Mediterranean Studies 6024:Journal of Mediterranean Studies 6014:Journal of Mediterranean Studies 5820: 5786: 5760: 5734: 5708: 5680: 5084:Journal of Mediterranean Studies 4389:International Napoleonic Society 3068:referendum on membership in 2003 2725:. The government also undertook 2485:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2478: 1819:The British coat of arms on the 1786:Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois 1546:Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam 1422:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 589:closed through tectonic activity 478:. The islands were given to the 313: 266: 54: 7334:History of Western civilization 6937:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5851: 5654: 5628: 5609:Sansone, Kurt (12 March 2013). 5602: 5576: 5550: 5522: 5503:Sharrock, David (29 May 2011). 5496: 5470: 5442: 5421: 5378: 5360: 5342: 5324: 5310: 5296: 5274: 5240: 5206: 5176: 5150: 5146:. Hamburg, DE: 88–126, 142–161. 5131: 5094: 5075: 5045: 5022: 4997: 4948: 4921: 4910:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4897: 4873: 4843: 4821: 4775: 4754: 4739: 4616: 4516: 4492: 4462: 4439: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4373: 4357: 4332: 4309: 4241: 4192: 4150: 4070: 4045: 4020: 3942: 3919: 3886: 3853: 3841: 3824: 3812: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3700: 3678: 3652: 3623: 3580: 3349: 3332: 3314: 3305: 3273:List of heads of state of Malta 3181:was elected as Prime Minister. 3164:Following a corruption scandal 3099:was appointed as first Maltese 2991:to government later that year. 1597:Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent 1376:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 643:Temple period (3850 BC–2350 BC) 324:needs additional citations for 97: 7178:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7121:Christianity in the modern era 6892:Christianity in late antiquity 6045:Historical dictionary of Malta 5332:"Malta prime minister resigns" 5318:"Malta votes for pro-EU party" 5059:. 9 April 1979. Archived from 4811:"Malta Round Table Conference" 4784:Historical Dictionary of Malta 4136:. Cambridge University Press. 4029:Historical Dictionary of Malta 3492: 3455: 2934:International Court of Justice 2685:Labour governments (1971–1987) 2449:Independent Malta (since 1964) 2308:From home rule to independence 1955:the Nurse of the Mediterranean 1949:Between 1915 and 1918, during 1851:. Under the terms of the 1802 1637:Capture of St. Elmo, 1565 1622: 1535: 1372:Burchard, bishop of Strasbourg 1157: 1070: 948:surrendered without resistance 783:which were discovered in Malta 679:National Museum of Archaeology 212:From home rule to independence 13: 1: 7329:History of the European Union 6083:, vol. 9, pp. 25–52 5978:The Cambridge Ancient History 5286:Council of the European Union 4928:Ogle, Vanessa (August 2020). 4225:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe 3638:: Heritage Books. p. 3. 3366: 3283:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture 3203:and anti-corruption activist 2320:commemorating self-government 2227:During the Second World War, 2213:In 1942, a convoy code-named 2056:Siege of Malta (World War II) 1718:French occupation (1798–1800) 1276:Norman Kingdom of Sicily rule 934:According to Latin historian 915: 798:the islands around the early 534:British forces in Malta were 6470:Minister for Foreign Affairs 6072:Vella, John (January 2023), 6051:Stephenson, Charles (2004). 5103:"Ritual escalation in Malta" 4677:Calvocoressi, Peter (1981). 4092:(1): 197–199. January 2010. 3501:"Kingdoms of Italy - Sicani" 3371: 3268:History of the Jews in Malta 3244:recreational use of cannabis 3199:On 16 October 2017, Maltese 3138:on 1 January 2008; the 2757:were decriminalised (1973); 2539:British Nationality Act 1981 1986:Italian irredentism in Malta 1506:Hospitaller rule (1530–1798) 873: 765: 7: 7288:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6899:Crisis of the Third Century 6004:Malta in the European Union 5399:10.1080/0140238042000249911 5101:Boissevain, Jeremy (1984). 4708:Bierman & Smith (2002) 4593:Bierman & Smith (2002) 4054:The Society of Norman Italy 4004:Malta, Mediterranean Bridge 3895:"Counts of Malta in Greece" 3860:Wettinger, Godfrey (1995). 3690:A Lawyer's History of Malta 3293:Timeline of Maltese history 3256: 3146:became President of Malta. 2679:European Economic Community 2467:Malta Independence Act 1964 2383:Malta Labour Party club in 2262:in Valletta. Following the 1859:between the two countries. 1486:War of the Sicilian Vespers 1010:Greek-Roman remains at the 985:, extending to what is now 726:Bronze Age (2350 BC–700 BC) 686:Megalithic Temples of Malta 615:Neolithic (5900 BC–3850 BC) 256:Timeline of Maltese history 10: 7793: 7344:Military history of Europe 7339:Maritime history of Europe 5862:A Concise History of Malta 4750:. I. Washburn. p. 60. 