213:
147:
345:
criterion E). In practice, this category is delimited by thresholds based on a compromise between theoretical and practical considerations: For criteria related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at high values for current and future declines (80%), and a higher value for historical declines (90%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
248:
155:
231:
360:
criteria related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at intermediate values for current and future declines (50%), and a higher value for historical declines (70%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
444:
related to decline in ecosystem distribution (criterion A), degradation of abiotic environment (criterion C) and disruption of biotic interactions and processes (criterion D) the threshold values were set at low values for current and future declines (30%), and an intermediate value for historical declines (50%). For the assessment of restricted distribution (criterion B) the thresholds have been set following several simulation tests regarding the effect of spatially explicit threats on ecosystems with different spatial configurations.
191:
2065:
Roux, Dirk J.; Stark, Jonathan S.; Rowland, Jessica A.; Brummitt, Neil A.; Fernandez-Arcaya, Ulla C.; Suthers, Iain M.; Wiser, Susan K.; Donohue, Ian; Jackson, Leland J.; Pennington, R. Toby; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; Giller, Paul; Robson, Belinda J.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Andrade, Angela; Lindgaard, Arild; Tahvanainen, Teemu; Terauds, Aleks; Chadwick, Michael A.; Murray, Nicholas J.; Moat, Justin; Pliscoff, Patricio; Zager, Irene; Kingsford, Richard T. (12 October 2022).
173:
1781:
Lincoln D. C.; Goettsch, BĂĄrbara; Heath, Melanie; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hutton, Jon; Johnson, Tim; Joolia, Ackbar; Keith, David A.; Langhammer, Penny F.; Luedtke, Jennifer; Nic
Lughadha, Eimear; Lutz, Maiko; May, Ian; Miller, Rebecca M.; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; Parr, Mike; Pollock, Caroline M.; Ralph, Gina; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Rondinini, Carlo; Smart, Jane; Stuart, Simon; Symes, Andy; Tordoff, Andrew W.; Woodley, Stephen; Young, Bruce; Kingston, Naomi (2016).
22:
72:
138:, a set of eight categories and five criteria that provide a consistent method for assessing an ecosystem's risk of collapse. They are designed to be: broadly applicable across type ecosystems and geographic areas, transparent and scientifically rigorous, and easy to understand by decision makers and the public. The eight categories and the five criteria of the Red List of Ecosystems are:
99:, Spain), the process of developing criteria to estimate their risk status was activated and the IUCN laid the foundations for the creation of a Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). The initial development of the criteria for the List was based on analogies with the criteria for species and on existing protocols designed for regional applications.
1287:
RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Ash, Neville; Benson, John; Boucher, Timothy; Brown, Claire; Burgess, Neil D.; Collen, Ben; Jennings, Michael; Keith, David A.; Nicholson, Emily; Revenga, Carmen; Reyers, Belinda; Rouget, Mathieu; Smith, Tammy; Spalding, Mark;
685:
Keith, DA; RodrĂguez, J.P.; RodrĂguez-Clark, K.M.; Aapala, K.; Alonso, A.; Asmussen, M.; Bachman, S.; Bassett, A.; Barrow, E.G.; Benson, J.S.; Bishop, M.J.; Bonifacio, R.; Brooks, T.M.; Burgman, M.A.; Comer, P.; ComĂn, F.A.; Essl, F.; Faber-Langendoen, D.; Fairweather, P.G.; Holdaway, R.J.; Jennings,
630:
for assessing conservation status, technical difficulties with the concept of ecosystem collapse and lack of scientific basis for the criteria and thresholds. Classification and spatial representation of ecosystems is a major challenge in itself. While a standard taxonomy of organisms has existed for
443:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Vulnerable. It is therefore considered to be at a high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 10% probability of collapse in a time frame of 100 years into the future (according to criterion E). For criteria
2064:
Keith, David A.; Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Nicholson, Emily; Bishop, Melanie J.; Polidoro, Beth A.; Ramirez-Llodra, Eva; Tozer, Mark G.; Nel, Jeanne L.; Mac Nally, Ralph; Gregr, Edward J.; Watermeyer, Kate E.; Essl, Franz; Faber-Langendoen, Don; Franklin, Janet; Lehmann, Caroline E. R.; Etter, Andrés;
614:
The Red List of
Ecosystems is a relatively recent product, and it is still difficult to measure its medium and long-term impact. Overall investment has been modest compared to other, long standing conservation knowledge products, but its reception in public audiences and media has been positive. It
503:
when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of collapse based on decline in distribution, disruption of ecological function or degradation of the physical environment. Data
Deficient is not a category of threat, and does not imply any level of collapse
838:
Nicholson, Emily; Regan, Tracey J.; Auld, Tony D.; Burns, Emma L.; Chisholm, Laurie A.; English, Valerie; Harris, Stephen; Harrison, Peter; Kingsford, Richard T.; Leishman, Michelle R.; Metcalfe, Daniel J.; Pisanu, Phil; Watson, Christopher J.; White, Matthew; White, Matt D.; Williams, Richard J.;
