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raised to a tempering temperature. As the temperature of the ice rises the dopants come out of frozen solution and form liquid brine pockets. These brine pockets slowly drain out of the ice sheet thus weakening it. Provided the ice-sheet isn't allowed to refreeze, the strength of the ice continues to decrease approaching an asymptotic value. Choosing a correct ice scale then becomes a question of when to conduct the test. This softening is often referred to as tempering.
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By using a sufficiently cold temperature, both water and dopant are frozen in solution together forming an ice sheet. This impure ice sheet is inherently softer than pure-water ice but may be much harder than the scale strength desired. Once a desired thickness is achieved, the air temperature is
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Many factors and properties are of interest when simulating ice. The actual environment that will be simulated is of prime concern. For example, ice pieces flowing then jamming a spring river would be modeled very differently from a ship model traversing a simulated arctic ice sheet. Different
145:
Many un-refrigerated ship model basins use ice simulants such as paraffin wax, plaster, and mixtures of foam or plastic beads. The cleanup and handling of such simulants often proves cumbersome. What differentiates an ice tank from other ship model basins is that an ice tank has purpose built
154:
Ship model basins often simulate full-scale processes in miniature. Ships and structures are reduced linearly in size, and cubic in mass, displacement, and volume. The challenge in ice modeling is correctly reducing the ice properties of interest to provide an accurate simulation.
167:
One important factor in icebreaker model testing is the effect of changing ice strengths and thickness. For example: if a 1 to 30 scale is chosen, then the ship model is 1/30 the size. The ice used must also be 1/30 the thickness and 1/30 the strength.
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Many ice tanks simulate ice using a mixture consisting mostly of water and chemical additives called dopants, which are chemicals which reduce the melting temperature of pure water ice. Common dopants used are salt,
146:
provisions into its structure for handling such material conveniently. Use of a refrigerated basin containing mostly water allows freezing and melting to be a convenient method of model ice preparation and cleanup.
206:
or upward flexural strength may be of more interest. The effects of ice on ship propulsion often require model ice density to be reduced by adding controlled amounts of gas or air during the freezing process.
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whose purpose is to provide a physical modeling environment for the interaction of ship, structures, or sea floor with both ice and water. Ice tanks may take the form of either a
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break ice by riding upward unto the ice and breaking downward by the weight of the vessel. In this case, correctly modeling ice's downward
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If one was to use pure-water ice, the problem is that pure-water ice does not soften.
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again would be a ship traversing an area of loose broken ice pieces or pack ice.
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Wärtsilä Arctic
Research Centre (WARC) until 1989; Aker Arctic since 2005.
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Different ice simulants model ice differently. For example, most
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is most important. In the case of bridges or offshore structure,
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791:"MOERI - Maritime & Ocean Engineering Research Institute"
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Korea
Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering
937:"National Maritime Research Institute - Main Facilities"
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842:"HSVA Home - Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt"
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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122:Aalto Ice and Wave Tank in Espoo, Finland
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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724:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
694:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
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1029:. Government of Canada. 19 March 2019
822:. Government of Canada. 19 March 2019
519:Built inside an old air raid shelter
214:
210:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1023:"Ice tank – 21 m research facility"
816:"Ice tank – 90 m research facility"
656:National Research Council of Canada
352:National Research Council of Canada
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14:
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453:Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre
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20:
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893:http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil
623:HSVA, Environmental Test Basin
31:needs additional citations for
963:"Krylov State Research Centre"
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912:"Ice Engineering Test Basin"
591:Krylov State Research Centre
386:HSVA, Large Ice Model Basin
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308:Fine-grained with ethanol
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984:"Experimental facilities"
882:Retrieved 2016-10-16.
871:40 Years of Model Testing
779:Retrieved 2016-10-16.
741:13.4 m (44 ft)
606:102 m (335 ft)
753:World's first ice tank.
744:1.85 m (6 ft)
706:35 m (115 ft)
573:35 m (115 ft)
542:37 m (121 ft)
513:1.15 m (4 ft)
510:4.8 m (16 ft)
507:50 m (164 ft)
490:Wärtsilä Ice Model Basin
473:6.5 m (21 ft)
434:75 m (246 ft)
400:78 m (256 ft)
375:3.0 m (10 ft)
369:90 m (295 ft)
358:St. John's, Newfoundland
337:32 m (105 ft)
334:42 m (138 ft)
302:40 m (131 ft)
299:40 m (131 ft)
747:1.1 m (4 ft)
712:1.8 m (6 ft)
682:1.1 m (4 ft)
676:21 m (69 ft)
644:1.2 m (4 ft)
638:30 m (98 ft)
609:10 m (33 ft)
579:1.8 m (6 ft)
548:2.4 m (8 ft)
479:Fine-grained with salt
476:2.3 m (8 ft)
443:Fine-grained with salt
440:2.1 m (7 ft)
406:2.5 m (8 ft)
403:10 m (33 ft)
372:12 m (39 ft)
340:2.5 m (8 ft)
305:2.8 m (9 ft)
709:5 m (16 ft)
700:St. Petersburg, Russia
679:7 m (23 ft)
641:6 m (20 ft)
576:6 m (20 ft)
545:9 m (30 ft)
532:Hanover, New Hampshire
437:8 m (26 ft)
123:
612:2 m (7 ft)
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777:. Aalto University.
232:adding missing items
204:compressive strength
40:improve this article
163:Weakened ice method
898:2007-02-03 at the
876:2016-10-22 at the
230:; you can help by
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211:List of ice tanks
200:flexural strength
140:maneuvering basin
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878:Wayback Machine
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51:Find sources:
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29:This article
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1043:
1031:. Retrieved
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987:. Retrieved
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966:. Retrieved
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945:. Retrieved
941:the original
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920:. Retrieved
916:the original
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845:. Retrieved
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824:. Retrieved
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799:. Retrieved
795:the original
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734:Soviet Union
658:(NRCC-OCRE)
354:(NRCC-OCRE)
239:October 2016
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96:January 2017
93:
83:
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62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1073:Ship design
328:South Korea
271:Technology
196:icebreakers
150:Ice scaling
136:towing tank
1067:Categories
1033:8 November
989:15 October
968:15 October
947:15 October
922:2007-02-04
847:15 October
826:8 November
801:2010-09-11
762:References
504:1969–1982
467:1982–2006
228:incomplete
66:newspapers
55:"Ice tank"
1083:Water ice
1027:canada.ca
820:canada.ca
730:Leningrad
256:Location
253:Facility
1078:Research
896:Archived
874:Archived
738:1955–??
496:Helsinki
459:Helsinki
423:Helsinki
320:(KRISO)
128:ice tank
1053:aari.ru
1009:hsva.de
726:(AARI)
696:(AARI)
666:Ontario
631:Germany
627:Hamburg
500:Finland
492:(WIMB)
463:Finland
455:(MARC)
427:Finland
394:Germany
390:Hamburg
324:Daejeon
292:Finland
262:Length
177:ethanol
80:scholar
1049:"Home"
1005:"Home"
670:Canada
662:Ottawa
635:1971–
600:Russia
362:Canada
274:Notes
268:Depth
265:Width
259:Years
183:, and
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
567:Japan
559:NMRI
527:CRREL
288:Espoo
130:is a
87:JSTOR
73:books
1035:2019
991:2016
970:2016
949:2016
849:2016
828:2019
277:Ref
185:urea
59:news
234:.
138:or
126:An
42:by
1069::
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857:^
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94:(
84:·
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63:·
36:.
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