3875:(3): 34–39. Archived from 3464:// Phys.org, July 11, 2019 3217:2019–2020 political crisis 3194:Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca 2983:as his successor in 1984. 2827: 2599:and the approval of a new 2576:Ton-class minesweeper HMS 2460:United Kingdom legislation 2356:, with three seats in the 2059: 2053: 1983: 1799: 1728:Siege of Malta (1798–1800) 1724:French occupation of Malta 1721: 1626: 1517: 1497:attempted to capture Malta 1482:Aragonese and Spanish rule 1279: 1161: 1079: 952:Tiberius Sempronius Longus 840:. Known simply as Maleth ( 683: 618: 568: 503:French occupation of Malta 423:warriors soon afterwards. 7746: 7698: 7660: 7397: 7314:Genetic history of Europe 7296: 7101: 6917: 6857: 6824: 6748: 6649: 6601: 6592: 6540: 6531: 6433: 6424: 6377: 6368: 6357: 6344:Award of the George Cross 6184: 6067:– via Google Books. 6057:. UK: Osprey Publishing. 5951:Journal of Family History 5938:– via Google Books. 5922:Blouet, Brian W. (2007). 5900:– via Google Books. 5879:– via Google Books. 5270:– via Google Books. 5162:archive.maltatoday.com.mt 5105:. In Eric R. Wolf (ed.). 5090:(1): 87–100, quote at 88. 4656:. Naval Institute Press. 3659:Bonanno, Anthony (1995). 3587:Bonanno, Anthony (1983). 2673:In 1965 Malta joined the 2558: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2529: 2519: 2514: 2501: 2491: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2370:UK integration referendum 2174:arrived in Sicily as the 1736:Capitulation of Malta to 1615:now stands and was named 1528:as a vassal state of the 1367:reconquered the islands. 968:Roman weight measurements 242:European Union membership 6136:Brigham Young University 5960:(Lexington Books, 2011). 5213:Woodliffe, John (1992). 4623:Titterton, G.A. (2002). 4340:"Maltese Rebellion 1775" 4211:Annals of Human Genetics 4128:Daftary, Farhad (1990). 3769:(1–4): 4. Archived from 3298: 2973:Single Transferable Vote 2939:In 1980, Malta signed a 2603:by 54.5% of voters in a 2296:was granted. That year, 2017:and in 1927 by Sir 1953:, Malta became known as 1643:Suleiman the Magnificent 1573:of St. John out of 1491:In September 1429, 1282:Norman invasion of Malta 1241:Giovanni Francesco Abela 908:raided Malta during the 771:Phoenicians and Carthage 93:Phoenicians and Carthage 7319:History of Christianity 5928:. Allied Publications. 5913:Mediterranean Quarterly 5884:Attard, Joseph (1988). 5869:: Mireva Publications. 5859:Cassar, Carmel (2000). 5611:"Muscat sworn in as PM" 5304:"Maltese back EU entry" 4983:"Gaddafi to the Rescue" 4721:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 4652:Elliott, Peter (1980). 3908:(1): 19. Archived from 3686:"Roman (218 BC-870 AD)" 2918:Mariam Al-Batool Mosque 2621:constitutional monarchy 2197:On 15 April 1942, 1696:However, as their main 1687:Jean Parisot de Valette 1672:Jean Parisot de Valette 1524:Malta was ruled by the 1484:in 1283, following the 1098:and Punic-Roman temples 897:deciphered the extinct 895:Jean-Jacques Barthélemy 621:Cardium pottery culture 7440:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7143:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6108:"Malta Elections Data" 6092:23.1 (2014): 101–112. 5387:West European Politics 5031:"Our man in Pyongyang" 4206:28 August 2013 at the 3928:Malta, Gozo and Comino 3692:. 2011. Archived from 3505:www.historyfiles.co.uk 3205:Daphne Caruana Galizia 3131: 3007: 2988:Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici 2981:Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici 2965:1981 general elections 2960: 2855: 2702: 2640: 2616: 2592: 2581: 2388: 2321: 2264:Armistice of Cassibile 2194: 2191:Upper Barrakka Gardens 2145:which had arrived via 2075: 1981: 1973: 1840: 1828: 1741: 1678: 1638: 1554: 1515: 1387:Margaritus of Brindisi 1328:Malta was part of the 1302: 1250:Tristia ex Melitogaudo 1199:led by Halaf al-Hādim 1184: 1099: 1014: 999: 931: 784: 681: 670: 659: 540:the island was awarded 480:Order of St. John 7223:Industrial Revolution 6290:Rising of the Priests 5953:33.2 (2008): 139–155. 5946:52.2 (2014): 232–253. 5666:The Malta Independent 5455:The Malta Independent 4942:10.1093/pastj/gtaa001 4395:on 26 September 2015. 4344:World History at KMLA 3246:on 14 December 2021. 3125: 3101:European commissioner 3030:opposing membership. 