634:
The concept of ecosystem collapse is still a major point of debate. Despite the strong empirical evidence, anticipating collapse is a complex problem. Although states of ecosystem collapse are often defined quantitatively, few studies adequately describe transitions from pristine or original state
1780:
Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Brooks, Thomas M.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Jenkins, Richard B.; Boe, Kaia; Hoffmann, Michael; Angulo, Ariadne; Bachman, Steve; Böhm, Monika; Brummitt, Neil; Carpenter, Kent E.; Comer, Pat J.; Cox, Neil; Cuttelod, Annabelle; Darwall, William R. T.; Di Marco, Moreno; Fishpool,
587:
are documents that help the correct application of the
Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, providing information on the development of the protocol and a detailed description of the scientific foundations that support the categories and criteria. To date, two versions have
91:
The Red List of
Ecosystems was created to carry out assessments of biodiversity at a level of biological organization above species. Existing protocols developed by national or subnational authorities differed in focus and implementation, were often not comparable, and did not distinguish between
1235:
Keith, David A.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Brooks, Thomas M.; Burgman, Mark A.; Barrow, Edmund G.; Bland, Lucie; Comer, Patrick J.; Franklin, Janet; Link, Jason; McCarthy, Michael A.; Miller, Rebecca M.; Murray, Nicholas J.; Nel, Jeanne; Nicholson, Emily; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; Regan, Tracey J.;
610:
The development of the IUCN Red List of
Ecosystems considered tradeoffs between generality, precision, realism and simplicity. Conceptual and operational weaknesses of the RLE approach, categories, and criteria have been discussed and debated. A fair evaluation of it effectiveness and importance
359:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Endangered. It is therefore considered to be at a very high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 20% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future (according to criterion E). For
281:
when it is virtually certain that its defining biotic or abiotic features are lost from all occurrences, and the characteristic native biota are no longer sustained. This category is only assigned when assessors are virtually certain (>99% probability) of the assessment outcome, otherwise, if
344:
when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for
Critically Endangered. It is therefore considered to be at an extremely high risk of collapse. Formally this represents a 50% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future (according to
102:
In 2013, the process of creating The
Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List Ecosystems, was finalized. That same year, "Scientific Foundations of an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems" was published to provide a consistent, practical and theory-based framework for establishing a systematic list.
638:
Given the real need to evaluate risk to ecosystems and set national and regional conservation priorities, there is a clear advantages in using a flexible and standard approach that is comparable between regions and countries. This would save time and resources previously used to develop local
125:
This provides a means to make more effective territorial arrangements, minimizing the impacts from the anthropic transformations of large surfaces. It contributes to better management of the limited resources devoted to conservation. It prioritizes ecosystems with the most imminent chances of
488:
reflects the fact that this risk is relatively low. In practice this category is reserved for ecosystems that unambiguously meet none of the quantitative criteria (decline in distribution, restricted distribution, degradation of environmental conditions or disruption of biotic processes and
303:
Collapse is considered an endpoint of ecosystem decline and degradation and is thus the most extreme outcome of the risk assessment protocol. For this reason, this category must only be assigned when the evidence complies a very high standard. Unlike the analogous process of
473:
when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widely distributed and relatively undegraded ecosystems are included in this category. Theoretically, all ecosystems have some risk of
369:
when there is a 20% probability of collapse in a time frame of 50 years into the future. In practice, this category is delimited by thresholds based on a compromise between theoretical and practical considerations, and might be considered artificial by some critics.
518:
when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. The category of 'Not Evaluated' does not indicate that an ecosystem is not at risk from collapse, but simply that the ecosystem has not yet been studied for any risk to be quantified and published.
62:
With the help of RLE and its partner organizations, many governments and organizations create national and regional red lists, generally based on the IUCN categories and criteria, to classify the ecosystems under threat within their territorial limits.
