413:
A-38G. From 17 to 18 April, A-38G drifted north and then west, decaying below satellite imagery detection capability within a few weeks. Iceberg A-38B remained grounded for some months, affecting the foraging routes of adult seals and penguins, resulting in the death of young penguins and seals on the beaches of South
Georgia. A-38B broke into two along an existing crackline on 20 August 2004. The new iceberg fragment drifted northwards and broke up. A-38B continued to break up through August and September 2004 and had disappeared by 2005.
132:
409:, some 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km) north of their initial position, in December 2003. Both icebergs grounded in shallow seas some distance to the east of the island. On 15 March 2004, A-38A broke into three pieces and began to drift northwards once more. After a few weeks their progress could no longer be monitored by medium-resolution satellite imagery. In January 2004, another fragment of A-38, A-38D, which was covered in meltwater ponds, had drifted past South Georgia.
398:
93:. The calving was witnessed over a period of decades as inlets in the shelf, which filled with sea ice, snow and small icebergs, gradually grew in size. Two of these inlets, one perpendicular to the front of the ice shelf and one parallel to it, met and led to the formation of A-38. At the point of calving the iceberg was 150 kilometres (93 mi) by 50 kilometres (31 mi) in size. It was first recognised on 13 October 1998 by United States
139:
66:
22:
209:
195:
181:
167:
153:
412:
A-38B remained grounded 100 kilometres (62 mi) off South
Georgia and on 12 April 2004 was measured at 25 nautical miles (46 km) in length. It had broken into two portions, almost equal in size, by 15 April 2004. The western portion remained known as A-38B while the eastern portion was named
56:
in
December 2003. A-38A broke up into three pieces in March 2004 and drifted north where it decayed. A-38B split into two in April, with the eastern portion, now known as A-38G, drifting north and west to decay. The remainder of A-38B remained grounded, interfering with the foraging routes of seals
243:
before moving north. The speed of the icebergs varied according to the quantity and thickness of surrounding sea ice, moving much slower in winter than in summer. The icebergs reached the tip of the
Antarctic Peninsula in February 2003 and continued to progress northwards away from the continent.
421:
A-38 offered researchers an opportunity to observe the breaking up and decay of an iceberg, though satellite imagery was affected by heavy cloud cover in the region around South
Georgia. As the iceberg was grounded (and therefore stationary) high-resolution imagery from the
57:
and penguins in South
Georgia, resulting in the deaths of their young. On 20 August 2004, A38-B broke into two, with the new portion drifting north and breaking up. The remainder of A-38B continued to break up through September 2004 and had completely decayed by 2005.
231:
By 22 October 1998, A-38 began to split. The iceberg split into two pieces of about equal size that were named A-38A and A-38B, with A-38A being the eastern portion of the original iceberg and A-38B the western portion.
116:
At 2,750 square miles (7,100 km) A-38 was the largest iceberg that had been observed in a decade, the previous largest being B-9 observed in
October 1987. The calving was regarded by the
543:
423:
113:, a German research post, manned only during the summer. The Germans hoped to land on the iceberg to recover equipment from the post during the southern summer of 1998–1999.
117:
245:
426:
satellite could be ordered to investigate it. This allowed researchers to test models of melting and decay against a real-life example.
98:
501:
52:
and reached its tip in
February 2003. A-38A and A-38B increased speed in open sea and grounded in shallower waters to the east of
120:
as "a possible indicator of global warming". By 16 October it had moved a couple of miles away from the parent ice mass.
360:
326:
292:
258:
131:
672:
222:
102:
44:
in
October 1998. Soon after formation it split into two pieces, A-38A and A-38B, which drifted westwards on the
621:
248:
satellite. Although both icebergs calved at their edges, their overall shape was largely unaffected.
462:
251:
By March 2003, the iceberg had split into four pieces and were reported at the following locations:
78:
37:
405:
A-38A and A-38B increased speed during their drift in open sea and both icebergs approached
406:
53:
8:
607:. Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center. 5 April 2003. p. III-1.10.
581:
240:
94:
49:
651:
512:
703:
110:
602:
90:
16:
Large iceberg that split from the
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica in 1998
106:
86:
109:
claimed to have spotted the iceberg the same day. The iceberg carried with it
697:
375:
362:
341:
328:
307:
294:
273:
260:
472:. United States Antarctic Program at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. p. 5.
435:
397:
236:
45:
74:
82:
41:
89:. The calving was caused by stresses imposed on the ice shelf by the
33:
502:"Evolution of tabular iceberg A-38B, observation and simulation"
65:
21:
424:
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
577:
500:
Jansen, Daniela; Sandhäger, Henner; Rack, Wolfgang (2005).
647:
388:
measuring 2 miles (3.2 km) by 10 miles (16 km)
320:
measuring 22 miles (35 km) by 25 miles (40 km)
286:
measuring 22 miles (35 km) by 48 miles (77 km)
673:"Fracture Appearing in Iceberg A-38B Off South Georgia"
354:
measuring 7 miles (11 km) by 11 miles (18 km)
544:"Iceberg Bigger Than Delaware Breaks Off Antarctica"
97:
scientist Mary Keller from imagery provided via the
499:
652:"A68 iceberg on collision path with South Georgia"
695:
123:
118:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
463:"Giant Berg Breaks Free, Sends Station Afloat"
246:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
69:Iceberg A-38 and Berkner Island on 13 October
509:Forum for Research into Ice Shelf Processes
101:, though Glenn Grant and Jeff Otten of the
85:, in October 1998 from a position near to
616:
614:
226:Positions of A-38 fragments in March 2003
396:
138:
99:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
64:
20:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
460:
438:July 2017 to November 2020 (continuing)
696:
611:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
541:
461:Colhoun, Alexander (8 November 1998).