3002: 2958: 2841: 2834:Italy-Malta relations 2830:Libya–Malta relations 2692: 2587: 2575: 2382: 2315: 2207:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2188: 2069: 2060:Further information: 1979: 1968: 1834: 1818: 1806:Crown Colony of Malta 1735: 1708:Rising of the Priests 1669: 1641:On 18 May 1565, 1636: 1552:René Théodore Berthon 1543: 1513: 1293: 1175: 1089: 1012:Malta Maritime Museum 1009: 924:Roman mosaics in the 923: 778: 676: 665: 650: 619:Further information: 496:French First Republic 474:, and eventually the 18:Independence of Malta 7278:European debt crisis 7273:European integration 7213:Age of Enlightenment 7053:Republic of Florence 6736:World Heritage Sites 6319:British Protectorate 6016:23.1 (2014): 75–88. 5915:26.2 (2015): 42–62. 5063:on 30 September 2007 4968:on 29 November 2014. 4851:"Referenda in Malta" 4839:on 11 November 2013. 4764:The Gettysburg Times 4533:on 5 September 2015. 4470:"Strickland, Gerald" 3925:Gaul, Simon (2007). 3776:on 15 November 2015. 3707:Rix, Juliet (2013). 3233:Maltese Labour party 3117:Non-Aligned Movement 2664:relations with Italy 2601:Maltese constitution 2439:Giorgio Borg Olivier 2405:overseas departments 2334:Partit Nazzjonalista 2027:Constitutional Party 1915:under British rule. 1712:Saint James Cavalier 1651:Great Siege of Malta 1629:Great Siege of Malta 1038:Acts of the Apostles 514:British protectorate 492:Great Siege of Malta 448:siege in 870 AD 333:improve this article 192:British Protectorate 7661:States with limited 7243:Revolutions of 1848 7173:Early modern France 6954:Anglo-Saxon England 6859:Classical antiquity 6209:Carthaginian Empire 5292:on 6 February 2016. 4961:Government of Malta 4598:page 36 online 4505:Government of Malta 4480:on 21 February 2011 4458:on 6 February 2016. 3882:on 8 December 2017. 3790:Brincat, Joseph M. 3080:won another mandate 2749:was introduced and 2697:and Prime Minister 2394:Caravaggio incident 2338:George Borg Olivier 2302:first woman elected 2233:George Borg Olivier 2199:King George VI 2084:Mediterranean Fleet 2015:Ugo Pasquale Mifsud 1940:Themistocles Zammit 1924:Anglo-Egyptian Bank 1835:Personification of 1766:congress of Rastatt 1750:Egyptian expedition 1571:Knights Hospitaller 1532:from 1530 to 1798. 1526:Order of Saint John 981:and large parts of 899:Phoenician alphabet 757:Misraħ Għar il-Kbir 586:Strait of Gibraltar 525:Mediterranean Fleet 499:invaded the islands 432:fell in 218 BC 153:Knights Hospitaller 7349:Crusading movement 7253:Russian Revolution 7088:Hundred Years' War 6984:Maritime republics 6887:Early Christianity 6877:Hellenistic period 6834:Paleolithic Europe 6570:Telecommunications 6246:Byzantine invasion 6199:Megalithic Temples 6043:Rudolf, Uwe Jens. 6006:(Routledge, 2016) 5956:Castillo, Dennis. 5925:The Story of Malta 5908:13.1 (2008): 5-20. 5799:The New York Times 5564:. 28 November 2012 4934:Past & Present 4248:Dalli, C. (2002). 4098:10.1353/pgn.0.0208 3869:Treasures of Malta 3850:(1971), pg. 507-11 3696:on 7 January 2016. 3288:Operation Pedestal 3151:divorce referendum 3132: 3105:Barroso Commission 3084:President of Malta 3061:capital punishment 3008: 3004:Eddie Fenech Adami 2977:Eddie Fenech Adami 2961: 2856: 2795:Ġieħ ir-Repubblika 2759:capital punishment 2741:were updated with 2703: 2641:Jum l-Indipendenza 2597:British Parliament 2593: 2582: 2564:legislation.gov.uk 2389: 2354:British Parliament 2346:Colonial Secretary 2326:Malta Labour Party 2322: 2260:Lascaris War Rooms 2256:invasion of Sicily 2243:and 49 other 2215:Operation Pedestal 2195: 2158:Francisco Cavalera 2104:Gloster Gladiators 2076: 2074:on 1 May 1942 2062:Operation Herkules 1982: 1974: 1890:Congress of Vienna 1841: 1829: 1802:Malta Protectorate 1754:Napoleon Bonaparte 1746:Napoleon Bonaparte 1742: 1679: 1639: 1555: 1516: 1365:Roger II of Sicily 1323:Roger II of Sicily 1303: 1185: 1100: 1015: 932: 785: 682: 671: 660: 551:Commonwealth realm 417:Megalithic Temples 348:"History of Malta" 7762: 7761: 7357: 7356: 7283:COVID-19 pandemic 7228:French Revolution 7203:Habsburg monarchy 7183:Cossack Hetmanate 7163:Portuguese Empire 7153:Absolute monarchy 7148:Thirty Years' War 7043:Holy Roman Empire 6968:Bulgarian Empire 6927:Early Middle Ages 6844:Bronze Age Europe 6818:History of Europe 6784: 6783: 6744: 6743: 6588: 6587: 6527: 6526: 6497:Political parties 6460:Foreign relations 6420: 6419: 6329:Language Question 6297:French occupation 6253:Kingdom of Sicily 6241:Aghlabid invasion 6124:. 3 January 2013. 6026:23.1 (2014): 1–7. 5774:. 12 January 2020 5748:. 11 January 2020 5484:. 11 January 2009 5041:on 15 April 2015. 5018:on 17 April 2015. 4993:on 26 April 2009. 4855:vassallomalta.com 4793:978-0-8108-5317-1 4688:978-0-345-30069-0 4663:978-0-87021-926-9 4638:978-0-7146-5179-8 4577:978-0-670-03040-8 4257:melitensiawth.com 4250:"Malta Musulmana" 4213:, 69, 1–20, 2005. 3915:on 18 April 2016. 3799:melitensiawth.com 3543:Filigheddu (2006) 3439:. 16 March 2018. 3128:Fort Saint Angelo 3076:Nationalist Party 3057:Nationalist Party 3024:Nationalist Party 2969:Nationalist Party 2854:in December 1989. 