656:
4366:
4619:
1335:
Görlich D, Kostka S, Kraft R, Dingwall C, Laskey RA, Hartmann E, Prehn S (April 1995). "Two different subunits of importin cooperate to recognize nuclear localization signals and bind them to the nuclear envelope".
2847:
1781:
Winnepenninckx V, Lazar V, Michiels S, Dessen P, Stas M, Alonso SR, Avril MF, Ortiz Romero PL, Robert T, Balacescu O, Eggermont AM, Lenoir G, Sarasin A, Tursz T, van den Oord JJ, Spatz A (April 2006).
503:
region, responsible for binding to
Importin-β, known as the Importin-β binding (IBB)domain. This is also a site of autoinhibition, and is implicated in the release of cargo once importin-α reaches the
3443:
4130:
2752:
4328:
3930:
3898:
2918:
3777:
396:. The process of nuclear protein import had already been characterised in previous reviews, but the key proteins involved had not been elucidated up until that point. A 60 kDa
4507:
4163:
2656:
1969:
4695:
4652:
966:
by importin. Often, different proteins will require different combinations of α and β in order to translocate. Some examples of different cargo are listed below.
1044:
that share a similar structure and function. Various different genes have been identified for both α and β, with some of them listed below. Note that often
4733:
2956:
1175:
Görlich D, Prehn S, Laskey RA, Hartmann E (December 1994). "Isolation of a protein that is essential for the first step of nuclear protein import".
187:
46:
1945:
337:
Importin has two subunits, importin α and importin β. Members of the importin-β family can bind and transport cargo by themselves, or can form
393:
4966:
1923:
3325:
1824:"Extracellular signal-dependent nuclear import of Stat1 is mediated by nuclear pore-targeting complex formation with NPI-1, but not Rch1"
4489:
4484:
3832:
3827:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3619:
3425:
3410:
3405:
3027:
3022:
3017:
1689:
Terry LJ, Shows EB, Wente SR (November 2007). "Crossing the nuclear envelope: hierarchical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport".
732:. The release of importin-β frees this region and allows it to loop back and compete for binding with the cargo protein at the major
4743:
4710:
4677:
4667:
4634:
4629:
4563:
4444:
4396:
4386:
4343:
4307:
4302:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4207:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4013:
3998:
3993:
3978:
3945:
3912:
3822:
3782:
3539:
3511:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3463:
3458:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3251:
3075:
3065:
3055:
2987:
2933:
2867:
2852:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2527:
2428:
2423:
2393:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2234:
389:
2628:
2618:
2603:
2565:
2560:
2378:
2302:
2229:
455:, have been found that facilitate the import of slightly different cargo proteins, due to their differing structure and locality.
439:. These groups found that importin-α requires another protein, importin-β to function, and that together they form a receptor for
3231:
1486:"Crystallographic analysis of the recognition of a nuclear localization signal by the nuclear import factor karyopherin alpha"
192:
51:
5040:
4761:
4287:
5035:
2487:
2156:
3629:
3123:
2049:
2044:
1938:
1533:
Lee SJ, Matsuura Y, Liu SM, Stewart M (June 2005). "Structural basis for nuclear import complex dissociation by RanGTP".
211:
70:
832:
618:
469:
5015:
4916:
4083:
3045:
2343:
2257:
2014:
1296:"Identification of a yeast karyopherin heterodimer that targets import substrate to mammalian nuclear pore complexes"
435:
with importin-α in a number of different cases. These included a study led by
Michael Rexach and further studies by
199:
58:
886:. As a result, a disruption in the expression patterns of importin-α has been shown to cause fertility defects in
3108:
2184:
2029:
1586:"Structural basis for the interaction between FxFG nucleoporin repeats and importin-beta in nuclear trafficking"
4956:
4936:
4931:
4902:
3007:
2809:
2804:
2583:
1931:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
1135:
947:
908:
733:
729:
626:
622:
590:
481:
440:
331:
1036:
Although importin-α and importin-β are used to describe importin as a whole, they actually represent larger
4926:
1953:
5050:
904:
350:
204:
63:
1740:
Kim IS, Kim DH, Han SM, Chin MU, Nam HJ, Cho HP, Choi SY, Song BJ, Kim ER, Bae YS, Moon YH (July 2000).
720:
Now that the importin-α/cargo complex is free of importin-β, the cargo protein can be released into the
3850:
3481:
2353:
1962:
480:. These repeats can stack together to form a curved-shaped structure, which facilitates binding to the
5045:
4911:
2799:
1010:
844:
812:
4961:
2783:
2550:
1878:
1742:"Truncated form of importin alpha identified in breast cancer cell inhibits nuclear import of p53"
4921:
4553:
3179:
2282:
1449:
Pufall MA, Graves BJ (2002). "Autoinhibitory domains: modular effectors of cellular regulation".
