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484:, into an earthquake resistant building. In March 1916, Following Shimoda's submission, the project architect was changed to Frank Lloyd Wright, who signed a memorandum with the Imperial Household. When Wright's design plans became known to Shimoda, he made claims that his work had been plagiarised. The Imperial Hotels executives conceded to the considerable demands for compensation that Shimoda had made, during a six-year copyright dispute over the architectural designs for the hotel. A review of Shimoda's work conducted by the Akita Prefectural Museum found that Wright had retained most of Shimoda's design, but replaced the Japanese roof with a
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437:. was issued, which limited buildings requiring over 50 tons of steel to be limited to munitions related structures only. Circumstances meant that no longer could decorative buildings be constructed, and along with a period of decline of older architectural designs, the development of Japonesque architecture was forced to stop. On the other hand, the increasing influence of Modernist architecture benefited from the regulatory standards governing building functionality, and rebound after the end of the war.
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394:. To Chūta Itō, the modification of Classic architecture that required a Japanese style roof, and in the Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style, which was a legitimate Classic architectural design that had a Japanese style roof; despite them being distinctly different, he condemned both styles calling them "national disgraces" . However at the time, Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style was mostly forgotten, so a minor idea such as a Japanese style was not enough to prevent any confusion.
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City" (高雄). This name, which was given to the city by the
Japanese, means "high hero". Lin also notes that the building's site incorporates a symmetric "日" shaped Han character, which symbolises the Japanese Empire's southernmost political centre. Lin says that the "日" refers both to its literal meaning, which is the sun (symbolically the origin and legitimacy of the authority), and to its ideological imagery as the Japanese Empire's initial "日"本帝國, comprising descendants of
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1037:, and completed in 1941. In the 1990s, it was scheduled for demolition to enable the digging of new railway tunnels. However, after consulting with the public, the government agreed it should be preserved. In 2002, it was moved in one piece, more than 80 metres from its original location. Once tunnelling is complete in the next few years, it will be moved back to its original location and form part of a modern railway hub.
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for a particular design purpose – this was interpreted as being essentially
Japanese. Kunio Maekawa's entry was supported by the youngest judge Kishida Hideta, but his decision was overturned by Chūta Itō, and the proposal was not successful. Despite this, Kunio Maekawa gained sympathy for his stance of promoting modernism, and became a hero to his professional peers.
253:(1924) and the East-Oriental Tōkyo Research Institution (1933), architecture that was considerate of the surrounding area aesthetics such as, Shiba Ward Office (1929) and Women's Pavilion (1936), international tourist hotels that appealed to a sense of exoticism related to Western foreigners such as, Biwa-Ko Hotel (1934) and Gamagori Classic Hotel (1934), were built.
287:. Shimoda had submitted a proposal for a Japanese style roof set on a low profile masonry building before Wright had become involved in the project. Wright did not sign a memorandum with the Imperial Household for the project until March 1916, and not without protest from Kikutaro, who claimed that his design had been appropriated by Lloyd.
1002:, and completed in 1934. The building is in an eclectic style, with a Chinese-influenced "Koa" roof on an octagonal central tower. The three circular arches and arched windows at the entrance hall reflect elements of Arabic and Islamic architecture. Ide Kaoru was responsible for many significant structures in Taiwan, including the
524:, was built conforming to Shimoda's specifications for Imperial Crown Amalgamate style. The Kanegawa Prefectural Office, had been built before Military Hall, but had already departed from Shimoda's original style. As more examples by different architects became more popular in the 1930s, most variations in design became known as
445:
fascism by condemning the easily made association of Japan's postwar recovery and the
Japonesque architecture of pre-war fascist Japan. Because the architects who had promoted Japonesque architecture had lost their political influence, they were unable to counter the argument that Japonesque architecture represented fascism.