2848:Mikhail Gorbachev 2844:George H. W. Bush 2707:elections of 1971 2675:Council of Europe 2660:Nationalist Party 2570: 2569: 2530:Other legislation 2473:Act of Parliament 2143:Hawker Hurricanes 2088:Winston Churchill 2040:Language Question 2019:Gerald Strickland 1888:, while the 1815 1875:Nationalist Party 1857:resumption of war 1530:Kingdom of Sicily 1520:Hospitaller Malta 1444:Gililberto Abbate 1426:Kingdom of Sicily 1415:Roman Catholicism 1399:Kingdom of Sicily 1395:Empress Constance 1383:Tancred of Sicily 1330:Kingdom of Sicily 1315:Roger I of Sicily 1286:Kingdom of Sicily 1246:Godfrey Wettinger 954:, one of the two 930:of ancient Melite 653:megalithic temple 464:Kingdom of Sicily 409: 408: 401: 383: 307: 306: 237:Republic of Malta 225:Independent Malta 202:Language Question 163:French occupation 133:Kingdom of Sicily 16:(Redirected from 7784: 7777:History of Malta 7699:Dependencies and 7398:Sovereign states 7384: 7377: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7218:Great Divergence 7133:Age of Discovery 7078:Late Middle Ages 7048:High Middle Ages 6959:Byzantine Empire 6942:Christianization 6932:Migration Period 6867:Classical Greece 6839:Neolithic Europe 6811: 6804: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6764: 6757: 6716:National symbols 6599: 6598: 6538: 6537: 6431: 6430: 6375: 6374: 6363: 6312:Independent Gozo 6280:Invasion of Gozo 6275:Hospitaller rule 6167: 6160: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6125: 6111: 6084: 6078: 6068: 6040: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5974:Culican, William 5969: 5939: 5901: 5880: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5320:. 13 April 2003. 5314: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5288:. Archived from 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5037:. Archived from 5026: 5020: 5019: 5014:. Archived from 5001: 4995: 4994: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4893:on 2 March 2009. 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4857:. Archived from 4847: 4841: 4840: 4835:. Archived from 4825: 4819: 4818: 4817:. 26 March 1956. 4807: 4798: 4797: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4769:Associated Press 4758: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4718: 4709: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4679:Top Secret Ultra 4674: 4668: 4667: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4630: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4602:. Viking. 2002. 4601: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4569: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4512:on 29 July 2014. 4508:. Archived from 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4476:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4454:. Archived from 4443: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4391:. Archived from 4377: 4371: 4364:Whitworth Porter 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4328:on 22 July 2015. 4324:. Archived from 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4292:Melita Historica 4289: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4220: 4214: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4135: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3999: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3808:on 4 March 2016. 3807: 3801:. Archived from 3796: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3627: 3621: 3620:, pp. 56–57 3615: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3577:, pp. 53–55 3572: 3561: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3429: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3384: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3263:Culture of Malta 3126:Celebrations at 2927:commissioned by 2846:and USSR leader 2482: 2481: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2435:Blood Commission 2358:House of Commons 2350:Alan Lennox-Boyd 2316:1947 stamp with 2279:Yalta Conference 2275:Malta Conference 2254:coordinated the 2135:Mabel Strickland 1879:Italian language 1853:Treaty of Amiens 1586:Italian language 1478:Charles of Anjou 1467:Maltese language 1346:Crown of Castile 1266:Maltese language 1144:Muslim expansion 1021:and a Foederata 1002: 987:St Paul's Church 945: 940:Second Punic War 891:Cippi of Melqart 876: 851: 850: 845: 844: 815: 814: 809: 801: 781:Cippi of Melqart 536:heavily attacked 460:County of Sicily 404: 397: 393: 390: 384: 382: 341: 317: 309: 299: 292: 285: 273:Malta portal 271: 270: 269: 172:independent Gozo 73:Għar Dalam phase 58: 48: 30: 29: 21: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7758: 7742: 7700: 7694: 7680:Northern Cyprus 7662: 7656: 7572:North Macedonia 7393: 7388: 7358: 7353: 7292: 7258:Interwar period 7233:Napoleonic Wars 7097: 7068:Mongol invasion 7021:Crown of Aragon 6913: 6853: 6849:Iron Age Europe 6820: 6815: 6785: 6780: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6740: 6726:Public holidays 6645: 6584: 6523: 6416: 6364: 6355: 6268:Hafsid invasion 6263:Battle of Malta 6258:Norman invasion 6180: 6171: 6130: 6116: 6106: 6103: 6098: 6076: 6065: 6002:Harwood, Mark. 5997: 5936: 5898: 5877: 5854: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5836:. 