923:. The overexpression of importin-α has also been linked with poor survival rates seen in certain
888:
728:
importin-β-binding (IBB) domain of importin-α contains an auto-regulatory region that mimics the
912:
840:
824:
801:
789:
773:
765:
709:
361:
609:
The first step of this cycle is the binding of cargo. Importin can perform this function as a
4897:
4419:
3604:
3529:
2923:
2794:
2789:
2363:
1965:
1462:
820:
685:
566:
261:
257:
420:
and in order to completely reconstitute signal dependent transport, had to be combined with
4994:
4989:
2358:
1698:
1542:
1345:
1140:
327:
120:
116:
1366:
281:
140:
8:
4586:
2292:
2067:
935:
532:
516:
1702:
1642:"Regulating access to the genome: nucleocytoplasmic transport throughout the cell cycle"
1546:
1349:
2348:
1848:
1823:
1722:
1671:
1615:
1566:
1515:
1423:
1398:
1379:
1200:
524:
428:
401:
1658:
1641:
1602:
1585:
1502:
1485:
1357:
950:. As a result, importin cannot function and the cargo protein stays in the cytoplasm.
684:
depends on both the concentration of importin-α present in the cytoplasm and also the
447:. Since these initial discoveries in 1994 and 1995, a host of Importin genes, such as
1884:
1874:
1853:
1804:
1763:
1714:
1663:
1607:
1558:
1507:
1466:
1428:
1371:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1241:
1236:
1219:
1192:
1188:
1145:
701:
1675:
1619:
1519:
1399:"The importin β binding domain as a master regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport"
1020:
4789:
2890:
1954:
1843:
1835:
1794:
1753:
1706:
1653:
1597:
1570:
1550:
1497:
1458:
1418:
1410:
1383:
1361:
1353:
1307:
1268:
1231:
1204:
1184:
911:
binding domain is missing. In addition, importin-α has been shown to transport the
493:
473:
416:
252:
111:
1726:
1259:
Garcia-Bustos J, Heitman J, Hall MN (March 1991). "Nuclear protein localization".
4873:
1958:
1919:
1905:
1414:
823:, and releasing the two importins for further activity. It is this hydrolysis of
741:
693:
405:
315:
228:
87:
291:
150:
1839:
1037:
745:
655:
646:
570:
551:
354:
1783:"Gene expression profiling of primary cutaneous melanoma and clinical outcome"
436:
5029:
4889:
1312:
1295:
990:
900:
883:
879:
761:
697:
559:
477:
421:
1710:
484:
of specific cargo proteins. The major NLS binding site is found towards the
1808:
1767:
1758:
1741:
1718:
1667:
1611:
1562:
1470:
1432:
963:
920:
895:
There have also been studies that link altered importin-α to some cases of
828:
769:
721:
689:
673:
669:
638:
598:
594:
547:
543:
504:
444:
431:
in yeast, but was purified as a 90-95 kDa protein and found to form a
365:
346:
323:
1857:
1799:
1782:
1511:
1375:
1321:
1280:
1245:
1196:
867:
There are several disease states and pathologies that are associated with
388:
of
Importin-β. Importin-α was first isolated in 1994 by a group including
4512:
3968:
3564:
2765:
1130:
1045:
777:
649:, which will bind to the major and/or minor binding sites on importin-α.
555:
528:
520:
432:
381:
342:
338:
307:
240:
99:
1554:
4948:
4106:
1822:
Sekimoto T, Imamoto N, Nakajima K, Hirano T, Yoneda Y (December 1997).
1150:
852:
836:
816:
809:
805:
797:
785:
725:
705:
630:
574:
500:
497:
489:
485:
400:
protein, essential for protein import into the nucleus, and with a 44%
358:
235:
94:
4885:
943:
848:
793:
781:
780:
and is defined as a nuclear export factor. Importin-β returns to the
757:
681:
677:
369:
319:
768:(nuclear export factor) complex which facilitates its exit from the
617:, but usually requires the presence of importin-α, which acts as an
585:
The primary function of importin is to mediate the translocation of
4479:
4474:
4469:
4401:
4018:
3759:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3420:
3415:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3145:
3012:
2339:
1915:
1901:
931:
924:
868:
424:(TC4). Other key stimulatory factors were also found in the study.
1889:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4771:
4766:
4738:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4624:
4568:
4558:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4310:
4297:
4292:
4226:
4221:
4212:
4202:
4173:
4168:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4112:
4088:
4065:
4008:
4003:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3907:
3902:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3534:
3506:
3501:
3453:
3448:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3190:
3185:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3050:
2982:
2938:
2928:
2900:
2895:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2762:
2757:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2638:
2633:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2239:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
1780:
1041:
959:
875:
856:
737:
642:
634:
614:
610:
586:
562:
536:
410:
397:
385:
311:
700:. This leads to the dissociation of the complex by altering the
216:
75:
4970:
4367:
System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter
4059:
3594:
3141:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2555:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2335:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2166:
2161:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
942:. This is achieved by the virus sequestering importin-α in the
896:
668:
Once the cargo protein is bound, importin-β interacts with the
223:
82:
523:. The basis of their structure is 18-20 tandem repeats of the
3118:
3113:
2267:
2107:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
1821:
1403:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1000:
939:
916:
180:
165:
39:
24:
1484:
Conti E, Uy M, Leighton L, Blobel G, Kuriyan J (July 1998).