1498:
Sievers, Michael; Pearson, Ryan M.; Turschwell, Mischa P.; Bishop, Melanie J.; Bland, Lucie; Brown, Christopher J.; Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. D.; Haig, Jodie A.; Olds, Andrew D.; Maxwell, Paul S.; Connolly, Rod M. (1 September 2020).
458:
when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
1658:
Bland, Lucie M.; Nicholson, Emily; Miller, Rebecca M.; Andrade, Angela; Etter, Andres; Ferrer-Paris, José Rafael; Kontula, Tytti; Lindgaard, Arild; Pliscoff, Patricio; Skowno, Andrew; Zager, Irene; Keith, David A. (2019).
1108:
746:
1702:
Ferrer-Paris, JosĂ© R.; Zager, Irene; Keith, David A.; Oliveira-Miranda, MarĂa A.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Josse, Carmen; GonzĂĄlez-Gil, Mario; Miller, Rebecca M.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos; Barrow, Edmund (2019).
1998:
Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale
265:
The acronyms of the RLE risk categories (CO, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD, NE) are in English and, unlike others, do not change in line with the language in which the document where they appear is written.
686:
M.; Kingsford, R.T.; Lester, R.E.; Mac Nally, R.; McCarthy, M.A.; Moat, J.; Nicholson, E.; Oliveira-Miranda, M.A.; Pisanu, P.; Poulin, B.; Riecken, U.; Spalding, M.D.; Zambrano-MartĂnez, S. (2013).
561:
The RLE risk categories acronyms (CO, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD, NE) are in English and, unlike others, do not change in line with the language in which it is written. the document where they appear
1143:
1874:
Brooks, Thomas M.; Butchart, Stuart H.M.; Cox, Neil A.; Heath, Melanie; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hoffmann, Michael; Kingston, Naomi; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Stuart, Simon N.; Smart, Jane (2015).
571:
The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria and categories have been used in different contexts. There are examples of local, national and continental application. Some countries, like
611:
needs to consider its real achievements in conservation and natural resource management, a balance between benefits and limitations and its performance against alternative methods.
1117:
761:
504:
risk. Listing of ecosystems in this category indicates that their situation has been reviewed, but that more information is required to determine their risk status.
118:
Like other IUCN products, the LRE provides an opportunity to facilitate the achievement of international conservation objectives and allows to assess an ecosystem's
311:, collapse is theoretically reversible. In other assessment protocols, the terms 'extinct', 'eliminated' or 'disappeared' are often used instead of 'collapsed'.
1368:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Keith, David A.; Bland, Lucie M.; Nicholson, Emily; Regan, Tracey J.; RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; Bedward, Michael; Roura-Pascual, NĂșria (2017).
1848:
417:
has also been used in other contexts with similar meaning but slightly different definitions. A proposal of classification of Endangered Ecosystems of the
899:; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M. (2006). "Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems".
2013:
Halvorsen, Rune; Skarpaas, Olav; Bryn, Anders; Bratli, Harald; Erikstad, Lars; Simensen, Trond; Lieungh, Eva (5 August 2020). Zarnetske, Phoebe (ed.).
146:
839:
Wilson, Bruce; Keith, David A. (2015). "Towards consistency, rigour and compatibility of risk assessments for ecosystems and ecological communities".
1152:
527:
Two of the criteria for assigning ecosystems to a risk category evaluate the spatial symptoms of the ecosystem's collapse: decrease in distribution
212:
126:
disappearing, focussing on them the greatest efforts to mitigate environmental threats, and create effective protected areas to safeguard them.
648:
631:
nearly 300 years, the principles for systematization of ecosystem diversity have only been laid out recently and still require wider adoption.
52:
41:
551:. Multiple threats and symptoms can be integrated into an ecosystem dynamics model to produce quantitative estimates of the risk of collapse
48:. Its main objectives are to support conservation, resource use, and management decisions by evaluating all the world's ecosystems by 2025.
994:
Bland, L.; Regan, T.; Ngoc Dinh, M.; Ferrari, R.; Keith, D.; Lester, R.; Mouillot, D.; Murray, N.; Anh Nguyen, H.; Nicholson, E. (2017).
942:
RodrĂguez, Jon Paul; RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Keith, David A.; Barrow, Edmund G.; Benson, John; Nicholson, Emily; Wit, Piet (2012).