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was originally the old
Kaohsiung City Hall, designed by Japanese architect Ōno Yonejirō, and completed in 1939. Francis Chia-Hui Lin, a Taiwanese architectural historian, notes that the shape of the Museum's central tower is suggestive of the Han character "高" which forms part of the name, "Kaohsiung
560:
are considered to be exemplary representations of
Imperial Crown Style architecture, based on the traditional curved roof component adopted from Japanese Buddhist temple architecture and reinforced concrete construction. However Japanese architectural scholars state that the Tokyo National Museum is
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styled roof. The use of scratched tiles were adopted from Frank Lloyd Wright's
Imperial Hotel, and the flowering motifs used throughout the building are based on the features of Byodō-in temple. The building's tower is referred to as "King's Tower", and complements the domed temple-bell-shaped tower
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General
Manager of the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, for a complete preliminary study to be conducted for the rebuilding of the Imperial Hotel. Prior to his engagement in this project, Shimoda had been employed as a draughtsman by Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, but was not held in high regard. In Wright's
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to give way to post-war democratisation. The post-War
Modernist architects who had been repressed by the Japanese architectural industry, became personal opponents of fascism. There had not been an instance where modernism in Japanese architecture, had opposed Japanese fascism, however they opposed
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and
Chikatada Kurata, despite knowing that they would be defeated, submitted modernist-style plans. They had not ignored the competition guidelines, but as in Japanese traditional building construction involved crafting timbers in a particular way – crafting reinforced concrete as if it was timber
228:
During the 1920s and 1930s the last buildings with architectural designs drawing from artistic historicism were constructed. This was due to a decline in the strict adherence to the design rules that defined classic historicism in architecture, and gave way to an eclectic architectural style which
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Architectural design competitions were held for the
Kanagawa Prefectural office in 1920, and for the Nagoya Prefectural office in 1930, both winning entries had Japanese style roofs. Neither of these competitions had entry conditions which required Japonesque architectural designs, however as the
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Having left the Imperial Hotel project, Shimoda submitted preliminary studies for the Imperial Diet building competition which was not successful. However his petitions to the National Diet were successful in having the final design changed, and to draw attention to what became known as
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which was a type of fascism. The position these critiques took was despite differences between the Japanese wartime building regulations, which only limited the construction materials that could be used for a project, compared how the Third Reich to implemented and promoted
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in Chinese), anti-Japanese sentiment led to some examples of Japanese architecture being demolished or modified to a more 'Chinese' style. However, in 1982 the Cultural Heritage Preservation Law was passed which provided for such relics being preserved as national assets.
343:, had provisions for Japonesque architectural designs. The proportion of winning designs from entries with Japanese style roofs increased; three entries out of eight had Japanese style roofs in the Nagoya Prefectural office competition, and all ten entries in the
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The Kanagawa Prefectural office competition specifications were for a building which had to be clearly visible, and identifiable from ships approaching the entrance of the harbour. The result included definitive architectural features such as an eclectic
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In Japan, buildings which incorporated Japanese styled components were popularised in the late 1920s. Construction during this period included: buildings with architecture that was harmonised with an interior theme such as,
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Shimoda returned to Japan, and submitted two preliminary design drawings. Shimoda avoided strictly imitating Western architectural styles seen in large scale hotel projects of the period, by amalgamating the
991:, in the period from 1895 to 1945. Examples of the style include the Judicial Yuan Building in Taipei, the old Kaohsiung Railway Station, Hualien District Court building, and the Kaohsiung Museum of History.
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1026:. In the 1990s, the government announced plans to demolish the building, but it was conserved after lobbying by academics and the general public. It was restored and opened as a museum in 1998.
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raised objections to these designs, by moving two petitions through the Imperial Diet. Shimoda presented a design with a Japanese-styled roof set atop of the body of the building, naming this
178:. Outside of the Japanese mainland, Imperial Crown Style architecture often included regional architectural elements. Before the end of World War II, the style was originally referred to as
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roof of the Yokohama Customs Building called "Queen's Tower". Although not built in any of the Imperial Crown Styles, Yokohama Harbor Memorial Pavilion is referred to as "Jack's" tower.
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635:, Kanagawa Prefectural Building, Seoul Metropolitan Library, Judicial Yuan Building, and Manchukuo Council Building. When tented roofs are used they are often capped with a
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aesthetics to be incorporated into the design guidelines, and chose designs where a Japanese styled roof was integrated into a Western style reinforced concrete building.
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From 1906 to 1922 both Frank Lloyd Wright and Shimoda Kikutaro, who had been active together in Chicago, submitted separate design proposals for the rebuilding of the
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Kanagawa Prefectural office was located in Yokohama there was a known association with Western foreigners, and Nagoya Prefectural office was in close proximity to
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not representative of Imperial Crown Style, because the exterior walls are not modelled on any of the Western architectural aesthetics consistent with the style.
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The Military Hall was another winning design in architectural competitions encouraging entries to have Japonesque components. Today the building is known as
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In this Ground front elevation of Byōdō-in, the roof components Kikutarō Shimoda incorporated into Imperial Crown amalgamate style, are highlighted in blue.
