25:
87:
226:
347:(BTB) as a pH indicator. Bromothymol blue was added in order to reduce false positives. The citrate agar is green before inoculation, and turns blue, because of BTB as a positive test indicator, meaning citrate is utilized. The test is also prepared on a slant to maximize bacterial growth for an even better indication of the use of citrate.
331:
In the 1930's, S.A. Koser conducted experiments that were used to study bacterial catabolism of organic acids. Koser found that citrate metabolism could be an indicator for bacteria found in natural environments. Additionally, citrate could be used to distinguish bacterial coilforms found in soil,
317:(acetoin), an intermediate of the 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway. After adding both reagents, the tube is shaken vigorously then allowed to sit for 5–10 minutes. A pinkish-red color indicates a positive test, meaning the 2,3-butanediol fermentation pathway is used.
297:
as a substrate. The pH indicator Methyl Red is added to one tube and a red color appears at pH's lower than 4.2, indicating a positive test (mixed acid fermentation is used). The solution remaining yellow (pH = 6.2 or above) indicates a negative test, meaning the
260:. Kovac's reagent is actually used to determine ability of an organism to separate indole from amino acid tryptophan and it is added after incubation. A positive result is indicated by a pink/red layer forming on top of the liquid.
252:
molecule, pyruvate and ammonium. The indole is then extracted from the broth by means of xylene. The broth is sterilized for 15 minutes at around 121°C. To test the broth for indole production,
698:
1085:
978:
740:
278:
These tests both use the same broth for bacterial growth. The broth is called MR-VP broth. After growth, the broth is separated into two different tubes, one for the
336:, and coilforms with fecal contamination. It was found that coilforms without fecal contamination grew, while the coilforms with fecal contamination did not grow.
343:
to determine the ability of a microorganism to use citrate as its sole carbon and energy source. The agar contains citrate and ammonium ions (nitrogen source) and
1167:
1080:
809:
850:
733:
702:
1028:
1134:
726:
97:
1219:
1033:
68:
46:
155:
39:
1187:
1043:
127:
1048:
215:. The lower case "i" is merely for "in" as the Citrate test requires coliform samples to be placed "in Citrate".
1003:
1095:
869:
670:
596:
189:
112:
1023:
134:
1090:
1053:
1038:
141:
180:
tests are a group of individual tests used in microbiology lab testing to identify an organism in the
973:
1124:
1075:
891:
783:
758:
340:
283:
273:
33:
123:
923:
299:
290:
1159:
1058:
763:
561:
185:
50:
256:. Kovac's reagent consist of amyl alcohol and para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and concentrated
1272:
1116:
750:
411:
244:
In this test, the organism under consideration is grown in peptone water broth. It contains
983:
540:
314:
8:
1241:
1182:
1172:
1100:
886:
310:
1251:
898:
356:
253:
219:
204:
718:
685:
625:
1236:
1068:
845:
666:
519:
257:
181:
1246:
1144:
498:
390:
344:
148:
1063:
1018:
918:
908:
788:
279:
208:
998:
819:
814:
662:
306:
289:
The methyl red test detects production of acids formed during metabolism using
196:
within 48 hours. The presence of some coliforms indicate fecal contamination.
108:
1266:
1212:
1149:
943:
855:
829:
824:
804:
993:
938:
913:
326:
212:
626:"Citrate Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, Results • Microbe Online"
1231:
948:
360:
239:
200:
1207:
903:
476:
454:
269:
245:
1129:
988:
248:, which under the action of enzyme tryptophanase is converted to an
86:
1105:
1013:
953:
930:
432:
294:
199:
The term "IMViC" is an acronym for each of these tests. "I" is for
1224:
778:
654:
193:
225:
249:
1177:
1139:
658:
648:
366:
The IMViC results of some important species are shown below.
355:
These IMViC tests are useful for differentiating the family
16:
Microbiological and biochemical method for identification
748:
263:
651:
Ananthanarayan and
Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology
218:
These tests are useful in distinguishing members of
104:
1264:
649:Ananthanarayan, R; Jayaram Paniker, CK (2005).