1952:
1705:"An ecosystem risk assessment of temperate and tropical forests of the Americas with an outlook on future conservation strategies"
995:
1201:
2277:
1876:"Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals"
2157:
Bland, L.; Rowland, J.; Regan, T.; Keith, D.; Murray, N.; Lester, R.; Linn, M.; RodrĂguez, J.P.; Nicholson, E. (2018).
616:
1757:
1551:
615:
is considered a potentially important tool for creating indicators of progress of international policy, such as the
177:
2208:
Alaniz, Alberto J.; PĂ©rez-Quezada, Jorge F.; Galleguillos, Mauricio; VĂĄsquez, Alexis E.; Keith, David A. (2019).
1615:"Assessing ecosystem collapse risk in ecosystems dominated by foundation species: The case of fringe mangroves"
653:
56:
1468:
620:
1614:
314:
Currently, the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems only has two ecosystems classified as collapsed. These are the
578:
747:"Threatened Ecosystems. Join a global network for developing an IUCN Red List for imperiled ecosystems"
627:
247:
150:
Schematic of categories to classify ecosystems according to the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria
639:
guidelines, and would allow regions to share and compare experiences, and avoid common pitfalls.
1501:"Integrating outcomes of IUCN red list of ecosystems assessments for connected coastal wetlands"
1951:
Gigante, Daniela; Foggi, Bruno; Venanzoni, Roberto; Viciani, Daniele; Buffa, Gabriella (2016).
996:"Meso-American Reef: Using multiple lines of evidence to assess the risk of ecosystem collapse"
106:
The RLE was officially recognized by IUCN in 2014, to be managed as a Thematic Group under the
1552:"Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation"
539:. Two evaluate the functional symptoms of the ecosystem's collapse: environmental degradation
1613:
Marshall, Ashleigh F.; Schulte to BĂŒhne, Henrike; Bland, Lucie; Pettorelli, Nathalie (2018).
1196:(Version 2.0. ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM).
252:
1794:
699:
658:
8:
1798:
703:
626:
Some arguments against the wide adoption of the RLE are the lack of consistent means to
154:
122:
either globally or by portions developed over a region, country, or subnational entity.
2190:
2091:
2066:
1996:
1825:
1782:
1637:
1322:
1289:
1089:
1060:"Tidal flats of the Yellow Sea: A review of ecosystem status and anthropogenic threats"
1033:
1020:
924:
874:
817:
722:
687:
475:
276:
230:
119:
1586:
429:
to denote a heavy decline in distribution or quality of baltic habitats and biotopes.
2231:
2142:
2096:
2046:
1916:
1897:
1830:
1812:
1753:
1749:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
1532:
1527:
1450:
1442:
1401:
1396:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1269:
1264:
1197:
1193:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
1081:
1025:
916:
866:
809:
788:"Separating risks from values in setting priorities for plant community conservation"
727:
585:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
579:
Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
2194:
1641:
1093:
928:
878:
821:
575:, have adopted these guidelines as an official system to assess risk to ecosystems.
425:
for ecosystems evidencing 85â98% decline. The Helsinki Commission used the category
2221:
2180:
2170:
2137:
2127:
2086:
2078:
2036:
2026:
1975:
1967:
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1807:
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1145:
Lista Roja de los Ecosistemas Terrestres de Costa Rica: Informe final de proyecto
976:
712:
45:
2159:"Developing a standardized definition of ecosystem collapse for risk assessment"
1849:"The policy impact of scientific research: looking back at 10 years of PLOS ONE"
1661:"Impacts of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems on Conservation Policy and Practice"
1421:"Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity"
190:
2082:
1370:"The use of range size to assess risks to biodiversity from stochastic threats"
943:
896:
59:, a global framework to monitor the level of risk of animal and plant species.
1971:
1747:
912:
2271:
2235:
2050:
1901:
1816:
1746:
Bland, L.M.; Keith, D. A.; Miller, R.; Murray, N.J.; RodrĂguez, J.P. (2017).
1536:
1446:
1405:
1313:
1273:
1085:
920:
870:
813:
418:
1238:"The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems: Motivations, Challenges, and Applications"
2100:
1917:"Challenging the Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
1834:
1563:
1454:
1331:
1029:
1011:
731:
1588:
Red List of Baltic Sea underwater biotopes, habitats and biotope complexes
172:
1980:
1953:"Habitats on the grid: The spatial dimension does matter for red-listing"
389:
195:
92:
strict risk analysis and the process of setting conservation priorities.