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styles. The Japan International Architecture Association opposed the entry guidelines and solicited architects to boycott the competition. On one side
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with entry guidelines stipulating Japonesque styling for submissions, however objections were raised by a younger generation of architects preferring
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The following are common features found in Imperial Crown Style architecture that are easily identifiable. These include the Shiroko styled roof
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This translation was chosen to reflect the influence of the Prussian empire, on property law in post-Meiji Restoration Japan, from the German
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A number of Imperial Crown Style buildings can be found in Taiwan. They were designed by Japanese architects, and constructed when Taiwan was
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Architecture Historical Research of the Kanagawa Prefecture Main Office Building and the early Taishō Shōwa Kanagawa Prefecture Engineers
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Distinct design of the roof with symmetrical landscaping to complement the architectural style of the Tokyo National Museum main building
826:. The directives for design regulations had specifications about aerial camouflage, but nothing requiring the inclusion of a tiled roof.
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The Kyōto Municipal Museum of Art, then Darei Memorial Kyōto Museum of Art won a Japonesque architectural design competition in the 1930s
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JR Nara Station built in 1934. Note the use of Shintō solar symbolism incorporated into a Buddhist temple finial (Sōrin).
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According to the post war architecture critiques the accepted position was that Imperial Crown Style was synonymous with
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Traditional ornamental fittings are also incorporated into Imperial Crown Style architecture, such as the Rokuyō fittings
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To the architects of the 1930s these Japanese styled roofs set on Japonesque buildings, appeared to be a revival of the
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Buildings in this style were characterised by having a Japanese-style roof such as the Tōkyō Imperial Museum (1937) by
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Architects ground elevation drawing of Military Hall, considered to be one of the best examples of Imperial Crown Style
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autobiography, he described Shimoda as a yellow-faced and evil-eyed, and then assaulted and terminated his employment.
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From 1930 to 1932 an architectural design competition for the Tokyō Imperial Chamber Museum (Tōkyo National Museum)
194:
1522:
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2137:
Chien, Shiuh Shen; Wu, Yeilong (1 April 2010). "Urban Governance from Below: A Case Study of Kaohsiung, Taiwan".
1299:. Some Japanese buildings remain, including the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Museum, which is in the Imperial Crown Style.
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1991:
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Model of the Imperial Hotel, a project both Kikutarō Shimoda and Frank Lloyd Wright had been employed to design
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2196:[A study of the activities of Cho-sen Architectural Group for housing improvement in colonial Korea]
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and placed an emphasis on including traditional Japanese architectural elements, in a distinct expression of
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In 1919 an architectural design competition was held for the design of the Imperial Diet Building (present
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Drawings of Shimoda Kikutaro's design of the Diet building in the Imperial Crown amalgamate style (1919)
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280:, and actively distributed pamphlets about this cause, but was rejected by the architectural industry.
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Starting in Japan in the 1930s, this Western and Japanese eclectic architectural style was promoted by
212:) in 1920, and reached its peak in the 1930s until the end of World War II. The style ran contrary to
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Art Deco styled ceilings and lighting leading to the entrance of Kudan Hall (Military Hall) Entrance
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was designed to complement the nearby neighborhood architecture, especially that of Nagoya Castle.
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2227:"Ambivalent Modernity: Showcasing Colonial Architecture in Manchukuo's Capital City in the 1930s"
1248:
1030:
533:
1824:[A Summary Study of Architect Kikutarō Shimoda: his life and professional achievements]
621:. Different Japanese styled roofs are also used such as a four or six polygonal tented roof 宝形造
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to the government, public, and his professional peers. It was not until the early 1930s that
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2047:"Post-war Taiwan: knowing the other from the cultural politics of identity and architecture"
1861:
1502:
Satō, Yoshiaki (2006). "Chapter 5 Appendix: 帝冠様式について" [About Imperial Crown Style].
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Shimoda was a naturalised citizen of the USA after marrying Frank Lloyd Wright's seceratary.
193:, Sano Toshikata, and Takeda Goichi. Itō, Sano, and Takeda had been appointed as judges for
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in the early twentieth century. The style is identified by Japanese-style roofing on top of
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Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art Annex was constructed along with the main building features
8:
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1926:[It's the 88th celebration of Kanagawa Prefectural Office Building] (in Japanese)
1649:
The architecture of Tôkyô : an architectural history in 571 individual presentations
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Examples of Imperial Crown Style architecture can also be found in Korea, including the
3094:
1857:
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Inheritance of Loss: China, Japan, and the Political Economy of Redemption after Empire
264:'s design for the National Diet building, in the Imperial Crown amalgamate style (1919)
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has State Shintō symbolism incorporated into a traditionally Buddhist finial (Sōrin)
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tented roof a feature of Japanese pagodas. 6 and 8 sided polygon roofs are also used
65:
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2261:. The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Architecture. Dec 24, 2017. Archived from
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2142:
1723:
Grand hotels : reality and illusion : an architectural and social history
882:
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2141:. Series on Contemporary China. Vol. 23. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. pp. 225–250.