27 March 2022 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5642:. 10 March 2013 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5458:. 13 March 2008 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5383: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5306:. 9 March 2003. 5302: 5301: 5297: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5194:on 2 March 2016 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5164:. 29 April 2009 5156: 5155: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5117: 5099: 5095: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5053:"Our sad adieu" 5051: 5050: 5046: 5027: 5023: 5002: 4998: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4926: 4922: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4861:on 26 July 2021 4849: 4848: 4844: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4780: 4776: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4696: 4689: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4594: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4378: 4374: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4287: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4221: 4217: 4208:Wayback Machine 4197: 4193: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4157:Charles Dalli. 4155: 4151: 4144: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4000: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3947: 3943: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3830:Yosanne Vella, 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3607: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3564: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3499:Kessler, P. L. 3497: 3493: 3486: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3259: 3113: 2997: 2953: 2943:agreement with 2879:Muammar Gaddafi 2842:U.S. President 2836: 2828:Main articles: 2826: 2788:, as its first 2743:gender equality 2739:Employment laws 2727:nationalization 2687: 2670:to the island. 2547: 2546:Status: Amended 2487: 2479: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2445:was delivered. 2424:tax competition 2310: 2245:Italian Maltese 2064: 2058: 2052: 1988: 1963: 1961:Interwar period 1944:Dun Karm Psaila 1900:was dissolved. 1894:Treaty of Paris 1813: 1808: 1800:Main articles: 1798: 1762:French Republic 1730: 1722:Main articles: 1720: 1664: 1662:After the siege 1631: 1625: 1617:Fort Saint Elmo 1567:Suleiman I 1538: 1522: 1508: 1433:Norman conquest 1342:Crown of Aragon 1309:. It was, with 1307:Norman conquest 1288: 1278: 1254:Stanley Fiorini 1214:besieged Medina 1191:. According to 1170: 1160: 1122:on Gozo, while 1084: 1082:Byzantine Malta 1078: 1073: 1056:to the island. 943: 918: 910:First Punic War 904:In 255 BC, the 848: 847: 812: 811: 799: 790:—possibly from 773: 768: 728: 692:Caroline Malone 688: 668:Tarxien Temples 645: 623: 617: 571: 482:in 1530, which 405: 394: 388: 385: 342: 340: 330: 318: 303: 267: 265: 247: 246: 227: 217: 216: 187: 177: 176: 148: 138: 137: 118:Byzantine Malta 113: 103: 102: 68: 66:Ancient history 46: 39: 28: 27:Maltese history 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7790: 7780: 7779: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7754:European Union 7750: 7748: 7747:Other entities 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7701:other entities 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7647:United Kingdom 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7460:Czech Republic 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Russian Empire 7205: 7200: 7198:British Empire 7195: 7193:Dutch Republic 7190: 7188:Swedish Empire 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7168:Spanish Empire 7165: 7160: 7158:Ottoman Empire 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7073:Serbian Empire 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6909:Late antiquity 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6872:Roman Republic 6869: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:Stock exchange 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6519:Chief of Staff 6516: 6515: 6514: 6507:Prime Minister 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487:Local councils 6484: 6479: 6477:Heads of state 