535:, which stack together to form the overall structure of the
4601:
4596:
4591:
2492:
1911:
1897:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
980:
527:
motif. Each one of these repeats contains two antiparallel
452:
448:
2015:
high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter
1334:
1174:
827:
that provides the energy for the cycle as a whole. In the
601:, in a process known as the nuclear protein import cycle.
349:, while importin-α acts as an adaptor protein to bind the
2461:
cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated
1583:
1258:
938:, a key step is the inhibition of the nuclear import of
2486:
glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of
871:
or changes in expression of importin-α and importin-β.
368:, with the two importin proteins being recycled to the
1910:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
1896:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
1532:
1483:
4620:
Na-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter
1293:
917:
BRCA1 (breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein)
748:can be employed to help release the cargo as well.
1774:
740:. In some cases, specific release factors such as
353:(NLS) on the cargo. The NLS-Importin α-Importin β
946:, meaning it can no longer bind its cargo at the
5027:
1584:Bayliss R, Littlewood T, Stewart M (July 2000).
1220:"Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase"
934:. For instance, in the infection pathway of the
855:that allows for the unidirectional transport of
515:Importin-β is the typical structure of a larger
414:eggs. It was cloned, sequenced and expressed in
1688:
1451:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
1217:
930:Importin activity is also associated with some
774:CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein)
736:. This competition leads to the release of the
580:
1444:
1442:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1939:
1739:
1396:
659:Overview of the nuclear protein import cycle.
621:to cargo proteins (via interactions with the
427:Importin-β, unlike importin-α, has no direct
1815:
1448:
688:of importin-α to the cargo. Once inside the
345:, importin-β mediates interactions with the
3326:organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1577:
1439:
1390:
1328:
1294:Enenkel C, Blobel G, Rexach M (July 1995).
1163:
704:of importin-β. Importin-β is left bound to
2848:human Na-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter
1946:
1932:
1005:Importin-β and NPI-1 (type of importin-α)
851:, as stated above. It is this activity of
550:. It does this by forming weak, transient
496:structures, Importin-α also contains a 90
394:Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
1877:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1847:
1798:
1757:
1682:
1657:
1601:
1501:
1422:
1365:
1311:
1287:
1252:
1235:
1211:
776:is part of the importin-β superfamily of
1787:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1626:
1477:
1463:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.031502.133614
1048:and importin are used interchangeably.
843:molecule, which is then hydrolysed by a
654:
3444:Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter
1733:
1031:
645:can contain either one or two of these
488:, with a minor site being found at the
5028:
3232:Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
1526:
1397:Lott K, Cingolani G (September 2011).
4871:
4810:
4535:
4288:proton-coupled amino-acid transporter
4041:
3213:
2734:
2488:heterodimeric amino-acid transporters
2157:heterodimeric amino-acid transporters
1996:
1981:
1927:
546:, importin-β must associate with the
542:In order to transport cargo into the
468:A large proportion of the importin-α
2753:proton coupled metal ion transporter
1639:
672:, and the complex diffuses into the
326:. It does so by binding to specific
4329:sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger
3931:facilitative nucleoside transporter
1746:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
760:, importin-α must associate with a
756:Finally, in order to return to the
443:, thus allowing transport into the
13:
4131:type II Na-phosphate cotransporter
2344:sodium:neurotransmitter symporters
663:
441:nuclear localization signals (NLS)
14:
5062:
4084:Vesicular glutamate transporter 1
3046:Vesicular glutamate transporter 1
2919:proton oligopeptide cotransporter
1868:
953:
692:, the complex interacts with the
1237:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.265
907:form of importin-α in which the
715:
604:
3899:Na-coupled nucleoside transport
3778:multifunctional anion exchanger
3109:vesicular monoamine transporter
1218:Mattaj IW, Englmeier L (1998).
874:Importins are vital regulatory
380:Importin can exist as either a
1367:11858/00-001M-0000-002D-1CBD-2
577:pockets found on its surface.