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Sōrin finials are commonly used in buildings with Japanese pagoda design features.
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1967:
Maeno, Masaru (August 10, 1982). "様式美の挽歌" [Elegy of Style Aesthetics].
1619:["Japaneseness" in Modern Japanese Architecture and "New Photography"]
1172:, or Manchuria, a region in China which formed part of the Japanese Empire for
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styled buildings; and can have a centrally elevated structure with a pyramidal
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For some years after World War II, as part of a process of 'de-Japanisation' (
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In 1911 architect "George" Kikutarō Shimoda who had designed the Tor Hotel in
83:
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2112:. The Twentieth Century heritage Society of NSW & ACT Inc. Autumn 2017.
1529:. Norwich,UK: Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Culture
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1948:[King's Tower (Kanagawa Prefectural Office Building)] (in Japanese)
1945:
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This distinction is described in the Japanese architectural encyclopedias
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2852:
2827:
2391:
2286:"On the Investigation of Japanese Historical Buildings Yuzhno Sakhalinsk"
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Different types of Japanese gables are also used including Chidori gables
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43:
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Designing Worlds National Design Histories in an Age of Globalisation
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843:; and Nagoya City Hall and the Aichi Prefectural Government Office.
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or simplified classical architectural design in a single building.
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1982:
Fujimori, Teranobu (1993). "大正昭和偏" [Taishō Shōwa Volume].
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also incorporates the Han character "高". The station was built by
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241:. This was a compromise made to combine multiple styles into the
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The end of World War II, began a period repudiation of pre-war
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The design of the old Kaohsiung Railway Station building, now
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1247:. Currently used as the office of the Jilin Committee of the
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1971:(in Japanese). Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Tokyō: Sanaeidō.
803:
454:
272:), with all the winning entries being renaissance designs.
127:
Japonesque, artistic eclecticism, neoclassical architecture
2290:
Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ)
2053:. Melbourne School of Design (The University of Melbourne)
2022:"Design and Construction - Executive Yuan History Exhibit"
658:, which are used with Shiroko styled roofs, Irimoya gables
418:
Steel Fabrication Real Rights Building Approval Regulation
2008:"The website of Judicial Yuan,Republic of China (Taiwan)"
737:
is a common feature of Imperial Crown Style architecture.
1266:, reconstructed on the original roof in 1942 during the
204:
The prototype for the style was developed by architect
2075:
Heteroglossic Asia: The Transformation of Urban Taiwan
1438:
Heteroglossic Asia: The Transformation of Urban Taiwan
639:, traditionally used in Buddhist temple architecture.
2360:
2259:"THE NEUTRAL CITY: ARCHITECTURE OF PRE-WAR HIROSHIMA"
2194:"植民地朝鮮における朝鮮建築会住宅改良に関する活動について一機関誌「朝鮮と建築」住宅関連記事を中心として"
1434:
690:
as seen in the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art Annex.
605:, often with gently sloped roof ridges Japanese mune
1295:in Russia was part of the Japanese Empire known as
1227:
Grand staircase of Manchukuo State Council Building
1788:] (in Japanese). Japan: Kagoshima Publishers.
2284:Itani, Hiroshi; Kado, Yukihiro (September 2003).
1683:
3648:
564:
1168:Examples of the style were also constructed in
1134:
1125:, built by the Chōsen Architectural Association
1118:
702:
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614:
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578:
457:, received a formal request from Aisaku Hayashi
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1468:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 290–.
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2192:Kim, Youngbum; Uchida, Seizo (2011-12-20).
2040:
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1866:. San Francisco: Pomegranate. p. 124.
1561:
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2172:"Mecanoo reveals Kaohsiung Station design"
2092:
1847:
1684:Fallan, Kjetl; Lees-Maffei, Frace (2016).
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867:Biwako Otsukan, Yanagasaki Lakeside Park,
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1960:
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1981:
1830:Akita Prefectural Museum Research Report
1780:Ōkawa, Mitsuo; Fujiwara, Yūhiro (1988).
1645:
1608:
1540:
1386:Japanese Architecture-Meiji Taishō Shōwa
1215:Manchukuo State Council Building In 2011
1084:Old Railway Station in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
804:Relationship with Statism in Shōwa Japan
506:
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349:
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208:for the Imperial Diet Building (present
2185:
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1893:Isozaki, Arata; Stewart, David (2006).