6474: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6392:Fortifications 6389: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6351:State of Malta 6348: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6324:British Colony 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6231:Byzantine rule 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6214:Roman Republic 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6127: 6126: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6101:External links 6099: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6069: 6063: 6048: 6041: 6027: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5987: 5970: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5919: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5819: 5785: 5759: 5746:Times of Malta 5733: 5707: 5679: 5668:. 4 April 2019 5653: 5627: 5615:Times of Malta 5601: 5590:. 9 March 2013 5575: 5549: 5538:. 25 July 2011 5521: 5495: 5482:Times of Malta 5469: 5441: 5420: 5393:(4): 584–602. 5377: 5372:Times of Malta 5359: 5341: 5323: 5309: 5295: 5273: 5259: 5239: 5225: 5205: 5175: 5149: 5130: 5115: 5093: 5074: 5044: 5035:Times of Malta 5021: 4996: 4971: 4947: 4920: 4896: 4872: 4842: 4820: 4799: 4792: 4774: 4753: 4738: 4731: 4710: 4694: 4687: 4669: 4662: 4644: 4637: 4615: 4608: 4583: 4576: 4551: 4536: 4515: 4491: 4461: 4452:Times of Malta 4438: 4432:, p. 64, 4422: 4410: 4398: 4372: 4356: 4331: 4322:Times of Malta 4308: 4269: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4191: 4149: 4142: 4120: 4111: 4069: 4062: 4044: 4037: 4019: 4012: 3981: 3969:baheyeldin.com 3956: 3941: 3918: 3885: 3852: 3840: 3823: 3811: 3779: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3719: 3710:Malta and Gozo 3699: 3677: 3674:(3): 109, 110. 3651: 3644: 3622: 3605: 3579: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3528:Culican (1992) 3517: 3491: 3484: 3466: 3454: 3437:Times of Malta 3407: 3394:Times of Malta 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3348: 3331: 3313: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3229:Keith Schembri 3112: 3109: 3088:Lawrence Gonzi 3053:1998 elections 3035:1992 elections 3016:Western Europe 2996: 2993: 2952: 2949: 2864:Jum Il-Ħelsien 2825: 2822: 2817:Times of Malta 2808:1976 elections 2767:United Kingdom 2747:civil marriage 2723:United Kingdom 2686: 2683: 2645:United Nations 2629:Queen of Malta 2617:Stat ta’ Malta 2609:State of Malta 2568: 2567: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2443:Stolper report 2409:British colony 2309: 2306: 2298:Agatha Barbara 2294:women in Malta 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 1984:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1938:, and in 1905 1845:British Empire 1812: 1809: 1797: 1794: 1790:Horatio Nelson 1719: 1716: 1663: 1660: 1655:Ottoman Empire 1627:Main article: 1624: 1621: 1579:Charles V 1563:Charles V 1559:Ottoman Empire 1537: 1534: 1518:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1448:Genoese Period 1391:Count of Malta 1374:, an envoy of 1370:Even in 1175, 1350:Spanish Empire 1295:Palazzo Falzon 1277: 1274: 1262:Joseph Brincat 1178:Maymūnah Stone 1168:Islam in Malta 1159: 1156: 1080:Main article: 1077: 1076:Byzantine rule 1074: 1072: 1069: 1063:and later the 1046:St. Paul's Bay 1036:In AD 60, the 1031:Roman religion 997:mosaics. This 995:Pompeian style 917: 914: 800:8th century BC 772: 769: 767: 764: 744:One surviving 727: 724: 684:Main article: 644: 641: 616: 613: 601:hippopotamuses 570: 567: 563:European Union 555:State of Malta 488:Ottoman Empire 458:by the Norman 436:Roman Republic 407: 406: 321: 319: 312: 305: 304: 302: 301: 294: 287: 279: 276: 275: 262: 261: 260: 259: 249: 248: 245: 244: 239: 234: 232:State of Malta 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 197:British Colony 194: 188: 185:British Period 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146:Modern history 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 114: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 83:Saflieni phase 80: 78:Ġgantija phase 75: 69: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 41: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7789: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7765: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7713:Faroe Islands 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685:South Ossetia 7683: 7681: 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7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7103:Modern period 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 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4833:maltadata.com 4830: 4824: 4816: 4815:UK Parliament 4812: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4732:1-86126-646-4 