2185:
1687:
1236:
RodrĂguez-Clark, Kathryn M.; Rouget, Mathieu; Spalding, Mark D. (2015).
2226:
2209:
2132:
2115:
2041:
1936:
1752:(Version 1.1. ed.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. ix + 99pp.
1721:
1704:
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804:
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403:
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319:
308:
199:
107:
2207:
2031:
2014:
1783:"Assessing the Cost of Global Biodiversity and Conservation Knowledge"
1701:
1386:
1369:
1106:
1076:
1059:
861:
852:
21:
2175:
2158:
217:
96:
37:
36:) is a global framework for monitoring and documenting the status of
2262:
2210:"Operationalizing the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in public policy"
1476:
1191:
941:
684:
315:
159:
76:
71:
1779:
1286:
623:, but it is still lacking widespread implementation and adoption.
261:
and are pending further studies to assess their risk of collapse.
1419:
Keith, David A.; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Murray, Nicholas J. (2018).
1107:
RodrĂguez, J.P.; Rojas-SuĂĄrez, F.; Giraldo HernĂĄndez, D. (2010).
572:
327:
305:
2063:
1288:
Taber, Andrew; Walpole, Matt; Zager, Irene; Zamin, Tara (2011).
1290:"Establishing IUCN Red List Criteria for Threatened Ecosystems"
384:
2015:"Towards a systematics of ecodiversity: The EcoSyst framework"
1497:
1151:. Turrialba â Costa Rica: CATIE. pp. 75 p. Archived from
894:
234:
1950:
1915:
Boitani, Luigi; Mace, Georgina M.; Rondinini, Carlo (2014).
1280:
1058:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Ma, Zhijun; Fuller, Richard A. (2015).
2012:
1657:
1234:
688:"Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
84:
1556:
US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service
993:
16:
International list of biodiversity conservation priorities
1367:
79:
in 1989 (left) and 2014. The Aral sea is an example of a
2257:
2252:
2201:
1141:
837:
113:
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1745:
545:
and interruption of biotic processes and interactions
1773:
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1224:
1222:
1220:
134:
The basis of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems are the
1914:
890:
888:
833:
831:
95:
In 2008, during the IV World Conservation Congress (
1418:
605:
136:
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria
2067:"A function-based typology for Earth's ecosystems"
1867:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1217:
2116:"Meeting the Global Ecosystem Collapse Challenge"
1412:
1142:Herrera â F, B .; Zamora, N.; ChacĂłn, O. (2015).
885:
828:
409:Saltmarshes in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia
288:is the more likely category, it should listed as
2269:
2113:
1739:
1356:
51:The Red List of Ecosystem was developed by the
2114:Sato, Chloe F.; Lindenmayer, David B. (2018).
1594:. Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings No. 138
1549:
1057:
1053:
1051:
649:International Union for Conservation of Nature
53:International Union for Conservation of Nature
42:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1653:
1651:
1550:Noss, R.F.; LaRoe, E.T.; Scott, J.M. (1995).
1185:
1183:
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1177:
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1110:Red Book of Venezuelan Terrestrial Ecosystems
680:
678:
676:
674:
333:
326:, and the Central Ayeyarwady palm savanna of
1994:
373:Some examples of endangered ecosystems are:
1908:
1695:
1048:
754:Society for Conservation Biology Newsletter
566:
1648:
1606:
1170:
671:
129:
2225:
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1979:
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860:
803:
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721:
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55:(IUCN), the same entity that created the
2163:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
779:
478:, just as all species face some risk of
246:
229:
211:
189:
171:
153:
145:
70:
20:
1995:Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1753).