734:
113:introducing citations to additional sources
699:"IMViC tests of Proteus vulgaris - Library"
594:
741:
727:
623:
595:MacWilliams, Maria P. (December 8, 2009).
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
32:This article includes a list of general
1265:
722:
359:, especially when used alongside the
80:
18:
1034:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
264:Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer test
13:
624:Tankeshwar, Acharya (2013-05-17).
332:and aquatic environments, such as
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1284:
1160:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
967:biochemical and immunologic tests
604:American Society for Microbiology
1188:Minimum inhibitory concentration
880:Manual testing: basic techniques
96:relies largely or entirely on a
85:
23:
320:
1096:Novobiocin susceptibility test
1086:Bacitracin susceptibility test
690:
679:
642:
617:
588:
233:
1:
979:Amino acid decarboxylase test
582:
192:rod, which produces gas from
1091:Optochin susceptibility test
1054:Sulfide indole motility test
1039:Phenylalanine deaminase test
575:
572:
569:
566:
554:
551:
548:
545:
533:
530:
527:
524:
512:
509:
506:
503:
491:
488:
485:
482:
469:
466:
463:
460:
447:
444:
441:
438:
425:
422:
419:
416:
404:
401:
398:
395:
313:to test for the presence of
7:
368:
10:
1289:
324:
267:
237:
1200:
1158:
1135:Polymerase chain reaction
1114:
964:
879:
868:
838:
797:
771:
757:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
284:Voges-Proskauer (VP) test
1125:Analytical profile index
686:Microbiology in pictures
350:
597:"Citrate test Protocol"
300:butanediol fermentation
291:mixed acid fermentation
53:more precise citations.
1059:Triple sugar iron test
562:Enterobacter aerogenes
230:
1117:point-of-care testing
798:Cultures by body site
751:clinical microbiology
412:Staphylococcus aureus
341:Simmon's citrate agar
228:
211:test, and "C" is for
190:facultative anaerobic
1076:Voges–Proskauer test
984:Bile solubility test
839:Cultures by organism
772:Isolation techniques
541:Citrobacter freundii
315:acetylmethylcarbinol
280:methyl red (MR) test
274:Voges–Proskauer test
109:improve this article
1183:McFarland standards
1173:Disk diffusion test
1168:Beta-lactamase test
1101:Lancefield grouping
1081:X and V factor test
1049:Salt tolerance test
924:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
887:Colonial morphology
311:potassium hydroxide
1252:Inoculation needle
357:Enterobacteriaceae
231:
220:Enterobacteriaceae
184:. A coliform is a
1260:
1259:
1237:Biosafety cabinet
1196:
1195:
1044:Reverse CAMP test
864:
863:
846:Bacterial culture
580:
579:
520:Proteus mirabilis
305:The VP test uses
258:hydrochloric acid
174:
173:
159:
79:
78:
71:
1280:
1247:Inoculation loop
1145:Rapid strep test
877:
876:
769:
768:
743:
736:
729:
720:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
701:. Archived from
696:Microbe Library
694:
688:
683:
677:
676:
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
601:
592:
499:Proteus vulgaris
391:Escherichia coli
381:Voges-Proskauer
369:
345:bromothymol blue
334:Enterobacteiacea
282:and one for the
169:
166:
160:
158:
117:
89:
81:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1192:
1154:
1110:
1019:Methyl red test
966:
965:Manual testing:
960:
919:India ink stain
909:Acid-fast stain
872:
860:
834:
810:Genital culture
793:
789:Selective media
761:
753:
747:
717:
708:
706:
697:
695:
691:
684:
680:
673:
647:
643:
634:
632:
622:
618:
608:
606:
599:
593:
589:
585:
353:
339:This test uses
329:
323:
276:
268:Main articles:
266:
254:Kovac's reagent
242:
236:
209:Voges-Proskauer
205:methyl red test
170:
164:
161:
118:
116:
102:
90:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:Automated and
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Coagulase test
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
970:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
896:
895:
894:
883:
881:
874:
870:Identification
866:
865:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
851:Fungal culture
848:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