1747:Isozaki, Arata; Stewart, David (2006).
1715:
1713:
1594:] (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha.
1482:
1455:
1435:Francis Chia-Hui Lin (9 January 2015).
998:was designed by the Japanese architect
709:, and pagoda Sōrin and Shintō finials.
480:) style and floor plan of Phoenix Hall
3649:
1856:
1441:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–.
1423:
1072:Museum of History in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
941:Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art interior
218:Japanese Western Eclectic Architecture
2334:
2224:
1966:
1819:
1719:
1614:
1585:
311:, Dairei Memorial Kyōto Museum of Art
1710:
1501:
601:, the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum, and
540:styled high tower with a Japonesque
2071:
2044:
1863:Frank Lloyd Wright an Autobiography
1203:Manchukuo Supreme Court, built 1938
1158:(1925), designed by Nagasaburo Iwai
603:Aichi Prefectural Government Office
13:
3667:Neoclassical architecture in Japan
2014:
1188:Manchukuo State Council Building,
135:Early Modern Japanese architecture
14:
3678:
3662:Imperial Crown Style architecture
2314:
1504:神奈川県庁本庁舎と大正昭和初期の神奈川県技術者に関する建築史的研究
1096:District Court in Hualien, Taiwan
195:architectural design competitions
3512:Architectural Institute of Japan
2619:
2319:
2139:Social Cohesion in Greater China
1462:Yukiko Koga (28 November 2016).
1327:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum in 2012
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430:Tekkō kōsaku bukken kyoka shisei
388:Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style
278:Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style
180:Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style
93:
82:
71:
64:
53:
42:
31:
3542:Groups of Traditional Buildings
2251:
2163:
2130:
2065:
2045:Lin, Chia‐Hui (November 2011).
2000:
1986:(in Japanese). Iwanami Shōten.
1938:
1916:
1886:
1740:
1378:
1369:
1356:
518:Imperial Crown Amalgamate Style
2072:Lin, Francis Chia-Hui (2015).
1822:"建築家下田掬太郎に関する若干の考察その生涯と業績について"
1639:
1521:Morohashi, Kaz (Winter 2015).
448:
1:
3657:Japanese architectural styles
3517:Japan Institute of Architects
2051:minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au
1416:
965:Gamagori Hotel, built in 1934
565:Common architectural features
474:East Asian hip-and-gable roof
2170:Marco Rinaldi (2016-06-12).
1786:Modern Japanese Architecture
1399:Japanese Modern Architecture
1339:List of architectural styles
1311:Sakhalin Regional Museum in
390:and therefore used the term
369:Tōkyo teishitsu hakubutsukan
16:Japanese architectural style
7:
2326:Imperial Crown architecture
1690:. New York Berghahn Books.
1592:Architects of Wartime Japan
1332:
1315:(c.1937), by Yoshio Kaizuka
1264:Government House, Hong Kong
1135:
1119:
1015:Kaohsiung Museum of History
989:part of the Japanese empire
953:Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya
897:Kanagawa Prefectural Office
829:
703:
684:
668:
652:
615:
595:
579:
429:
368:
337:
321:
305:
154:
10:
3683:
2617:
2147:10.1142/9789814291934_0008
2078:. Routledge. p. 111.
1896:Japan-ness in architecture
1750:Japan-ness in architecture
1646:Watanabe, Hiroshi (2001).
1156:Seoul Metropolitan Library
1108:Seoul Metropolitan Library
794:The finial on the roof of
239:Expressionist architecture
223:
3602:
3537:
3530:
3504:
3456:
3410:
3327:
3218:
3160:
3056:
2882:
2845:
2765:
2698:
2691:
2640:
2633:
2563:
2469:
2462:
2376:
2369:
1627:(in Japanese) (38): 61–88
1404:
1391:
1286:
1129:
1113:
982:
815:
697:
678:
662:
646:
609:
589:
573:
461:
423:
362:
331:
315:
299:
197:, held a preferences for
148:
131:
123:
115:
107:
24:
1820:Ikeda, Norikazu (1996).
1349:
1291:For a time, the area of
1163:
1101:
834:
1652:. Edition Axel Menges.
1617:"建築における「日本的なもの」と「新興写真」"
1586:Inoue, Shōichi (1995).
1249:Chinese Communist Party
1031:Kaohsiung Vision Museum
376:modernist architectural
322:Dairei kinen bijutsukan
2883:Structural and spatial
1720:Denby, Elaine (1998).