987:
447:
108:IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
2270:
1584:
492:
1116:(in Spanish). Provita. Archived from
785:
507:
462:
1189:
971:
969:
363:Formally an ecosystem is considered
114:The Red List of Ecosystems as a tool
2002:Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
25:LRE - Knowledge product of IUCN/CEM
13:
1000:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
432:
348:
141:
14:
2289:
2246:
1346:"Central Ayeyarwady palm savanna"
966:
522:
268:
1306:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01598.x
606:Impacts, critique and challenges
178:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
2150:
2107:
2057:
2019:Global Ecology and Biogeography
2006:
1988:
1960:Journal for Nature Conservation
1944:
1841:
1578:
1543:
1491:
1461:
1338:
1135:
1100:
30:The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
935:
738:
654:Red List of Threatened Species
402:of the wet tropics bioregion,
57:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
1893:10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903
1634:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.076
1518:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106489
944:"IUCN Red List of Ecosystems"
901:Biodiversity and Conservation
664:
621:Sustainable Development Goals
1808:10.1371/journal.pone.0160640
713:10.1371/journal.pone.0062111
533:and restricted distribution
7:
2278:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
1374:Diversity and Distributions
1350:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
981:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
642:
383:Intertidal mudflats of the
10:
2294:
2083:10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4
1855:. PLOS Blogs. 27 June 2017
1475:. IUCN-CEM. Archived from
1473:UCN Red List of Ecosystems
792:Applied Vegetation Science
617:Aichi Biodiversity Targets
334:Critically endangered (CR)
237:shrublands are considered
183:Critically Endangered (CR)
83:ecosystem. (image source:
66:
40:. It was developed by the
1972:10.1016/j.jnc.2016.03.007
913:10.1007/s10531-006-9102-1
786:Keith, David A. (2014).
760:(4): 2â3. Archived from
745:RodrĂguez, J.P. (2010).
567:Adoption and application
421:considered the category
255:have been evaluated as
130:Categories and Criteria
1012:10.1098/rspb.2017.0660
262:
244:
227:
209:
187:
169:
151:
88:
26:
2253:IUCN Official website
2143:10536/DRO/DU:30144542
1732:1959.4/unsworks_60337
1622:Ecological Indicators
1528:10536/DRO/DU:30137886
1505:Ecological Indicators
1397:10536/DRO/DU:30091065
1265:10536/DRO/DU:30073631
895:RodrĂguez, Jon Paul;
385:French Atlantic coast
341:Critically Endangered
291:Critically Endangered
250:
233:
215:
193:
175:
157:
149:
74:
24:
2258:RLE Official website
2214:Conservation Letters
2120:Conservation Letters
1924:Conservation Letters
1709:Conservation Letters
1665:Conservation Letters
1479:on 22 September 2018
1425:Conservation Biology
1294:Conservation Biology
1242:Conservation Letters
1158:on 13 September 2018
659:Conservation biology
448:Near Threatened (NT)
294:with upper bound of
1799:2016PLoSO..1160640J
704:2013PLoSO...862111K
628:classify ecosystems
493:Data Deficient (DD)
2227:10.1111/conl.12665
2133:10.1111/conl.12348
1937:10.1111/conl.12111
1722:10.1111/conl.12623
1678:10.1111/conl.12666
1438:10.1111/cobi.12988
1255:10.1111/conl.12167
1123:on 8 February 2017
1036:on 28 October 2020
1006:(1863): 20170660.
897:Balch, Jennifer K.
805:10.1111/avsc.12112
767:on 8 February 2017
635:towards collapse.
598:Version 2.0 (2024)
595:Version 1.1 (2017)
592:Version 1.0 (2016)
508:Not Evaluated (NE)
463:Least Concern (LC)
263:
253:Costa Rican PĂĄramo
245:
240:Least Concern (LC)
228:
210:
188:
170:
152:
120:danger of collapse
89:
27:
2263:IUCN RLE Database
2077:(7932): 513â518.
2032:10.1111/geb.13164
2025:(11): 1887â1906.
1387:10.1111/ddi.12533
1203:978-2-8317-2281-8
1077:10.1111/aec.12211
853:10.1111/aec.12148
44:for biodiversity
2285:
2240:
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1992:
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1957:
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1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1886:(2â3): 157â174.
1871:
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1853:PLOS Collections
1845:
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1562:. Archived from
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1032:. Archived from
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588:been published:
512:An ecosystem is
497:An ecosystem is
467:An ecosystem is
452:An ecosystem is
437:An ecosystem is
398:Coastal lowland
353:An ecosystem is
338:An ecosystem is
273:An ecosystem is
2293:
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1585:HELCOM (2013).
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1064:Austral Ecology
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988:
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841:Austral Ecology
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489:interactions).
465:
455:Near Threatened
450:
435:
433:Vulnerable (VU)
351:
349:Endangered (EN)
336:
271:
223:Vulnerable (VU)
220:are considered
205:Endangered (EN)
202:are considered
144:
142:Risk Categories
132:
116:
69:
46:risk assessment
17:
12:
11:
5:
2291:
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2248:
2247:External links
2245:
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2005:
1987:
1943:
1930:(2): 125â131.