820:Throat culture
817:
815:Sputum culture
812:
807:
801:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
781:
775:
773:
766:
755:
754:
749:Techniques in
746:
745:
738:
731:
723:
716:
715:
689:
678:
671:
663:Orient Longman
641:
630:Microbe Online
616:
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
352:
349:
325:Main article:
322:
319:
307:alpha-naphthol
293:pathway using
265:
262:
238:Main article:
235:
232:
188:, aerobic, or
182:coliform group
172:
171:
107:. Please help
93:
91:
84:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:Anaerobic jar
1218:
1214:
1213:Growth medium
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:Monospot test
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
963:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
857:
856:Viral culture
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
831:
830:Wound culture
828:
826:
825:Urine culture
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Blood culture
803:
802:
800:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
770:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
724:
721:
705:on 2013-01-19
704:
700:
693:
687:
682:
674:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
631:
627:
620:
605:
598:
591:
587:
564:
563:
559:
558:
543:
542:
538:
537:
522:
521:
517:
516:
501:
500:
496:
495:
480:
478:
474:
473:
458:
456:
452:
451:
436:
434:
430:
429:
414:
413:
409:
408:
393:
392:
388:
387:
370:
367:
364:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
275:
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
229:IMViC Results
227:
223:
221:
216:
214:
210:
207:; "V" is for
206:
203:; "M" is for
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
186:gram negative
183:
179:
168:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126: –
125:
121:
120:Find sources:
114:
110:
106:
100:
99:
98:single source
94:This article
92:
88:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1273:Microbiology
1024:Nitrite test
1008:
994:Citrate test
935:Rapid tests
914:Giemsa stain
784:Streak plate
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
692:
681:
650:
644:
633:. Retrieved
629:
619:
607:. Retrieved
603:
590:
560:
539:
518:
497:
475:
453:
431:
410:
389:
365:
354:
338:
333:
330:
327:Citrate test
321:Citrate test
304:
288:
277:
243:
217:
213:citrate test
198:
177:
175:
165:January 2015
162:
152:
145:
138:
131:
119:
95:
65:
59:January 2015
56:
37:
1232:Durham tube
1064:Urease test
873:and testing
378:Methyl Red
361:Urease test
240:Indole test
234:Indole test
201:indole test
51:introducing
1208:Agar plate
1004:DNAse test
904:Gram stain
709:2013-01-05
672:8125028080
635:2023-04-16
583:References
477:Klebsiella
455:Salmonella
270:Methyl red
246:tryptophan
135:newspapers
34:references
1242:Incubator
1201:Equipment
1130:MALDI-TOF
1029:ONPG test
989:CAMP test
892:Hemolysis
759:Isolation
609:April 16,
576:Positive
573:Positive
570:Negative
567:Negative
555:Positive
552:Negative
549:Positive
546:Negative
534:Positive
531:Negative
528:Positive
525:Negative
513:Negative
510:Negative
507:Positive
504:Positive
492:Positive
489:Positive
486:Negative
483:Negative
470:Positive
467:Negative
464:Positive
461:Negative
448:Negative
445:Negative
442:Positive
439:Negative
426:Negative
423:Positive
420:Positive
417:Negative
405:Negative
402:Negative
399:Positive
396:Positive
302:is used.
105:talk page
1267:Category
1106:RPR test
1014:KOH test
974:ALA test
944:Catalase
931:Wet prep
899:Staining
433:Shigella
384:Citrate
372:Species
295:pyruvate
1225:Gas-pak
939:Oxidase
779:Asepsis
764:culture
655:Chennai
375:Indole
194:lactose
149:scholar
124:"IMViC"
47:improve
949:Indole
669:
250:Indole
151:
144:
137:
130:
122:
36:, but
1178:Etest
1140:VITEK
1069:rapid
1009:IMViC
659:India
600:(PDF)
351:Usage
178:IMViC
156:JSTOR
142:books
762:and
667:ISBN
611:2023
479:spp.
457:spp.
435:spp.
309:and
272:and
176:The
128:news
954:PYR
363:.
286:.
111:by
1269::
665:.
661::
657:,
653:.
628:.
602:.
222:.
742:e
735:t
728:v
712:.
675:.
638:.
613:.
167:)
163:(
153:·
146:·
139:·
132:·
115:.
101:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