1058:Judicial Yuan Building
996:Judicial Yuan Building
810:Statism in Shōwa Japan
625:
512:
504:
496:
442:Statism in Shōwa Japan
409:
355:
270:National Diet Building
265:
210:National Diet Building
2363:Japanese architecture
2328:at Wikimedia Commons
2298:10.3130/aija.68.121_2
2174:. Aasarchitecture.com
927:Irimoya hip and gable
674:, and Karahafu gables
585:used in Military Hall
558:Tokyo National Museum
526:Emperor's Crown Style
510:
502:
494:
400:
392:Emperor's Crown Style
353:
285:Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
259:
184:Emperor's Crown Style
166:developed during the
164:Japanese architecture
2419:Imperial Crown Style
1510:] (in Japanese).
752:or ridged roof with
631:such as seen in the
229:included aspects of
186:(帝冠式, Teikanshiki).
143:Imperial Crown Style
20:Imperial Crown Style
3522:Metabolist Movement
2225:Yishi, Liu (2015).
2024:. history.ey.gov.tw
1858:Wright, Frank Lloyd
1344:Giyōfū architecture
1268:Japanese occupation
1136:Chōsen kenchiku kai
1035:Shimizu Corporation
1022:, a sun goddess in
327:, and Military Hall
21:
3604:National Treasures
3419:Chōzuya (Temizuya)
2010:. 29 October 2019.
1946:"キングの塔 (神奈川県庁本庁舎)"
1726:. Reaktion Books.
1615:Kishi, Yu (2006).
1523:"Museums in Japan"
1366:or 「物権」in Japanese
1281:Butokuden, Tianjin
1174:more than a decade
513:
505:
497:
410:
356:
266:
231:Frank Lloyd Wright
19:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
2978:Nightingale floor
2902:Disordered piling
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2634:Types of building
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2324:Media related to
2265:on April 29, 2020
2156:978-981-4291-92-7
1924:"神奈川県庁本庁舎が建設88周年"
1909:978-0-262-09038-4
1763:978-0-262-09038-4
1733:978-1-86189-121-1
1697:978-1-78533-155-8
1659:978-3-930698-93-6
1475:978-0-226-41227-6
1448:978-1-317-62637-4
1293:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
824:Nazi architecture
538:five-story pagoda
414:Sino-Japanese War
139:
138:
3674:
3632:Other structures
3535:
3534:
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2638:
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2373:
2355:
2348:
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2305:
2304:
2292:(571): 121–128.
2281:
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2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:10.4000/abe.2910
2222:
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2110:twentieth.org.au
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2018:
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1239:Headquarters of
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1152:
1143:, in the 1920s.
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1093:
1081:
1069:
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950:
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918:
906:
894:
883:Nagoya City Hall
879:
869:Shiga Prefecture
864:
852:
841:Hitoshi Watanabe
820:
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708:
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704:Rokuyō no kanagu
700:
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673:
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633:Nagoya City Hall
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318:
317:
310:
308:
306:Nihon seimei kan
302:
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274:Shimoda Kikutaro
262:Shimoda Kikutaro
206:Shimoda Kikutaro
182:, and sometimes
161:
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3554:Japanese garden
3526:
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3452:
3411:Outdoor objects
3406:
3323:
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3156:
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2204:(in Japanese).
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1837:
1832:(in Japanese).
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1401:
1392:『日本の建築「明治大正昭和」』
1388:
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898:
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806:
799:
796:JR Nara Station
792:
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771:
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747:
738:
731:
722:
719:
694:
675:
659:
643:
622:
606:
586:
570:
567:
551:
542:Emperor's Crown
458:
451:
433:
420:
416:began, and the
359:
328:
312:
296:
226:
168:Japanese Empire
158:
145:
103:
102:
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3544:
3538:
3532:
3531:Related topics
3528:
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2939:
2932:
2925:
2922:Irimoya-zukuri
2918:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2890:Burdock piling
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2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
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2824:
2817:
2814:Shichidō garan
2810:
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1601:978-4022956309
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1004:Executive Yuan
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923:karahafu gable
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2085:9781317626381
2081:
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2048:
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2023:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1941:
1925:
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1911:
1905:
1902:. MIT Press.
1898:
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1756:. MIT Press.
1752:
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1298:
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1246:
1242:
1241:Kwantung Army
1235:
1230:
1223:
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1206:
1199:
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1016:
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1009:
1006:building and
1005:
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845:
844:
842:
827:
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811:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
769:
768:Hōgyō tsukuri
763:
758:
755:
751:
745:
740:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
691:
686:
670:
654:
640:
638:
634:
627:
626:Hōgyō tsukuri
617:
604:
597:
596:Gunjin kaikan
581:
562:
559:
555:
554:Military Hall
549:Military Hall
546:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:Military Hall
519:
509:
501:
493:
489:
488:styled roof.