1907:
1866:
1840:
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1694:
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1605:
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1542:
1490:
1460:
1431:(2): 322â332.
1411:
1380:(5): 474â483.
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269:Collapsed (CO)
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258:Data Deficient
180:is considered
165:Collapsed (CO)
162:is considered
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81:Collapsed (CO)
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1566:on 9 May 2008
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1190:IUCN (2024).
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485:Least concern
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470:Least Concern
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1880:Biodiversity
1879:
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1859:20 September
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
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1775:
1765:10 September
1763:. Retrieved
1748:
1741:
1712:
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1688:10138/341611
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1596:. Retrieved
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1580:
1570:22 September
1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1559:
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1483:22 September
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1472:
1463:
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1349:
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1300:(1): 21â29.
1297:
1293:
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1209:15 September
1207:. Retrieved
1192:
1162:13 September
1160:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1144:
1137:
1127:10 September
1125:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1109:
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1063:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
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999:
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958:10 September
956:. Retrieved
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947:
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771:10 September
769:. Retrieved
762:the original
757:
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1999:digestas...
1628:: 128â137.
1040:9 September
482:. The term
406:, Australia
400:rainforests
390:Tidal flats
379:Coral Reefs
196:tidal flats
1511:: 106489.
977:"Aral Sea"
862:1885/66771
665:References
480:extinction
440:Vulnerable
427:endangered
423:endangered
415:endangered
404:Queensland
394:Yellow Sea
377:Caribbean
366:Endangered
356:Endangered
324:Uzbekistan
320:Kazakhstan
309:extinction
200:Yellow Sea
38:ecosystems
2236:1755-263X
2051:1466-822X
1902:1488-8386
1817:1932-6203
1537:1470-160X
1447:0888-8892
1406:1366-9516
1314:0888-8892
1274:1755-263X
1086:1442-9985
921:0960-3115
871:1442-9985
814:1402-2001
413:The term
297:Collapsed
285:Collapsed
277:Collapsed
218:Reed beds
216:European
97:Barcelona
2272:Category
2195:89792842
2101:36224387
1835:27529491
1787:PLOS ONE
1642:89659707
1455:28703324
1332:21054525
1094:51896674
1030:28931744
929:21066475
879:82412136
822:52252167
732:23667454
692:PLOS ONE
643:See also
619:and the
476:collapse
316:Aral Sea
160:Aral Sea
77:Aral sea
2092:9581774
1966:: 1â9.
1826:4986939
1795:Bibcode
1352:. 2020.
1323:3051828
1021:5627190
983:. 2013.
948:Sapiens
723:3648534
700:Bibcode
573:Finland
392:of the
328:Myanmar
306:species
198:of the
110:(CEM).
67:History
2234:
2193:
2099:
2089:
2071:Nature
2049:
1900:
1833:
1823:
1815:
1756:
1640:
1535:
1453:
1445:
1404:
1330:
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1084:
1028:
1018:
927:
919:
877:
869:
820:
812:
730:
720:
2220:(5).
2191:S2CID
1956:(PDF)
1920:(PDF)
1671:(5).
1638:S2CID
1618:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1156:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1090:S2CID
925:S2CID
875:S2CID
818:S2CID
765:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
235:Tepui
2232:ISSN
2097:PMID
2047:ISSN
1898:ISSN
1861:2018
1831:PMID
1813:ISSN
1767:2018
1754:ISBN
1600:2018
1572:2018
1533:ISSN
1485:2018
1451:PMID
1443:ISSN
1402:ISSN
1328:PMID
1310:ISSN
1270:ISSN
1211:2024
1198:ISBN
1164:2018
1129:2018
1082:ISSN
1042:2018
1026:PMID
960:2018
917:ISSN
867:ISSN
810:ISSN
773:2018
728:PMID
583:The
322:and
251:The
194:The
176:The
158:The
85:NASA
2222:doi
2181:hdl
2171:doi
2138:hdl
2128:doi
2087:PMC
2079:doi
2075:610
2037:hdl
2027:doi
1976:hdl
1968:doi
1932:doi
1888:doi
1821:PMC
1803:doi
1727:hdl
1717:doi
1683:hdl
1673:doi
1630:doi
1523:hdl
1513:doi
1509:116
1433:doi
1392:hdl
1382:doi
1318:PMC
1302:doi
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