573:bind to importin-β at shallow
569:analysis has shown that these
341:with importin-α. As part of a
332:nuclear localization sequences
1:
4872:
4762:multidrug and toxin extrusion
3851:fatty acid transport proteins
2068:facilitative GLUT transporter
1659:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00082-5
1603:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00014-3
1503:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81419-1
1358:10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00079-0
1224:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1156:
1136:Nuclear localization sequence
510:
463:
357:dissociates after binding to
5041:Genes on human chromosome 17
4536:
4508:basolateral iron transporter
4164:nucleoside-sugar transporter
4042:
3214:
2735:
2657:sodium bile salt cotransport
2258:sodium glucose cotransporter
1982:
1415:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.012
1273:10.1016/0304-4157(91)90013-m
1189:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90067-1
962:can be transported into the
751:
599:nuclear pore complexes (NPC)
591:nuclear localization signals
581:Nuclear protein import cycle
458:
375:
7:
5036:Genes on human chromosome 3
4811:
1997:
1963:membrane transport proteins
1124:
351:nuclear localization signal
10:
5067:
4696:Putative sugar transporter
1909:
1895:
995:Importin-β and importin-α
985:Importin-β and importin-α
903:studies have implicated a
862:
637:as cargo destined for the
5011:
4947:
4884:
4880:
4867:
4817:
4806:
4782:
4754:
4726:
4688:
4645:
4612:
4579:
4546:
4542:
4531:
4500:
4412:
4359:
4321:
4280:
4156:
4123:
4099:
4076:
4052:
4048:
4037:
3961:
3923:
3891:
3843:
3770:
3522:
3474:
3436:
3318:
3224:
3220:
3209:
3172:
3134:
3101:
3038:
2949:
2911:
2883:
2840:
2776:
2745:
2741:
2730:
2649:
2576:
2543:
2454:
2328:
2250:
2177:
2148:
2060:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1977:
287:
277:
272:
268:
251:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
176:
171:
164:
146:
136:
131:
127:
110:
105:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
35:
30:
23:
5016:solute carrier disorders
4653:Choline-like transporter
2784:electroneutral cation-Cl
1879:Medical Subject Headings
1840:10.1093/emboj/16.23.7067
1640:Weis K (February 2003).
1313:10.1074/jbc.270.28.16499
1025:Importin-α not required
1015:Importin-α not required
878:during the processes of
712:, ready to be recycled.
384:of importin-α/β or as a
25:Importin subunit alpha-5
4554:Magnesium transporter E
2185:bicarbonate transporter
1711:10.1126/science.1142204
889:Drosophila melanogaster
629:is a sequence of basic
474:armadillo repeats (ARM)
166:Importin subunit beta-1
4949:Antiporter (exchanger)
1887:Molecule of the Month
1759:10.1074/jbc.M909256199
1261:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
913:tumour suppressor gene
660:
548:nuclear pore complexes
472:is made up of several
4420:metal ion transporter
3530:mitochondrial carrier
3180:type III Na-phosphate
958:Many different cargo
658:
328:recognition sequences
1141:Nuclear pore complex
1032:Human importin genes
408:, was purified from
4587:Ammonia transporter
3482:Na/(Ca-K) exchanger
1800:10.1093/jnci/djj103
1703:2007Sci...318.1412T
1555:10.1038/nature03578
1547:2005Natur.435..693L
1350:1995CBio....5..383G
314:molecules from the
5051:Transport proteins
4734:Folate transporter
2155:heavy subunits of
661:
565:(Phe-Gly) motifs.
5023:
5022:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
1955:Membrane proteins
1306:(28): 16499–502.
1146:Nuclear transport
1029:
1028:
932:viral pathologies
784:, still bound to
694:Ras-family GTPase
558:at their various
492:. As well as the
402:sequence identity
372:for further use.
301:
300:
297:
296:
160:
159:
156:
155:
5058:
5046:Protein families
4982:
4981:
4980:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4868:
4808:
4807:
4790:Heme transporter
4544:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4038:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3210:
2891:urea transporter
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1959:carrier proteins
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1828:The EMBO Journal
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1752:(30): 23139–45.
1737:
1731:
1730:
1697:(5855): 1412–6.
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1505:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1369:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1172:
975:Import Receptor
969:
968:
734:NLS-binding site
686:binding affinity
567:Crystallographic
310:that transports
270:
269:
162:
161:
129:
128:
21:
20:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
4999:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4943:
4906:
4876:
4851:
4813:
4794:
4778:
4750:
4722:
4684:
4641:
4608:
4575:
4538:
4519:
4496:
4408:
4355:
4317:
4276:
4152:
4119:
4095:
4072:
4044:
4025:
3957:
3919:
3887:
3839:
3766:
3518:
3470:
3432:
3314:
3216:
3197:
3168:
3130:
3097:
3034:
2957:monocarboxylate
2945:
2907:
2879:
2836:
2772:
2737:
2718:
2645:
2572:
2551:Na/Ca exchanger
2539:
2450:
2324:
2246:
2173:
2144:
2056:
1999:
1984:
1973:
1952:
1922:
1908:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1834:(23): 7067–77.