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
456:
446:
443:
438:
431:
419:
415:
408:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
384:
381:
380:Kunio Maekawa
377:
370:
352:
348:
346:
345:Military Hall
339:
338:Gunjin Kaikan
323:
307:
294:
293:Nagoya Castle
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
263:
258:
254:
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246:
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85:
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56:
45:
34:
23:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3546:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:Measurements
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
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3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
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3253:
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3232:
3225:
3207:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
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3148:
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3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
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3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2970:
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2955:
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2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2894:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2754:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2361:Elements of
2318:
2301:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2269:February 13,
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2253:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2201:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2165:
2138:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2109:
2074:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2026:. Retrieved
2016:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1969:日本の建築 明治大正昭和
1968:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1918:
1895:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1862:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1829:
1785:
1781:
1749:
1742:
1722:
1701:. Retrieved
1686:
1663:. Retrieved
1648:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1624:
1610:
1591:
1587:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1398:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1296:
1290:
1176:until 1945.
1167:
1105:
1041:
1039:
1028:
1012:
993:
986:
838:
807:
767:
749:
735:shikoro yane
734:
692:
669:Irimoya hafu
653:Chidori hafu
641:
637:Sōrin finial
580:Shiroko yane
568:
553:
552:
541:
537:
530:
525:
521:
517:
514:
477:
470:
452:
439:
417:
412:In 1937 the
411:
402:
391:
387:
385:
357:
347:competition
344:
289:
282:
277:
267:
247:
227:
203:
188:
183:
179:
172:Neoclassical
142:
140:
119:Asia Pacific
108:Years active
3219:Furnishings
2846:Roof styles
2231:ABE Journal
1364:Sachenrecht
1042:qu Ribenhua
1010:in Taipei.
449:Development
424:鉄鋼工作物権造許可規制
407:Kudanminami
260:Drawing of
3651:Categories
3617:Residences
3558:rock (Zen)
3329:Partitions
3063:Approaches
2574:Daibutsuyō
2512:Ishi-no-ma
2303:2017-07-17
2211:2017-07-16
2202:神奈川大学研究所情報
2178:2017-07-15
2123:2017-07-17
2103:"The News"
2028:2017-07-14
1993:4004303095
1879:2017-07-21
1873:0764932438
1840:2017-07-21
1795:4306042391
1703:2017-07-18
1665:2017-07-17
1533:2018-08-09
1527:e-magazine
1417:References
754:Shachihoko
534:Beaux-Arts
403:Kudan Hall
199:Japonesque
132:Influenced
124:Influences
3586:Wabi-sabi
3433:Ishigantō
3241:Emakimono
3176:Daidokoro
3169:Chashitsu
3150:Mihashira
2984:Onigawara
2964:Nakazonae
2803:Main Hall
2790:Hōkyōintō
2692:Religious
2654:Chashitsu
2625:Model of
2581:Ōbaku Zen
2547:Sumiyoshi
2494:Hiyoshi (
2463:Religious
2118:1440-639X
1588:戦時下日本の建築家
1405:「日本の現代建築」
1170:Manchukuo
1060:in Taipei
1024:Shintoism
1020:Amaterasu
1000:Ide Kaoru
316:大礼記念京都美術館
251:Kabuki-za
243:classical
235:Modernism
214:modernism
191:Itō Chūta
111:1919–1945
3401:Tsuitate
3290:Mitamaya
3276:Kamidana
3262:Getabako
3234:Chabudai
3227:Butsudan
3209:Washitsu
3040:Tsumairi
3026:Tokonoma
3005:Tamagaki
2943:Katsuogi
2936:Katōmado
2866:Karahafu
2776:Butsuden
2767:Buddhist
2602:Zenshūyō
2588:Setchūyō
2565:Buddhist
2487:Hachiman
1860:(2005).
1333:See also
1313:Toyohara
1297:Toyohara
929:roofing.