456:
454:
452:
208:
48:. The icebergs moved north along the
576:
537:
535:
533:
476:
401:The splitting of A-38B in April 2004
646:
561:
13:
640:
449:
244:Their progress was tracked by the
14:
715:
622:"Iceberg A38-B off South Georgia"
530:
542:Suplee, Curt (16 October 1998).
416:
392:
207:
193:
179:
165:
151:
137:
130:
103:United States Antarctic Program
25:Iceberg A-38 soon after calving
665:
595:
1:
442:
235:Both portions drifted in the
194:
180:
166:
152:
124:Splitting and movement north
7:
429:
10:
720:
582:"The A38-B Iceberg Splits"
60:
79:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
38:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
402:
239:westwards towards the
70:
26:
628:. NASA. 20 April 2004
400:
68:
24:
407:South Georgia Island
223:class=notpageimage|
54:South Georgia Island
36:that split from the
650:(3 November 2020).
518:on 10 November 2020
372: /
338: /
304: /
270: /
241:Antarctic Peninsula
95:National Ice Center
50:Antarctic Peninsula
604:Notice to Mariners
403:
71:
27:
580:(24 April 2004).
376:63.700°S 52.600°W
342:60.500°S 49.800°W
308:63.000°S 51.900°W
274:61.700°S 52.400°W
711:
688:
687:
685:
683:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
618:
609:
608:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
574:
559:
558:
556:
554:
539:
528:
527:
525:
523:
517:
511:. Archived from
506:
497:
474:
473:
467:
458:
387:
386:
384:
383:
382:
381:-63.700; -52.600
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
353:
352:
350:
349:
348:
347:-60.500; -49.800
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
319:
318:
316:
315:
314:
313:-63.000; -51.900
309:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
285:
284:
282:
281:
280:
279:-61.700; -52.400
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
211:
210:
197:
196:
183:
182:
169:
168:
155:
154:
145:Calving location
141:
140:
134:
111:Filchner Station
719:
718:
714:
713:
712:
710:
709:
708:
694:
693:
692:
691:
681:
679:
671:
670:
666:
656:
654:
645:
641:
631:
629:
620:
619:
612:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
575:
562:
552:
550:
548:Washington Post
540:
531:
521:
519:
515:
504:
498:
477:
465:
459:
450:
445:
432:
419:
395:
380:
378:
374:
371:
366:
363:
361:
359:
358:
346:
344:
340:
337:
332:
329:
327:
325:
324:
312:
310:
306:
303:
298:
295:
293:
291:
290:
278:
276:
272:
269:
264:
261:
259:
257:
256:
229:
228:
227:
225:
219:
218:
217:
216:
212:
204:
203:
202:
198:
190:
189:
188:
184:
176:
175:
174:
170:
162:
161:
160:
156:
148:
147:
146:
142:
126:
91:Hemmen Ice Rise
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
717:
707:
706:
690:
689:
664:
639:
610:
594:
560:
529:
475:
447:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
431:
428:
418:
415:
394:
391:
390:
389:
355:
321:
287:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
205:
200:
199:
192:
191:
186:
185:
178:
177:
172:
171:
164:
163:
158:
157:
150:
149:
144:
143:
136:
135:
129:
128:
127:
125:
122:
107:Palmer Station
87:Berkner Island
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
716:
705:
702:
701:
699:
678:
674:
668:
653:
649:
643:
627:
626:Visible Earth
623:
617:
615:
606:
605:
598:
583:
579:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
549:
545:
538:
536:
534:
514:
510:
503:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
471:
470:Antarctic Sun
464:
457:
455:
453:
448:
437:
434:
433:
427:
425:
417:Documentation
414:
410:
408:
399:
393:South Georgia
385:
356:
351:
322:
317:
288:
283:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
242:
238:
233:
224:
215:South Georgia
133:
121:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:Iceberg A-38
67:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
680:. Retrieved
676:
667:
655:. Retrieved
642:
630:. Retrieved
625:
603:
597:
585:. Retrieved
553:13 September
551:. Retrieved
547:
520:. Retrieved
513:the original
508:
469:
436:Iceberg A-68
420:
411:
404:
250:
237:Weddell Gyre
234:
230:
115:
72:
46:Weddell Gyre
32:was a large
29:
28:
18:
379: /
345: /
311: /
277: /
682:4 November
657:3 November
632:4 November
522:4 November
443:References
83:Antarctica
42:Antarctica
677:Earth.com
357:A-38D at
323:A-38C at
289:A-38B at
255:A-38A at
77:from the
704:Icebergs
698:Category
587:24 April
430:See also
367:52°36′W
364:63°42′S
333:49°48′W
330:60°30′S
299:51°54′W
296:63°00′S
265:52°24′W
262:61°42′S
61:Calving
34:iceberg
75:calved
516:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
201:A-38D
187:A-38C
173:A-38B
159:A-38A
684:2020
659:2020
634:2020
589:2014
578:NASA
555:2023
524:2020
30:A-38
648:BBC
105:'s
40:in
700::
675:.
624:.
613:^
563:^
546:.
532:^
507:.
478:^
468:.
451:^
81:,
686:.
661:.
636:.
591:.
557:.
526:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