1820:
1816:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1687:
1683:
1638:
1627:
1582:
1578:
1541:(7042): 693–6.
1531:
1527:
1482:
1478:
1447:
1440:
1395:
1391:
1338:Current Biology
1333:
1329:
1292:
1288:
1257:
1253:
1216:
1212:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1127:
1034:
956:
865:
754:
718:
666:
664:Cargo transport
652:
607:
583:
513:
470:adaptor protein
466:
461:
392:, based at the
378:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5064:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:cotransporter
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:cotransporter
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2584:Na/H exchanger
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2011:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1966:solute carrier
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1870:
1869:External links
1867:
1864:
1863:
1814:
1773:
1732:
1681:
1625:
1576:
1525:
1496:(2): 193–204.
1476:
1438:
1409:(9): 1578–92.
1389:
1327:
1286:
1251:
1210:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1083:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
993:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
955:
954:Types of cargo
952:
864:
861:
792:. Once in the
753:
750:
717:
714:
680:. The rate of
665:
662:
633:that tags the
606:
603:
582:
579:
512:
509:
465:
462:
460:
457:
377:
374:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
266:
265:
255:
249:
248:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
125:
124:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
16:Protein family
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5063:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5017:
5010:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4890:Cotransporter
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4530:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1793:(7): 472–82.
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1652:(4): 441–51.
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1596:(1): 99–108.
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:(4): 383–92.
1343:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:J. Biol. Chem
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:(1): 83–101.
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:(5): 767–78.
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1115:Karyopherin-β
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Karyopherin-α
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
992:
991:Nucleoplasmin
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
967:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Breast cancer
898:
893:
891:
890:
885:
884:embryogenesis
881:
880:gametogenesis
877:
872:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:Cargo release
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
657:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:Cargo binding
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:alpha helices
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Enno Hartmann
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:is a type of
305:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
271:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
254:
250:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
130:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
113:
109:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
5013:
4109:transporter
4062:transporter
3148:transporter
2959:transporter
2342:- dependent
1888:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1454:
1450:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1180:
1176:
1114:
1085:
1052:
1035:
957:
929:
894:
887:
873:
866:
835:will charge
778:karyopherins
755:
719:
702:conformation
667:
651:
608:
584:
556:nucleoporins
541:
531:linked by a
521:karyopherins
514:
476:arranged in
467:
437:Dirk Görlich
426:
415:
409:
379:
347:pore complex
339:heterodimers
336:
303:
302:
260:
119:
18:
3969:zinc efflux
1230:: 265–306.
1131:Karyopherin
1046:karyopherin
936:Ebola virus
919:, into the
631:amino acids
613:importin-β
575:hydrophobic
517:superfamily
433:heterodimer
382:heterodimer
364:inside the
343:heterodimer
308:karyopherin
282:Swiss-model
172:Identifiers
141:Swiss-model
31:Identifiers
5030:Categories
4995:Cl-oxalate
4990:Cl-formate
4917:Na/glucose
4107:Acetyl-CoA
1457:: 421–62.
1157:References
1151:Ran (gene)
927:patients.
815:, forming
806:hydrolysed
726:N-terminal
641:. A cargo
597:, through
511:Importin-β
501:N-terminal
498:amino acid
490:C-terminus
486:N-terminus
464:Importin-α
429:homologues
278:Structures
273:Search for
247:Other data
137:Structures
132:Search for
106:Other data
5014:see also
4886:Symporter
4874:Ion pumps
1920:IPR001494
1906:IPR002652
1890:Importins
1875:Importins
944:cytoplasm
905:truncated
869:mutations
849:cytoplasm
794:cytoplasm
782:cytoplasm
758:cytoplasm
752:Recycling
730:NLS motif
682:diffusion
678:cytoplasm
676:from the
611:monomeric
593:into the
459:Structure
398:cytosolic
376:Discovery
370:cytoplasm
330:, called
320:cytoplasm
229:NP_002256
188:NCBI gene
88:NP_002255
47:NCBI gene
4983:(Band 3)
4967:Na/(Ca-K
4537:SLC41–48
4490:SLC39A14
4485:SLC39A13
4480:SLC39A12
4475:SLC39A11
4470:SLC39A10
4402:SLC38A10
4043:SLC31–40
4019:SLC30A10
3833:SLC26A11
3828:SLC26A10
3760:SLC25A46
3755:SLC25A45
3750:SLC25A44
3745:SLC25A43
3740:SLC25A42
3735:SLC25A41
3730:SLC25A40
3725:SLC25A39
3720:SLC25A38
3715:SLC25A37
3710:SLC25A36
3705:SLC25A35
3700:SLC25A34
3695:SLC25A33
3690:SLC25A32
3685:SLC25A31
3680:SLC25A30
3675:SLC25A29
3670:SLC25A28
3665:SLC25A27
3660:SLC25A26
3655:SLC25A25
3650:SLC25A24
3645:SLC25A23
3640:SLC25A22
3635:SLC25A21
3630:SLC25A20
3625:SLC25A19
3620:SLC25A18
3615:SLC25A17
3610:SLC25A16
3605:SLC25A15
3600:SLC25A14
3595:SLC25A13
3590:SLC25A12
3585:SLC25A11
3580:SLC25A10
3426:SLC22A20
3421:SLC22A19
3416:SLC22A18
3411:SLC22A17
3406:SLC22A16
3401:SLC22A15
3396:SLC22A14
3391:SLC22A13
3386:SLC22A12
3381:SLC22A11
3376:SLC22A10
3215:SLC21–30
3146:thiamine
3028:SLC16A14
3023:SLC16A13
3018:SLC16A12
3013:SLC16A11
3008:SLC16A10
2736:SLC11–20
2340:chloride
1983:By group
1916:InterPro
1902:InterPro
1809:16595783
1768:10930427
1719:18048681
1676:17664108
1668:12600309
1620:17495979
1612:10929717
1563:15864302
1520:16230174
1471:12142282
1433:21029753
1125:See also
1053:Importin
1042:proteins
1038:families
960:proteins
940:PY-STAT1
925:melanoma
876:proteins
857:proteins
587:proteins
304:Importin
292:InterPro
151:InterPro
4898:Na/K,Cl
4812:SLCO1–4
4772:SLC47A2
4767:SLC47A1
4744:SLC46A2
4739:SLC46A1
4716:SLC45A4
4711:SLC54A3
4706:SLC45A2
4701:SLC45A1
4678:SLC44A5
4673:SLC44A4
4668:SLC44A3
4663:SLC44A2
4658:SLC44A1
4635:SLC43A3
4630:SLC43A2
4625:SLC43A1
4569:SLC41A3
4564:SLC41A2
4559:SLC41A1
4513:SLC40A1
4465:SLC39A9
4460:SLC39A8
4455:SLC39A7
4450:SLC39A6
4445:SLC39A5
4440:SLC39A4
4435:SLC39A3
4430:SLC39A2
4425:SLC39A1
4397:SLC38A6
4392:SLC38A5
4387:SLC38A4
4382:SLC38A3
4377:SLC38A2
4372:SLC38A1
4349:SLC37A4
4344:SLC37A3
4339:SLC37A2
4334:SLC37A1
4308:SLC36A4
4303:SLC36A3
4298:SLC36A2
4293:SLC36A1
4270:SLC35E4
4265:SLC35E3
4260:SLC35E2
4255:SLC35E1
4246:SLC35D3
4241:SLC35D2
4236:SLC35D1
4227:SLC35C2
4222:SLC35C1
4213:SLC35B4
4208:SLC35B3
4203:SLC35B2
4198:SLC35B1
4189:SLC35A5
4184:SLC35A4
4179:SLC35A3