830:Examples
816:天皇制ファシズム
685:karahafu
482:Byōdō-in
176:hip roof
116:Location
3627:Temples
3622:Shrines
3612:Castles
3556: (
3440:Komainu
3426:Giboshi
3383: (
3373:Shitomi
3352:Jinmaku
3311:Zabuton
3297:Oshiire
3283:Kotatsu
3203:Toilets
3147: (
3102:Nijūmon
3088:Karamon
2915:Hisashi
2873:Mokoshi
2859:Irimoya
2668:Machiya
2641:Secular
2540:Shinmei
2526:Kibitsu
2505:Irimoya
2480:Azekura
2439:Shinden
2413:Hirairi
2385:Azekura
2377:Secular
2057:17 July
1984:日本の現代建築
1952:22 July
1930:22 July
1836:: 57–72
1631:12 July
1625:Icu比較文化
1245:Xinjing
1190:Xinjing
478:Irimoya
363:東京帝室博物館
224:History
3572:Ryokan
3565:Kumiko
3394:Sudare
3345:Fusuma
3269:Kamado
3183:Mizuya
3130:Sanmon
3109:Niōmon
3074:Genkan
3019:Tenshu
3012:Tatami
2971:Namako
2950:Kuruwa
2908:Engawa
2853:Hidden
2828:Tahōtō
2808:Pagoda
2730:Honden
2723:Hokora
2716:Heiden
2709:Haiden
2700:Shinto
2682:Yagura
2648:Castle
2554:Taisha
2533:Nagare
2519:Kasuga
2471:Shinto
2453:Sukiya
2425:Jutaku
2406:Giyōfū
2399:Gassho
2370:Styles
2153:
2116:
2082:
1990:
1906:
1870:
1792:
1782:現代和風建築
1760:
1730:
1694:
1656:
1598:
1472:
1445:
1287:Russia
983:Taiwan
476:(入母屋,
3579:Sentō
3488:Shaku
3386:washi
3380:Shōji
3366:Noren
3359:Kichō
3338:Byōbu
3304:Tansu
3255:Futon
3197:Shoin
3190:Nando
3161:Rooms
3144:Torii
3137:Sōmon
3123:Sandō
3116:Rōmon
3081:Kairō
3060:Gates
3047:Shibi
3033:Tokyō
2998:Sōrin
2991:Ranma
2929:Irori
2896:Chigi
2821:Shōrō
2797:Kyōzō
2756:Torii
2737:Kofun
2675:Minka
2446:Shoin
2432:Omoya
2237:(7).
2198:(PDF)
2106:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1826:(PDF)
1784:[
1754:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1590:[
1506:[
1350:Notes
1164:China
1130:朝鮮建築会
1114:京城府庁舎
1102:Korea
835:Japan
698:六葉の金具
663:入母屋破風
300:日本生命館
3593:Yabo
3474:Koku
3447:Tōrō
3318:Zafu
3248:Furo
2973:wall
2957:Moya
2661:Kura
2595:Wayō
2392:Buke
2271:2019
2151:ISBN
2114:ISSN
2080:ISBN
2059:2017
1988:ISBN
1954:2017
1932:2017
1904:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1633:2017
1596:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1397:and
1013:The
994:The
925:and
750:Mune
733:The
647:千鳥破風
616:mune
590:軍人会館
556:and
536:and
455:Kobe
332:軍人会館
237:and
149:帝冠様式
141:The
3548:Iki
3495:Sun
3467:Ken
3095:Mon
2496:Hie
2294:doi
2239:doi
2143:doi
679:唐破風
574:錣屋根
462:林愛作
405:in
162:of
3653::
3481:Ri
2783:Dō
2288:.
2233:.
2229:.
2206:34
2200:.
2149:.
2108:.
2094:^
2049:.
2037:^
1849:^
1834:21
1828:.
1804:^
1772:^
1712:^
1674:^
1623:.
1542:^
1525:.
1484:^
1425:^
1243:,
1133:,
1117:,
701:,
682:,
666:,
650:,
613:,
593:,
577:,
528:.
427:,
366:,
335:,
319:,
303:,
233:,
220:.
152:,
3560:)
3389:)
3153:)
2498:)
2354:e
2347:t
2340:v
2306:.
2296::
2273:.
2247:.
2241::
2235:7
2214:.
2181:.
2159:.
2145::
2126:.
2088:.
2061:.
2031:.
1996:.
1956:.
1934:.
1912:.
1882:.
1843:.
1798:.
1766:.
1736:.
1706:.
1668:.
1635:.
1604:.
1536:.
1478:.
1451:.
1408:)
1402:(
1395:)
1389:(
1251:.
1140:)
1127:(
1123:)
1111:(
819:)
813:(
707:)
695:(
688:)
676:(
672:)
660:(
656:)
644:(
629:)
623:(
619:)
610:棟
607:(
599:)
587:(
583:)
571:(
465:)
459:(
434:)
421:(
372:)
360:(
341:)
329:(
325:)
313:(
309:)
297:(
159:)
146:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