4728: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4609:9780670030408 4605: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4549:, p. 113 4548: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4436:, p. 107 4435: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4281:Wettinger, G. 4276: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4234:9789004225213 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4143:0-521-37019-1 4139: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4063:9789004125414 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4038:9780810873902 4034: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4013:9780897898201 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3848:Previté-Orton 3844: 3838:, 7 July 2015 3837: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3720:9781841624525 3716: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3485:9780956510624 3481: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3376: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221:Joseph Muscat 3218: 3214: 3213:Yorgen Fenech 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3179:Joseph Muscat 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140:2008 election 3137: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3103:in the first 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:United States 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:homosexuality 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:welfare state 2732: 2731:public sector 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:head of state 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433:In 1961, the 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283:Joseph Stalin 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250:In 1943, the 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2127:Luqa Airfield 2124: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2100:anti-aircraft 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005:Joseph Howard 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1990:In 1919, the 1987: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Malta Railway 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699:raison d'être 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1670:Memorial for 1668: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:Siculo-Arabic 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040:records that 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 941: 937: 929: 928: 922: 913: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 839: 835: 831: 828:on Malta and 827: 823: 820:on Malta and 819: 805: 797: 793: 789: 782: 777: 763: 760: 758: 753: 751: 747: 742: 739: 737: 733: 723: 720: 716: 712: 709: 705: 701: 696: 693: 687: 680: 675: 669: 664: 658: 654: 649: 640: 636: 632: 629: 622: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 566: 564: 560: 556: 553:known as the 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 519: 516:, becoming a 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 413: 403: 400: 392: 381: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364: 360: 357: 353: 350: – 349: 345: 344:Find sources: 338: 334: 328: 327: 322:This article 320: 316: 311: 310: 300: 295: 293: 288: 286: 281: 280: 278: 277: 274: 264: 263: 258: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 226: 221: 220: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 186: 181: 180: 173: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 147: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 112: 107: 106: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 88:Tarxien phase 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 67: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 43: 42: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7764: 7690:Transnistria 7652:Vatican City 7546: 7263:World War II 7116:Early modern 7093:Kalmar Union 6964:Papal States 6882:Roman Empire 6674:Coat of arms 6659:Architecture 6606:Demographics 6575:Trade unions 6545:Central Bank 6450:Constitution 6438:Armed Forces 6339:World War II 6226:Roman Empire 6185: 6121: 6089: 6080: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6023: 6013: 6003: 5991: 5977: 5965: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5924: 5912: 5906:Modern Italy 5905: 5886: 5861: 5852:Bibliography 5838:. 