4174:SLC35A2
4169:SLC35A1
4146:SLC34A3
4141:SLC34A2
4136:SLC34A1
4113:SLC33A1
4089:SLC32A1
4066:SLC31A1
4014:SLC30A9
4009:SLC30A8
4004:SLC30A7
3999:SLC30A6
3994:SLC30A5
3989:SLC30A4
3984:SLC30A3
3979:SLC30A2
3974:SLC30A1
3951:SLC29A4
3946:SLC29A3
3941:SLC29A2
3936:SLC29A1
3913:SLC28A3
3908:SLC28A2
3903:SLC28A1
3881:SLC27A6
3876:SLC27A5
3871:SLC27A4
3866:SLC27A3
3861:SLC27A2
3856:SLC27A1
3823:SLC26A9
3818:SLC26A8
3813:SLC26A7
3808:SLC26A6
3803:SLC26A5
3798:SLC26A4
3793:SLC26A3
3788:SLC26A2
3783:SLC26A1
3575:SLC25A9
3570:SLC25A8
3565:SLC25A7
3560:SLC25A6
3555:SLC25A5
3550:SLC25A4
3545:SLC25A3
3540:SLC25A2
3535:SLC25A1
3512:SLC24A6
3507:SLC24A5
3502:SLC24A4
3497:SLC24A3
3492:SLC24A2
3487:SLC24A1
3464:SLC23A4
3459:SLC23A3
3454:SLC23A2
3449:SLC23A1
3371:SLC22A9
3366:SLC22A8
3361:SLC22A7
3356:SLC22A6
3351:SLC22A5
3346:SLC22A4
3341:SLC22A3
3336:SLC22A2
3331:SLC22A1
3307:SLCO6A1
3303:SLCO5A1
3294:SLCO4C1
3289:SLCO4A1
3280:SLCO3A1
3271:SLCO2B1
3266:SLCO2A1
3257:SLCO1C1
3252:SLCO1B4
3247:SLCO1B3
3242:SLCO1B1
3237:SLCO1A2
3191:SLC20A2
3186:SLC20A1
3162:SLC19A3
3157:SLC19A2
3152:SLC19A1
3124:SLC18A3
3119:SLC18A2
3114:SLC18A1
3091:SLC17A9
3086:SLC17A8
3081:SLC17A7
3076:SLC17A6
3071:SLC17A5
3066:SLC17A4
3061:SLC17A3
3056:SLC17A2
3051:SLC17A1
3003:SLC16A9
2998:SLC16A8
2993:SLC16A7
2988:SLC16A6
2983:SLC16A5
2978:SLC16A4
2973:SLC16A3
2968:SLC16A2
2963:SLC16A1
2939:SLC15A4
2934:SLC15A3
2929:SLC15A2
2924:SLC15A1
2901:SLC14A2
2896:SLC14A1
2873:SLC13A5
2868:SLC13A4
2863:SLC13A3
2858:SLC13A2
2853:SLC13A1
2830:SLC12A9
2825:SLC12A8
2820:SLC12A7
2815:SLC12A6
2810:SLC12A5
2805:SLC12A4
2800:SLC12A3
2795:SLC12A2
2790:SLC12A1
2763:SLC11A2
2758:SLC11A1
2692:SLC10A7
2687:SLC10A6
2682:SLC10A5
2677:SLC10A4
2672:SLC10A3
2667:SLC10A2
2662:SLC10A1
2639:SLC9A11
2634:SLC9A10
2533:SLC7A14
2528:SLC7A13
2523:SLC7A11
2518:SLC7A10
2444:SLC6A20
2439:SLC6A19
2434:SLC6A18
2429:SLC6A17
2424:SLC6A16
2419:SLC6A15
2414:SLC6A14
2409:SLC6A13
2404:SLC6A12
2399:SLC6A11
2394:SLC6A10
1998:SLC1–10
1858:9384585
1849:1170309
1699:Bibcode
1691:Science
1571:4304731
1543:Bibcode
1512:9695948
1424:3037977
1384:6055941
1376:7627554
1346:Bibcode
1322:7622450
1281:2004116
1246:9759490
1205:7539929
1197:8001116
964:nucleus
921:nucleus
863:Disease
847:in the
839:with a
829:nucleus
770:nucleus
762:Ran-GTP
738:protein
722:nucleus
698:Ran-GTP
690:nucleus
674:nucleus
643:protein
639:nucleus
635:protein
625:). The
619:adaptor
615:protein
595:nucleus
544:nucleus
537:protein
505:nucleus
445:nucleus
411:Xenopus
386:monomer
366:nucleus
334:(NLS).
324:nucleus
322:to the
312:protein
288:Domains
258:Chr. 17
236:UniProt
147:Domains
95:UniProt
4060:copper
3142:folate
2629:SLC9A9
2624:SLC9A8
2619:SLC9A7
2614:SLC9A6
2609:SLC9A5
2604:SLC9A4
2599:SLC9A3
2594:SLC9A2
2589:SLC9A1
2566:SLC8A3
2561:SLC8A2
2556:SLC8A1
2513:SLC7A9
2508:SLC7A8
2503:SLC7A7
2498:SLC7A6
2493:SLC7A5
2480:SLC7A4
2475:SLC7A3
2470:SLC7A2
2465:SLC7A1
2389:SLC6A9
2384:SLC6A8
2379:SLC6A7
2374:SLC6A6
2369:SLC6A5
2364:SLC6A4
2359:SLC6A3
2354:SLC6A2
2349:SLC6A1
2338:- and
2336:sodium
2263:SLC5A1
2190:SLC4A1
2162:SLC3A1
2073:SLC2A1
2020:SLC1A1
1881:(MeSH)
1856:
1846:
1807:
1766:
1727:163986
1725:
1717:
1674:
1666:
1618:
1610:
1569:
1561:
1535:Nature
1518:
1510:
1469:
1431:
1421:
1382:
1374:
1320:
1279:
1244:
1203:
1195:
897:cancer
724:. The
647:motifs
571:motifs
478:tandem
417:E.coli
355:trimer
262:q21.32
241:Q14974
224:RefSeq
217:602738
177:Symbol
117:Chr. 3
100:P52294
83:RefSeq
76:600686
36:Symbol
4962:Na/Ca
4912:Na/Cl
4783:(48):
4755:(47):
4727:(46):
4689:(45):
4646:(44):
4613:(43):
4580:(42):
4547:(41):
4501:(40):
4413:(39):
4360:(38):
4322:(37):
4281:(36):
4157:(35):
4124:(34):
4100:(33):
4077:(32):
4053:(31):
3962:(30):
3924:(29):
3892:(28):
3844:(27):
3771:(26):
3523:(25):
3475:(24):
3437:(23):
3319:(22):
3225:(21):
3173:(20):
3135:(19):
3102:(18):
3039:(17):
2950:(16):
2912:(15):
2884:(14):
2841:(13):
2777:(12):
2746:(11):
2650:(10):
1970:TC 2A
1723:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1567:S2CID
1516:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1119:KPNB1
1110:KPNA6
1106:KPNA5
1102:KPNA4
1098:KPNA3
1094:KPNA2
1090:KPNA1
1081:IPO13
1077:IPO11
1011:TFIIA
1001:STAT1
972:Cargo
746:Nup50
589:with
554:with
552:bonds
406:SRP1p
253:Locus
181:KPNB1
121:q21.1
112:Locus
40:KPNA1
4969:) -
4957:Na/H
4927:Cl/K
4922:Na/I
4903:Na/P
4847:O4A1
4842:O431
4837:O2B1
4832:O1B3
4827:O1B1
4822:O1A2
4602:RhCG
4597:RhBG
4592:RhAG
4311:36A2
2766:11A3
2714:10A7
2709:10A3
2704:10A2
2699:10A1
2577:(9):
2544:(8):
2455:(7):
2329:(6):
2251:(5):
2178:(4):
2149:(3):
2061:(2):
2008:(1):
1914:and
1912:Pfam
1900:and
1898:Pfam
1854:PMID
1805:PMID
1764:PMID
1715:PMID
1664:PMID
1646:Cell
1608:PMID
1590:Cell
1559:PMID
1508:PMID
1490:Cell
1467:PMID
1429:PMID
1407:1813
1372:PMID
1318:PMID
1277:PMID
1265:1071
1242:PMID
1193:PMID
1177:Cell
1073:IPO9
1069:IPO8
1065:IPO7
1061:IPO5
1057:IPO4
981:SV40
882:and
831:, a
744:and
742:Nup2
533:turn
525:HEAT
453:IPO7
451:and
449:IPO4
316:cell
212:OMIM
205:6400
200:HGNC
193:3837
71:OMIM
64:6394
59:HGNC
52:3836
4973:HCO
4971:Cl/
1885:PDB
1844:PMC
1836:doi
1795:doi
1754:doi
1750:275
1707:doi
1695:318
1654:doi
1650:112
1598:doi
1594:102
1551:doi
1539:435
1498:doi
1459:doi
1419:PMC
1411:doi
1362:hdl
1354:doi
1308:doi
1304:270
1269:doi
1232:doi
1185:doi
1040:of
1021:U1A
948:NLS
909:NLS
853:Ran
845:GAP
841:GTP
837:Ran
833:GEF
825:GTP
821:GDP
817:Ran
813:GAP
810:Ran
808:by
804:is
802:GTP
798:Ran
790:GTP
786:Ran
766:CAS
710:GTP
706:Ran
670:NPC
627:NLS
623:NLS
519:of
494:ARM
482:NLS
422:Ran
404:to
362:GTP
359:Ran
318:'s
5032::
4888:,
2318:12
2313:11
2308:10
2240:11
2235:10
2138:14
2133:13
2128:12
2123:11
2118:10
1961::
1957:,
1918::
1904::
1852:.
1842:.
1832:16
1830:.
1826:.
1803:.
1791:98
1789:.
1785:.
1762:.
1748:.
1744:.
1721:.
1713:.
1705:.
1693:.
1670:.
1662:.
1648:.
1644:.
1628:^
1614:.
1606:.
1592:.
1588:.
1565:.
1557:.
1549:.
1537:.
1514:.
1506:.
1494:94
1492:.
1488:.
1465:.
1455:18
1453:.
1441:^
1427:.
1417:.
1405:.
1401:.
1378:.
1370:.
1360:.
1352:.
1340:.
1316:.
1302:.
1298:.
1275:.
1263:.
1240:.
1228:67
1226:.
1222:.
1199:.
1191:.
1181:79
1179:.
1165:^
1117::
1108:,
1104:,
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088::
1079:,
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
1055::
915:,
899:.
892:.
859:.
796:,
772:.
696:,
539:.
507:.
4978:3
4937:5
4932:4
4907:3
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3901:(
3309:)
3305:(
3144:/
2303:9
2298:8
2293:7
2288:6
2283:5
2278:4
2273:3
2268:2
2230:9
2225:8
2220:7
2215:6
2210:5
2205:4
2200:3
2195:2
2167:2
2113:9
2108:8
2103:7
2098:6
2093:5
2088:4
2083:3
2078:2
2050:7
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2030:3
2025:2
1972:)
1968:(
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
1860:.
1838::
1811:.
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1729:.
1709::
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1656::
1622:.
1600::
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1500::
1473:.
1461::
1435:.
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1342:5
1324:.
1310::
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1248:.
1234::
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1187::
819:-
800:-
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563:G
560:F
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