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Retrieved 5061:the original 5056: 5047: 5039:the original 5034: 5024: 5016:the original 5009: 4999: 4991:the original 4986: 4966:the original 4959: 4950: 4933: 4923: 4908: 4899: 4891:the original 4884: 4881:"Penny-wise" 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4854: 4845: 4837:the original 4832: 4823: 4814: 4783: 4777: 4762: 4756: 4748:Malta Convoy 4747: 4741: 4722: 4678: 4672: 4653: 4647: 4624: 4618: 4597: 4565: 4531:the original 4525: 4518: 4510:the original 4503: 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4473: 4464: 4456:the original 4451: 4441: 4425: 4413: 4408:, p. 76 4401: 4393:the original 4388: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4343: 4334: 4326:the original 4321: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4256: 4243: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4200:Perspective" 4194: 4168:. Retrieved 4159: 4152: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4028: 4022: 4003: 3972:. Retrieved 3968: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3927: 3921: 3910:the original 3905: 3901: 3888: 3877:the original 3872: 3868: 3855: 3843: 3835: 3826: 3821:, p. 41 3814: 3803:the original 3798: 3771:the original 3766: 3753: 3748:, p. 58 3741: 3736:, p. 38 3729: 3709: 3702: 3694:the original 3689: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3631: 3625: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3558:Vella (2023) 3508:. Retrieved 3504: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3436: 3398:. Retrieved 3392: 3351: 3334: 3316: 3307: 3278:Malta Summit 3248: 3241: 3237:Robert Abela 3225:Konrad Mizzi 3198: 3188:as the 10th 3186:George Vella 3183: 3163: 3159:Vatican City 3148: 3144:George Abela 3133: 3114: 3065: 3050: 3039: 3032: 3009: 2985: 2962: 2938: 2922: 2909: 2907: 2891: 2876: 2872:War Memorial 2863: 2857: 2815: 2812:Black Monday 2805: 2794: 2786:Anthony Mamo 2779: 2713:(MLP) under 2711:Labour Party 2704: 2695:Anthony Mamo 2672: 2649: 2625:Elizabeth II 2594: 2577: 2525:31 July 1964 2521:Royal assent 2457: 2432: 2430:after 1967. 2417: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2375: 2367: 2342: 2323: 2287: 2272: 2268:Italian Navy 2249: 2241:Enrico Mizzi 2226: 2220: 2212: 2203:George Cross 2201:awarded the 2196: 2176:Afrika Korps 2171:Fliegerkorps 2170: 2166: 2148: 2140: 2120: 2108: 2077: 2044: 2032: 2023: 2008: 1993:Sette Giugno 1991: 1989: 1970:Sette Giugno 1954: 1948: 1920:Belle Époque 1917: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1883: 1868: 1861: 1849:protectorate 1842: 1823:building in 1774: 1770: 1743: 1705: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1648: 1640: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1556: 1544: 1523: 1501: 1490: 1471: 1452: 1441: 1430: 1419: 1411:Latinization 1407:Romanization 1403:latinisation 1380: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1327: 1304: 1249: 1238: 1233: 1189:North Africa 1186: 1152:retrenchment 1141: 1101: 1058: 1035: 1016: 991:Domus Romana 972: 942:in the year 933: 927:Domvs Romana 925: 903: 865:Tripolitania 854: 838:Grand Harbor 786: 761: 754: 743: 740: 729: 721: 717: 713: 708:semicircular 703: 697: 689: 637: 633: 624: 572: 559:Commonwealth 548: 544:George Cross 532:World War II 529: 517: 507: 446:following a 425: 410: 395: 389:October 2023 386: 376: 369: 362: 355: 343: 331:Please help 326:verification 323: 254: 207:World War II 168:Insurrection 44: 7728:Isle of Man 7663:recognition 7632:Switzerland 7567:Netherlands 7248:World War I 7238:Nationalism 7126:Reformation 7111:Renaissance 7083:Black Death 7016:Kievan Rus' 6919:Middle Ages 6626:Immigration 6482:LGBT rights 6285:Great Siege 6236:Arab Period 6204:Phoenicians 6031:Luke, Harry 5998:(in German) 5354:www.wto.org 5188:icj-cij.org 4905:"Gibraltar" 4430:Attard 1988 4406:Attard 1988 4381:Weider, Ben 3836:Malta Today 3819:Blouet 2007 3746:Cassar 2000 3734:Blouet 2007 3618:Cassar 2000 3575:Cassar 2000 3340:Henri Bresc 3327:Ibn Khaldun 3223:, Minister 3192:to succeed 3155:Philippines 3043:; although 2892:During the 2887:North Korea 2860:Freedom Day 2850:meeting in 2715:Dom Mintoff 2699:Dom Mintoff 2578:Stubbington 2362:Home Office 2360:, with the 2330:Dom Mintoff 2178:arrived in 1951:World War I 1936:Malta Fever 1932:David Bruce 1623:Great Siege 1536:Early years 1459:Ibn Khaldun 1158:Arab period 1071:Middle Ages 869:Hellenistic 788:Phoenicians 779:One of the 428:Phoenicians 158:Great Siege 123:Arab period 111:Middle Ages 45:History of 7602:San Marino 7562:Montenegro 7542:Luxembourg 7522:Kazakhstan 7425:Azerbaijan 7011:Viking Age 6826:Prehistory 6721:Philosophy 6706:Literature 6621:Healthcare 6616:Emigration 6492:Parliament 6407:Localities 6122:Malta Star 5876:1870579526 5840:25 October 5833:Al Jazeera 5778:25 October 5752:25 October 5726:25 October 5700:25 October 5672:25 October 5646:25 October 5620:25 October 5594:25 October 5568:25 October 5542:25 October 5514:25 October 5488:25 October 5462:25 October 5434:25 October 4865:29 January 4570:. Viking. 4474:doi.gov.mt 4420:, Ch. 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